<script>function checkSA locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame >= 13 and onFrame <= 28 then-- now is the cursor in the moving SA area ?\-- answer (onFrame - 11)-- answer line (onFrame - 11) of card field SAput line (onFrame - 11) of card field SA into rectIs-- answer rectIs-- set the rect of button TEMP to rectIs-- if loc is within the rect of button TEMP thenif loc is within rectIs thenput 19 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkSAfunction checkAf locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame >= 6 and onFrame <= 25 thenput line (onFrame - 4) of card field Af into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 25 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkAffunction checkCar locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame >= 15 thenput line (onFrame - 13) of card field Car into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 18 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkCarfunction checkEur locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame >= 4 and onFrame <= 26 thenput line (onFrame - 2) of card field Eur into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 8 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkEurfunction checkME locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame >= 4 and onFrame <= 22 then-- now is the cursor in the moving ME area ?\-- answer (onFrame - 11)-- answer line (onFrame - 11) of card field MEput line (onFrame - 2) of card field "ME" into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 14 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkMEfunction checkCA locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame >= 17 then-- now is the cursor in the moving CA area ?\-- answer (onFrame - 11)-- answer line (onFrame - 11) of card field CAput line (onFrame - 15) of card field CA into rectIs-- answer rectIs-- set the rect of button TEMP to rectIs-- if loc is within the rect of button TEMP thenif loc is within rectIs thenput 17 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkCAfunction checkSEA locglobal onFrameput empty into retVif onFrame <= 16 then-- now is the cursor in the moving SEA area ?\-- answer (onFrame - 11)-- answer line (onFrame - 11) of card field SAput line (onFrame +1) of card field SEA into rectIs-- answer rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 13 into retVend ifend ifreturn retVend checkSEAfunction checkAus locglobal onFrameput empty into retVput line (onFrame+1) of card field Aus into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 22 into retVend ifreturn retVend checkAusfunction checkWSP locglobal onFrameput empty into retVput line (onFrame+1) of card field WSP into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 23 into retVend ifreturn retVend checkWSPfunction checkESP locglobal onFrameput empty into retVput line (onFrame+1) of card field ESP into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 24 into retVend ifreturn retVend checkESPfunction checkNA locglobal onFrameput empty into retVput line (onFrame+1) of card field NA into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 16 into retVend ifreturn retVend checkNAfunction checkNEA locglobal onFrameput empty into retVput line (onFrame+1) of card field NEA into rectIsif loc is within rectIs thenput 12 into retVend ifreturn retVend checkNEAon mouseDown locglobal onFrameglobal movieIDglobal QToperational-- answer "got it"if QToperational is 1 thenQTMovie Direct, movieID, Get, currTimeput the result into whereMelseput 120 * 9 into whereMend if-- answer loc-- answer whereMput (whereM+119) div 120 into onFrameput the clickLoc into loc1-- answer loc1get checkCar( loc1 )if it is empty thenget checkCA( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkSA( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkAus( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkWSP( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkESP( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkSEA( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkME( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkEur( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkAf( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkNA( loc1 )end ifif it is empty thenget checkNEA( loc1 )end ifif it is not empty thenwayzataGoToNum itexit mouseDownend ifend mouseDown</script>
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<script>-- on mouseUp-- if there is a window "SpnGlobe.mov" then close window "SpnGlobe.mov"-- -- put the currTime of window "SpnGlobe.mov" into cd field "dummy"-- -- QTMovie OpenMovie, Plain, "SpnGlobe.mov",the topLeft of btn here, dontPaintWhite-- QTMovie OpenMovie, Plain, "SpnGlobe.mov",the topLeft of btn here, nocontroller, loop, dontPaintWhite-- if there is a window "ZmGlobe.mov" then close window "ZmGlobe.mov"-- end mouseUpon mouseUp-- global movieID-- --if there is a window "SpnGlobe.mov" then close window "SpnGlobe.mov"-- DisposeVideo -- in case one's already there-- if there is a window "ZmGlobe.mov" then close window "ZmGlobe.mov"-- QTMovie OpenMovie, Direct, "SpnGlobe.mov", ¬-- the topLeft of btn here, loop-- put the result into movieID-- if "Error" is in movieID then-- answer movieID-- put empty into movieID-- end ifend mouseUp</script>
<script>on closecardif there is a window "Image.19" then close window "Image.19"DisposeVideo -- in case one's left therepass CloseCardend closecardon opencardglobal movieIDglobal QToperationalif QToperational is 1 thenDisposeVideo -- in case one's already thereQTMovie OpenMovie, Direct, "WFB_1994:MAPS:SpnGlobe.mov", ¬the topLeft of btn here, loopput the result into movieIDif movieID is empty then-- ask "it is empty"put 0 into QToperationalend ifif "Error" is in movieID thenif notifOnce is 0 thenanswer movieIDput 1 into notifOnceend ifput 0 into QToperationalput empty into movieIDend ifend ifif QToperational is 0 thenlock screenpicture "WFB_1994:MAPS:image.19",file,rect,, "0,0",trueset loc of window "image.19" to 0,0-- -- wait 30-- -- set rect of window "image.19" to "0,0,305,295"]unlock screenend ifpass openCardend opencardfunction pictureClickanswer "OK"send mouseDown to button Hereend pictureClickon idleglobal movieIDif movieID is not empty and movieID is a number thenQTMovie Direct,movieID,Idleend ifend idleon DisposeVideoglobal movieID-- Direct movies only!-- This disposes of the movie but doesn't erase the screen-- so some may be confused by last frame seen still appearingif movieID is not empty and movieID is a number thenQTMovie Direct,movieID,Disposeput empty into movieIDend ifend DisposeVideo-- on CloseCard-- DisposeVideo-- show btn "then drag me"-- pass CloseCard-- end CloseCard-- on OpenCard-- global movieID-- put empty into movieID-- show btn "then drag me"-- pass openCard-- end OpenCardon mouseDown-- answer "OK iii"if the clickLoc is within the rect of btn "here" thensend mouseDown to btn "here"end ifend mouseDown-- on primeCard-- set rect of btn "then drag me" to 220,138,332,220-- set hilite of btn "mute movie" to false-- set hilite of btn "leave trail" to true-- pass primeCard-- end primeCard</script>
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<text>(Travel Advisories)WEST BANK, GAZA STRIP, EAST JERUSALEM - WARNINGMarch 12, 1992Summary: The Department of State continues to advise all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to the West Bank and Gaza Strip until further notice. U.S. citizens traveling to East Jerusalem should contact the U.S. Consulate General for an update on conditions and exercise caution at all times. In general, Americans should avoid demonstrations and protest activities. Israel's strict security measures, particularly at Ben Gurion Airport and Allenby Bridge, may affect visitors. Americans arrested in the West Bank or Gaza on security offenses are often denied timely communication with consular officials. End Summary.I. Travel and SafetyTRAVEL TO THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP: Due to recurrent disturbances and tension in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Department of State continues to advise all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to these areas until further notice. U.S. citizens who must travel to the West Bank and Gaza Strip should be aware of continuing unrest and tension, including stone-throwing, which can affect visitors. If travel to the West Bank is unavoidable, travelers should consult with the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem. In the case of travel to the Gaza Strip, travelers should consult with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv. Americans residing in these areas should exercise particular caution. They should also register with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv or the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem.TRAVEL TO EAST JERUSALEM: There have been occasional disturbances in East Jerusalem. U.S. citizens who travel to East Jerusalem should be aware of continuing unrest and tension, including stone-throwing, which can affect visitors. Travelers to all areas of East Jerusalem, including the walled city, should exercise caution. Travelers should contact the U.S. Consulate General for an update on conditions. Because of the potential for violent incidents, tourists should be vigilant while using public transportation and while traveling by car in areas of East Jerusalem less frequented by tourists.DEMONSTRATIONS: Under all circumstances, Americans should avoid demonstrations, protest activities, and other situations that have the potential to lead to violence. American tourists should carry their U.S. passports at all timesII. Consular Matters, Security, and ArrestsSECURITY MEASURES: Israel has strict security measures which may affect visitors. Prolonged questioning and detailed searches may take place at the time of entry and/or departure at the Allenby Bridge from Jordan and at Ben Gurion Airport. At the Allenby Bridge, American citizens with Arab surnames may encounter delays or obstacles in bringing in cameras or electronics equipment. Items commonly carried by travelers such as toothpaste, shaving cream, and cosmetics may be confiscated or destroyed. During searches and questioning, access may be denied to U.S. consular officers, lawyers, or family members. Should questions arise at the Allenby Bridge, Americans should telephone the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem for assistance at 253-288. If questions arise at Ben Gurion Airport, Americans should phone the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv at 517-4338.ARRESTS IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP: Americans arrested or detained in the West Bank or Gaza on suspicion of security offenses often are not permitted to communicate with consular officials, lawyers, or family members in a timely manner during the interrogation period of their case. Youths who are over the age of fourteen have been detained and tried as adults. The U.S. Embassy is not normally notified of the arrests of Americans in the West Bank by Israeli authorities, and access to detainees is delayed.No. 92-044This updates the previous advisory, dated October 8, 1990, to reflect changes in conditions in East Jerusalem.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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<name>West Bank Travel</name>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)YOUR TRIP ABROADContinued...DEATH ABROADWhen a U.S. citizen dies abroad, the consular officer reports the death to the next of kin or legal representative and arranges to obtain from them the necessary private funds for local burial or return of the body to the United States. Before you begin your trip, complete the address page in the front of your passport. Provide the name, address and telephone number of someone to be contacted in an emergency. Do not give the names of your traveling companions in case the entire party is involved in the same accident. Because the U.S. Government cannot pay for local burial or shipment of remains to the United States, it is worthwhile to have insurance to cover this. Following a death, a Report of the Death of An American Citizen (Optional Form 180) is prepared by the consular officer to provide the facts concerning the death and the custody of the personal estate of the deceased. Under certain circumstances, a consular officer becomes the provisional conservator of a deceased American's estate and arranges for the disposition of those effects.A VARIETY OF NONEMERGENCY SERVICESConsular employees provide nonemergency services as well. These include information on Selective Service registration, travel advisories, absentee voting, and the acquisition or loss of U.S. citizenship. They arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other federal benefits to beneficiaries residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, and notarize documents. Consuls can also provide information on how to obtain foreign public documents.WHAT U.S. CONSULS CANNOT DOConsular officers will do their best to assist U.S nationals abroad. However, they must devote priority time and energies to those Americans who find themselves in the most serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties.Because of limited resources, consuls cannot provide routine or commercial-type services. They cannot act as travel agents, information bureaus, banks, or law enforcement officers. U.S. federal law forbids a consular officer from acting as your lawyer. Consular officers cannot: find you employment; get you visas, residence permits or driving permits; act as interpreters; search for missing luggage; call your credit card company or bank; replace stolen travelers checks; or settle disputes with hotel managers. They can, how-ever, tell you how to get assistance on these and other matters.WHEN YOU RETURNRETURN TRANSPORTATIONReconfirm your return reservation at least 72 hours before departure. Whenever possible, obtain a written confirmation. If you do it by phone, record the time, day, and the agent's name who took the call. If your name does not appear on the reservations list, you have no recourse and may find yourself stranded.DEPARTURE TAXSome countries levy an airport departure tax on travelers that can be as high as $50. Ask the airline or a travel agent about this. Make certain to have enough money at the end of your trip to be able to get on the plane.IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMSIf a passport was required for your trip, have it ready when you go through Immigration and Customs. If you took other documents with you, such as an International Certificate of Vaccination, a medical letter, or a Customs certificate of registration for foreign-made personal articles, have them ready also. Have your receipts handy in case you need to support your customs declaration. When returning to the United States by car from Mexico or Canada, have your certificate of vehicle registration handy. It is a good idea to pack your baggage in a way to make inspection easier. For example, pack the articles you acquired abroad separately.U.S. Customs currently allows each U.S. citizen to bring back $400 worth of merchandise duty free, provided the traveler has been outside the United States for at least 48 hours, has not already used this exemption within 30 days, and provided the traveler can present the purchases upon his or her arrival at the port of entry. The next $1000 worth of items brought back for personal use or gifts is subject to duty at a flat rate of 10%. There are two groups of destinations from which the duty-free exemption is higher. These are a group of 24 countries and dependencies in the Caribbean and Central America from which the exemption is $600 and a group of U.S. insular possessions (the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam) from which the exemption is $1,200. For details, consult your travel agent or the U.S. Customs Service publication, Know Before You Go, listed directly below.ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATIONCUSTOMSKnow Before You Go, Customs Hints for Returning U.S. Residents contains information on key U.S. Customs regulations and procedures, including duty rates. Single copies are free from any local Customs office or write: U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044.AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSTravelers Tips on Bringing Food, Plant, and Animal Products Into the United States lists entry requirements for these items from most parts of the world. Fresh fruit and vegetables, meat, potted plants, pet birds, and other items are prohibited or restricted from entry into the United States. The publication is available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 613 Federal Bldg., 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782.WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTSBuyer Beware! provides general guidelines governing restrictions on imports of wildlife and wildlife products into the United States. For a free copy, write to the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Additional information on importing wildlife and wildlife products can be obtained through TRAFFIC USA, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.GLAZED CERAMIC PURCHASESThe article, An Unwanted Souvenir, Lead in Ceramic Ware, explains the danger of lead poisoning from some glazed ceramic ware sold abroad. For a free copy, write: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFI-40, Rockville, MD. 20857.U.S. EMBASSY ADDRESSESKey Officers of Foreign Service Posts gives the names of key officers and the addresses for all U.S. embassies, consulates, and missions abroad. This publication is updated three times a year. The single copy price is $1.75. To obtain a copy, write to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402.FOREIGN COUNTRY INFORMATIONBackground Notes are brief, factual pamphlets, one for each country of the world and some for selected international organizations. The approximately 170 Notes contain information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political conditions. Background Notes also include a reading list, travel notes, and maps. Single copies are available for $1 from the U.S. Government Printing Office.BROCHURES ON CONSULAR SERVICES FOR AMERICANS ABROADSingle copies of the following brochures can be obtained free by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to: CA/PA, Room 5807; Department of State; Washington, D.C. 20520-4818.Crisis Abroad∩ú┐What the State Department Does summarizes the work of the State Department during a crisis. For example, for concerned relatives and friends in the U.S., the Department attempts to obtain information from local authorities abroad about Americans located in the disaster area.The Citizens Emergency Center gives information about the assistance the Center provides to American citizens in four major categories: deaths, arrests, welfare/whereabouts inquiries, and financial/medical emergencies.US Consuls Help Americans Abroad explains the emergency and nonemergency services that consular officers abroad provide to U.S. citizens.OTHER INFORMATION SHEETS ON CONSULAR MATTERSThe Department of State has information on other subjects of interest to traveling Americans. Single copies of the following information sheets are free. Please send a SASE to: CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817; Department of State; Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Ask for any of the following:∩ú┐ Dual Nationality (U.S./Other)∩ú┐ Loss of U.S. Citizenship∩ú┐ Marriage Abroad∩ú┐ Foreign Military Service∩ú┐ Claims to Inheritance Abroad∩ú┐ Estates Abroad∩ú┐ Tourist and Trade Complaints.PASSPORT AGENCIESApply Early For Your Passport!Boston Passport AgencyThomas P. O'Neill Fed. Bldg., Room 24710 Causeway StreetBoston, Massachusetts 02222*Recording: 617-565-6698Public Inquiries: 617-565-6990Chicago Passport AgencySuite 380, Kluczynski Federal Bldg.230 South Dearborn StreetChicago, Illinois 60604-1564*Recording: 312-353-5426Public Inquiries: 312-353-7155 or 7163Honolulu Passport AgencyRoom C-106, New Federal Bldg.300 Ala Moana Blvd.Honolulu, Hawaii 96850*Recording: 808-541-1919Public Inquiries: 808-541-1918Houston Passport AgencySuite 1100, Mickey Leland Fed. Bldg.1919 Smith StreetHouston, Texas 77002*Recording: 713-653-3159Public Inquiries: 713-653-3153Los Angeles Passport AgencyRoom 13100, 11000 Wilshire BoulevardLos Angeles, California 90024-3614*Recording: 310-575-7070Public Inquiries: 310-575-7075Miami Passport Agency3rd Floor, Federal Office Bldg.51 Southwest First AvenueMiami, Florida 33130-1680*Recording: 305-536-5395 (English)305-536-4448 (Spanish)Public Inquiries: 305-536-4681New Orleans Passport AgencyPostal Services Building701 Loyola Avenue, Rm. T-12005New Orleans, Louisiana 70013-1931*Recording: 504-589-6728Public Inquiries: 504-589-6161New York Passport AgencyRoom 270, Rockefeller Center630 Fifth AvenueNew York, New York 10111-0031*Recording: 212-541-7700Public Inquiries: 212-541-7710Philadelphia Passport AgencyRoom 4426, Federal Bldg.600 Arch StreetPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-1684*Recording: 215-597-7482Public Inquiries: 215-597-7480San Francisco Passport AgencySuite 200, Tishman Speyer Bldg.525 Market StreetSan Francisco, California 94105-2773*Recording: 415-744-4444Public Inquiries: 415-744-4010Seattle Passport AgencyRoom 992, Federal Office Bldg.915 Second AvenueSeattle, Washington 98174-1091*Recording: 206-553-7941Public Inquiries: 206-553-7945Stamford Passport AgencyOne Landmark SquareBroad and Atlantic StreetsStamford, Connecticut 06901-2767*Recording: 203-325-4401Public Inquiries: 203-325-3538, 3530Washington Passport Agency1425 K Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20524-0002*Recording: 202-647-0518Public Inquiries: 202-326-6020*Twenty-four hour recording includes general passport information, passport agency location, hours of operation, and information regarding emergency passport services during non-working hours.</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)YOUR TRIP ABROADContinued...HOW TO BRING MONEYTRAVELERS CHECKSDo not carry large amounts of cash. Take most of your money in travelers checks and remember to record the serial number, denomination and the date and location of the issuing bank or agency. Keep this information in a safe and separate place so if you lose your travelers checks you can get replacements quickly.CREDIT CARDSSome credit cards can be used worldwide, even for cash advances. Keep track of your credit card purchases so as not to exceed your limit. Travelers have been arrested overseas for mistakenly exceeding their credit limit! Leave all unnecessary credit cards at home. Record the numbers of the credit cards that you do bring and keep the list in a separate place from the cards. Always report the loss or theft of your credit cards or travelers checks immediately to the companies and notify the local police. If you will stay in one place for some time, consider opening an account for check cashing and other transactions at a U.S. bank that has an overseas affiliate. U.S. embassies and consulates cannot cash checks for you.PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY FUNDSKeep the telephone number for your bank in the United States with you in the event you run out of cash and need to transfer money. In some countries, major banks and certain travel agencies can help you arrange a transfer of funds from your account to a foreign bank. If you do not have a bank account from which you can obtain emergency funds, make arrangements in advance with a relative or friend to send you emergency funds should it become necessary. If you find yourself destitute, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance in arranging a money wire transfer from a relative or friend in the United States.FOREIGN CURRENCYBefore departing, you may wish to purchase small amounts of foreign currency to use for buses, taxis, phones, or tips when you first arrive. Foreign exchange facilities at airports may be closed when your flight arrives. You can purchase foreign currency at some U.S. banks, at foreign exchange firms, or at foreign exchange windows or even vending machines at many international airports in the United States. Some countries regulate the amount of local currency you can bring into or take out of the country; others require that you exchange a minimum amount of currency. For currency regulations, check with a bank, foreign exchange firm, your travel agent, or the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit. If you leave or enter the United States with more than $10,000 in monetary instruments of any kind, you must file a report, Customs Form 4790, with U.S. Customs at the time. Failure to comply can result in civil and criminal proceedings.VALUABLES∩ú┐DON'T BRING THEM!Do not bring anything on your trip that you would hate to lose such as expensive jewelry, family photographs, or objects of sentimental value. If you bring jewelry, wear it discreetly to help avoid grab-and-run robbery.OTHER THINGS TO ARRANGE AHEADLODGINGRESERVE IN ADVANCEMany travelers wait until they reach their destination before making hotel reservations. Some train stations and airports have travel desks to assist you in finding lodging. However, when you arrive, you may be tired and unfamiliar with your surroundings, and could have difficulty locating a hotel to meet your needs. Therefore, when possible, reserve your lodging in advance and reconfirm your reservations along the way. During peak tourist season, it is important have a hotel reservation for at least the first night you arrive in a foreign city. An alternative to hotels and pensions is the youth hostel system, offering travelers of all ages clean, inexpensive, overnight accommodations in more than 6,000 locations in over 70 countries worldwide. Hostels provide dormitory-style accommodations with separate facilities for males and females. Some hostels have family rooms that can be reserved in advance. Curfews are often imposed and membership is often required. You may write to: American Youth Hostels, P.O. Box 37613, Washington, D.C. 20013-7613.ORGANIZED PROGRAMSThe majority of private programs for vacation, study, or work abroad are reputable and financially sound. However, some charge exorbitant fees, use deliberately false "educational" claims, and provide working conditions far different from those advertised. Even programs of legitimate organizations can be poorly administered. Be cautious. Before committing yourself or your finances, find out about the organization and what it offers.STUDENT TRAVELERSStudents can save money on transportation and accommodations, and obtain other discounts if they have an International Student Identity Card. This card is available with proof of student status and a small fee from: Council on International Educational Exchange; 205 East 42nd Street; New York, New York 10017. Membership also provides some accident and health insurance while abroad.TRANSPORTATIONAt the time of publication, U.S. citizens traveling abroad are required to pay a $12 federal inspection fee and a $6 federal departure tax that are included in the price of the air ticket.CHARTER FLIGHTS AND AIRLINESThere have been occasions when airlines or companies that sell charter flights or tour packages have gone out of business with little warning, stranding passengers overseas. If you know from the media or from your travel agent that an airline is in financial difficulty, ask your travel agent or the airline what recourse you would have if the airline ceased to operate. Some airlines may honor the tickets of a defunct airline, but they usually do so with restrictions.Before you purchase a charter flight or tour package, read the contract carefully. Unless it guarantees they will deliver services promised or give a full refund, consider purchasing trip insurance. If you are unsure of the reputation of a charter company or tour operator, consult your local Better Business Bureau or the American Society of Travel Agents at 1101 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, Tel. (703) 739-2782, to learn if the company has a complaint record .DRIVER'S LICENSE/AUTO INSURANCEIf you intend to drive overseas, check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you will visit to learn their driver's license, road permit, and auto insurance requirements. If possible, obtain road maps before you go.Many countries do not recognize a U.S. driver's license. Most, however, accept an international driver's permit. Before departure, obtain one at a local office of an automobile association. You must be at least age 18, and you will need two passport-size photographs and your valid U.S. license. Certain countries require road permits instead of tolls to use their divided highways and will fine drivers without a permit. Car rental agencies overseas usually provide auto insurance, but in some countries, the required coverage is minimal. A good rule of thumb when renting a car overseas is to purchase insurance coverage that is at least equivalent to that which you carry at home.In general, your U.S. auto insurance does not cover you abroad. However, your policy may apply when you drive to countries that neighbor the United States. Check with your insurer to see if your policy covers you in Canada, Mexico, or countries south of Mexico. Even if your policy is valid in one of these countries, it may not meet its minimum requirements. For instance, in most of Canada, you must carry at least $200,000 in liability insurance, and Mexico requires that if vehicles do not carry theft, third party liability, and comprehensive insurance, the owner must post a bond that could be as high as 50% of the value of the vehicle. If you are under-insured for a country, auto insurance can usually be purchased on either side of the border.U.S. CUSTOMS PRE-REGISTRATIONLearn about U.S. Customs regulations. Foreign-made personal articles taken abroad are subject to duty and tax unless you have proof of prior possession such as a receipt, bill of sale, an insurance policy, or a jeweler's appraisal. If you do not have proof of prior possession, items such as foreign-made watches, cameras, or tape recorders that can be identified by serial number or permanent markings may be taken to the Customs office nearest you or at the port of departure for registration before departing the United States. The certificate of registration provided can expedite free entry of these items when you return.DOCUMENTATION FOR MEDICATIONSIf you go abroad with preexisting medical problems, carry a letter from you doctor describing your condition, including information on any prescription medicines you must take. You should also have the generic names of the drugs. Leave medicines in their original, labeled containers. These precautions make customs processing easier. A doctor's certificate, however, may not suffice as authorization to transport all prescription drugs to all foreign countries. Travelers have innocently been arrested for drug violations when carrying items not considered to be narcotics in the United States. To ensure you do not violate the drug laws of the countries you visit, consult the embassy or consulate of those countries for precise information before leaving the United States. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medicines, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a similar warning. Several private organizations provide listings of physicians to international travelers. Membership in these organizations is generally free, although a donation may be requested. Membership entitles the traveler to a number of traveler's medical aids, including a directory of physicians with their overseas locations, telephone numbers and doctors' fee schedules. The physicians are generally English-speaking and provide medical assistance 24 hours a day. The addresses of these medical organizations are in travel magazines or may be available from your travel agent.PLACES TO RECEIVE MAILIf you are traveling for an extended period, you may want to arrange to pick up mail or messages. Some banks and international credit card companies handle mail for customers at their overseas branches. General Delivery (Poste Restante) services at post offices in most countries will hold mail for you. U.S. embassies and consulates do not handle private mail.LEARN ABOUT DUAL NATIONALITYWhether you are a U.S. citizen from birth or were naturalized as a U.S. citizen, a foreign country may claim you as its citizen if:-- You were born there.-- Your parent is or was a citizen of that country.-- You are married to a citizen of that country.If any of the possibilities for dual nationality applies to you, check on your status (including military obligations) with the embassy or consulate of the country that might claim you as a citizen. In particular, Americans may have problems with dual nationality in certain countries in the Middle East, in South America, and in Africa. Some foreign countries refuse to recognize a dual national's U.S. citizenship and do not allow U.S. officials access to arrested Americans.SOME THINGS TO LEAVE BEHINDYOUR ITINERARY∩ú┐LEAVE A PAPER TRAILLeave a detailed itinerary (with names, addresses, and phone numbers of persons and places to be visited) with relatives or friends in the United States so you can be reached in an emergency. Also include a photocopy of your passport information page.OTHER IMPORTANT NUMBERSIt is a good idea to make a list of all important numbers∩ú┐your passport information as well as your credit card, travelers checks, and airline ticket numbers. Leave a copy at home and carry a copy with you, separate from your valuables. WHILE YOU ARE OVERSEASHOW TO DEAL WITH THE UNEXPECTEDIf you change your travel plans, miss your return flight, or extend your trip, be sure to notify relatives or friends back home. Should you find yourself in an area of civil unrest or natural disaster, let them know as soon as you can that you are safe. In addition, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to register your presence and to keep the U.S. consul informed of your whereabouts.SAFETY TIPSPROTECT YOUR PASSPORTYour passport is the most valuable document you will carry abroad. It confirms your U.S. citizenship. Guard it carefully. Do not use it as collateral for a loan or lend it to anyone. It is your best form of identification. You will need it when you pick up mail or check into hotels, embassies or consulates.When entering some countries or registering at hotels, you may be asked to fill out a police card listing your name, passport number, destination, local address, and reason for traveling. You may be required to leave your passport at the hotel reception desk overnight so it may be checked by local police officials. These are normal procedures required by local laws. If your passport is not returned the following morning, immediately report the impoundment to local police authorities and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.PASSPORT FRAUDLaw enforcement records show that U.S. passports are sometimes used for illegal entry into the United States or by criminals abroad seeking to establish another identity. This can cause embarrassment to innocent citizens whose names become associated with illegal activities. To protect the integrity of the U.S. passport and the security of the person bearing it, consular officers overseas have found it necessary to take precautions in processing lost passport cases. These precautions may involve some delay before a new passport is issued.SAFEGUARD YOUR PASSPORTCarelessness is the main cause for losing a passport or having it stolen. You may find that you have to carry your passport with you because either you need to show it when you cash travelers checks or the country you are in requires you to carry it as an identity document. When you must carry your passport, hide it securely on your person. Do not leave it in a handbag or an exposed pocket. Whenever possible, leave your passport in the hotel safe, not in an empty hotel room or packed in your luggage. One family member should not carry all the passports for the entire family.GUARD AGAINST THIEVESCoat pockets, handbags, and hip pockets are particularly susceptible to theft. Thieves will use all kinds of ploys to divert your attention just long enough to pick your pocket and grab your purse or wallet. These ploys include creating a disturbance, spilling something on your clothing, or even handing you a baby to hold! Prevent theft by carrying your belongings in a secure manner. Consider not carrying a purse or wallet when going on crowded streets. Women who carry a shoulder bag should keep it tucked under the arm and held securely by the strap. Men should put their wallets in their front trouser pockets or use money belts instead of hip pockets. A wallet wrapped in rubber bands is more difficult to remove undetected. Be especially cautious in a large crowd∩ú┐in the subway, marketplace, at a festival, or if surrounded by groups of vagrant children. Do not make it easy for thieves!FINANCIAL AND SHOPPING TIPSCURRENCYLocal banks usually offer better rates of exchange than hotels, restaurants, or stores. Rates are often posted in windows. Above all, avoid private currency transactions. In some countries, you risk more than being swindled or stuck with counterfeit currency∩ú┐you risk arrest. Avoid the black market∩ú┐learn and obey the local currency laws wherever you go.SHOPPINGMAIL SMALL ITEMSWhen you purchase small items, it is a good idea to mail them personally to your home or to carry them in your luggage. This will help prevent misdirected packages, nonreceipt of merchandise, or receipt of wrong merchandise. When you mail purchases, be sure to ask about insurance.American embassies and consulates abroad cannot serve as post offices. They cannot accept, hold, or forward mail for U.S. citizens abroad.THE VALUE ADDED TAXSome European countries levy a value added tax (VAT) on the items you buy. In some places, if you ship your purchases home, the VAT can be waived. Other places may require you to pay the VAT, but have a system to refund it to you by mail. Ask the store clerk for an application to apply for the refund. The VAT refund is only for items you can ship or carry with you. It does not apply to food, hotel bills, or other services. Because the rules for VAT refunds vary from country to country, check with the country's tourist office to learn the local requirements.THINGS TO BEWARE OF PURCHASINGWILDLIFE SOUVENIRSBe careful when you buy articles made from animals and plants or purchase live wild animals to bring back as pets. Some items, such as those made from elephant ivory, sea turtles, crocodile leather, or fur from endangered cats, and many species of live animals cannot be brought into the United States legally. Your wildlife souvenirs could be confiscated by government inspectors, and you could face other penalties for attempting to bring them into the United States. Do not buy wildlife or wildlife products unless you are certain they are legal for import into the United States. More information follows later.GLAZED CERAMICSBeware of purchasing glazed ceramic ware abroad. It is possible to suffer lead poisoning if you consume food or beverages that are stored or served in improperly glazed ceramics. Unless the ceramics are made by a firm with an international reputation, there is no immediate way to be certain a particular item is safe. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that ceramic tableware purchased abroad be tested for lead release by a commercial laboratory on your return or be used for decorative purposes only. More information later on in this file.ANTIQUESSome countries consider antiques to be national treasures and the "inalienable property of the nation." In some countries, customs authorities seize illegally purchased antiques without compensation and may also levy fines on the purchaser. Americans have been arrested and prosecuted for purchasing antiques. Americans have even been arrested for purchasing reproductions of antiques from street vendors because a local authority believed the purchase was a national treasure.Protect yourself. In countries where antiques are important, document your purchases as reproductions if that is the case, or if they are authentic, secure the necessary export permit. The documentation or export permit may be available through the country's national museum. A reputable dealer may provide the export permit or information on how to secure one.If you have questions about purchasing antiques, the country's tourist office can guide you. If you still have doubts, consult the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In places where Americans have had problems because of purchasing antiques, the Consular Section is well aware of the situation. They can tell you about the local laws and the correct procedures to follow.CUSTOMSKeep all receipts for items you buy overseas. They will be helpful in making your U.S. Customs declaration when you return.LEGAL TIPSOBEY FOREIGN LAWSWhen you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws. Learn about local laws and regulations and obey them. Avoid areas of unrest and disturbance. Deal only with authorized outlets when exchanging money or buying airline tickets and travelers checks. Do not deliver a package for anyone unless you know the person well and are certain the package does not contain drugs or other contraband.Before you sell personal effects, such as clothing, cameras, or jewelry, learn the local regulations regarding such sales. Adhere strictly to local laws because the penalties you risk are severe.Some countries are particularly sensitive about photographs. In general, refrain from photographing police and military installations and personnel; industrial structures including harbor, rail, and airport facilities; border areas; and scenes of civil disorder or other public disturbance. Taking such photographs may result in your detention, in the confiscation of your camera and films, and the imposition of fines. For information on photography restrictions, check with the country's tourist office or its embassy or consulate in the United States. Once abroad, check with local authorities or at the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.DRUG ARRESTSAbout 3000 Americans are arrested abroad each year. Of these, approximately one-third are held on drug charges. Despite repeated warnings, drug arrests and convictions are still a common occurrence. Many countries have stiff penalties for drug violations and strictly enforce drug laws. You are subject to foreign, not U.S. laws overseas, and you will find, if arrested, that:-- Few countries provide a jury trial.-- Most countries do not accept bail.-- Pretrial detention, often in solitary confinement, may last months.-- Prisons may lack even minimal comforts∩ú┐bed, toilet, wash basin.-- Diets are often inadequate and require supplements from relatives and friends.-- Officials may not speak English.-- Physical abuse, confiscation of personal property, degrading or inhumane treatment, and extortion are possible.If you are convicted, you face a possible sentence of:-- 2-10 years in many countries.-- A minimum of 6 years hard labor and a stiff fine in some countries.-- The death penalty in some countries.Do not get involved with illegal drugs overseas. It can spoil more than your vacation. It can ruin your life!LEGAL AIDBecause you are subject to local laws abroad, there is little that a U.S. consul can do for you if you encounter legal difficulties. For example, a consular officer cannot get you out of jail. What American officials can do is limited by both foreign and U.S. laws. The U.S. Government has neither funds nor authority to pay your legal fees or related expenses.Although U.S. consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal advice, they can provide a list of local attorneys and help you find adequate legal representation. The lists of attorneys are carefully compiled from local bar association lists and responses to questionnaires, but neither the Department of State nor U.S. embassies or consulates abroad can assume responsibility for the caliber, competence, or professional integrity of the attorneys. If you are arrested, ask the authorities to notify a consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have the right to talk to the U.S. consul. If you are denied this right, be persistent and try to have someone get in touch for you.When alerted, U.S. officials will visit you, advise you of your rights according to local laws, and contact your family and friends if you wish. They will do whatever they can to protect your legitimate interests and to ensure you are not discriminated against under local law. Consuls can transfer money, food, and clothing to the prison authorities from your family or friends. They will try to get relief if you are held under inhumane or unhealthy conditions or treated less favorably than others in the same situation.HELP FROM AMERICAN CONSULS ABROADWHEN TO REGISTER WITH THE U.S. EMBASSYREGISTER AT THE CONSULAR SECTION OF THE NEAREST U.S. EMBASSY OR CONSULATE:∩ú┐If you find yourself in a country or area that is experiencing civil unrest, has an unstable political climate, or is undergoing a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or hurricane.∩ú┐If you plan to go to a country where there are no U.S. officials. In such cases, register in an adjacent country, leave an itinerary, and ask about conditions in the country you will visit and what third country may represent U.S. interests there.∩ú┐If you plan to stay in a country for longer than one month. Registration makes your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary for a consular employee to contact you in an emergency. During a disaster overseas, American consular officers offer assistance to Americans and can even assist in evacuation when that becomes necessary. But they cannot assist you if they do not know where your are. Registration also makes it easier to apply for a replacement passport if yours is lost or stolen.If you are traveling with an escorted tour to areas experiencing political uncertainty or other problems, find out if registration is being done for you by your tour operator. If it is not, or if you are traveling on your own, leave a copy of your itinerary at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate soon after arrival.WHAT U.S. CONSULS CAN DOU.S. consular officers are located at U.S. embassies and consulates in most countries overseas. They are available to advise and help you if you are in any serious trouble.DESTITUTIONIf you become destitute abroad, the U.S. consul can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and tell you how to arrange for them to send funds for you. These funds can sometimes be wired to you through the Department of State.IF ILL OR INJUREDShould you become ill while abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for a list of local doctors, dentists, medical specialists, clinics and hospitals. If your illness or injury is serious, the consul can help you find medical assistance from that list and, at your request, will inform your family or friends of your condition. If necessary, a consul can assist in the transfer of funds from the United States. Payment of hospital and other expenses is your responsibility. Consular officers cannot supply you with medication.In an emergency when you are unable to communicate, the consul will check your passport for the name and address of any relative, friend, or legal representative whom you wish to have notified. Because the U.S. Government cannot pay for medical evacuations, it is advisable to have private medical insurance to cover this.MARRIAGE ABROADU.S. diplomatic and consular officials do not have the authority to perform marriages overseas. Marriage abroad must be performed in accordance with local law. There are always documentary requirements, and in some countries, there is a lengthy residence requirement before a marriage may take place.Before traveling, ask the embassy or consulate of the country in which you plan to marry about their regulations and how to prepare to marry abroad. Once abroad, the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate may be able to answer some of your questions, but it is your responsibility to deal with local civil authorities.BIRTH ABROADA child born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents generally acquires U.S. citizenship at birth. The U.S. parent or parents should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to have a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America prepared. This document serves as proof of acquisition of U.S. citizenship and is acceptable evidence for obtaining a U.S. passport and for most other purposes where one must show a birth certificate or proof of citizenship.ADOPTION ABROADThe Department of State and its embassies and consulates abroad have become increasingly concerned about international adoptions because of an increase in illegal activities by some intermediaries and adoption agencies. Illegal adoption practices can cause great difficulty, financial strain, and emotional upheaval for adopting parents. If you are a prospective adopting parent, beware of any agency or attorney claiming to be able to streamline established procedures. Because of irregular activities, foreign governments sometimes determine that an adoption in process is illegal and refuse to finalize the adoption.For more information, you may write for a free pamphlet, International Adoptions. Send a self-addressed, triple-stamped 9"x12" envelope to: Citizens Consular Services (CA/OCS/CCS), Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. If you are planning to adopt from a particular country, mention that in your request, because Citizens Consular Services has specific information on the adoption process in certain countries.Continued...</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)YOUR TRIP ABROADBefore You GoThere is a lot you can do to prepare for your trip, depending upon where, how long and why you are going.LEARN ABOUT THE PLACES YOU WILL VISITHere are some good sources:A travel agent can provide brochures and tourist information about the countries you plan to visit.Your travel agent should also be able to provide you with the Department of State travel advisory for any country you plan to visit, if an advisory has been issued for the country. If your travel agent cannot provide travel advisories, you can obtain them 24-hours a day by calling (202) 647-5225 (see page 4). Look in your local bookstore and public library for books on foreign travel.Many countries have tourist information offices in large cities that can give you brochures and, in some cases, maps. International airlines may also supply you with travel brochures on the countries they serve.Foreign embassies or consulates in the United States can provide up-to-date information on their countries. Addresses and telephone numbers of the embassies of foreign governments are listed in the Congressional Directory, available at most public libraries. In addition to their embassies, some countries also have consulates in major U.S. cities. Look for their addresses in your local telephone directory, or find them in the publication, Foreign Consular Offices in the United States, available in many public libraries.Check on Travel AdvisoriesThe Department of State issues travel advisories to alert U.S. citizens to conditions overseas that may affect them adversely. There are three types of travel advisories:Warning: recommends deferral of travel to all or part of a country.Caution: advises about unusual security conditions, including the potential for unexpected detention, unstable political conditions, or serious health problems. It is not intended to deter travel to a country.Notice: provides information on situations that do not present a broad scale risk, but which could result in inconvenience or difficulty for traveling Americans.Travel advisories are posted at U.S. passport agencies, Department of Commerce field offices, and at U.S. embassies and consulates around the world. They are distributed to the travel and airline industry and can be found through airline computer reservation systems. If you plan travel to an area or country where there is some concern about existing conditions, find out if there is a travel advisory by contacting the nearest passport agency or your travel agent or airline. You may also listen to recorded travel advisories, 24-hours a day. Call the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center on 202-647-5225.THINGS TO BE SURE YOU HAVETravel document requirements vary from country to country, but you will need the following: a passport or other proof of citizenship, plus a visa or a tourist card. You may also need evidence that you have enough money for your trip and/or have ongoing or return transportation tickets.A VALID PASSPORTWHO NEEDS A PASSPORT?A U.S. citizen needs a passport to depart or enter the United States and to enter and depart most foreign countries. Exceptions include short-term travel between the United States and Mexico, Canada, and some countries in the Caribbean. Your travel agent or airline can tell you if you need a passport for the country you plan to visit.WARNING! Even if you are not required to have a passport to visita country, U.S. Immigration requires you to prove your U.S. citizenship and identity when you reenter the United States. Make certain that you take with you adequate documentation to pass through U.S. Immigration upon your return. A U.S. passport is the best proof of U.S. citizenship. Other documents to prove U.S. citizenship include an expired U.S. passport, a certified copy of your birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, or a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States. To prove your identity, either a valid driver's license or a government identification card that includes a photo or a physical description is adequate.With the number of international child custody cases on the rise, several countries have instituted passport requirements to help prevent child abductions. For example, Mexico has a law that requires a child traveling alone or with only one parent to carry written, notarized consent from the absent parent or parents. No authorization is needed if the child travels alone and is in possession of a U.S. passport. A child traveling alone with a birth certificate requires written, notarized authorization from both parents.Beware of a Passport That Is About to Expire! Certain countries will not permit you to enter and will not place a visa in your passport if the remaining validity is less than 6 months. If you return to the United States with an expired passport, you are subject to a passport waiver fee of $100, payable to U.S. Immigration at the port of entry.All persons must have their own passport. Since January 1981, family members are not permitted to be included in each others' passports.WHEN TO APPLYEvery year, demand for passports becomes heavy in January and begins to decline in August. You can help reduce U.S. Government expense and avoid delays by applying between September and December. However, even in those months, periods of high demand for passports can occur. Apply several months in advance of your planned departure, whenever possible. If you need visas, allow additional time∩ú┐ approximately two weeks per visa.HOW TO APPLY IN PERSONFor your first passport, you must appear in person with a completed Form DSP-11, Passport Application, at one of the 13 U.S. passport agencies or at one of the several thousand federal or state courts or U.S. post offices authorized to accept passport applications. You may be able to find the addresses of passport acceptance facilities in your area in the government listings of your telephone book. If you cannot find a listing, contact one of the 13 U.S. passport agencies listed on page 39 at the end of this pamphlet. Applicants between age 13 and 18 must appear in person, accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. For children under age 13, a parent or legal guardian may appear on their behalf.If you have had a previous passport and wish to obtain another, you may be eligible to apply by mail (see page 10 below for details).WHAT TO BRING WHEN YOU APPLY1. A properly completed, but unsigned, passport application (DSP-11). Do not sign it!2. Proof of U.S. citizenship (a, b, or c):a. Use your previously issued passport or one in which you were included. If you are applying for your first passport or cannot submit a previous passport, you must submit other evidence of citizenship.b. If you were born in the United States, you should produce a certified copy of your birth certificate. This must show that the birth record was filed shortly after birth and must be certified with the registrar's signature and raised, impressed, embossed, or multicolored seal. Certified copies of birth records can be obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the city, state, county, or territory where you were born. (Notifications of Birth Registration or Birth Announcements are not normally accepted for passport purposes.) A delayed birth certificate (one filed more than one year after the date of birth) is acceptable provided it shows a plausible basis for creating this record.If you cannot obtain a birth certificate, submit a notice from a state registrar stating that no birth record exists, accompanied by the best secondary evidence possible. This may include a baptismal certificate, a hospital birth record, affidavits of persons having personal knowledge of the facts of your birth, or other documentary evidence such as an early census, school records, family Bible records, and newspaper files. A personal knowledge affidavit should be supported by at least one public record reflecting birth in the United States.c. If you were born abroad, you can use:-- A Certificate of Naturalization.-- A Certificate of Citizenship.-- A Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America (Form FS-240).-- A Certification of Birth (Form FS-545 or DS-1350).If you do not have any of these documents and are a U.S. citizen, you should take all available proof of citizenship to the nearest U.S. passport agency and request assistance in proving your citizenship.3. Proof of identity.You must also establish your identity to the satisfaction of the person accepting your application. The following items are generally acceptable documents of identity if they contain your signature and if they readily identify you by physical description or photograph:-- A previous U.S. passport.-- A certificate of naturalization or citizenship.-- A valid driver's license.-- A government (federal, state, municipal)-- identification card.The following are NOT acceptable:-- Social Security card.-- Learner's or temporary driver's license.-- Credit card of any type.-- Any temporary or expired identity card or document.-- Any document that has been altered or changed in any manner.If you are unable to present one of the first four documents to establish your identity, you must be accompanied by a person who has known you for at least 2 years and who is a U.S. citizen or a permanent resident alien of the United States. That person must sign an affidavit in the presence of the same person who executes the passport application. The witness will be required to establish his or her own identity. You must also submit some identification of your own.4. Photographs.Present two identical photographs of yourself that are sufficiently recent (normally taken within the past 6 months) to be a good likeness. Passport Services encourages photographs where the applicant is relaxed and smiling.The photographs must not exceed 2x2 inches in size. The image size measured from the bottom of your chin to the top of your head (including hair) must be not less than 1 inch or more than 1-3/8 inches with your head taking up most of the photograph. Passport photographs may be either black and white or color.Photographs must be clear, front view, full-face, and printed on thin white paper with a plain, white or off-white background. Photographs should be portrait-type prints taken in normal street attire without a hat and must include no more than the head and shoulders or upper torso. Dark glasses are not acceptable except when worn for medical reasons. Head coverings are only acceptable if they are worn for religious reasons.Applicants may use photographs in military uniform only if they are on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and are proceeding abroad in the discharge of their duties.Newspaper, magazine and most vending machine prints are not acceptable for use in passports.5. The correct fee.Applicants age 18 and over who are required to appear in person, must pay $65 for their passport. This includes a $10 execution fee. Their passport is valid for 10 years. Applicants under age 18 must pay $40 for their passport. It is valid for 5 years.You may pay in person by check, bank draft, or money order. You may also pay in cash at a passport agency and at some, but not all post offices and clerks of court.HOW TO APPLY BY MAILYou may apply by mail if all of the following are true:-- You have been issued a passport within 12 years prior to your new application.-- You are able to submit your most recent U.S. passport with your new application.-- Your previous passport was issued on or after your 16th birthday.-- You use the same name as that on your most recent passport or you have had your name changed by marriage or court order.HOW TO PROCEEDObtain Form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail, from one of the offices accepting applications or from your travel agent, and complete the information requested on the reverse side of the form.(1) Sign and date the application.(2) Include your date of departure. If no date is included, passport agents will assume that your travel plans are not immediate, and your passport will be processed in about two to three weeks.(3) Enclose your previous passport.(4) Enclose two identical 2x2 photographs (Specifications listed later in this file.).(5) The $55 passport fee. (The $10 acceptance fee is not required for applicants eligible to apply by mail.)(6) If your name has changed, submit the original or certified copy of the court order or marriage certificate that shows the change of name.(7) For processing, mail the completed application and attachments to one of the passport agencies listed at the back of this pamphlet. An incomplete or improperly prepared application will delay issuance of your passport.HOW TO PAY THE PASSPORT FEEThe following forms of payment are acceptable when you apply by mail:-- Bank draft or cashier's check.-- Check: either certified, personal, or travelers (for exact amount).-- Money order: U.S. postal, international, currency exchange, or bank.Do NOT send cash through the mail!WHEN YOU RECEIVE YOUR PASSPORTSign it right away! Then fill in page 4, the personal notification data page. Your previous passport and the original documents that you may have submitted will be returned to you with your new passport.OTHER PASSPORT INFORMATIONOBTAINING A PASSPORT IN AN EMERGENCYPassport agencies will expedite issuance in cases of genuine, documented emergencies. If you are leaving within five days and need a passport, you can pay to have your passport delivered to you by express mail. But you must arrange and pay for this in advance. Check with the post office or court house that accepts your application or with the nearest passport agency for specific details.If you plan to travel abroad frequently or if you stay overseas for long periods of time, your relatives or associates in the United States should have valid passports as well. That way, should you become seriously ill or involved in some other emergency, they could travel without delay. DIPLOMATIC AND OFFICIAL PASSPORTSIf you are being assigned abroad on U.S. government business andare eligible to apply by mail for a no-fee passport (no-fee regular, official, diplomatic), you must submit the mail-in application form, your authorization to apply for a no-fee passport, your previous passport, and two photographs to the Passport Agency in Washington, D.C. for processing.ADDITIONAL VISA PAGESIf you require additional visa pages before your passport expires, obtain them by submitting your passport to one of the passport agencies listed at the back of this pamphlet. If you travel frequently to countries requiring visas, you may request a 48-page passport at the time you apply. There is no additional charge for extra pages or for a 48-page passport.CHANGE OF NAMEIf you have changed your name, you will need to have your passport amended. Fill out Form DSP-19, Passport Amendment/Validation Application, which is available from any office that is authorized to accept passport applications. Submit the DSP-19 along with proof of the name change (a marriage certificate, divorce decree, or certified court order) to the nearest passport agency. There is no fee for this service.AN ALTERED OR MUTILATED PASSPORTIf you mutilate or alter your U.S. passport in any way (other than changing the personal notification data), you may render it invalid, cause yourself much inconvenience, and expose yourself to possible prosecution under the law (Section 1543 of Title 22 of the U.S. Code).Mutilated or altered passports should be turned in to passport agents, authorized postal employees, or U.S. consular officers abroad.LOSS OR THEFT OF A U.S. PASSPORTSafeguard your passport. Its loss could cause you unnecessary travel complications as well as significant expense.If your passport is lost or stolen in the United States, report the loss or theft immediately to Passport Services, 1425 K Street, N.W., Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20524 or to the nearest passport agency.Should your passport be lost or stolen abroad, report the loss immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If you can provide the consular officer with the information contained in your passport, it will facilitate issuance of a new passport. Therefore, photocopy the data page of your passport and keep it in a separate place. In addition, leave the passport number, date, and place of issuance with a relative or friend in the United States.OTHER QUESTIONS ABOUT PASSPORTS?Additional passport information may be obtained from the passport agencies listed at the end of this pamphlet.OBTAIN VISASA visa is an endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government that permits you to visit that country for a specified purpose and a limited time∩ú┐for example, a 3-month tourist visa. It is advisable to obtain visas before you leave the United States because you will not be able to obtain visas for some countries once you have departed. Apply directly to the embassy or nearest consulate of each country you plan to visit, or consult a travel agent. Passport agencies cannot help you obtain visas."Foreign Entry Requirements"Department of State publication M-264, Foreign Entry Requirements, gives entry requirements for every country and tells where and how to apply for visas and tourist cards. It can be ordered for $0.50 from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009. Note: The publication is updated annually but may not reflect the most current requirements. It is advisable to verify the latest visa requirements with the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit.Because a visa is stamped directly onto a blank page in your passport, you will need to give your passport to an official of each foreign embassy or consulate. You will also need to fill out a form, and you may need one or more photographs. Many visas require a fee. The process may take several weeks for each visa, so apply well in advance of your trip.TOURIST CARDIf the country you plan to visit only requires a tourist card, obtain one from the country's embassy or consulate, from an airline serving the country, or at the port of entry. There is a fee for some tourist cards.PROOF OF CITIZENSHIPCheck with the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit to learn what proof of citizenship is required of visitors. Even if a country does not require a visitor to have a passport, it will require some proof of citizenship and identity. Remember that no matter what proof of citizenship a foreign country requires, U.S. Immigration has strict requirements for your reentry into the United States. Information on U.S. Immigration requirements are later in this file..IMMUNIZATIONSUnder international health regulations adopted by the World Health Organization, a country may require international certificates of vaccination against yellow fever and cholera. Typhoid vaccinations are not required for international travel, but are recommended for areas where there is risk of exposure. Smallpox vaccinations are no longer given. Check your health care records to insure that your measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunizations are up-to-date. Medication to deter malaria and other preventative measures are advisable for certain areas. No immunizations are needed to return to the United States.Information on immunization requirements, U.S. Public Health Service recommendations, and other health hints are included in the book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $5.00 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. You may also obtain such information from local and state health departments or physicians. This information is also available on the Centers for Disease Control 24-hour hotline: 404-639-2572. It is not necessary to be vaccinated against a disease you will not be exposed to and few countries refuse to admit you if you arrive without the necessary vaccinations. Officials will either vaccinate you, give you a medical follow-up card, or, in rare circumstances, put you in isolation for the incubation period of the disease you were not vaccinated against. Check requirements before you depart.If vaccinations are required, they must be recorded on approved forms, such as those in the booklet PHS-731, International Certificates of Vaccination as Approved by the World Health Organization. If your doctor or public health office does not have this booklet, it can be obtained for $2 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 or Government Printing Office bookstores. Keep it with your passport.Some countries require certification from long-term visitors that they are free of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). Generally, this has little bearing on tourists and short-term visitors. Check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you will visit for the latest information.HEALTH INSURANCEFor travelers who become seriously ill or injured overseas, obtaining medical treatment and hospital care can be costly. The Social Security Medicare program does not cover hospital and medical services outside the United States. Before you leave the United States, learn what medical services your health insurance will cover abroad. If your health insurance policy does not cover you abroad, you are urged to purchase a temporary health policy that does. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. You can find the names of such companies from your travel agent, your health insurance company, or from advertisements in travel publications. In addition to health insurance, many policies include trip cancellation, baggage loss, and travel accident insurance in the same package. Some travelers check companies have protection policies available for those who purchase travelers checks.MEDICAL EVACUATIONOne of the chief advantages of health and emergency assistance policies is that they often include coverage for medical evacuation to the United States. Medical evacuation can easily cost $5000 depending upon your location and medical condition. Even if your regular health insurance covers you for emergencies abroad, consider purchasing a supplemental insurance policy to cover medical evacuation.Whichever health insurance coverage you choose for overseas, remember to bring your policy identity card and claim forms with you.</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)State Department Travel Advisories The State Department issues travel advisories to inform traveling Americans of conditions abroad which may affect them adversely. Travel advisories are generally about physical dangers, unexpected arrests or detentions, serious health hazards, and other conditions abroad with serious consequences for traveling Americans. Travel advisories which describe a potential for violence and physical danger usually reflect a trend or pattern of violence over a period of time in which the government of the country involved is unwilling or unable to afford normal protection. For that reason, isolated international terrorist of criminal attacks - which can and do occur virtually anywhere at any time - do not generally trigger travel advisories. Travel advisories are issued on the basis of objective evidence about emerging or existing circumstances and are modified or cancelled when those circumstances change. Travel advisories are issued only after careful review of information from our diplomatic post in the affected country, and in coordination with various bureaus of the Department of State and other concerned federal agencies.How To Access Travel AdvisoriesTravel advisories for specific countries are available at any of the 13 regional passport agencies, field offices or the U.S. Department of Commerce, and U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They are also available by writing the Citizens Emergency Center, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4811, N.S., U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, 20520. Travel advisories may be heard anytime by dialing the Citizens Emergency Center at (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. The recording is updated constantly.By Computer NetworkIf you have a personal computer and a modem, you can also accesstravel advisories electronically. The Official Airlines Guide (OAG) provides the full text of travel advisories on many online computer services. To obtain information on accessing travel advisories through OAG on any of the following computer services, call the OAG Electronic Edition at 800-323-4000.CompuServe*General Videotex-DelphiNewsNet DialcomGEnieIP Sharp DialogiNet-AmericaTelenet Dow Jones News/RetrievaliNet-Bell of CanadaWestern Union-Easylink*CompuServe subscribers may type GO STATE at any "!" prompt. Infosys America Inc. also provides the full text of travel advisories through Travel Online BBS on the SmartNet International Computer Network in the U.S., Canada and overseas. The (modem) telephone number for Infosys America is (314) 625-4054. Interactive Office Services, Inc. offers online travel information in Travel+Plus through the networks listed below. For information on access, call Travel+Plus at (617) 876-5551 or 800-544-4005.Delphi, MCI (RCA Hotline) Bell South TUG GraphNet Unison FTCC Answer Bank The Overseas Security Electronic Bulletin Board (EBB) provides State Department travel advisories as a free service (purchase of necessary software required) for American firms doing business overseas. Apply to the Executive Director, Overseas Security Advisory Council (DS/OSAC), Department of State, Washington, DC 20522-1003. The Computer Information Delivery Service (CIDS) also provides the text of State Department travel advisories. For information, call Edward Decowski of Martin-Marietta at 703-802-5700.How To Access State Department Travel Advisories byComputer Reservation System (CRS) The following computer reservation systems (CRS) maintain State Department travel advisory information. The information can be accessed by entering the CRS codes listed below.APOLLO - For the travel advisory index, enter: S*BRF/TVLADV For the full text of travel advisories and travel notices, enter: TD*DS/ADVDATAS II - For full text of travel advisories, enter: G* _ (country)_PARS - For the travel advisory index, enter: G/AAI/TVL Travel Document Systems, Inc. provides the full text of travel advisories and notices to the following reservation systems:SABRE - Enter: N*/ADVISORY INDEXSYSTEM ONE - Enter: GG SUP TD ADV In Western Europe, SYSTEM ONE is accessed through the AMADEUS system and APOLLO through the GALILEO system.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICASpecific Countries Continued...Nigeria. Although it is not required for a visa, yellow fevervaccinations are recommended, especially for travel outside of urbanareas. All currency must be declared in writing upon arrival and aminimum of $100 must be exchanged into local currency. Currencycontrol regulations should be strictly observed because violations arepunishable by arrest, prosecution by military tribunal, and prolongeddetention.Air travel is adequate for both international and domestic flights butis often overcrowded, overbooked, and subject to unscheduledcancellations and delays. In Lagos and other cities, beware of highcrime areas and avoid traveling at night. Export of antiquities andceremonial objects must be approved by the Nigerian Department ofAntiquities.Rwanda. Although there are some shortages, food supplies are adequate.A permit is needed to export game trophies. Visits to the gorillas inParc de Volcans must be booked at least a month in advance.Sao Tome and Principe. Tourist visas are available upon arrival.There is no U.S. Embassy in this country, but the American Ambassadorto Gabon is also accredited to Sao Tome and Principe. Consularservices for U.S. citizens are handled through the U.S. Embassy inLibreville, Gabon.Senegal. To avoid delays upon arrival, obtain visas in advance.Although Dakar is a major port of entry into western Africa,international air service is often overcrowded, overbooked, and subjectto unscheduled cancellations and delays.Seychelles. Visas are issued upon arrival and may be extended for upto one year, provided visitors have an onward/return ticket andsufficient funds for their stay. Firearms and spearfishing equipmentmay not be imported.Sierra Leone. Visitors must declare all foreign currency on anofficial exchange control form. This form is certified, stamped, andused to record all currency exchanges while in the country. You mustexchange $100 of hard currency upon arrival. Allow extra time for theriver ferry on the route between the airport and Freetown.Somalia. All foreign currency must be declared upon entering thecountry. Banks are the only legal place to exchange money. Privatecurrency transactions and trading on the black market are illegal, andoffenders are prosecuted. Prices can be high and consumer goods areoften scarce. Outside of Mogadishu, tourist accommodations are rustic.Unnecessary travel to the northern and central provinces of Somaliashould be avoided because of occasional dissident activity. Checksecurity conditions with the U.S. Embassy upon arrival.South Africa. Obtain visas in advance. Strict government securitymeasures are in effect and travel in regular tourist areas is generallysafe. However, the security situation should be considered. Thegreatest unrest has been in urban black townships, although citycenters and some shopping areas have experienced random terroristbombings and sporadic unrest. Daylight muggings and robberies are alsocommon in some areas. Avoid travel to the so-called "independenthomelands" of Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei, and Transkei. Consult theU.S. Embassy or consulates if you plan to visit these areas.Severe restrictions are imposed on reporting or photographingdemonstrations, funerals, and any incident of civil unrest. SouthAfrican emergency regulations allow the arrest and indefinite detentionof persons considered a threat to public order. If you are detainedfor any reason, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer.Despite security problems, air travel is efficient. You can travelthroughout the country by plane, train, or highway. There are noshortages or disruptions in services and utilities, and the tap wateris potable.Sudan. When visiting Khartoum exercise caution because of thepotential for terrorism. Travelers should avoid Equatoria, Upper Nile,and Bahr El-Ghazal, the three provinces of southern Sudan. The lattertwo are usually off-limits to foreigners. The U.S. Embassy is not ableto provide normal consular protection and services in these areas.Visitors are required to register their place of residence with thelocal police within three days of arrival, to obtain police permissionto change residence, and to register within 24 hours of arriving at anew location. Consult the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum on securityconditions during your stay.Travelers by air are advised to purchase round-trip tickets beforetraveling to Sudan. When leaving the country, arrive at the airport 2hours in advance. Unforeseen circumstances, such as sandstorms andelectrical outages may cause flight delays. Disruptions of water andelectricity are frequent and telecommunication is slow. Because ofshortages, travelers should bring adequate supplies of medicine andpersonal items for their stay.The possession, sale, and consumption of alcohol are strictly forbiddenin Sudan. Persons with alcoholic beverages in their possession at theport of entry are subject to immediate arrest. A license to takephotographs must be obtained from the Department of Hotels and Tourism.Photographing military areas, bridges, drainage stations, broadcaststations, public utilities, and slum areas or beggars is prohibited.Swaziland. No visa is needed for a visit of up to 2 months. Forlonger stays, temporary residence permits are available after arrivalin Mbabane. Visitors entering from South Africa must report toImmigration authorities or police station within 48 hours, unlesslodging in a hotel. Tap water is potable in the cities.Tanzania. Visitors must obtain visas before arrival or they may bedenied entry. Travelers with a multiple-entry South African visa intheir passports or other evidence of prior or planned travel to SouthAfrica may be detained for many hours, threatened with deportation,denied entry for several days or altogether. Even tourists with newpassports have been delayed at Tanzanian immigration because they weresuspected of concealing second passports with South African markings.All foreign currency must be declared upon entering the country.Undeclared currency may be confiscated. Visitors must exchange aminimum of $50 into local currency. Nonresidents must pay hotel billsand game park fees in foreign currency. Banks are the only legal placeto exchange money. Private currency transactions and trading on theblack market are illegal, and offenders are prosecuted. Touristsshould not change more money than they will use because it may beconfiscated on departure. Departure tax must be paid in hard currency.Travel in Tanzania is generally safe. Beware of street crime,especially after dark. Be cautious at public beaches and avoidsecluded areas. Consult authorities before traveling to remote regionsand obtain updated information on conditions in the country from theU.S. Embassy. U.S. citizens have had problems on a number of occasionswhen they attracted the suspicion of authorities, violated laws, orentered the country in private aircraft without adequate notice orclearance. Police, immigration officers and prison officials aresensitive to matters that may affect national security, such as travelnear the Mozambique border. If you are detained for any reason, ask totalk with a U.S. consular officer.Visitors have been detained or had their cameras and film confiscatedfor taking pictures of military installations, hospitals, schools,industries, airports, harbors, railway stations, bridges, governmentbuildings, and similar facilities. These structures are oftenpicturesque and not clearly identified as being off-limits forphotography. Photography in game parks is unrestricted.Conservative dress is recommended. Outside of Dar es Salaam, someconsumer goods are in short supply.Togo. No visa is required for a stay of up to three months; however,travel to some remote areas may require a permit.Uganda. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Visitors must declareall currency and exchange $150 for local currency upon arrival. Travelin Kampala is generally safe. Travelers should have no difficulty atthe roadblocks outside of Kampala and Entebbe if they carry theirpassports with them. The southern and southwestern districts of Ugandaare normally safe for travel. Travel to the northern regions of thecountry should be avoided. Consult the U.S. Embassy for updatedinformation on security conditions in those areas.Zaire. Credit cards are not widely accepted. To cross the Congo Riverfrom Kinshasa to Brazzaville, you must obtain a special permit from theImmigration Department in Zaire and a visa for the country of Congo.Most intercity roads are difficult to impassable in the rainy season.Certain mining areas are off-limits to foreigners. When driving incities, keep windows rolled up and doors locked; at roadblocks, openyour window only partially and display your passport through thewindow. Photography of public buildings or installations is strictlyforbidden.Zambia Visas must be obtained in advance. Foreign currency cannot beobtained locally. If possible, carry travelers checks since creditcards are seldom accepted outside of major hotels. Use cameras only intourist areas or other locations specifically approved by Zambianauthorities. Avoid clothing that could be mistaken as militaryapparel.Visitors should be cautious when traveling in Zambia. Because severalmilitary incidents have occurred in the south, Zambian police andsecurity forces are suspicious of foreigners. Foreigners havesometimes been detained for no apparent reason and authorities havebeen slow in informing embassies of their citizens' detention. If youare detained, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer.Major roads are open but police roadblocks are common, and vehicles andpassengers are searched. Take precautions against crime and avoidtravel at night. Also avoid driving off major roads because militaryrestricted zones are often unmarked. In the north, be cautious in thearea of the Zambia-Zaire border because of police and military actionsaimed at curbing smuggling. Flying directly from Lusaka to the LuangwaValley game park or its major attraction, Victoria Falls is safe, buttravel to the west of the Zambezi River is discouraged.Zimbabwe. No visa is required. However, you must have both anonward/return ticket and sufficient funds for the stay. Prices arehigh in Zimbabwe. There are no shortages of food but occasional spotshortages of consumer goods occur. All currency must be declared uponarrival. Failure to declare currency can result in confiscation and afine. Exchange money only where authorized and save all receipts untildeparture. Hotel bills must be paid in hard currency.Due to periodic unsafe security conditions, travelers should avoidcertain roads and rail routes in Zimbabwe. Security conditions areparticularly uncertain along the Mozambique border. The touristdestinations of Victoria Falls, the Hwange safari area, and MatoposNational Park have been safe, although some areas of the park have beenoff-limits for visitors. You should travel to unsettled areas by air.If road travel is unavoidable, stay on the main roads, travel only indaylight and avoid unnecessary stops. Consult with the U.S. Embassyand the local police before setting out. Hitchhiking or off-roadtravel is strongly discouraged. There are police and militaryroadblocks throughout the country.Photography is off-limits in certain regions of the Zambezi Valleywhere anti-poaching operations are in progress. Zimbabwe authoritiesare also extremely sensitive about photographing certain buildings,such as government offices, official residences, and embassies.FOREIGN EMBASSIES AND MISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES:Permanent Mission of ANGOLA to the U.N. 747 3rd Avenue 18th Floor NewYork, NY 10017Embassy of BENIN 2737 Cathedral Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202)232-6656Embassy of BOTSWANA 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 404 Washington,DC 20008 (202) 244-4990Embassy of BURKINA FASO 2340 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC20008 (202) 332-5577Embassy of BURUNDI 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Suite 212 Washington, DC20008 (202) 342-2574Embassy of CAMEROON 2349 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 265-8790Embassy of CAPE VERDE 3415 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC20007 (202) 965-6820Embassy of CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 1618 22d Street, NW Washington, DC20008 (202) 483-7800Embassy of CHAD 2002 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 462-4009Permanent Mission of COMOROS to the U.N. 336 East 45th Street, 2ndFloor New York, NY 10017 (212) 972-8010Embassy of the CONGO 4891 Colorado Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20011(202) 726-5500Embassy of COTE D'IVOIRE 2424 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC20008 (202) 797-0300Embassy of DJIBOUTI 1430 K Street, NW Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 347-0254Embassy of EQUATORIAL GUINEA 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1403 New York, NY10017 (212) 599-1523Embassy of ETHIOPIA 2134 Kalorama Road, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202)234-2281Embassy of GABON 2034 20th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 797-1000Embassy of GAMBIA 1030 15th Street, NW Suite 720 Washington, D.C.20005 (202) 842-1356Embassy of GHANA 2460 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 462-0761Embassy of GUINEA 2112 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (212) 483-9420Permanent Mission of GUINEA-BISSAU to the U.N. 211 East 43rd StreetSuite 604 New York, NY 10017 (212) 661-3977Embassy of KENYA 2249 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 387-6101Embassy of LESOTHO 2511 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 797-5533Embassy of LIBERIA 5201 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20011 (212)723-0437Embassy of MADAGASCAR 2374 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC20008 (202) 265-5525Embassy of MALAWI 2408 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 797-1007Embassy of MALI 2130 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (212) 332-2249Embassy of MAURITANIA 2129 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (212)232-5700Embassy of MAURITIUS 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 134 Washington,DC 20008 (202) 244-1491Embassy of MOZAMBIQUE 1990 M Street, NW Suite 570 Washington, DC 20036(202) 293-7146Embassy of NIGER 2204 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4224Embassy of NIGERIA 2201 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 822-1500Embassy of RWANDA 1714 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009(202) 232-2882Embassy of SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504 NewYork, NY 10017 (212) 697-4211Embassy of SENEGAL 2112 Wyoming Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202)234-0540Permanent Mission of SEYCHELLES to the U.N. 820 Second Avenue, Suite203 New York, NY 10017 (212) 687-9766Embassy of SIERRA LEONE 1701 19th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009(202) 939-9261Embassy of SOMALIA 600 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Suite 710 Washington,DC 20037 (202) 333-5908Embassy of SOUTH AFRICA 3051 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC20008 (202) 337-3452Embassy of SUDAN 2210 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 338-8565Embassy of SWAZILAND 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 362-6683Embassy of TANZANIA 2139 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6125Embassy of TOGO 2208 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 234-4212Embassy of UGANDA 5909 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20011 (202) 726-7100Embassy of ZAIRE 1800 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009(202) 234-7690Embassy of ZAMBIA 2419 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008(202) 265-9717Embassy of ZIMBABWE 2852 McGill Terrace, NW, Washington, DC 20008(202) 332-7100U.S. EMBASSIES AND CONSULATES ABROADNote: Workweek is Monday-Friday except where noted. Mail to APOand FPO addresses must originate in the United States; the streetaddress must not appear in an APO or FPO address.BENIN American Embassy Rue Caporal Anani Bernard B.P. 2012 Cotonou Tel:(229) 300-650BOTSWANA American Embassy P.O. Box 90 Gaborone Tel: (267) 353-982BURKINO FASO American Embassy B.P. 35 Ouagadougou Tel: (226) 306-723BURUNDI American Embassy Avenue du Zaire, B.P. 1720 Bujumbura Tel:(257)(2) 23454CAMEROON American Embassy Rue Nachtigal, B.P. 817 Yaounde Tel: (237)234-014CAPE VERDE American Embassy Rua Hojl Ya Yenna 81 C.P. 201 Praia Tel:(238) 614-363, 614-253CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC American Embassy Avenue President Dacko B.P.294 Bangui Tel: 610-200, 612-578, 614-333CHAD American Embassy Ave. Felix Eboue, B.P. 413 N'Djamena Tel: (235)516-211, 516-233COMOROS American Embassy B.P. 1318 Moroni Tel: 731-203CONGO American Embassy Avenue Amilcar Cabral B.P. 1015, Box CBrazzaville Tel: 832-070, 832-624COTE D'IVOIRE American Embassy 5 Rue Jesse Owens 01 B.P. 1712 AbidjanTel: (225) 320-979DJIBOUTI American Embassy Plateau de Serpent, Blvd. Marechal JoffreB.P. 185 Djibouti Tel: (253) 353-849, 353-995, 352-916 Workweek:Sunday-ThursdayEQUATORIAL GUINEA American Embassy Calle de Los Ministros P.O. Box 597Malabo Tel: 2406, 2507ETHIOPIA American Embassy Entoto St., P.O. Box 1014 Addis Ababa Tel:(251)(01) 551-002GABON American Embassy Blvd. de la Mer B.P. 4000 Libreville Tel: (241)762-003, 743-492GAMBIA American Embassy Fajara, Kairaba Ave; P.M.B. No. 19, BanjulBanjul Tel: (220) 92856, 92858, 91970GHANA American Embassy Ring Road East P.O. Box 194 Accra Tel: 775-347GUINEA American Embassy 2d Blvd. and 9th Ave, B.P. 603 Conakry Tel:441-520GUINEA-BISSAU American Embassy Avenida Domingos Ramos C.P. 297 BissauTel: (245) 212-816KENYA American Embassy Moi/Haile Selassie Ave. P.O. Box 30137 NairobiTel: (254)(2) 334-141American Consulate Palli House, Nyerere Ave. P.O. Box 88079 MombasaTel: (254)(11) 315-101LESOTHO American Embassy P.O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Maseru Tel: (266)312-666LIBERIA American Embassy 111 United Nations Dr. P.O. Box 98 MonroviaTel: (231) 222-991MADAGASCAR American Embassy 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola B.P.620 Antananarivo Tel: (261)(2) 21257, 20956, 20089MALAWI American Embassy P.O. Box 30016 Lilongwe Tel: (265) 730-166MALI American Embassy Rue Testard and Rue Mohamed V B.P. 34 Bamako Tel:(223)(22) 225-834MAURITANIA American Embassy B.P. 222 Nouakchott Tel: (222)(2) 52660,52663MAURITIUS American Embassy Rogers Bldg. (4th Fl.) John Kennedy StreetPort Louis Tel: 082-347MOZAMBIQUE American Embassy Avenida Kaunda 193, P.O. Box 783 MaputoTel: (258)(11) 742-797, 743-167, 744-163NIGER American Embassy B.P. 11201 Niamey Tel: (227) 722-661NIGERIA American Embassy 2 Eleke Crescent, P.O. Box 554 Lagos Tel:(234)(1) 610-097American Consulate General 2 Maska Rd., P.O. Box 170 Kaduna Tel:(234)(1) 201-070RWANDA American Embassy Blvd. de la Revolution, B.P. 28 Kigali Tel:(205) 75601, 72126SENEGAL American Embassy Avenue Jean XXIII, B.P. 49 Dakar Tel: (221)214-296SEYCHELLES American Embassy Box 148 Victoria Tel: (248) 23921SIERRA LEONE American Embassy Corner Walpole and Siaka Stevens St.Freetown Tel: 26481SOMALIA American Embassy Corso Primo Luglio, P.O. Box 574 MogadishuTel: (252)(01) 20811 Workweek: Sunday-ThursdaySOUTH AFRICA American Embassy Thibault House, 225 Pretorius St.Pretoria Tel: (27)(12) 284-266American Consulate General Broadway Industries Center Heerengracht,Foreshore Cape Town Tel: (27)(21) 214-280, 214-287American Consulate General Durban Bay House, 29th Fl. 333 Smith St.Durban 4001 Tel: (27)(31) 304-4737American Consulate General Kine Center, 11th Fl., Commissioner andKrulis Sts., P.O. Box 2155 Johannesburg Tel: (27)(11) 331-1681SUDAN American Embassy Sharia Ali Abdul Latif, P.O. Box 699 KhartoumTel: 74700, 75680, 74611 Workweek: Sunday-ThursdaySWAZILAND American Embassy Central Bank Bldg., Warner Street P.O. Box199 Mbabane Tel: (268) 22281TANZANIA American Embassy 36 Laibon Rd. (off Bagamoyo Rd.) P.O. Box9123 Das Es Salaam Tel: (255)(51) 37501TOGO American Embassy Rue Pelletier Caventou & Rue Vauban, B.P. 852Lome Tel: (228)(21) 212-991, 213-609UGANDA American Embassy Parliament Ave., P.O. Box 7007 Kampala Tel:(256)(41) 259-791, 259-795ZAIRE American Embassy 310 Avenue des Aviateurs Kinshasa Tel:(243)(12) 25881American Consulate General 1029 Blvd. Kamanyola, B.P. 1196 LubumbashiTel: (243) 222-324ZAMBIA American Embassy Corner of Independence and United Nations Aves.P.O. Box 31617 Lusaka Tel: (260)(1) 214-911ZIMBABWE American Embassy 172 Rhodes Ave., P.O. Box 3340 Harare Tel:(263)(4) 794-521 Planning Another Trip?</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAGeneral InformationYour trip to Africa will be an adventure off the beaten path. Theestimated 90,000 U.S citizens who travel to sub-Saharan Africa eachyear are only a fraction of the more than 40 million Americans who gooverseas annually.The Department of State seeks to encourage international travel.Conditions and customs in sub-Saharan Africa, however, can contrastsharply with what you are used to. These pages contain advice to helpyou avoid inconvenience and difficulties as you go. Take our adviceseriously but do not let it keep you at home. Africans are happy toshare not just their scenery, but their culture and traditions as well.Before you go, learn as much as you can about your destination. Yourtravel agent, local bookstore, public library and the embassies of thecountries you plan to visit are all useful sources of information.Another source is the Department of State's Background Notes serieswhich includes a pamphlet for each country in Africa. You may orderthe pamphlets for $2 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations borderingthe Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 46 nations and 1territory, Namibia. Forty of these nations and Namibia are on themainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest IndianOcean (Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two islandnations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe)are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use theword "Africa" to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For travel tips forthe five northern African nations, see "Tips for Travelers to theMiddle East and North Africa."TRAVEL ADVISORIESThe Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serioushealth or security conditions which may affect U.S. citizens. If youare traveling to areas of Africa where security conditions are aconcern, you may wish to inquire whether an advisory is in effect forthe country you plan to visit. Current advisories are available at the13 regional passport agencies in the United States, at U.S. embassiesor consulates abroad, and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room4811, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 (202/647-5225).As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan a longstay in one place or if you are in an area where communications arepoor or that is experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, youare encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.Remember to leave a detailed itinerary with a friend or relative in theUnited States in case of an emergency.HEALTHHealth problems affect more visitors to Africa than any otherdifficulty. Information on health precautions can be obtained fromlocal health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, privatedoctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Servicebook, Health Information for International Travel, available for $4.75from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunizationmay be recommended against cholera, diptheria, tetanus, hepatitis,meningitis, polio, typhoid, and yellow fever.Malaria is found in at least part of every country of sub-SaharanAfrica except Cape Verde and Lesotho. Falciparum, the malignant formof malaria, is present in most sub-Saharan malaria areas. Malariaprophylaxis and mosquito avoidance measures are recommended. Ifpossible, avoid contact with mosquitoes from dusk to dawn by wearinglong clothing, using insect repellent on exposed skin, and using aflying insect spray in living and sleeping quarters. Prophylaxis should begin two weeks before going to an area wheremalaria is endemic and should continue for at least 4 weeks afterleaving the area. Chloroquine is the malaria prophylaxis most easilytolerated by humans. However, in much of Africa, mosquitoes are becoming resistant tochloroquine. If you are going to an area where mosquitoes may bechloroquine-resistant, consult a medical expert for an alternateprophylactic regimen. Even if you take appropriate prophylaxis,malaria sometimes breaks through any drug or drug combination. Shouldyou develop chills, fever, and headaches while taking antimalarialdrugs, promptly seek medical attention.Sleeping sickness, borne by the tsetse fly, is generally not a highrisk for international travelers. However, you may be at risk incertain game parks and savannah regions. These insects bite in the dayand are attracted by movement and bright colors. Insect repellent andlong clothing that blends with the background environment arerecommended. Insect repellent also provides protection against ticks.If you are going into wooded areas where ticks might be present, userepellent, wear close fitting clothes, and search your body for ticksafterwards.Schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is found throughout sub-Saharan Africaexcept in Cape Verde, Lesotho, and the Seychelles. These parasites canpenetrate unbroken skin and are best avoided by not swimming or wadingin fresh water. Safe and effective oral drugs are available to treatschistosomiasis.Some countries have shortages of medicines; bring an adequate supply ofany prescription and over-the-counter medicines that you are accustomedto taking. Keep all prescriptions in their original, labeledcontainers.Medical facilities may be limited, particularly in rural areas. Shouldyou become seriously ill or injured abroad, contact the nearest U.S.embassy or consulate. A U.S. consular officer can furnish you with alist of recommended local hospitals and English-speaking doctors.Consular officers can also inform your family or friends in the UnitedStates of your condition. Because medical coverage overseas can bequite expensive, prospective travelers should review their healthinsurance policies. If your policy does not provide medical coverageoverseas, consider buying supplemental insurance. It is also advisableto obtain insurance to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuationin the event of a medical emergency.Except in first-class hotels, drink only boiled water or bottledbeverages. Avoid ice cubes. Unless you are certain they arepasteurized, avoid dairy products. Vegetables and fruits should bepeeled or washed in a purifying solution. A good rule of thumb is, ifyou can't peel it or cook it, don't eat it. Diarrhea caused by eatingcontaminated food or drinking impure water is potentially very serious.If it persists, seek medical attention.An increasing number of countries have established regulationsregarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents andstudents. Check with the embassy or consulate of the country you planto visit for up-to-date information.WEATHERSub-Saharan Africa is tropical, except for the high inland plateaus andthe southern part of South Africa. Within 10 degrees of the Equator,the climate seldom varies and is generally hot and rainy. Further fromthe Equator, the seasons become more apparent, and if possible, youshould plan your trip in the cooler months. If traveling to ruralareas, avoid the rainy months which generally run from May throughOctober, since roads may be washed out.VISA AND OTHER ENTRY REQUIREMENTSA U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in Africa. Inaddition, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa require U.S. citizens tohave a visa. If visas are required, obtain them before you leave home.If you decide to visit additional countries en route, it may bedifficult or impossible to obtain visas. In most African countries,you will not be admitted into the country and will have to depart onthe next plane,if you arrive without a visa. This can be inconvenientif the next plane does not arrive in several days, the airport hotel isfull, and the airport has no other sleeping accommodations.The best authority on a country's visa and other entry requirements isits embassy or consulate. The Department of State publication,"Foreign Visa Requirements," gives basic information on entryrequirements and tells where and how to apply for visas. You can ordera copy for $.50 from the Consumer Information Center, Dept. 438T,Pueblo, Colorado 81009.Allow plenty of time to apply for visas. An average of two weeks foreach visa is recommended. Before you apply, check the following:o visa price, length of validity, and number of entries;o financial data required - proof of sufficient funds, proof of onward/return ticket;o immunizations required;o currency regulations;o import/export restrictions; ando departure tax. If required, be sure to keep sufficient hard currency so that you may leave the country on schedule.o AIDS clearance certification. Some countries require travelers to submit certification or be tested upon arrival for AIDS.Some African countries will refuse to admit you if you have SouthAfrican visas or entry and exit stamps in your passports. If you havesuch notations in your passport or plan to visit South Africa inconjunction with a trip to other countries, contact a U.S. passportagency for guidance.RESTRICTED AREASA visa is good only for those parts of a country that are open toforeigners. Several countries in Africa have areas of civil unrest orwar zones that are off-limits to visitors without special permits.Others have similar areas that are open but surrounded by securitycheckpoints where travelers must show their passport, complete withvalid visa. When traveling in such a country, keep your passport withyou at all times. No matter where you travel in Africa, do notoverstay the validity of your visa; renew it if necessary.If stopped at a roadblock, be courteous and responsive to questionsasked by persons in authority. At night, turn on the interior light ofthe car. In areas of instability, however, try to avoid travel atnight. For information on restricted areas and security risk areas,consult Department of State travel advisories (see p. 1) or, if you arealready in Africa, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.In some areas, when U.S. citizens are arrested or detained, police orprison officials have failed to inform the U.S. embassy or consulate.If you are ever detained for any reason, ask to talk with a U.S.consular officer.U.S. CITIZENS MARRIED TO FOREIGN NATIONALSWomen who travel to Africa should be aware that in some countries,either by law or by custom, a woman and her children need thepermission of the husband to leave the country. If you or yourchildren travel, be aware of the laws and customs of the places youvisit. Do not visit or allow your children to visit unless you areconfident that you will be permitted to leave. Once overseas, you aresubject to the laws of the country you are in; U.S. law cannot protectyou.CURRENCY REGULATIONSThe amount of money, including traveler's checks, which may be takeninto or out of African countries varies. In general, visitors mustdeclare all currency and travelers checks upon arrival. Do notexchange money on the black market. Use only banks and otherauthorized foreign exchange offices and retain receipts. You may needto present the receipts as well as your original currency declarationwhen you depart. Currency not accounted for may be confiscated, andyou may be fined or detained.Many countries require that hotel bills be paid in hard currency. Somerequire that a minimum amount of hard currency be changed into thelocal currency upon arrival. Some countries prohibit the import orexport of local currency.U.S. WILDLIFE REGULATIONSThe United States prohibits the import of products from endangeredspecies, including the furs of any spotted cats. Most Africancountries have enacted laws protecting wildlife, but poaching andillegal trafficking in wildlife are still commonplace. By importingproducts made from endangered species, you risk seizure of the productand a possible fine. African ivory can be imported legally, but muchof what is offered for sale is illegal. If you do decide to buy ivoryproducts, your chances of making legal purchases are increased if youobtain a government export permit with each purchase.The import of some types of parrots and other wild birds from Africa isgenerally legal but is subject to licensing and other controls. Thereare also restrictions which require the birds to be placed inquarantine upon arrival to ensure they are free from disease. Forfurther information on the import of wildlife and related products,consult TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), World Wildlife Fund--U.S., 1250 24th Street,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.AIR TRAVELIf you are flying to places in Africa other than the major touristdestinations, you may have difficulty securing and retainingreservations and experience long waits at airports for customs andimmigration processing. If stranded, you may need proof of a confirmedreservation in order to obtain food and lodging vouchers from someairlines. Flights are often overbooked, delayed, or cancelled and whencompeting for space on a plane, you may be dealing with a surging crowdrather than a line. Traveling with a packaged tour may insulate youfrom some of these difficulties. All problems cannot be avoided, butyou can:-- Learn the reputation of the airline and the airports you will useto forestall problems and avoid any unpleasant surprises.-- When possible, reserve your return passage before you go; reconfirmimmediately upon arrival.-- Ask for confirmation in writing, complete with file number orlocator code, when you make or confirm a reservation.-- Arrive at the airport earlier than required in order to put youselfat the front of the line -- or the crowd, as the case may be.-- Travel with funds sufficient for an extra week's subsistence incase you are stranded.PHOTOGRAPHYAfrica is filled with photogenic scenery, and photography is generallyencouraged. However, most governments prohibit photography of militaryinstallations or locations having military significance, includingairports, bridges, tunnels, port facilities, and public buildings.Visitors can seek guidance on restrictions from local tourist officesor from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Taking photographswithout prior permission can result in your arrest or the confiscationof your film.SHORTAGES, HIGH PRICES, AND OTHER PROBLEMSConsumer goods, gas, and food are in short supply in some Africancountries and prices for these commodities may be high by U.S.standards. Shortages of hotel accommodations also exist so confirmreservations well in advance. Some countries experience disruptions in electricity and water supplyor in services such as mail and telecommunications.LOCAL TRANSPORTATIONRental cars, where available, may be expensive. Hiring a taxi is oftenthe easiest way to go sightseeing. Taxi fares should be negotiated inadvance. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dryseason, or disrupted by floods in the rainy season.SPECIFIC COUNTRY INFORMATIONAngola. Individuals arriving in Angola without a visa may be arrested.Foreigners are restricted to certain areas and should scrupulouslyfollow Angolan laws and regulations. Shortages of medical services,food, and consumer goods as well as disruptions in utilities arecommonplace.The United States does not maintain diplomatic relation with Angola.There is no U.S. embassy in Luanda, and the United States Government isnot in a position to accord normal consular protective services to U.S.citizens who travel to Angola.Travel to Angola is considered dangerous. Although travel in thecapital city of Luanda is relatively safe, travel by road, rail, or airwithin Angola is unsafe due to the possibility of guerilla attack.UNITA has publicly warned that it cannot be responsible for the safetyof foreigners who live or travel in contested areas, or for the timelyrelease of foreigners captured by UNITA.Benin. (formerly Dahomey) Photography of the Presidential Palace andmilitary and economic facilities is strictly prohibited. During therainy season many roads are impassable. Credit cards are accepted atonly one major hotel in Cotonou. Big game hunting must be licensed andgame trophies cannot be exported without a permit. Big game hunting issometimes suspended. Check with the Benin authorities before travelingor with the U.S. Embassy when you arrive for further details.Botswana. No visa is needed for a visit of up to 90 days. Tap wateris potable in major towns. Travelers may be stopped at roadsidecheckpoints. Consumables, medicines, and gas are all imported fromSouth Africa and are not in short supply.Burkina Faso. (formerly Upper Volta) Travelers must stop atoccasional police roadblocks or other checkpoints. A government permitis required for photography, particularly in cities.Burundi. Travelers are urged to obtain a visa in advance to avoiddelays upon arrival. Because tourist accommodations are limitedoutside Bujumbura, make reservations well in advance. Medicalfacilities are also limited and some consumer goods may be in shortsupply.Cameroon. Airport security is stringent and visitors may be subject tobaggage searches. Cameroon has a good domestic transportation system.Roadside security checkpoints are maintained on all major roads. Besure to carry your passport and a valid visa with you at all times incase you are stopped.Cape Verde. These rugged volcanic islands have a dry, temperateclimate. Tourist facilities are limited.Central African Republic. Emergency medical care is inadequate. Thetap water is not potable, but bottled water is available. Confirm youronward flights before you arrive because confirmation is difficult oncein the country. Do not display or use photographic equipment withoutpermission from the Ministry of Information. Roads often flood in therainy season, from May through October.Chad. Government permits are required for photography and for traveloutside N'Djamena. Several former combat zones in the country arestill heavily mined. Travel in most parts of southern Chad is safe,although the roads are poor and facilities are limited. Upon arrival,consult the U.S. Embassy for a situation report on current conditions.Comoros. Visas are issued at the airport upon arrival, and an exitpermit is required for departure. Visitors must have an onward/returnticket.Congo. Visa applicants must show that they have a hotel reservation,an invitation from a relative or friend in the Congo, or, if visitingon business, documentation of their business status. To cross theCongo River by ferry from Brazzaville to Kinshasa, you need a visa forZaire and a special permit issued by the Embassy of Zaire inBrazzaville. Photography of public buildings or installations isrestricted.Cote D'Ivoire. Visitors arriving without a visa are not allowed toenter the country. A good network of paved roads links all majortowns. Unpaved roads are dusty in the dry season and slippery in therainy season. Metered taxis and rental cars are available.Djibouti. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Outside the capital,there is only one surfaced road. For travel inside the country, takean experienced guide and use a vehicle equipped for rough terrain.Equatorial Guinea. Two photos must be submitted to airport authoritiesupon arrival. Visitors should carry passport-size photographs withthem since it may be difficult to find a photographer after arrival.Visas must be obtained in advance.Medical facilities are limited, and there are no dentists or opticiansin the country. Water is not potable and many visitors bring their ownbottled water. Consumer goods are in short supply. Snorkeling,boating and fishing are available, but bring your own equipment.Tourist facilities are limited.Ethiopia. Airlines and hotels do not usually accept credit cards. Allbills must be paid in cash or travelers checks.For travel outside Shoa province, you must have a permit from theNational Tourist Organization (NTO). Permits are not always granted.Many areas of the country are off-limits to foreigners. The NTOgenerally requires tourists traveling outside of Addis Ababa to takealong, and pay the expenses of, an NTO guide. Travel within Ethiopiamay involve serious inconvenience and/or danger. The civil war betweenthe Ethiopian regime and rebels continues in the Northern provinces andthe famine in those areas and others poses problems for travelers. Amidnight to 5 a.m. curfew is in effect in Addis Ababa and most otherurban areas.Certain buildings and public places may not be photographed. Consultyour NTO guide or another authority before using either a camera orbinoculars in Ethiopia. To import a video camera, you must have apermit in advance and be prepared for a delay and questioning atcustoms, both on arrival and departure. A permit is also required toexport antiques and animal skins. It is not unusual for foreigners andtheir Ethiopian acquaintances to be stopped by government officials andquestioned.Gabon. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Travelers arrivingwithout a visa may be detained by airport officials or confined in anairport jail.Taxis are plentiful along major routes in Libreville. There areroadblock checkpoints in Libreville and between towns. Train serviceis available between Libreville and Franceville and there is anextensive domestic airline network.Gambia. Tourist facilities are good, but unpaved roads in the city andsurrounding areas make travel difficult, especially during the rainyseason from May through September. Tap water is potable, but boiled orbottled water is recommended outside of Banjul.Ghana. Ghana has strict laws on currency exchange, and on the importand export of gold, diamonds, and other natural resources. Attempts toevade these regulations are punishable by a 3 to 7-year prison term.Before conducting any business transactions, visitors should contactthe commercial and consular sections at the U.S. Embassy in Accra forspecific advice. Smuggling is a serious crime in Ghana and airportofficials have the authority to conduct body searches. If detained forany reason, request that the American Embassy be notified.There are roadblock checkpoints where automobiles and sometimespassengers may be searched. Use cameras cautiously. Possession of acamera in some areas is considered suspicious. Individuals have beenarrested for taking pictures near sensitive installations.Prices are high and there are shortages of medicines, consumer goods,and gasoline as well as disruptions in utilitiies. Hotelaccommmodations are limited, so reserve well in advance. All hotelbills must be paid in hard currency.Guinea. All travelers must surrender their passports to Guineanimmigration authorities at the airport in Conakry. Visitors mayreclaim their passports at the Central Immigration Office in downtownConakry 24 hours after arrival.Most hotels accept payment only in hard currency or by credit card.Local currency may not be imported or exported. Road travel isdifficult, particularly in the rainy season from May to October.Exercise caution if taking photographs, since Guinean officials andprivate citizens may object even if you have a permit.Guinea-Bissau. Visas must be obtained in advance. Local currency maynot be exported or imported. Hotel bills must be paid in localcurrency and credit cards are not accepted. It is advisable to carryU.S. currency in small denominations of twenty dollars or less as thebanks and hotels will not change large bills into local currency.Road conditions make overland travel to Senegal difficult and to Guineaalmost impossible. Water is not potable and bottled water is generallyunavailable. All fruits and vegetables must be chemically treatedbefore consumption.Kenya. Obtain visas before arrival to avoid delays at the airport.U.S. citizens should not have trouble entering Kenya from South Africa,provided their visit there was less than 3 months.Adequate medical services and potable water are available in Nairobi.Outside of Nairobi, medical facilities are limited and drinking watermust be boiled. Kenya has no shortages of food and consumer goods.Most major towns are linked by scheduled air service, good passengertrain service, and intercity bus service. Taxis are plentiful inNairobi.Severe penalties are incurred for the unauthorized exchange ofcurrency. No local currency may be imported or exported. The airportdeparture tax must be paid in hard currency. A permit is required toexport animal skins or game trophies.Lesotho. A visa is not required for a tourist stay of up to 3 months.Visas may be extended after arrival. Because most routes to Lesothopass through South Africa, visitors should have a multiple-entry visato South Africa. Tap water in Maseru is considered potable, but manyforeigners boil or chemically treat their water, particularly duringthe rainy season.Rental cars are available. Visitors should be especially cautiousdriving on mountainous roads and at night. The border crossings toSouth Africa are closed from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.Liberia. Use extreme caution taking photographs because restrictedareas are not easily identifiable. Tourists have had their camera andfilm confiscated and have been detained for simply possessing a camerain areas which are off-limits for photography.Tourist facilities are adequate in and around Monrovia, but limitedelsewhere. The international airport is 36 miles from Monrovia.Unpaved roads make travel difficult, particularly in the rainy season.Travelers should carry proof of identity documents at all times. Visasmust be obtained in advance and exit permits are issued upon arrival.Madagascar. International air service is limited but domestic airconnections are good. Some sections of the country may be visited bytrain, bus, or rural taxi. Four-wheel drive vehicles are recommendedfor travel on rural roads.Malawi. Visas are not required for visits up to 1 year. Travelers'luggage may be searched upon arrival and books and video tapes may beheld for clearance by the censorship board. Visitors are subject tothe government dress code which prohibits women from wearing shorts,trousers, or skirts that expose the knee in public. Such attire isallowed, however, at beaches, game parks, and for athletic activities.Men are prohibited from wearing hair long enough to touch theircollars. Journalists and writers will be refused entry unless priorgovernment clearance has been obtained.Mali. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Taxis are available inBamako. The road from Bamako to Mopti and a few other roads branchingto the south are paved; travel on other roads is difficult,particularly in the rainy season.Mauritania. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Mauritania is aMuslim country and conservative dress is recommended; this meansgarments with sleeves, dress length to cover the knee, and no shorts.Taxis are plentiful in Nouakchatt. Local currency may not be importedor exported.Mauritius. Visas not required for a stay of up to 3 months, providedvisitor has an onward/return ticket. Tap water is potable; avoiduncooked vegetables. Rental cars and taxis are plentiful and busservice between towns is good.Mozambique. Due to insurgent activities of the Mozambican NationalResistance (RENAMO), road and rail travel outside major cities can behazardous. On certain highways, visitors should be careful ofoccasional roadblocks and searches. Keep your valid entry permit andpassport with you at all times. Entry permits must be obtained beforearrival in Mozambique. Obtain current security information at the U.S.Embassy, particularly if planning travel outside of Maputo.Food is scarce, consumer goods are in short supply, and there aredisruptions in utilities. Bills must usually be paid in dollars ortravelers checks. Bring sufficient cash for your stay as U.S. dollarsare not available through local banks. Currency should be exchangedonly at authorized locations.Namibia. Several areas in Namibia have experienced bombings, mineexplosions, shootings, and other acts of terrorism. Most of northernNamibia should be avoided. South Africa administers Namibia, thereforeyour visa for South Africa is good for Namibia. Check securityconditions with U.S. Consulate in Capetown before traveling to Namibia.Photography is not permitted at military installations, at diamondmining areas, or anywhere in the north.Niger. Visas must be obtained in advance as they are not available atthe airport. Taxis are the only form of public transport easy toobtain. Roadside checkpoints should be respected. A permit isrequired to take pictures. Photographing the airport or government facilities is prohibited.Continued....</text>
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<text>(Special Topics)STATE DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS09/04/90ST00003THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE BY THESUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON,D.C., 20420. PUBLICATIONS NO. 3-17 ARE $1.00 EACH.1. KEY OFFICERS OF FOREIGN SERVICE POSTS: GUIDE FOR BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVESPUBLICATION 78772. BACKGROUND NOTES (APPROXIMATELY 60 COUNTRIES ARE PUBLISHED EACH YEAR ANDARE AVAILABLE BY SUBSCRIPTION)PUBLICATION BGN3. EUROPE 1992: A BUSINESS GUIDE TO U.S. GOVERNMENT RESOURCESSTOCK NUMBER 044-000-02276-14. A SAFE TRIP ABROADPUBLICATION 94935. TIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROADPUBLICATION 974519921124$$$6. YOUR TRIP ABROADPUBLICATION 89697. TRAVEL TIPS FOR OLDER AMERICANSPUBLICATION8. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE CARIBBEANPUBLICATION 92619. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO CUBAPUBLICATION 923210. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO EASTERN EUROPE AND YUGOSLAVIAPUBLICATION 932911. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO MEXICOPUBLICATION12. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICAPUBLICATION 962913. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - PUBLICATION 919919921124$$$14. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SOUTH ASIAPUBLICATION 960115. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAPUBLICATION 962816. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE USSRPUBLICATION 974417. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAPUBLICATION 9682THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BUREAUOF CONSULAR AFFAIRS (CA/PA), ROOM 5807 NS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON,D.C., 20520. EACH IS FREE, BUT PROVIDE A STAMPED, SELF-ADDRESSED ENVELOPE.18. PASSPORTS: APPLYING FOR THEM THE EASY WAY -- AT A COURTHOUSE OR POSTOFFICEPUBLICATION 978119921124$$$19. TRAVEL WARNING ON DRUGS ABROADPUBLICATION 955820. CRISIS ABROAD - WHAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT DOESPUBLICATION 973221. CITIZENS EMERGENCY CENTERPUBLICATION 9746THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THEBUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20520:22. GUIDE TO PUBLIC SERVICESPUBLICATION DATE: DECEMBER 198823. U.S.-CANADA FREE TRADE AGREEMENTPUBLICATION DATE: JULY 198924. FOCUS ON CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE-REGULAR NEWSLETTER ON TRADE ANDPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EAST EUROPE-COVERS US AID UNDER THE SEED ACT.19921124$$$25. UPDATE FROM STATE (BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER ON THE PEOPLE AND POLICIES OFTHE STATE DEPARTMENT)26. CURRENT POLICY SERIES (TEXT OF SPEECHES ON U.S. FOREIGN POLICY DELIVEREDBY THE PRESIDENT, SECRETARY OF STATE AND SENIOR DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS)27. GIST SERIES (TWO PAGE SUMMARIES ABOUT SPECIFIC ISSUES AFFECTING U.S.FOREIGN POLICY)28. REGIONAL BRIEFS SERIES (EXPLANATION OF TRADE, POLITICAL AND CULTURALDEVELOPMENTS FOR A GEOGRAPHIC REGION)THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION IS AVAILABLE FOR 50 CENTS FROMTHE CONSUMER INFORMATION CENTER, PUEBLO, CO 81009:29. FOREIGN ENTRY REQUIREMENTS (REV. 3/91)PUBLICATION 9835THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION CAN BE OBTAINED FREE BY WRITING19921124$$$"AMERICANS ABROAD", CONSUMER INFORMATION CENTER, PUEBLO, CO 81009:30. "AMERICANS ABROAD...WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU GO"NOTE: COPIES OF "AMERICANS ABROAD...WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU GO" CANBE PURCHASED FOR $15 FOR A PACKAGE OF 25 (POSTPAID) FROM THE SUPERINTENDENTOF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC 20402. THEGPO STOCK NUMBER IS 044-000-02291-5. THE TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE GPOORDERS AND INQUIRIES OFFICE IS (202) 783-3238.31. THE OVERSEAS SECURITY ADVISORY COUNCIL (OSAC) HAS PRODUCED THEFOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS:"EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDELINES FOR AMERICAN BUSINESSES ABROAD" (JUNE 1990)"SECURITY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICAN ENTERPRISES ABROAD" (NOVEMBER 1988)"SECURITY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICAN FAMILIES LIVING ABROAD" (DECEMBER 1987,REVISED JUNE 1988)19921124***-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela Travelers to Central and South America are usually welcomed with courtesy and warmth. There is great diversity in the region - you can visit some of the largest cities in the world as well as some of the most unspoiled primitive environments. You can have a wonderful trip; however, there are some precautions to take. [Please note that travel to Mexico and the Caribbean is covered in separate publications. See the last page of this pamphlet.] Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions that may affect U.S. citizens. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies in the United States and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, (202-647-5225). Advisories are also available at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. At time of publication, travel advisories are in effect for Columbia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Suriname. Some of the dangers covered in these advisories are guerrilla or terrorist activity, banditry, and areas under control of narcotics producers. If you plan travel to one of these countries, check with the Emergency Center or the nearest passport agency to see if a travel advisory is still in effect. As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan more than a short stay in one place, if you plan travel to an area where communications are poor, or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary and your passport number with a friend or relative in the United States. Getting In and Out All Central and South American countries except Guatemala require U.S. citizens to have a valid U.S. passport. (Guatemala requires proof of U.S. citizenship such as a birth certificate or passport.) Visa requirements for U.S. citizens vary from country to country: some countries do not require a visa for a tourist stay of 90 days or less; some only require that a tourist card be obtained at an airline office or at the destination airport; other countries require you to obtain a visa in advance from their embassy or consulate. Some countries have additional entry requirements such as proof of sufficient funds or proof of onward or return tickets. In addition, all South American countries and most Central American countries require a departure tax. If you are departing to a neighboring country, the tax may be small, but, if you are returning to the U.S., the tax could be as high as $20 per person, regardless of age. Be sure to have enough money at the end of your trip to be able to get on the plane! For authoritative information on a country's entry and exit requirements, contact its embassy or consulate (see list of foreign missions at the end of pamphlet). When you make your inquires, ask about: o where to obtain a tourist card or visa; o visa price, length of validity, and number of entries; o financial requirements--proof of sufficient funds, proof of onward or return ticket; o special requirements for children traveling alone or with only one parent (see below); o yellow fever immunization or other health requirements; o currency regulations--how much local or dollar currency can be brought in or out; o export/import restrictions; and o departure tax--how much and who must pay. Restrictions on Minors Many countries impose restrictions on minor children who travel alone, with only one parent, or with someone who is not their parent. A child must present written authorization for travel from the absent parent, parents, or legal guardian. If the parent or guardian traveling with the child is the sole custodian, the court order granting custody may, in some cases, serve as the authorization document. If any of this applies to you, inquire about the following at the embassy or consulate of the country your child plans to visit: o the age of majority at which the restriction no longer applies (e.g., age 15 in Argentina, age 18 in Brazil); o the type of document that can overcome the restriction (e.g., court order, statement of absent parent or parents); o whether notarizing the document is sufficient or if it must also be authenticated by the country's embassy or consulate; o whether the document must be translated. Note: in Brazil, a child may travel with its father without the mother's authorization, but, if traveling alone or with its mother, must have notarized authorization from its father. In Brazil, a woman may authorize a child's travel only when she is the sole legal parent or guardian. Bringing a Car If you plan to drive to Central or South America, contact the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit to learn what is required for entry and exit by private car. Besides title and ownership, at most borders you will need to show insurance coverage effective for the country you are entering. If your U.S. insurance does not cover you abroad, you can usually purchase insurance when you enter a country. In some countries, if you are involved in an accident that causes injury, you will automatically be taken into police custody until it can be determined who is liable and whether you have the insurance or financial ability to pay any judgment. There may also be criminal liability assigned if the injuries or damages are serious. If you are a visitor, you will not ordinarily have to pay import duty on your car, but you may have to post a bond or otherwise satisfy customs officials that you will not sell or dispose of the vehicle in the country. To enter some countries, you must have your car documented at the embassy or consulate of the country before you leave home. Before you get behind the wheel, be sure you are in compliance with the automobile import regulations of your destination countries. U.S. Wildlife Regulations Endangered species and products made from them may not be brought into the United States. The penalty is confiscation and a possible fine. These items are prohibited from import: virtually all birds originating in Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Venezuela; furs from spotted cats; most lizardskin products from Brazil and Paraguay; many snakeskin products from Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay; skins from the Orinoco crocodile; and all sea turtle products. Shopping for Antiquities Most countries in Central and South America control the export of objects from their pre-Columbian and colonial heritage. Some countries claim ownership of all such material and consider the export of antiques, without the permission of the government, to be an act of theft. In addition, under U.S. law, importers of all pre-Columbian monumental and architectrual sculpture, murals, and certain archaeological and ethnological materials are required to provide proof to the U.S. Customs Service that these artifacts are legally exported from the country of origin. Beware of purchasing artifacts unless they are accompanied by an export permit issued by the government of origin. Health Information on health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $4.75 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis, polio, rabies, typhoid, and yellow fever. Malaria is found in rural areas of every country in the region except Chile and Uruguay. Malaria prophylaxis and mosquito avoidance measures are recommended. If possible, avoid contact with mosquitoes from dusk to dawn by wearing long clothing, using insect repellent on exposed skin, using a flying insect spray in living and sleeping quarters, and using a bed net. Prophylaxis should begin 2 weeks before going to an area where malaria is endemic and should continue for at least 4 weeks after leaving. Chloroquine is the malaria prophylaxis most easily tolerated by humans. However, malaria resistant to chloroquine has been reported in an area beginning east of the Panama Canal and extending through northern South America as far south as the Amazon Basin. If you plan to visit this area, consult a medical expert to work out an additional prophylaxis. Malaria may at times, however, break through any drug or drug combination. If you develop chills, fever, and headaches while taking a malaria prophylaxis, seek medical attention promptly. Early treatment of malaria can be effective, but delaying therapy could have serious consequences. Mosquito avoidance measures, if used day and night, may also help prevent other less prevalent insect-borne diseases found in parts of Central and South America such as Chagas' disease, dengue fever, leishmaniasis, and yellow fever. Throughout most of Central and South America, fruits and vegetables should be washed with care and meats and fish thoroughly cooked. Problems of food contamination are less prevalent in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, and tapwater is potable in those countries. Elsewhere water is generally not potable and should be boiled or chemically treated. Diarrhea caused by contaminated food or water is potentially serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. Certain beaches in the region, including some at Lima and at Rio de Janeiro, are dangerously polluted. Avoid swimming at beaches that might be contaminated with human sewage or dog feces. Avoid swimming in fresh water in the areas where schistosomiasis is found: Brazil, Suriname, and north-central Venezuela. Visitors in the Andes may experience symptoms of altitude sickness such as insomnia, headache, and nausea. If you become sick, wait until your symptoms disappear before you attempt to go higher. Mountaineers should learn about the symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema, a condition that is fatal unless remedied by immediate descent. Another hazard of high altitudes is sunburn. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation increases not only as you approach the equator, but also as you ascend in altitude. Sunscreens may help prevent this. Safety Tips - Crime Like many large cities throughout the world, major cities in Central and South American experience assaults, robberies, and thefts. Visitors should take common sense precautions: o Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry behind. Dress conservatively; a flashy wardrobe or one that is too casual can mark you as a tourist. Use travelers checks, not cash. Leave photocopies of your passport personal information page and of your airline tickets with someone at home and carry an extra set with you. o In a car, keep doors locked, windows rolled up, and valuables out of sight. A common trick is for a thief to reach through a car window and grab a watch from a person's wrist or a purse or package from the seat while you are driving slowly or stopped in traffic. o When you leave your car, try to find a guarded parking lot, lock the car, and keep valuables out of sight. o When walking, avoid marginal areas of cities, dark alleys, and crowds. Avoid being stopped or approached on the street by strangers, including street vendors and beggars. Be aware that women and small children as well as men can be pickpockets or purse snatchers. Keep your billfold in an inner front pocket, keep your hand on your purse, and wear the shoulderstap of your camera or bag across your chest. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk away from the curb, carrying your purse away from the street. o Do not travel alone when you can avoid it. If you visit an isolated area, go with a group or a reputable guide. o Avoid travel at night. o Do not take valuables to the beach. Any U.S. citizen who is criminally assaulted should report the incident to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Safety Tips - Civil Unrest Several countries in Central and South America have areas of instability or war zones that are off-limits to visitors without special permits. Others have simlar areas that are open but surrounded by security check points where travelers must show their passport or tourist card. Always carry your papers with you, and do not overstay the validity of your visa or tourist card. Avoid public demonstrations. American citizens have been arrested when local authorities have thought they were participating in civil demonstrations. Drug Offenses Most Central and South American countries strictly enforce laws against the use, possession, and sale of narcotics. Foreigners arrested for possession of even small amounts of narcotics are not deported, but are charged and tried as international traffickers. There is no bail, judicial delays are lengthy, and you can spend two to four years in prison awaiting trial and sentencing. If you carry prescription drugs, keep them in their original container clearly labeled with the doctor's name, pharmacy, and contents. In addition, check with the embassy of the country you plan to visit for specific customs requirements for prescription drugs. Photography Be cautious when taking pictures. Frequently local authorities consider all airports, police stations, military locations, oil installations, harbors, mines, and bridges to be security-related. Photography of demonstrations or civil disturbances is also usually prohibited. Tourists have had their film confiscated and have been detained, so, when in doubt, ask. Adopting a Child Abroad Because of continuing scandals over the illegal activities of some adoption agencies and attorneys both in the United States and abroad, U.S. citizens have recently experienced difficulties when attempting to adopt children from Central or South America. Several countries in the region have either outlawed adoptions by foreigners or have passed a law requiring formal court adoption of the child in the country before the child is permitted to immigrate to the United States. Although this has resulted in adoptions less likely to be challenged from a legal standpoint, it has made the process more difficult and time- consuming. Any U.S. citizen interested in adopting a child from a country in Central or South America is encouraged to contact either the U.S. embassy in the country, or, in the United States, the Department of State's Office of Citizen Consular Services, Inter-American Division (telephone 202-647-3712) to obtain information on the adoption process in that country. Dual Nationality Some countries in Central and South America do not recognize acquisition of U.S. citizenship unless the naturalized U.S. citizen renounces his or her original nationality at an embassy or consulate of the country of origin. A person born in the United States of a parent or parents who were citizens of another country may also be considered by that country to be their national. If arrested, a dual national may be denied the right to communicate with the U.S. embassy or consulate. Another consequence could be having to serve in the military of one's former country. If you are a naturalized U.S. citizen, a dual national, or have any reason to believe another country may consider you its national, check with the embassy of that country as to your citizenship status and any obligations you may have while visiting. Dual nationals who have not researched their citizenship status before traveling have sometimes, to their surprise, encountered difficulties, such as not being allowed to depart or being drafted for military service. Even countries that recognize acquired U.S. citizenship may consider their former citizens as having resumed original citizenship if they take up residence in their country of origin. This can happen even if the embassy of the country stamps a visa in the U.S. passport of its former citizen. Dual nationals should also be aware that they may be required to use a passport from their country of origin in order to enter or leave that country. The U.S. government does not object to the use of a foreign passport in such situations. U.S. citizens may not, however, use a foreign passport to enter or leave the United States. If you have any questions about dual nationality, contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 (202-647-3712). Additional Information for Certain Countries Belize Belize enforces a strict policy of refusing admittance to persons who an immigration officer suspects of drug use. Brazil Obtain your visa in advance. Brazilian immigration authorities do not hestitate to require a traveler without a visa to leave on the next available flight. Street crime can be a major problem in large cities in Brazil. Guard against it--see "Safety Tips" on page . In Sao Paulo, if you encounter difficulties or need emergency assistance, dial 1-0, radio police patrol, from any public telephone--no coin or token is needed for the call. Chile Anyone considering scientific, technical, or mountaineering expeditions to regions in Chile classified as frontier areas or to Antarctica must apply for authorization to a Chilean embassy or consulate a minimum of 90 days prior to the beginning of the expedition. The application will be forwarded to the Chilean government for decision. Chilean authorities reserve the right to request Chilean participation in foreign expeditions, and require the submission of a post-expedition report on the activities undertaken and the results obtained. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of Argentina 1600 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6400 Embassy of Belize Suite 2J 3400 International Drive, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 363-4505 Embassy of Boliva 3014 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4410 Embassy of Brazil 3006 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 745-2700 Embassy of Chile 1732 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 785-1746 Embassy of Colombia 2118 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 387-8338 Embassy of Costa Rica Suite 211 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-2945 Embassy of Ecuador 2535 15th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-7200 Embassy of El Salvador 2308 California Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-3480 French Guiana: Embassy of France 4101 Reservoir Road, NW Washington, DC 20007 (202) 944-6000 Embassy of Guatemala 2220 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 745- 4952 Embassy of Guyana 2490 Tracy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265- 6900 Embassy of Honduras Suite 100 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 966-7700 Embassy of Nicaragua 1627 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 387-4371 Embassy of Panama 2862 McGill Terrace, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-1407 Embassy of Paraguay 2400 Massachusetts Aveneu, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-6960 Embassy of Peru 1700 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 833-9860 Embassy of Suriname Suite 108 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 244-7488 Embassy of Uruguay 1918 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 331- 1313 Embassy of Venezuela 2445 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 797-3800 U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad Note: APO and FPO addresses may only be used for mail originating in the United States. When you use an APO or FPO address, do not include the local street address. ARGENTINA American Embassy 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires Tel: (54)(1) 774-7611 Telex: 18156 USICA AR Mailing address: American Embassy Buenos Aires APO Miami 34034 BELIZE American Embassy Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street Belize City Tel: (501) 776161 Telex: 213 AMEMBASSY BZ BOLIVIA American Embassy Banco Popular Del Peru Bldg. Corner of Calles Mercado and Colon La Paz Tel: (591)(2) 350251 Telex: AMEMB BV 3268 Mailing address: American Embassy La Paz APO Miami 34032 BRAZIL American Embassy Avenida das Nocoes, Lote 3 Brasilia Tel: (55)(6) 321-7272 Telex: 061-1091 Mailing address: American Embassy Brasilia APO Miami 34030 American Consulate General Avenida Presidente Wilson 147 Rio de Janeiro Tel: (55)(21) 292-7117 Telex: AMCONSUL 21-22831 Mailing address: American Consulate General Rio de Janeiro APO Miami 34030 American Consulate General Rua Padre Joao Manoel, 933 Sao Paulo Tel: (55)(11) 881-6511 Telex: 11-31574 Mailing address: American Consulate General Sao Paulo APO Miami 34030 American Consulate Rua Coronel Genuino, 421 (9th Fl.) Porto Alegre Tel: (55)(512) 26-4288 Telex: 051-2292 CGEU BR Mailing address: American Consulate Porto Alegre APO Miami 34030 American Consulate Rua Goncalves Maia, 163 Recife Tel: (55)(81) 221- 1412 Telex: 081-1190 Mailing address: American Consulate Recife APO Miami 34030 CHILE American Embassy Codina Bldg., 1343 Agustinas Santiago Tel: (56)(2) 710133 Telex: 240062-USA-CL Mailing address: American Embassy Santiago APO Miami 34033 COLOMBIA American Embassy Calle 38, No. 8-61 Bogota Tel: (57)(1) 285- 1300 Telex: 44843 Mailing address: American Embassy Bogota APO Miami 34038 American Consulate Calle 77 Carrera 68 Centro Comercial Mayorista Barranquilla Tel: (57)(5) 45-7088 Telex: 33482 AMCO CO Mailing address: American Consulate Barranquilla APO Miami 34038 COSTA RICA American Embassy Avenida 3 and Calle I San Jose Tel: (506) 331-155 Mailing address: American Embassy San Jose APO Miami 34020 ECUADOR American Embassy Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria Quito Tel: (593)(2) 562-890 Mailing address: American Embassy Quito APO Miami 34039 American Consulate General 9 de Octubre y Garcia Moreno Guayaquil Tel: (593)(4) 323-570 Telex: 04-3452 USICAG ED Mailing address: American Consulate General Guayaquil APO Miami 34039 EL SALVADOR American Embassy 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230 San Salvador Tel: (503) 26-7100 Mailing Address: American Embassy San Salvador APO Miami 34023 FRENCH GUIANA American Consulate General 14 Rue Blenac B.P. 561 Fort- de-France 97206 Martinique Tel: (596) 63-13-03 Telex: 912670; 912315 MR GUATEMALA American Embassy 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10 Guatemala Tel: (502)(2) 31-15-41 Mailing Address: American Embassy Guatemala APO Miami 34024 GUYANA American Embassy 31 Main Street Georgetown Tel: (592)(02) 54900- 9 Telex: 213 AMEMSY GY HONDURAS American Embassy Avenido La Paz Tegucigalpa Tel: (504) 32-3120 Mailing Address: American Embassy Tegucigalpa APO Miami 34022 NICARAGUA American Embassy Km. 4-1/2 Carretera Sur Managua Tel: (505)(2) 66010 Mailing Address: American Embassy Managua APO Miami 34021 PANAMA American Embassy Apartado 6959 Panama 5 Rep. de Panama Tel: (507) 27-1777 Mailing Address: American Embassy Panama APO Miami 34002 PARAGUAY American Embassy 1776 Mariscal Loipez Avenida Asuncion Tel: (595)(21) 201-041 Mailing Address: American Embassy Asuncion APO Miami 34036-0001 PERU American Embassy Consular Section Grimaldo Del Solar 346 Miraflores Lima 18 Lima Tel: (51)(14) 44-3621 Telex: 25028PE USCOMATT Mailing Address: American Embassy Lima APO Miami 34031 SURINAME American Embassy Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129 Paramaribo Tel: (597) 72900 Telex: 373 AMEMSU SN URAGUAY American Embassy Lauro Muller 1776 Montevideo Tel: (598)(2) 40- 90-51 Mailing Address: American Embassy Montevideo APO Miami 34035 VENEZUELA American Embassy Avenida Francisco de Miranda y Avenida Principal de la Floresta Caracas Tel: (58)(2) 284-7111 Telex: 25501 AMEMB VE Mailing Address: American Embassy Caracas APO Miami 34037 American Consulate Edificio Sofimara, Piso 3 Calle 77 Con Avenida 13 Maracaibo Tel: (58)(61) 84-253 Telex: 62213 USCON VE Mailing Address: American Consulate Maracaibo APO Miami 34037</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka General Information Your trip to South Asia can be a rich and rewarding experience -- there are ancient cultures and artistic traditions to appreciate and a wealth of natural wonders to see -- all of this co-existing with modern societies. However, the customs and local conditions can be as distant from home as the miles, and travelers should plan their trips carefully. The Department of State issues travel advisories when appropriate concerning serious health or security conditions which may affect Americans. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies in the United States, at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad or from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520 (Tel. 202-647-5225). Travelers to areas where conditions are unsettled or communication is poor are encouraged to register at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate (see list at end of book). All travelers are encouraged to leave a detailed itinerary and their passport numbers at home in case of an emergency. Visa and other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in the region. India, Pakistan, and most other South Asian countries also require entry visas. Travel to certain areas of many South Asian countries is restricted and special permits may be required for these areas in addition to the entry visa. Prospective travelers should contact the embassy or consulate of the country they plan to visit for specific information (see list of foreign embassies at end of book). All South Asian countries require travelers who have been in yellow- fever infected areas within the last six days to show valid yellow- fever immunization certificates. Yellow fever is found in some African and some Latin American countries. If you plan to travel from Africa or Latin America directly to South Asia, check with the embassy of the South Asian country where you are going to see if your itinerary makes the yellow-fever certificate required. If the certificate is required and you do not have it, you will be refused entry unless you are inoculated and kept in quarantine for up to six days. Customs and Currency Regulations Most South Asian countries require that foreign currency and valuables be declared upon entry as a means of enforcing restrictions on the importation of items such as gold, electronic equipment, firearms, and prescription drugs. Failure to make an accurate declaration or other violations of these restrictions can lead to high fines and/or imprisonment. Shopping for Antiques Most South Asian countries have strict regulations against the unlicensed export of antiquities. Items that are antique, or even appear to be, may be confiscated by customs officials unless the traveler has proof of authorization from the appropriate government office to export the antique, or proof that the item is not an antique. U.S. Wildlife Regulations The United States prohibits importation of Asian ivory because Asian elephants are an endangered species. Most lizardskin and many snakeskin products cannot be brought into the United States. The penalty for importing products derived from endangered species is seizure of the product and a substantial fine. Health In the United States, local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, and travel clinics can provide information on health precautions for travelers to South Asia. Depending on your destination, immunization is recommended against cholera, diptheria/tetanus, hepatitis, Jap anese B encephalitis, meningitis, polio, and typhoid. Drug prophylaxis against malaria may also be necessary. General guidance may also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service booklet, "Health Information for International Travel," which is available for $4.25 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or from local and state health departments. Travelers should be careful to drink only boiled water (or bottled drinks), to avoid ice cubes in beverages and unpeeled fruits and vegetables, to take precautions against mosquitos, and to guard against overexertion at high altitudes. Trekkers and mountain climbers, in particular, should take precautions to avoid frostbite, hypothermia, and altitude sickness. The latter two can be fatal if not detected in time. Modern health facilities are not always available, particularly in rural areas. Prospective travelers should review their health insurance policies to see if they provide coverage while overseas, including medical evacuation service. Afghanistan All of Afghanistan is effectively a "war zone" in view of the continuing conflict between Soviet occupation forces and the Afghan resistance fighters. All American citizens are urged to avoid travel to Afghanistan. The U.S. Embassy can provide only limited assistance to American citizens in distress in the capital city of Kabul, and no assistance outside the Kabul city limits. Bangladesh No visa is required for a tourist stay of up to two weeks if you have an onward ticket; all business travelers must have visas, however. Bangladesh is an Islamic country, and visitors should dress modestly -- shorts are considered inappropriate. Travelers should pay special attention to preventive health measures because medical facilities, especially in rural areas, are not always available. River ferries are necessary for travel thoughout much of Bangladesh, but travelers should exercise caution when using them, bearing in mind that accidents frequently occur from overcrowding and from hazardous navigation during poor weather. Trekkers may not go to the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which are off-limits to foreigners. Kingdom of Bhutan While Bhutan and the United States do not have formal diplomatic relations, informal contact is maintained through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi. Tourism to Bhutan is restricted; tourists are admitted only in groups by prearrangement with the Ministry of Tourism in Thimphu. Entry must be via India. For information, contact the Bhutan Travel Service, 120 East 56 Street, New York, NY 10022 (tel. 212-838-6382). India India is the South Asian country most frequently visited by U.S. citizens. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Persons arriving without visas must leave on the next plane. If you plan to travel from India to Nepal or another country and return to India, be sure to request a multiple entry visa. Tourist visas are issued for a maximum of 90 days. Once in India, visitors who wish to extend their stay must apply to a Foreigners Regional Registration Office. Extensions, if granted, may not bring the total visit to more than six months. Customs regulations prohibiting the importation of gold or Indian currency, and regulating importation of electronics, foreign currency, and firearms are strictly enforced. Offenders of these regulations may be jailed, fined and/or charged duty at rates exceeding 300 percent of the item's value. Laws against drug smuggling carry heavy penalties, including a ten-year prison term. Due to the threat of political or ethnic violence, security conditions pose some danger in the State of Punjab and in several other areas. Whether dangerous or not, many areas of India have been declared off- limits to foreigners by the Indian authorities. Permits are required for: Punjab, Sikkim, all of India east of West Bengal, all island territories, and parts of the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Persons of Indian origin can usually obtain permits to visit relatives in restricted areas. Other visitors may have to wait a long time for a permit or be unable to obtain one. Consult the latest Department of State travel advisory on which areas are restricted. Once in India, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for information on restricted areas and advice on obtaining permits to visit them. With the exception of the Golden Temple, in the Punjab, none of the popular tourist sites in India are in restricted areas. Republic of Maldives The islands of the Maldives have long been popular vacation sites. Diplomatic relations are maintained and consular services are provided through the U.S. Embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In emergency situations there is a U.S. consular agent on the capital island of Male (for address, ask at a resort or hotel) who can help travelers communicate with the U.S. Embassy in Colombo. A no-fee visa for a tourist visit of up to 30 days is issued upon arrival at the airport. Foreign currency may be taken in or out of the Maldives without restriction. Pork foodstuffs and alcohol may not be imported. Nepal Tourism to Nepal is increasing; over 20,000 Americans visit Nepal each year. A visa valid for one week can be obtained upon arrival at the Kathmandu airport or at any authorized border-crossing point. It can be renewed for an additional three weeks at the nearest immigration office. After that, tourists may renew their month-long visa two consecutive times, allowing a total three-month visit. Departure from Nepal is mandatory at the end of a three month tourist visit. Travelers can avoid initial immigration-processing delays by obtaining a 30-day visa prior to arrival in Nepal. Nepalese customs laws, particularly those forbidding smuggling of drugs, gold and, foreign currency, are strictly enforced. The penalty for smuggling is a stiff fine and/or a prison sentence. Travelers should take adequate funds in the form of travelers checks. It is difficult to obtain additional funds through bank transfers and, except at major Kathmandu hotels, credit cards are rarely accepted. Trekking is very popular in Nepal. Tourists are cautioned to obtain a trekking permit from the Central Immigration Office, to avoid trekking alone, to be alert for signs of altitude sickness, and to obtain a meningococcal meningitis vaccination if trekking outside the Kathmandu Valley. Those wishing to climb the high peaks should write for permission to the Ministry of Tourism to the attention of the mountaineering division, well in advance of planned expeditions. Travelers should note that there are no forms of international communication in rural areas. In the event of an emergency, the U.S. Embassy may assist Americans in contacting family or friends. Americans planning to travel from Nepal to Tibet should be aware that Chinese authorities strictly regulate such trips. Additional information is contained in the State Department's travel advisory on China and in "Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China". Pakistan A visa must be obtained before arrival. Pakistan is an Islamic country, and visitors must respect Islamic standards of behavior. Travelers (especially women) should dress modestly, i.e., wear clothes with high necks and long sleeves; do not wear shorts. The import, manufacture, and consumption of alcohol or drugs are strictly forbidden. Major hotels have special rooms where non-Islamic foreigners may buy and drink alcoholic beverages. A special permit is required for travel to the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan, including the Khyber Pass, and to transit the tribal area of Darra Adam Khel. Persons traveling to restricted areas without a perm it are subject to arrest. Onward overland travel to India is difficult because of border crossing restrictions (see travel advisory for India). Major cities in Pakistan are safe for tourists, but travel to remote rural areas, especially in Baluchistan, Sind and the Northwest Frontier Province is not recommended. Security conditions vary; some unsafe areas are considered safe for daytime travel in groups. Because the security situation can change with little warning, visitors should check at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for up-to-date travel information. Sri Lanka The insurgency of Tamil separatists against the government in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has caused tension and violence within the country. For this reason, Americans should avoid all travel to the northern and eastern provinces. This includes the cities of Jaffna, Batticaloa, and Trincomalee. There have been isolated incidents of violence in other parts of Sri Lanka, including Columbo. Because public transportation has often been targeted by terrorists, travel on trains and public buses should be avoided. Travel to the major tourist sites in the southern and western parts of the island has usually been safe. However, security conditions throughout the country can change quickly, and travelers should get current information from the latest travel advisory or from the U.S. Embassy in Colombo. No visa is required for a tourist stay of up to 30 days. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of Afghanistan 2341 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-3770 Embassy of Bangladesh 2201 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20007 (202) 342-8372 Bhutan Mission to the United Nations New York, NY 10017 (212) 826-1919 People's Republic of China * 2300 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 328-2500 Embassy of India 2107 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-7000 Republic of Maldives Mission to the United Nations 820 Second Avenue, Suite 800C New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6195 Embassy of Nepal 2131 Leroy Place, N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 667-45503 Embassy of Pakistan 2315 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6200 Embassy of Sri Lanka 2148 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4025 * for travel to Tibet U.S. Foreign Service Posts AFGHANISTAN: U.S. Embassy, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul Tel: 62230/35 or 62436 (Saturday-Wednesday workweek) BANGLADESH: U.S. Embassy, Adamjee Court Bldg. (5th Fl.), Motijheel Commercial Area, GPO Box 323, Ramna, Dhaka Tel: (880)(2) 235093/9 and 235081/9 Telex: 642319 AEDKA BJ (Workweek: Sunday-Thursday). PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (Tibet): U.S. Consulate General, Jinjiang Hotel, 180 Renmin Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan Tel: (86)(1) 24481 Telex: ACGCH CN 60128 INDIA: New Delhi: U.S. Embassy, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021 Tel: (91)(11) 600651 Telex: 031-65269 USEM IN Bombay: U.S. Consulate General, Lincoln House, 78 Bhulabhai Desai Rd. 400026 Tel: (91)(22) 8223611/8 Telex: 011-75425 ACON IN Calcutta: U.S. Consulate General, 5/1 Ho Chi Minh Sarani 700071 Tel: (91)(33) 44-3611/6 Telex: 021-2483 Madras: U.S. Consulate General, Mount Rd. 600006 Tel: (91)(44) 473040 or 477542 MALDIVES: (See Sri Lanka) NEPAL: U.S. Embassy, Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu Tel: (977) 411179, 412718, or 411601 Telex: NP 2381 AEKTM PAKISTAN: (All posts have Sunday-Thursday workweek) Islamabad: U.S. Embassy, Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5 Tel: (92)(51) 826161/79 Telex: 825-864 Karachi: U.S. Consulate General, 8 Abdullah Haroon Rd. Tel: (009)(221) 515081 Telex: 822-611 Lahore: U.S. Consulate General, 50 Zafar Ali Rd., Gulberg 5 Tel: (92)(42) 870221/5 Peshawar: U.S. Consulate, 11 Hospital Road Tel: (92)(521) 79801/3 Telex: 52-364 SRI LANKA: U. S. Embassy, 210 Galle Rd. (P.O. Box 106), Colombo 3 Tel: (94)(1) 548007 Telex: 21305 AMEMB CE</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)A SAFE TRIP ABROADForward Foreign travel can be a rich and rewarding experience and the odds are very much in your favor for an incident-free trip. The individual traveler's chances of having to face the trials and tribulations of losing valuables or coping with an unexpected illness or injury far from home are considerably greater, for instance, than of becoming involved a victim of violence. You can narrow the chances of becoming involved in an unpleasant incident or in a dangerous situation even further with an increased awareness of potential problems and careful planning. We hope the following suggestions will help.BEFORE YOU GO- Learn about the places you plan to visit. Familiarize yourself with local laws and customs in those areas. (Consult your library, a travel agent, airline, or the tourist bureaus of the specific countries you plan to visit.) Keep track as well of what is being reported in the media about any recent developments.- Don't take anything you would hate to lose. Leave at home all unnecessary credit cards, expensive jewelry or irreplaceable family objects.- Pack an extra set of eye glasses. Carry these and any medicines you need in your carry-on luggage. Take along a copy of the prescription for necessary medicines and the generic name of the drug. Keep medicines in their original labeled container to make customs processing easier. If any medications contain narcotics, carry with you a letter from your physician attesting to your need to take the drug in question.- Lock your luggage, and put your name and address inside each piece.- Make photocopies of your airline tickets, passport identification page, driver's license and the credit cards you take with you. Leave one set at home and keep another with you in a separate place from these valuables. Leave a copy of the serial numbers of your travelers checks at home; take another with you separate from the checks themselves and, as you cash in the checks, keep a tally of which ones remain unredeemed.- Leave a copy of your medical and dental records with your family or other contact person- Have your affairs at home in order: an up-to-date will, insurance documents and a power of attorney left with your family, so you can feel secure about traveling and are prepared for any emergency that may occur while you are away. Consider guardianship arrangements for your children.- Leave a copy of your itinerary with family or friends at home should they need to contact you in an emergency.- Find out from your credit card company what your credit limit is and be sure not to charge over that amount on your trip. Americans have been arrested in some countries for innocently exceeding their limit.- Find out whether your own insurance will cover you for loss or theft abroad and in case of accident or illness. If not, consider taking out additional insurance.PRECAUTIONS WHILE TRAVELINGNormal common sense should prevail when traveling abroad, just asit would at home. Be especially cautious in, or avoid situations or areas where you are more likely to be victimized such as crowded subways, train stations, elevators, market places and festivals. Do not, for instance, get on an elevator alone if there is a suspicious-looking individual inside. You may wish to consider staying in larger hotels that have more elaborate security.Find out about local rules and obey them. American citizenshipcannot protect you if you break the laws of the foreign country you are visiting.In addition to these common-sense suggestions, keep track of thenews to be aware of any potential problems in areas where you may travel. Your own state of alertness and the precautions you take should increase as you travel in areas where the potential for violence or terrorism is greater. Before continuing on to such areas, inquire at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate whether there are any adverse conditions of which you should be aware. Ask for the American Citizens Service Unit in the consular section. (For general information on travel advisories, see the concluding section of this publication.)In short, assess your situation and surroundings, and try to remainin that healthy gray area between complacency and paranoia.GUARDING YOUR VALUABLES- Carry travelers checks instead of cash. Change some checks for local currency before you leave or upon arrival. Don't flash large amounts of money when paying a bill. Only counter sign travelers checks in front of the person who will cash them, and be sure your credit card is returned to you after each transaction.- Make sure you receive a claim check for each piece of luggage you check.- Instead of keeping all your money, airline tickets, passport, and other valuables in your wallet, conceal them in several places to prevent easy theft. Keep them in your accompanying hand-luggage, on your person, or in a hotel safety deposit box. Do not leave them in your room while you are out.- Don't leave your bags unattended. (Traveling light will help.)- Women should carry handbags in a secure manner to prevent snatch-and-run type thievery and men should place their wallets in their inside jacket pockets. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk on the inside of sidewalks and carry your purse on the side away from the street. Wrapping rubber-bands around your wallet or keeping it in a zipped portion of a handbag makes it more difficult for a pickpocket to remove.- Be wary of con artists. They exist around the world.- Keep hotel and car keys on your person.- Be alert to the possibility of street gangs operating in large cities abroad.- If confronted by superior force, don't fight attackers: give up valuables.- If any of your possessions are lost or stolen, report the loss immediately to the police and other appropriate authorities. Keep a copy of the police report for insurance claims and as an explanation of your plight. Also report the loss of:- travelers checks to the nearest office of the issuing company or its agent.- airline tickets to the airline company or travel agent.- passport to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.PERSONAL SECURITY- Keep a low profile. Dress and behave conservatively, Avoiding flashy dress, jewelry, luggage, rental cars or conspicuous behavior which would draw attention to you as a potentially wealthy or important foreigner.- Be polite and low-key. Avoid loud conversations and arguments.- Avoid dangerous areas; don't use short cuts, narrow alleys or poorly-lit streets. Try not to travel alone at night.- Let someone know when you expect to return, especially if out late at night.- Don't give your room number to persons you don't know well. Meet visitors in the lobby.- Keep your hotel door locked at all times.- Remember when you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws and are not protected by the U.S. Constitution. Penalties for drug violations, including possession of small amounts of marijuana or cocaine, are severe in many foreign countries and rigorously enforced.- Deal only with authorized agents when you exchange money, buy airline tickets, or purchase souvenirs; don't make exchanges for local currency at black market rates. In many countries travelers should refrain from photographing police and military personnel and installations, border areas, and transportation facilities. Be wary about selling personal effects such as clothing or jewelry. The penalties you risk may be severe.- If possible, book a room between the second and seventh floors - above ground level to prevent easy entrance from outside and low enough for fire equipment to reach.- Read the fire safety instructions in your hotel room, know how to report a fire and make sure you know where the nearest fire exit and an alternate are. Count the doors between your room and the nearest exit - this could be a life-saver if you have to crawl through a smoke-filled corridor.- Make note of emergency telephone numbers you may need: police, fire, your hotel, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Know how to use a pay telephone and have the proper change or token on hand.- Learn a few phrases in the local language so you can signal your need for help, the police, or a doctor.VEHICLE SECURITY- Drive the more common kinds of locally available cars; if there are not many American cars in use, don't insist on an American model.- Make sure the car is in good repair.- Keep car doors locked at all times.- Wear seatbelts.- Don't park your car on the street overnight if the hotel has a garage or secure area. If you must park it on the street, select a well-lit area. Don't leave valuables in the car.- Never pick up hitchhikers.- Don't get out of the car if there are suspicious individuals nearby. Drive away.PROTECTING YOURSELF AGAINST THE POSSIBILITY OF TERRORISMTerrorist acts occur in a random and unpredictable fashion whichmakes it impossible to protect oneself absolutely. The first and best way is to avoid travel to unsafe areas - areas where there have been a persistent record of terrorist attacks or kidnappings. The vast majority of foreign states have a good record of maintaining public order and protecting residents and visitors within their borders from terrorism. Most terrorist attacks are the result of long and careful planning. Just as a car-thief will first be attracted to an unlocked car with the key in the ignition, terrorists are looking for undefended, easily accessible targets who follow predictable patterns. The chances that a tourist, traveling with an unpublicized program or itinerary, would be the victim of terrorism are slight: the random possibility of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. In addition, many terrorist groups, seeking publicity for political causes within their own country or region, are not looking for American targets.Nevertheless, the pointers below may help you avoid becoming anAmerican "target of opportunity". They should be considered as adjuncts to the tips listed in the previous section for ways to protect oneself against the far greater likelihood of falling prey to ordinary criminal activity. The following are additional reasonable precautions which may provide some degree of protection, and can serve as practical and psychological deterrents to would-be terrorists.-- Schedule direct flights if possible and avoid stops in high-risk airports or areas. Consider all of your options for traveling, such as trains.-- Be aware of what you discuss with strangers, or what may be overheard by others.-- Try to minimize the time spent in the public area of an airport, which is a less protectable area. Move quickly from the check-in counter to the secured areas. On arrival, leave the airport as soon as possible.-- Avoid luggage tags, dress, and behavior which may identify you as an American. While sweatshirts and T-shirts with American university logos are commonly worn throughout Europe, leave other obvious U.S. logos or apparel at home.-- Keep an eye out for suspicious abandoned packages or briefcases. Report them to airport security or other authorities and leave the area promptly.-- Avoid obvious terrorist targets and places where Americans and westerners are known to congregate.HIGH-RISK AREASIf you must travel in an area where there has been ahistory of terrorist attacks or kidnappings, also make it ahabit to:- Discuss with your family what they would do in case of an emergency, in addition to making sure your affairs are in order before leaving home.- Register with the U.S. Embassy upon arrival.- Remain friendly, but be cautious about discussing personal matters, your itinerary or program.- Leave no personal or business papers in your hotel room.- Watch for people following you or "loiterers" observing your comings and goings.- Keep a mental note of safehavens, such as police stations, hotels, hospitals.- Let someone else know what your travel plans are. Keep them informed if you make any changes.- Avoid predictable times and routes of travel, and report any suspicious activity to local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.- Select your own taxi cabs at random - don't take a cab which is not clearly identified as a taxi. Compare the the face of the driver with the one posted on his license.- If possible, travel with others.- Be sure of the identity of visitors before opening the door of your hotel room. Don't meet strangers at unknown or remote locations.- Refuse unexpected packages.- Formulate a plan of action for what you will do if a bomb explodes or there is gunfire nearby.- Check for loose wires or other suspicious activities pertaining to your car.- Be sure your vehicle is in good operating condition in case you need to resort to high-speed or evasive driving.- Drive with the windows closed in crowded streets; bombs can be thrown through open windows.- If you are ever in a situation where somebody starts shooting, drop to the floor or get down as low as possible and don't move until you are sure the danger has passed. Do not attempt to help rescuers and do not pick up a weapon. If possible shield yourself behind or under a solid object. If you must move, crawl on your stomach.HIJACKING/HOSTAGE SITUATIONWhile every hostage situation is different and the chance of becominga hostage is remote, some considerations are important.The U.S. Government's policy not to negotiate with terrorists isfirm - doing so only increases the risk of further hostage-taking by terrorists. When Americans are abducted overseas, we look to the host government to exercise its responsibility under international law to protect all persons within its territories and to bring about the safe release of the hostages. We work closely with these governments from the outset of a hostage-taking incident to ensure that our citizens and other innocent victims are released as quickly and safely as possible.The most dangerous phases of most hijacking or hostage situationsare the beginning and, if there is a rescue attempt, the end. At the outset, the terrorists typically are tense, high-strung and may behave irrationally. It is extremely important that you remain calm and alert and manage your own behavior.- Avoid resistance, sudden or threatening movements. Do not struggle or try to escape unless you are certain of being successful.- Make a concerted effort to relax. Breathe deeply and prepare yourself mentally, physically and emotionally for the possibility of a long ordeal.- Try to remain inconspicuous, avoid direct eye contact and the appearance of observing your captors' actions.- Avoid alcoholic beverages. Consume little food and drink.- Consciously put yourself in a mode of passive cooperation. Talk normally. Do not complain, avoid belligerency, and comply with all orders and instructions.- If questioned, keep your answers short. Don't volunteer information or make unnecessary overtures.- Don't try to be a hero, endangering yourself and others.- Maintain your sense of personal dignity, and gradually increase your requests for personal comforts. Make these requests in a reasonable low-key manner.- If you are involved in a lengthier, drawn-out situation, try to establish a rapport with your captors, avoiding political discussions or other confrontational subjects.- Establish a daily program of mental and physical activity Don't be afraid to ask for anything you need or want - medicines, books, pencils, papers.- Eat what they give you, even if it does not look or taste appetizing. A loss of appetite and weight is normal.- Think positively; avoid a sense of despair. Rely on your inner resources. Remember that you are a valuable commodity to your captors. It is important to them to keep you alive and well.TRAVEL ADVISORIESThe Department of State tries to alert American travelers to adverseconditions abroad--including violence--through the travel advisory program. In consultation with our embassies and consulates overseas, and various bureaus of the Department of State, the Office of Overseas Citizens Services in the Bureau of Consular Affairs issues travel advisories about conditions in specific countries. Advisories generally do not pertain to isolated international terrorist incidents since these can occur anywhere and at any time. The majority of these advisories deal with short-term or temporary difficulties which Americans may encounter when they go abroad. Some mention conditions of political or civil unrest which could pose a threat to personal safety. These types of advisories may sometimes be short-term in nature, e.g. at the time of a military or political coup. Such advisories are either lifted or amended when the situation no longer poses a threat to travelers.There are only a few advisories in effect which advise avoidingall travel to a particular country because of a high incidence of terrorism within the region or because a long-term problem exists. Most of the security-related advisories do not recommend against travel to an entire country but suggest avoiding specific areas within a country where unrest is endemic.Ask about current travel advisories for specific countries at anyof the 13 regional U.S. passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. Travel advisories are also widely disseminated to interested organizations, travel associations, and airlines.Assistance AbroadU.S. consular officers are located at American embassies and consulatesin most countries abroad. Consular officers can advise you of any adverse conditions in the places you are visiting and can help you in emergencies. If you plan more than a short stay in one place or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, it is advisable to register with nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will make it easier should someone at home need to locate you urgently or in the unlikely event that you need to be evacuated due to an emergency. It will also facilitate the issuance of a new passport should yours be lost or stolen.Should you find yourself in any legal difficulty, contact a consularofficer immediately. Consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal advice but they can provide lists of local attorneys and help you find legal representation. Consular officers cannot get you out of jail. However, if you are arrested, ask permission to notify a consular official -- it is your right. American consular officials will visit you, advise you of your rights under local laws, ensure that you aren't held under inhumane conditions, and contact your family and friends for you if you desire. They can transfer money, and will try to get relief for you, including food and clothing in countries where this is a problem.If you become destitute overseas, consular officers can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and inform them how to wire funds to you.Additional Information The booklet, "Your Trip Abroad" contains some valuable information on loss and theft of a passport as well as other travel tips. To obtain a copy, write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The single copy purchase price is $1. Country Information Notices provide advice on travel to specific areas of the world. Notices include topics such as currency and customs regulations, entry requirements, dual nationality, import and export controls, vaccination requirements, and drug warnings. Copies of the following publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 for $1.00 each. Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Cuba: A U.S. Government Warning Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Saudi Arabia Tips for Travelers to the USSR-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)Tips for Travelers to RussiaContinued....Russian LawHow to Avoid Legal ProblemsWhile in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to its laws andregulations. Laws in the countries of the former Soviet Union candiffer significantly from those in the United States and do not affordthe protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Exercisecaution and carefully obey local laws. Penalties for breaking the lawcan be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses.Persons violating the law, even unknowingly, may have difficulties withthe authorities and may be expelled and forced to forfeit the unusedpart of a prepurchased tour. Serious transgressions of the law canlead to arrest and imprisonment.Under Article 12 of the U.S.-USSR Consular Convention of 1968 (whichthe U.S. considers to still be in force, see page 16), governmentauthorities in the Soviet successor states are required to immediatelyinform the U.S. Embassy or consulate of the arrest or detention of aU.S. citizen and to permit, without delay, communication with thedetained citizen. If you are detained by authorities, ask that a U.S.consular officer be informed and that you be allowed to meet with aU.S. consular officer without delay.Avoid breaking the law. Never take 'souvenirs' from local hotels, nomatter how insignificant in value they may appear. Pay for yoursouvenirs, handicrafts, or artwork in local currency, because mostvendors do not have permission to accept dollars or other hardcurrency. Travelers have been arrested by plainclothes police afterpaying for a souvenir with hard currency. The traveler is usuallyreleased after several hours of detention, but both the hard currencyand the item purchased are usually confiscated. Only special touriststores, usually found in large hotels, are permitted to accept hardcurrency.Marriage AbroadAmericans contemplating marriage to a citizen of the former SovietUnion should contact the Consular Section of the nearest Americanembassy or consulate before the marriage takes place. Consularofficers cannot perform marriages, but can provide information aboutlocal regulations concerning marriage.Photography RestrictionsRegulations on photography are strict, particularly regarding militaryinstallations. Because of unwitting violations of these regulations,U.S. citizens have had film confiscated, have been temporarily detainedor interrogated, and have even been asked to leave the country. Besure that your photographs do not contain forbidden subjects, not evenin the background. When in doubt, ask your tour guide or someone elsein authority.1. Photographs are permitted of architectural monuments; cultural,educational, and medical buildings; theaters; museums; parks; stadiums;streets and squares; and living quarters and landscape scenes which donot include subjects listed below under item 3.2. If prior permission is obtained from officials of the institutionconcerned, photographs may be taken of industrial enterprises whichmanufacture non-military products, farms, railroad stations, airports,river ports, and governmental, educational, and social organizations.3. All photographs are prohibited within the 25-kilometer-wide borderzones, except in those portions not closed to foreigners. Photographsof the following are forbidden: all military objects, institutions,and personnel; storage facilities for combustibles; seaports;hydroelectric installations (sluices); pumping stations; dams; railroadjunctions; railroad and highway bridges; industrial, scientific, andresearch establishments; electric, telephone, and telegraph stations;and radio facilities. Photographs from airplanes and panoramic shotsof industrial cities are prohibited.4. Foreigners may not mail exposed film out of Russia.Shopping-Be Wary of AntiquesArtwork, souvenirs, and handicrafts purchased at special stores fortourists may be taken out of Russia and the other former Sovietrepublics. However, antiques (defined as virtually anything which maybe deemed of historical or cultural value) and artifacts, includingsamovars, purchased at regular stores and secondhand shops often maynot be taken out of these countries without inspection by localcultural authorities and payment of substantial export duty. Thisprocedure is almost prohibitively cumbersome and time consuming.Samovars not purchased at tourist stores and not cleared by culturalauthorities are normally confiscated at pre-departure customsinspections.Foreign Embassies and Consulates in the United StatesEmbassy of ARMENIA122 C Street, NWSuite 360Washington, DC 20001(202) 628-5766Embassy of BELARUS1511 K Street, NWSuite 619Washington, DC 20005(202) 638-2954Embassy of RUSSIAConsular Division1825 Phelps Place, NWWashington, DC 20008(202) 939-8907/11/13/18Russian Consulate General9 East 91 StreetNew York, NY 10128(212) 348-0926Russian Consulate General2790 Green StreetSan Francisco, CA 94123(415) 202-9800Embassy of UKRAINE1828 L Street, NWSuite 711Washington, DC 20036(202) 296-6960U.S. Embassies and Consulates AbroadARMENIAAmerican Embassy18 General Bagramian StreetYerevan, ARMENIATel. (7-8852) 151-122; 151-144AZERBAIJANAmerican EmbassyHotel Intourist77 Prospekt NeftyanikovBaku, AZERBAIJANTel. (7-8922) 926-306/7/8BELARUSAmerican EmbassyStarovilenskaya Ulitsa 46Minsk, BELARUSTel. (7-0172) 347-642GEORGIAAmerican Embassy25 Atoneli StreetTbilisi, GEORGIATel. (7-8832) 989-967/8kazakhstanAmerican Embassy551 SeyfullinaAlma Ata, KAZAKHSTANTel. (7-3272) 631-375kyrgyzstanAmerican EmbassyErkindik 66 (old name: Derzhinskiy)Bishkek, KYRGYZSTANTel. (7-3312) 222-693moldovaAmerican Embassy103 Strada Alexei MateevichChisinau, MOLDOVATel. (7-0422) 233-494; 233-698RUSSIAAmerican EmbassyNovinskiy Bulvar 19/23 (old name: Chaykovskogo)Moscow, RUSSIATel. (7-095) 252-2451 to 9;after hours: 252-1898; 255-5123American Consulate GeneralUlitsa Furshtadskaya 15 (old name: Ul. Petra Lavrova)St. Petersburg, RUSSIATel. (7-812) 274-8235tajikistanAmerican EmbassyHotel Independence (old name: Oktyabrskaya)39 Ainii StreetDushanbe, TAJIKISTANTel. (7-3772) 248-233TurkmenistanAmerican EmbassyYubilenaya HotelAshgabatTURKMENISTANTel. (7-3632) 244-925UkraineAmerican Embassy10 Yuria Kotsyubinskoho252053 Kiev 53, UKRAINETel. (7-044) 244-7349; 244-7354UzbekistanAmerican EmbassyChilanzarskaya 82Tashkent, UZBEKISTANTel. (7-3712) 776-986</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)Tips for Travelers to Russia-- including information useful for: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,Ukraine, and UzbekistanIntroductionIn December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved. In its place emerged12 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The information in this pamphlet is mainly onRussia. However, much of the information and particularly the sectionson health, safety, and travel planning is applicable to the otherformer Soviet republics.Consular Information SheetsTo find specific travel information for any country you plan to visit,see the Department of State Consular Information Sheet for the country.Consular Information Sheets contain information on such matters as thelocation and telephone number of the nearest U.S. embassy, crimeproblems, and health or security problems that may affect travel.In addition to Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings may also beissued about certain countries. Travel Warnings advise Americans todefer travel to all or part of a country. There are several ways toaccess Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings. You can listento them 24 hours a day by calling 202-647-5225 from a touchtone phone.You can receive copies of them of by sending a self-addressed, stampedenvelope to the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Department ofState, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requestedcountry or countries on the outside of the envelope.)You can also find Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warningsposted at the 13 regional passport agencies and at American embassiesand consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline ortravel agent's computer reservation system or by computer through manyelectronic bulletin boards.GeographyRussia is the largest country that emerged from the former U.S.S.R. Itstretches from the Baltic Sea, across the northern Eurasian landmass,to the Bering Strait where a Russian island lies only three miles froman island that is part of Alaska. Russia and the other republics ofthe former Soviet Union are going through profound political andeconomic changes. At present, the tourism industry, like otherindustries that were strictly regulated in the former USSR, isundergoing a transformation that can be confusing to customers as wellas to the industry itself. Throughout the entire former Soviet region,major structures of civil authority and service organizations areeither being replaced by new bodies or are withering away withoutreplacement.In addition to Consular Information Sheets, a good source ofinformation on current conditions is Intourist, telephone 212-757-3884.Before 1991, Intourist was the official and only Soviet tour operator.It is now a non-governmental body and is still by far the largest touroperator in Russia and the other 11 former Soviet republics. Intouristhas contracts with a large network of hotels and restaurants, but itmust now compete with other Russian tour operators such as Sputnik andIntratours. There are also a number of specialized tour operators.For example, the Host Family Association and Wild World specialize in,respectively, stays with families and adventure tours. You can booktravel with Russian tour operators through U.S. travel agents.Before You GoVisasA U.S. citizen must have a valid U.S. passport and a visa to travel toany country of the former USSR. At present, only Russia and Ukraineare issuing visas. At the time of publication, the other countries ofthe former USSR had either not established embassies in the UnitedStates or, in the case of Armenia and Belarus, had opened embassies butwere not yet issuing visas. To travel to a country of the former USSRthat is not yet issuing visas, a Russian visa is still required, and itis valid for all such countries. At present, travel between countriesthat require a Russian visa is still considered internal travel bylocal authorities, and passports are not normally checked upon arrivalor departure.You may obtain a visa for Ukraine from the Ukrainian Embassy (see page23). All of the following visa information pertains to Russian visas.Travelers arriving without a visa in a country that requires a Russianvisa cannot register at a hotel and must leave the country immediatelyby the same route they entered. Even for a brief transit, you musthave a visa. If possible, obtain your Russian visa in the UnitedStates, because a Russian visa can be difficult and time-consuming toobtain abroad. In some countries like Ukraine, Estonia, and Lithuania,you cannot obtain a Russian visa.Visas are valid for specific dates. Before starting on your trip, besure your visa is valid for the dates of your planned entry anddeparture. Delays caused by illness or changes in plans must beapproved in advance by the office that issued your visa. Thecategories of Russian visa that a U.S. citizen can apply for aretransit, tourist, business, or, for a private visit to friends orrelatives, a visitor or 'homestay' visa.Tourist, Business, and Transit VisasMost travelers to Russia and the other countries of the former USSRarrange for their visas and accommodations through an American travelagent. A business visa requires a letter of invitation from yourforeign business contact. A transit visa requires a copy of yourconfirmed ticket and visa (if required) to your onward destination.Visitor or 'Homestay' VisasVisas for private trips to stay in a private home are issued by theconsular division of either the Russian Embassy in Washington, DC orthe Russian Consulate General in either San Francisco or New York (seepage 23). You may request application forms by mail. The person youwish to visit must also apply for permission well in advance of yourvisit. In larger cities, your host can apply at the local visa office(called OVIR, an acronym for Otdel Viz i Registratsii). In smallertowns, your host can apply to the local police. OVIR or policeconsideration of these applications can be a slow process. Uponapproval of your application, your host will be issued a notificationof permission (izveshcheniye) for your visit. Your host should sendthis notification to you. Private Visits During Group ToursAn American traveling on a group tour may request permission to visitlocal acquaintances or take short individual excursions away from thegroup itinerary to places of personal interest. Arrangements for sidetrips should be made through your American travel agent and, ifpossible, before you leave the United States. On your visaapplication, include the names and addresses of those citizens ofcountries of the former USSR whom you hope to visit.How to Obtain Visa InformationYou can obtain visa information from your travel agent. However,authoritative information on visas can only be obtained from theembassies or consulates of the countries you plan to visit. Whateveryour source, make certain that your visa information is up to date,because, during this period of transition, visa requirements willchange frequently. When you inquire about visas, ask about price,length of validity, and the number of entries that are permitted.Your U.S. PassportTheft of U.S. passports continues to increase rapidly. Stolenpassports are reportedly sold for large sums of hard currency. Thetheft or loss of a passport, particularly when the nearest U.S.consular office is hundreds or thousands of miles away, is a majorsource of inconvenience and expense to travelers in Russia and theother countries of the former USSR. Before starting your trip, make arecord or photocopy of the data from your passport's identificationpage and from your visa(s). Also make a copy of the addresses andtelephone numbers of the U.S. embassies and consulates in the countriesyou will visit (see page 24). Put this information along with twopassport photos in a place separate from your passport to be availablein case of loss or theft.Leave a second copy of your passport information and your itinerarywith a relative or friend in the U.S. Complete the address page ofyour passport in pencil and update it as necessary.While in the former Soviet Union, you may be asked to turn over yourpassport to hotel personnel or a tour leader for short periods of timefor registration with police or for other purposes. Your passportshould be returned within two or three days. Be sure to safeguard yourpassport at all other times, as its loss can cause you delays andproblems. If your passport is lost or stolen, you must apply for areplacement passport at a U.S. embassy or consulate and then obtain anew or duplicate visa from the nearest visa office (OVIR). If you arewith a tour, your guide can assist you with the visa.Planning Your TripMany geographic names throughout the region are being changed. Try toobtain maps before your trip, but keep in mind that some names ofplaces may be out of date. You may need to correct city names and evensome street names. In these countries, if your street sign does notagree with your map, you may not be lost, you may just be dealing witha new name.Previously, in the former Soviet Union, departure and arrival times forplanes, trains, and boats were quoted in Moscow time. In the post-Soviet period, that practice has changed, and timetables for travel inand between former Soviet countries usually use local time. WithinRussia itself, however, you may still find Moscow time inuseQregardless of which of the 11 time zones you are in. Whenever youmake reservations or purchase tickets, learn which time zones theschedule refers to and, as you travel, confirm all departure andarrival times.Air Travel Within RussiaAeroflot still dominates air travel in Russia and the region. Althoughmany international airlines have flights to Russia and the other formerSoviet republics, and some, like Turkish Airlines, even have flightsbetween a few of the countries, the domestic service of Aeroflot isstill the major carrier in and between the countries of the formerUSSR. Since late 1991, domestic Aeroflot flights have been delayed forhours or days and sometimes canceled because of jet fuel shortages.Travelers should be prepared for long waits or for the possibility thattheir itineraries will have to be changed with little or no advancenotice.In the United States, booking domestic Aeroflot flights can bedifficult. You may discover, once you are in Russia or another countryof the former USSR, that a domestic Aeroflot flight you booked does notexist, or at least does not exist on the day you are confirmed to go.Or, before you leave the U.S., you may be told flights do not exist toa certain city, when in fact they do. Because of the difficulty inusing Aeroflot's domestic service, it is advisable to use internationalcarriers, including Aeroflot, wherever possible when planning youritinerary. While Aeroflot is in transition to meet internationalstandards, flexibility and patience are the keys to successful airtravel in Russia and all countries of the former USSR.Overland TravelIt is a good idea when traveling by train or automobile in formerSoviet countries to bring food and water with you.If you travel overland between Central European countries and countriesof the former USSR, be certain that you have visas for all countriesthrough which you will pass. For example, the train from Warsaw,Poland to Vilnius, Lithuania passes through Grodno, Belarus, andtransit visas are not available on the train. On occasion, Americanshave been required to leave the train in Grodno and return to theirpoint of departure to obtain a Russian visa for Belarus. (There is adirect rail route, however, that does not pass through Belarus. Itgoes to Sestokai, Lithuania via Suwalki, Poland.)Auto TravelDriving conditions in Russia and the other former Soviet republics aremore rugged than in Western Europe, service stations are few, and fuelmay be scarce at those stations. Adhere to all local drivingregulations. They are strictly enforced and violators are subject tolegal penalties. All tourists entering Russia by automobile arerequired to sign an obligation guaranteeing the re-export of theirautomobiles. This obligation also applies to damaged vehicles.Auto InsuranceYour automobile should be fully insured under a policy valid for Russiaand for any other country you will enter. Insurance policies may bepurchased from Lloyds of London or from Ingosstrakh, Kuybyshev Street11/10, Moscow, a Russian organization that insures foreigners. Autoinsurance obtained in Russia is still accepted in some of the otherformer Soviet republics. Be aware that Russian law allows the companyto refuse compensation for damage if a driver is pronounced by theauthorities to be under the influence of alcohol at the time of anaccident. Such determinations can be made without the benefit of anytests.HealthPrecautionsTravel in the former USSR can be strenuous, particularly for theelderly and individuals with special health problems. When you planyour trip, be careful not to overschedule; leave time for rest andrelaxation. Tourists in frail health are strongly advised not tovisit.ImmunizationsNo immunizations are required for travelers to the former Soviet Union.However, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and gamma globulin arerecommended for the region and in particular for the Central Asiancountries.Review Your Health Insurance PolicyIf your insurance does not cover you abroad, consider purchasingtemporary insurance that does. In addition to medical insurance,consider obtaining insurance to cover evacuation in the event of anaccident or serious illness. Because conditions in many hospitals arenot adequate to ensure recovery, medical evacuation is frequentlynecessary for illnesses or injuries which could be treated locally inother countries. Minimum cost from Moscow to New York on a stretcheris more than $10,000. Medical evacuation by hospital aircraft on thesame route approaches $100,000. Insurance companies as well as somecredit card and travelers check companies offer short-term health andemergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Ask your travelagent about them or look for ads in travel publications.Bring Your Own MedicinesBring with you any necessary medications and keep them in theiroriginal, labeled containers in your hand luggage. Because of strictlaws on narcotics, carry a letter from your physician explaining yourneed for any prescription drugs in your possession. Also bring alongany toiletries and personal hygiene items that you will need. Theseitems can be difficult to find in major cities and even more scarceelsewhere.About Medical Care in the RegionMedical care in the former Soviet Union does not meet Westernstandards. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies,including disposable needles, anesthetics, common medications, andantibiotics. X-rays are of poor quality, and advanced diagnosticequipment, such as CAT scan machines, is not widely available. Patientsupport services, including basic hygiene measures, are inadequate, andtravelers may expect the length of hospitalization to exceed theduration of stay they would expect in Western facilities. In addition,full, frank, and empathic discussions between doctor and patient arehampered by language barriers as well as the lack of a tradition ofpatient rights. If you need medical care, ask your hotel or tour guideto direct you to an appropriate facility. You may also contact thenearest U.S. embassy or consulate for a list of local medical services.Drinking WaterThe U.S. Public Health Service warns that many U.S. visitors to Russia,particularly to St. Petersburg, have returned to the United Statesinfected with the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. This infectionis probably contracted by drinking tap water. Some travelers to Russiaand surrounding countries bring drinking water with them in theirluggage. If you cannot import your drinking water, drink only bottledcarbonated drinks or beverages that have been boiled for at least fiveminutes. Avoid ice cubes, use bottled water for brushing teeth, andavoid salads or uncooked vegetables and fruits which cannot be peeled.In addition, carry iodine tablets to disinfect drinking water.Travelers returning from the region who develop a diarrheal illnesslasting more than five days should consult a physician and have a stoolspecimen examined for parasites.The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident of April 1986Recent tap water samples from Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kiev show nodetectable radiation. Background radiation levels in areas outside theimmediate accident site and fallout path have been tested periodicallyand are considered to be within acceptable ranges. Access to theChernobyl zone is strictly controlled by Ukrainian authorities.CurrencyRussia, like the other 11 countries of the former Soviet Union, has acash-only economy. During periodic cash shortages, it can be difficultto impossible to cash travelers checks for dollars, for otherconvertible (hard) currency, or even for rubles. The fee to cashtravelers checks may be high (for example, 5 %). In Moscow, cash maybe available at Dialogbank or American Express. In St. Petersburg,rubles may be available but not hard currency. In Kiev, cash may beavailable at the Agroprombank, Export/Import Bank, or Bank Ukraina.Some travelers avoid a number of the difficulties of the currencyshortage by taking a prepaid tour that includes all meals and hotels.Travelers find it useful to bring major credit cards because they areaccepted at some hotels and restaurants, particularly those in Moscow.Most travelers, however, solve the problem of the currency shortage bycoming to Russia and the other former Soviet republics with asufficient supply of hard currency to cover their obligations in thecountry. Some hotel restaurants and shops will accept payment only indollars or other hard currency. Beware! Make it your practice to keepyour excess cash in the hotel safe.Before you leave home, check with your credit card and travelers checkcompanies to learn where these instruments can be used in the formerSoviet Union.Customs and currency laws are strict. When you arrive, make anaccurate and complete customs declaration of all money, travelerschecks, and valuables in your possession. Include all personaljewelry, such as wedding rings and watches. Have your customsdeclaration stamped by the authorities and keep it with you until youleave the country. Keep your exchange receipts in order to account foryour expenditures. Without these records, customs officials couldconfiscate your cash and valuables upon departure.The Russian ruble is still the currency of the 12 former Sovietrepublics. In Ukraine, 'coupons' have been introduced in preparationfor issuing a national currency. The coupons are used in Ukraine alongwith the Russian ruble, but cannot be used outside of the country.Customs RegulationsAttempts to bring any of the following articles into the former SovietUnion have caused difficulties for U.S. citizens in the past:Narcotics - Drug laws are strict. U.S. citizens have received longsentences for trying to enter or transit with illegal narcotics.Pornography - Magazines with sexually explicit photographs, that may beconsidered commonplace in Western countries, may be regarded aspornography and are often confiscated.Gifts for Persons in the Former USSR - A high rate of customs duty maybe assessed on gifts that you bring into a foreign country. U.S.citizens have had to abandon gifts at the airport because they lackedfunds to pay the customs duty.Video Cassettes - Customs regulations allow for the import and re-export of a limited number of blank or commercially recorded videocassettes for personal use. Some travelers with a large number ofcassettes have had them confiscated upon departure. Travelers areadvised to leave blank video cassettes sealed in their wrappers whenentering a country.Customs regulations prohibit the import or export of personallyrecorded video cassettes. To avoid confiscation of valuable travelmemories, travelers should either leave those cassettes some placeoutside of the country to be picked up later or mail them home beforeentering the country.Legal MattersDual NationalityRussia's new citizenship law that went into effect February 6, 1992,recognizes dual nationality only if there is an agreement between thetwo countries that covers dual nationality. At this time, the UnitedStates and Russia do not have a dual nationality agreement. This meansthat if you are a dual national and encounter problems in Russia, youmay not be permitted to leave and the ability of a U.S. consul toassist you may be limited.The U.S. government has notified the governments of the Sovietsuccessor states that the U.S. government considers the U.S.-USSRconsular convention of 1968 to be still in force. The United Statesrecognizes as an established principle of international law that every sovereign state has the right to decide under the provisions of its ownlaws who is and who is not its citizen. The Department of Statemaintains the following:U.S. citizens, whether by birth or naturalization, possess fullAmerican citizenship and its accompanying benefits andresponsibilities despite any additional entitlement to othercitizenships.A U.S. citizen entering a country of the former USSR with a U.S.passport and a valid visa is to be regarded as a U.S. citizen by thatcountry for purposes of the visit, regardless of whether the foreigngovernment might also consider them to be their citizen.U.S. citizens cannot lose their U.S. citizenship because of automaticacquisition of foreign citizenship. However, if a U.S. citizencontemplates voluntarily accepting dual nationality in connection withassuming duties as a government official in one of the Soviet successorstates, he or she should first consult with the Department of State'sOffice of Citizens Consular Services on 202-647-3445 or with thenearest U.S. embassy or consulate.The countries of the former USSR generally do not prevent a U.S.citizen possessing a U.S. passport and appropriate visas from visitingthose countries and returning to the United States, or to his or hercountry of permanent residence, even if under foreign laws he or she isconsidered a citizen of a Soviet successor state. Any dual nationalU.S. citizen traveling in Russia or any other country of the formerSoviet Union should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulateimmediately if any question arises about his or her U.S. or foreigncitizenship.To avoid any possible inconvenience or uncertainty, the Department ofState urges any U.S. citizen who is or believes they may be a citizenof a country of the former USSR to consider formally renouncing thatcitizenship before visiting any of the former Soviet republics. Forinformation on how to renounce foreign citizenship, contact, in theUnited States, the embassy or consulate of the country concerned beforetraveling.In any case, possible dual nationals who travel to Russia or any of theother countries of the former Soviet Union should register upon arrivalin writing or in person at the Consular Section of the nearest U.S.embassy or consulate. Give your full name, passport number, date andplace of birth, occupation, hotel and room number, phone number,purpose and dates of your visit, home address, and the name, address,and telephone number of any relatives that you have in the countries ofthe former Soviet Union.Permanent legal U.S. residents should travel with appropriatedocumentation of their legal permanent residence status in the U.S.Those who are citizens of a country of the former Soviet Union shouldensure that they have the correct entry/exit permission from theRussian or other appropriate embassy in the United States before theytravel.Adopting A Child AbroadCurrent law allows adoptions in Russia and Ukraine, although U.S.citizens report the process in these republics to be long anddifficult. The status of adoptions in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, andUzbekistan remains uncertain.Russia has established a quasi-governmental bureaucratic structure inan attempt to regulate foreign adoptions. The agency, "Rights of theChild" (Pravo Rebyonka), was formed to coordinate internationaladoptions, ensure that Russian legal procedures are followed, andestablish a centralized data bank for information on Russian childrenadoptable by foreigners.U.S. citizens interested in adopting a child from one of the countriesof the former Soviet Union are encouraged to contact the U.S. embassyor consulate in that country, or, in the United States, the Departmentof State's Office of Citizens Consular Services on 202-647-3444 toobtain information on the adoption process in that country.While You Are AbroadRegistrationAll U.S. citizens who visit Russia or any of the other countries of theformer Soviet Union are encouraged to register in writing or in personat the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate (see directory, page 24).Registration is especially important if you are in an area experiencingcivil unrest or a natural disaster, if you are going to a place wherecommunications are poor, or if you plan to stay for any length of time.Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in caseof an emergency. If your passport is lost or stolen, having previouslyregistered at an embassy or consulate can make it easier to issue you anew passport without a delay.Safety Tips Against CrimeIn Russia and much of the rest of the former USSR, crimes such asrobbery, mugging, and pickpocketing are an increasing problem fortourists, particularly in cities and around major tourist sites.Crimes are perpetrated not only by adults, but also by adolescents oreven children, often operating in groups.Crime aboard trains has also increased. For example, travelers havebeen drugged without their knowledge and robbed on the train fromMoscow to St. Petersburg. Crime is also a problem on trains betweenMoscow and Warsaw and armed robberies have occurred on the trainsbetween Moscow and Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. On some trains, thieves havebeen able to open locked compartment doors.Although officials in Russia have expressed willingness to cooperatewith U.S. officials in emergencies involving U.S. citizens,communications and transportation can be slow and difficult, and thenearest U.S. embassy or consulate may be more than a day's travel away.To reduce the risk of becoming a victim of crime, exercise the sameprecautions that you would in any large city and follow these tips:Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry, unnecessarycredit cards, and anything you would hate to lose at home.Never display large sums of money when paying a bill. Conceal yourpassport, cash, and other valuables on your person. Do not trust waistpacks or fanny packs because pickpockets have learned that is where thevaluables are.Do not leave valuables in your hotel room, have them locked in thehotel safe.Be vigilant on public transport and at tourist sites, food markets,flea markets, art exhibitions, and all places where crowds gather.Even slight intoxication is noted by professional thieves. Therefore,if you drink in a public place, do so only with a trusted friend whohas agreed to remain sober.If you are the victim of crime, report it immediately to the localpolice and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. It is worthwhileto report a theft, because stolen items are sometimes retrieved.Continued....</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROADContinued...FAMILY MATTERSAdopting A Child OverseasIf you plan to adopt a child overseas, you should be aware that the U.S. Government considers foreign adoptions to be a private legal matter within the judicial sovereignty of the nation where the child is residing. U.S. authorities have no right to intervene on behalf of American citizens in the courts in the country where the adoption takes place. However, there are a number of ways that U.S. embassies and consulates can assist prospective parents.The U.S. embassy or consulate can provide you with information on the adoption process in the country where you reside. Consular officers can make inquiries on your behalf regarding the status of your case in the foreign court and will assist in clarifying documentary requirements if necessary. Embassies and consulates will also ensure that as an American you are not being discriminated against by foreign courts and will provide you with information on the visa application process for your adopted child.Because children in foreign adoptions are considered to be nationals of the country of origin, prospective parents must comply with local laws. One way to achieve this is by dealing only with a reputable international adoption agency experienced in handling adoptions in the country where you are living. In the case of a private adoption, you should hire a local attorney with expertise in adoptions. Because of the potential for fraud in international adoptions, you need to be aware of the pitfalls. The U.S. embassy or consulate can offer you advice on what problems you might encounter.Foreign children adopted overseas by U.S. citizens can gain U.S. citizenship if the adoptive parents apply for the child's naturalization after they return to the United States. In most cases, the adoptive parents would merely apply for a Certificate of Citizenship from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) after the adoption. However, until they return to the United States, the adopted child remains a national of their country of origin. Before returning to the United States with your adopted child, you will need to petition the INS for your child's immigrant visa. For further information on adoption procedures, obtain INS Form M-249 entitled, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children. You can also contact the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services, Washington, D.C. 20520 to learn more about U.S. citizenship requirements and adoption procedures.International Child Custody DisputesFor parents involved in a child custody dispute, there are limits on the assistance that U.S. authorities can provide. In cases where an American child is abducted overseas by a parent, the U.S. Government's role is confined to helping the remaining parent locate the child, monitoring the child's welfare, and providing general information about child custody laws and procedures in the country where the abduction took place. Consular officers overseas can issue a U.S. passport to a child involved in a custody dispute if the child appears in person at the U.S. embassy or consulate and there is no court order issued by the foreign court of that country which bars the child's departure from the country.U.S. consuls cannot take custody of a child, force the child's return to the United States, or attempt to influence child custody proceedings in foreign courts. If the parents cannot work out an amicable settlement of a child custody dispute, the only recourse is usually court action in the country where the child is residing. A custody decree originating in the United States is not automatically recognized overseas. On the contrary, foreign courts will decide custody in accordance with the laws of that country. If you are involved in a custody dispute, you will need to obtain a foreign attorney to represent you in court. You can obtain a list of such attorneys from the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where your child has been taken.If you are a parent involved in a custody battle overseas find out whether the country you are in is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Under the Hague Convention, a child who has been wrongfully removed may be returned to his or her place of habitual residence. For further information on the Hague Convention contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Department of State, Room 4817, Washington, D.C. 20520. That office also has copies of the booklet International Parental Child Abduction which contains helpful information on what U.S. citizen parents can do to prevent their child from becoming a victim of parental child abduction. If you are overseas and would like information on this subject, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for guidance.PRECAUTIONSSafeguarding Your PassportYour passport is a valuable document which should be carefully safeguarded. When living overseas, the Department of State recommends that you keep your passport at home in a safe, secure place. Although a passport kept at an available storage facility outside the home might offer maximum security, keep in mind that an emergency requiring immediate travel may make it difficult or impossible to obtain your passport before departure. In such a case, it may not be possible to obtain a replacement or temporary passport in time to make the intended travel.Loss or Theft of a U.S. PassportIf your passport is lost or stolen abroad, report the loss immediately to the nearest foreign service post and to local police authorities. If you can provide the consular officer with the information in the passport, it will facilitate issuance of a new passport. Therefore, you should photocopy the data page of your passport and keep it in a separate place where it can be easily retrieved.Passport FraudMultiple and fraudulent U.S. passports are used in many types of criminal activity, including illegal entry into the United States. In processing lost passport cases, the Department of State must take special precautions that may delay the issuance of a new passport. If you suspect a U.S. passport is being used fraudulently, do not hesitate to contact the nearest passport agency in the United States or American foreign service post overseas.Glazed Ceramic PurchasesBe careful when purchasing ceramic tableware and clay pottery while overseas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has determined that there are dangerous levels of lead found in the glazes of some ceramic dinnerware and pottery sold abroad. Because there is no way of knowing whether a particular item is safe, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that you use such wares for decorative purposes only. CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITYU.S. Citizenship and Residence AbroadU.S. citizens who take up residence abroad or who are contemplating doing so frequently ask whether this will have any effect on their citizenship. Residence abroad, in and of itself, has no effect on U.S. citizenship. However, a person who becomes a U.S. citizen through naturalization and then takes up a permanent residence abroad within 1 year thereafter is subject to possible revocation of naturalization on the grounds that he/she did not intend to reside permanently in the United States when the petition for naturalization was filed. Each particular case is judged on its own merits. Clearly, some persons may have intended to reside in the United States but due to unexpected circumstances, it became necessary for them to take up residence abroad. Revocation of naturalization is the responsibility of the court where the naturalization occurred. The initial steps leading to revocation are taken by the Departments of State and Justice. Contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if you have any questions about nationality. Acquisition and Loss of CitizenshipU.S. citizenship may be acquired by birth in the United States or by birth abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents. However, there are certain residency or physical presence requirements that U.S. citizens may need to fulfill before the child's birth in order to transmit citizenship to their child born overseas. A child born abroad in wedlock to one citizen parent and one alien parent acquires U.S. citizenship only if the citizen parent was physically present in the United States for 5 years prior to the child's birth, at least 2 years of which were after the age of 14. Living abroad in military service or U.S. Government employment, or as an unmarried dependent in the household of someone so employed, can be considered as presence in the United States. A child born out of wedlock to a U.S. citizen mother acquires citizenship if the mother was physically present in the United States for 1 year. A child born out of wedlock to a U.S. citizen father must establish a legal relationship to the father before age 18 or be legitimated before reaching age 21, depending on the date of birth, if he/she is to acquire U.S. citizenship through the father. For further information on these legal requirements, consult the nearest foreign service post. Citizenship may also be acquired subsequent to birth through the process of naturalization (see previous page).Loss of citizenship can occur only as the result of a citizen's voluntarily performing an act of expatriation as set forth in the Immigration and Nationality Act with the intent to relinquish citizenship. Such acts most frequently performed include the following:l Naturalization in a foreign state;l Taking an oath or making an affirmation of allegiance to a foreign state;l Service in the armed forces of a foreign state;l Employment with a foreign government; orl Taking a formal oath of renunciation of allegiance before a U.S. consular or diplomatic officer.If you have any question about any aspect of loss of nationality, contact the nearest foreign service post or the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520.Dual NationalityA foreign country might claim you as a citizen of that country if:l You were born there.l Your parent or parents are or were citizens of that country.l You are a naturalized U.S. citizen but are still considered a citizen under that country's laws.If you are in any of the above categories, consult the embassy of the country where you are planning to reside or are presently living. While recognizing the existence of dual nationality, the U.S. Government does not encourage it as a matter of policy because of the problems it may cause. Claims of other countries upon dual-national U.S. citizens often place them in situations where their obligations to one country are in conflict with U.S. law. Dual nationality may hamper efforts by the U.S. Government to provide diplomatic and consular protection to individuals overseas. When a U.S. citizen is in the other country of their dual nationality, that country has a predominant claim on the person. If you have any question about dual nationality, contact the nearest foreign service post or the Office of Citizens Consular Services at the address on the previous page. FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS MATTERSU.S. TaxesU.S. citizens must report their worldwide income on their Federal income tax returns. Living or earning income outside the United States does not relieve a U.S. citizen of responsibility for filing tax returns. However, U.S. citizens living and/or working abroad may be entitled to various deductions, exclusions, and credits under U.S. tax laws, as well as under international tax treaties and conventions between the United States and a number of foreign countries. Consult the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for further information.For information on taxes and locations of IRS offices overseas, contact any office of the IRS or write to the Forms Distribution Center, Post Office Box 25866, Richmond, Virginia 23289. That office also has copies of Publication 54, Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad, Publication 901, U.S. Tax Treaties, Publication 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals and Publication 520, Scholarships and Fellowships. The IRS has also put together a package of forms and instructions (Publication 776) for U.S. citizens living abroad. You can get the package by writing to the Forms Distribution Center at the address on page 22. During the filing period, you can usually obtain the necessary Federal income tax forms from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.Foreign Country TaxesIf you earn any income while you are overseas, you may be required to pay tax on that income. You should check the rules and regulations with that country's embassy or consulate before you leave the United States, or consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad.Bank AccountsSome countries will permit you to maintain a local bank account denominated in dollars or in another foreign currency of your choice. This may be a good idea if the U.S. dollar is strong and the local currency in the country you reside in is weak. If that country does not permit you to maintain U.S. dollar bank accounts, another idea would be to keep your dollars in a bank in the United States. That way you could convert them to the local currency as you need them rather than all at once. This would protect you in the event that the country you are living in devalues its currency. WillsTo avoid the risk of running afoul of foreign laws, if you own property or other assets both in the United States and overseas, consider the idea of having two wills drawn up. One should cover your assets in your adopted country and the other your U.S. assets. Each will should mention the other. Having two wills should ensure that your foreign property is disposed of in accordance with your wishes in the event of your death. Property InvestmentA major decision that you will have to face when you live abroad is whether or not to purchase a home or property. Because prices in many foreign countries may seem like a bargain compared to the United States, there may be some merit to investing in real estate. However, you will need to keep several things in mind. First, check to see whether the country where you plan to invest permits foreigners to own property. Many foreign countries do not permit foreigners without immigrant status to buy real estate. Also, there may be restrictions on areas in which you may buy property and on the total number of foreigners who may purchase property in any one year. One way for a foreigner to purchase real estate overseas may be to set up a bank trust and then lease the property. For your protection, you should first consult with a local real estate agent and then hire a reputable attorney. Check with the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where you plan to purchase property to obtain a list of lawyers. A good lawyer will provide you with information about having your real estate contract notarized, registered, and if necessary, translated. Your attorney should also be able to advise you on protection against unscrupulous land deals.Before you make a real estate purchase, learn the customs and laws of the foreign government with regard to real estate. In the event of a dispute, you will have to abide by local and not U.S. laws. A good rule to follow is that before you invest in any real estate take the same precautions which you normally would take before you make a sizeable investment in the United States.RETURNING TO THE U.S.U.S. IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMSIf you leave the U.S. for purposes of traveling, working, or studying abroad, and return to resume U.S. residence, you are considered a returning U.S. resident by the U.S. Customs Service.When you go through immigration and customs at the port of entry, have your passport ready. Where possible, pack separately the articles you have acquired abroad to make inspection easy. Have your receipts handy in case you need to support your customs declaration. If you took other documents with you, such as an International Certification of Vaccination, a medical certificate, or a customs certificate of registration for foreign-made personal articles, have them ready also. If you are returning to the U.S. by car from either Mexico or Canada, a certificate of vehicle registration should be available.Articles acquired abroad and brought back with you are subject to duty and internal revenue tax. As a returning U.S. resident, you are allowed to bring back $400 worth of merchandise duty free. However, you must have been outside the United States for at least 48 hours, and you must not have used this exemption within the preceding 30-day period. The next $l,000 worth of items you bring back with you for personal use or gifts are dutiable at a flat 10% rate.Restrictions on Products Entering the U. S.Fresh fruit, meat, vegetables, plants in soil, and many other agricultural products are prohibited from entering the United States because they may carry foreign insects and diseases that could damage U.S. crops, forests, gardens, and livestock. Other items may also be restricted, so be sure to obtain details of regulations before departing for your trip back to the U.S. These restrictions also apply to mailed products. Prohibited items confiscated and destroyed at U.S. international postal facilities have almost doubled in recent years. For more information and to request the pamphlet, Travelers Tips on Prohibited Agricultural Products contact the agricultural affairs office at the nearest U.S. embassy or con-sulate, or write to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agri-culture, 613 Federal Building, 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.Importing A CarIf you plan to bring a car back with you, before purchasing it, make sure it conforms to U.S. emission standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). If your vehicle does not conform to standards, it may be banned from entering the country. For further information, obtain the pamphlet, Buying a Car Overseas? Beware! from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Information Center, PM-211B, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.Wildlife and Wildlife ProductsWhile you were overseas, if you purchased any articles made from endangered animals and plants or any live wild animals to bring back as pets, you need to be aware that U.S. laws and international treaties make it a crime to bring many wildlife souvenirs into the United States. Some prohibited items include those made from sea turtle shell, most reptile skins, crocodile leather, ivory, furs from endangered cat species, and those from coral reefs. Do not buy wildlife souvenirs if you are unsure of being able to bring them legally into the United States. The penalties you risk are severe and your purchases could be confiscated. To learn more about endangered wildlife and guidelines governing restrictions on imports into the United States, you can obtain the pamphlet, Buyer Beware! For a free copy, contact the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Additional information on the import of wildlife and wildlife products can be obtained through TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), World Wildlife Fund∩ú┐U.S., 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONU.S. Embassies and ConsulatesKey Officers of Foreign Service Posts : Guide for Business Representatives has names of key officers and addresses for U.S. embassies, consulates, and missions abroad. Updated 3 times a year; a 1-year subscription is $5. Order from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Older AmericansTravel Tips for Older Americans provides general information on passports, visas, health, currency, and other travel tidbits for elderly U.S. citizens planning to travel overseas. Copies are available for $1 from the U.S. Government Printing Office.Safe TravelA Safe Trip Abroad contains helpful precautions to minimize the chance of becoming a victim of terrorism and also provides other safety tips for Americans traveling overseas. To obtain a copy, send $1 to the U.S. Government Printing Office.Crisis Abroad Crisis Abroad∩ú┐What the State Department Does summarizes the work by the State Department during a crisis and its efforts to obtain reliable information from local authorities abroad for concerned relatives and friends of Americans located in the disaster area. Copies are free from CA/PA, Room 5807, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520.The Citizens Emergency CenterThe Citizens Emergency Center contains information about the assistance that office provides in four major categories: deaths, arrests, welfare/whereabouts inquiries, and financial-medical emergencies. The leaflet is free from CA/PA at the address above.</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROADFOREWORDThe Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs has prepared this publication for Americans considering residence abroad as well as for those U.S. citizens who are currently residing in a foreign country. Our primary goal is to provide assistance to and protect the welfare of American citizens who live abroad.Before taking up a foreign residence, there are many details that you will need to consider. This brochure will acquaint you with the wide range of services provided to American citizens by U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. We are committed to providing prompt, courteous, and effective assistance.There are approximately two million private U.S. citizens living overseas worldwide. We strongly recommend this publication to all Americans living or planning to reside abroad. Any additional guidance not specifically addressed in this publication may be obtained from the Bureau of Consular Affairs in the Department of State or from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if you are living overseas.BEFORE YOU GOLEARN ABOUT THE HOST COUNTRYRead as much as possible about the country where you plan to reside. Learning about a nation's culture, customs, people, and history will make your stay more meaningful. Libraries, bookstores and tourist bureaus are good resources for this information. Keep abreast as well of the international news for the latest political developments in the country where you will live. Although English is spoken in many countries, learning the language of the nation in which you plan to reside will make the transition to your new environment easier.One of the best ways to learn about living in a foreign country is to get advice from U.S. citizens already residing there. Countries with large numbers of U.S. expatriates often have a U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a bicultural organization, or an American women's club that could give you information on living in that country. In countries with fewer U.S. residents, you may be able to meet fellow expatriates through a local international club. The consular section of the U.S. embassy or consulate may be able to assist you in finding these organizations.Background NotesThe Department of State publishes Background Notes on countries around the world. These are brief, factual pamphlets with information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political conditions. They are available for about 170 countries worldwide and often include a reading list, travel notes, and maps. Single copies are $1. A 1-year subscription for all updated issues is $16. To obtain copies write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 or call (202) 783-3238.Travel AdvisoriesThe Department of State issues travel advisories to alert U.S. citizens traveling or residing overseas to potential problems that could adversely affect them. The advisories are available through U.S. passport agencies, travel agents' computer reservation systems, major airlines, and American embassies and consulates abroad. If you are contemplating establishing residence in a country where there may be concern about existing conditions, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Washington, D.C. 20520 at (202)647-5225 to learn if there is a travel advisory in effect. You can call this number 24 hours a day to hear recorded travel advisories.Tips for TravelersThe Department of State publishes a series of pamphlets on travel to specific regions of the world. The brochures cover topics such as entry requirements, currency and customs regulations, import and export controls, dual nationality, and photography restrictions. The following publications are available for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan AfricaTips for Travelers to the CaribbeanTips for Travelers to Central and South AmericaTips for Travelers to the People's Republic of ChinaTips for Travelers to CubaTips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and YugoslaviaTips for Travelers to MexicoTips for Travelers to the Middle East and North AfricaTips for Travelers to South AsiaTips for Travelers to the USSRREQUIRED DOCUMENTSPassportsU.S. citizens should have a valid passport before taking up residence abroad. Once living overseas, Americans should continue to maintain a valid passport.Applying in Person for a PassportIn the United States, application for a U.S. passport may be presented in person at a passport agency or at one of the several thousand Federal or state courts or post offices which accept passport applications. If you are overseas, you may apply at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens who must appear in person need to bring a certified copy of their birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, or a previous U.S. passport. This should be accompanied by a completed DSP-11, Passport Application, two recent 2x2 inch identical photographs, proof of identity (a valid driver's license or other valid photo i.d. will suffice), and the $42 application fee. For more information on obtaining a U.S. passport, you may wish to obtain a copy of the publication Your Trip Abroad. This brochure provides basic information on preparation and travel overseas, and is available for $1 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Passports-by-MailYou can apply for a passport by mail (without a personal appearance) if you meet the following requirements:l You have had a passport issued within 12 years prior to the date of a new application; l You are able to submit your most recent U.S. passport with your new application; andl Your previous passport was issued on or after your 16th birthday.For further information and to obtain Form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or, if you are overseas, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Not all embassies and consulates abroad are authorized to accept passport applications by mail or via a third party courier. Contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in your consular district to find out if it accepts passport applications by mail or via a third party courier.Your previous passport, two identical photographs (2"x2"), and the $35 passport fee must accompany your application. Since it may take several days to prepare and mail your new passport to you, do not wait until it expires to apply for it.VisasAll governments require foreigners to have an appropriate visa in order to reside in their country. This endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government permits you to enter that country for a specified purpose. If you are planning to reside in a country for an indefinite period of time, most countries will require you to seek residence status. See the section on Citizenship to learn what effect this may have on your U.S. citizenship.Applying for a VisaIn most instances you must obtain the necessary visa before you leave the United States. Apply for your visa directly from the embassy or nearest consulate of the country in which you plan to reside. The publication Foreign Consular Offices in the United States lists all foreign diplomatic offices in the United States and is for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 for $6.50. The Department of State cannot help you obtain visas or work permits.HEALTH MATTERSHealth InsuranceThe Social Security Medicare Program does not cover hospital or medical services outside the United States. The Department of Veterans Affairs will only pay for hospital and medical service outside the United States if you are a veteran with a service-related disability. When considering medical insurance, first find out how citizens of the country where you will reside pay their medical bills and if the same coverage is available to resident foreigners. Some countries have government-sponsored health insurance that may also provide coverage to foreign residents, while others have a dual system with national health supplemented by private insurance. In countries where many American expatriates reside, such as Mexico, you may find that local private international health insurance companies will offer coverage to U.S. citizen residents. Once you arrive, check with organized groups in the American community to learn about these companies. Wherever possible, try to get the best medical insurance available. If good coverage is not available where you will live, you may have to rely on a U.S. medical insurance company. Before taking up residence abroad, learn which U.S. medical services or health insurance plans provide coverage for Americans living overseas. Check with the insurance company on whether the coverage offered abroad includes both routine and emergency medical treatment, hospitaliza-tion, and medical evacuation should it be necessary. Once you obtain health insurance, remember to carry your policy's identity card and to keep a supply of insurance claim forms handy. The U.S. Government cannot pay for hospital or medical services for Americans overseas and cannot pay to evacuate you for treatment in the United States.There are a number of emergency medical assistance companies operating internationally who offer urgent medical treatment for their member travelers. Although the service is designed primarily for tourists who encounter a medical or personal emergency while on vacation, some companies offer yearly memberships which may be available to Americans residing overseas. To learn about these emergency assistance companies contact a travel agent.MedicationFor your protection, leave all medicines in their original, labeled containers. If you require medication containing habit-forming drugs or narcotics, carry a copy of the doctor's prescription attesting to that fact. These precautions will make customs processing easier and also will ensure you do not violate the laws of the country in which you live.If you have allergies, reactions to certain medicines, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a similar warning at all times.ImmunizationsUnder the International Health Regulations adopted by the World Health Organization, some countries require International Certificates of Vaccination against yellow fever from international travelers. A few countries still require a certificate of cholera immunization as well. A helpful guide to immunizations and preventive measures for international travel is the booklet, Health Information for International Travel. It is available for $5.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Specific information may also be obtained from local and state health departments, physicians, or travel clinics that advise international travelers. You may also call the U.S. Public Health Service's Quarantine division on (404) 639-2572 for immunization recommendations.AIDS TestingMany countries require long-term foreign residents and students to submit proof that they are free of the HIV virus. Some of the countries that require this proof may accept certified test results from the United States. Consult the embassy of the country you will be residing in on whether an AIDS test is required and if test results from the United States are accepted. If not, check on the type of test to be performed and if it is permissible to supply your own disposable needle. If you are overseas, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for information and advice, keeping in mind that you are in a foreign country and are subject to its laws and requirements.PRACTICAL MATTERSFederal BenefitsIf you are receiving monthly benefits from a Federal or state agency (Social Security, Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Personnel Management, etc.), contact the appropriate agency prior to your departure from the United States to advise them of your residence abroad and to inquire about the procedures for having your benefits checks sent overseas. Customs HintsThe pamphlet Know Before You Go contains information about U.S. Customs regulations and procedures. Single copies are available from any U.S. Customs office abroad or by writing to U.S. Customs, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044.Taking A Pet OverseasIf you decide to bring your pet with you overseas, check specific requirements with the country's embassy. Many countries have strict health, quarantine, agriculture, wildlife, and customs requirements and prohibitions.LIVING OVERSEASHELP FROM THE U.S. GOVERNMENTAssistance From American ConsulsU.S. consular officers are located in over 250 foreign service posts abroad. They are available to advise and help you, especially if you are in any kind of serious trouble. In addition, consular agents in approximately 35 foreign cities without U.S. consulates provide a limited range of emergency and other consular services. Consular officers are responsive to the needs of Americans traveling or residing abroad. However, the majority of their time is devoted to assisting Americans who are in serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties. They can provide the names of local doctors, dentists, medical specialists, and attorneys, and give you information about travel advisories. Consular officers also perform non-emergency services, including information on absentee voting, selective service registration, and acquisition and loss of U.S. citizenship. They can arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other U.S. Government benefits to beneficiaries residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, and notarize documents. They may also provide information on how to obtain foreign public documents.Because of the limited number of consular officers and the growing number of U.S. tourists and residents abroad, consuls cannot provide tourism or commercial services. For example, consuls cannot perform the work of travel agencies, lawyers, information bureaus, banks, or the police. They cannot find you jobs, get residence or driving permits, act as interpreters, search for missing luggage, or settle commercial disputes.Registration at U.S. Embassies or ConsulatesAs soon as you arrive abroad, you should register in person or by telephone with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration will make your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary to contact you in an emergency. In accordance with the Privacy Act, information on your welfare or whereabouts may not be released to inquirers without your express authorization. If you register in person, you should bring your U.S. passport with you. Your passport data will be recorded at the embassy or consulate, thereby making it easier for you to apply for a replacement passport should it be lost or stolen.Missing PersonsWhen a U.S. citizen abroad loses contact with friends or relatives in the United States, the U.S. consul is often requested to give information about that individual's welfare and whereabouts. Similar requests often come from American private and official welfare organizations attempting, for example, to track down an errant parent who failed to make child support payments. The U.S. consul tries to comply with such requests after determining carefully the reasons for the inquiry. If the consul has the address of the U.S. citizen about whom the inquiry is being made, the consul will inform the American of the inquirer's interest in getting in touch with them and pass on any urgent messages. Consistent with the Privacy Act, the consul then reports back to the inquirer the results of their search efforts. Except in emergency situations, the consul will not release any details about a U.S. citizen's welfare and whereabouts without the citizen's expressed consent.ArrestsLegal Aid for Americans Arrested AbroadWhen living abroad, you are subject to local∩ú┐i.e. foreign∩ú┐laws. If you experience difficulties with the local authorities, remember American officials are limited by foreign laws, U.S. regulations, and geography as to what they can do to assist you. The U.S. Government cannot fund your legal fees or other related expenses.Should you find yourself in a dispute that may lead to police or legal action, consult the nearest U.S. consular officer. Although consular officers cannot get you out of jail, serve as your attorneys or give legal advice, they can provide lists of local attorneys and help you find legal representation. However, neither the Department of State nor U.S. embassies or consulates can assume any responsibility for the caliber, competence, or professional integrity of these attorneys.If you are arrested, immediately ask to speak to the consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have a right to get in touch with the U.S. consul. If you are turned down, keep asking∩ú┐politely, but persistently. If unsuccessful, try to have someone get in touch for you. Consular officers will do whatever they can to protect your legitimate interests and ensure that you are not discriminated against under local law. Upon learning of your arrest, a U.S. consular officer will visit you, provide a list of local attorneys and, if requested, contact family and friends. In cases of arrest, consuls can help transfer money, food, and clothing from your family and friends to you. They also try to get relief if you are held under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or being treated less equitably than others in the same situation.Drug ArrestsDespite repeated warnings, drug arrests and convictions of American citizens are still a problem. If you are caught with any type of narcotics overseas, you are subject to local∩ú┐not U.S. laws. Penalties for possession or trafficking are often the same. If you are arrested, you will find the following:l Few countries provide a jury trial.l Most countries do not accept bail.l Pre-trial detention, often in solitary confinement, may last many months.l Prisons may lack even minimal comforts∩ú┐bed, toilet, washbasin.l Diets are often inadequate and require supplements from relatives and friends.l Officials may not speak English. l Physical abuse, confiscation of personal property, degrading or inhumane treatment, and extortion are possible.If you are convicted, you may face one of the following sentences:l Two to ten years in most countries.l A minimum ofsix year's hard labor and a stiff fine.l The death sentence in some countries.Learn what the local laws are and obey them.Marriage AbroadConsular officers abroad cannot perform a marriage for you. Marriages abroad are generally performed by local civil or religious officials. Once your marriage is performed overseas, U.S. consular officers can authenticate your foreign marriage documents for a fee (currently $36). A marriage which is valid under the laws of the country where the marriage was performed is generally recognized by most states in the United States. If you are married abroad and need confirmation that your marriage will be recognized in the United States, consult the Attorney General of your state of residence in the United States.Marriages abroad are subject to the residency requirements of the country where the marriage is performed. There is almost always a lengthy waiting period. Some countries require that the civil documents which are presented to the marriage registrar abroad be translated and authenticated by a foreign consular official in the United States. This process can be time consuming and expensive. Unlike in the United States, civil law countries require proof of legal capacity to enter into a marriage contract. If it is necessary to obtain this proof overseas, you can execute an affidavit of eligibility to marry at a U.S. embassy or consulate for a small fee (currently $4). There are also individual requirements which vary from country to country, i.e. parental consent and blood tests. Before going abroad, check with the embassy or tourist information bureau of the country where you plan to marry to learn of any specific requirements. In addition, the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 has some general information on marriage in a number of countries overseas. If you are already abroad, consult with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Divorce AbroadThe validity of divorces obtained overseas will vary according to the requirements of an individual's state of residence. Consult the authorities of your state of residence in the United States for these requirements.Birth Abroad of a U.S. CitizenMost children born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents acquire U.S. citizenship at birth. As soon as possible after the birth, the U.S. citizen parent should contact the nearest American embassy or consulate. When it is determined that the child has acquired U.S. citizenship, a consular officer prepares a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America. This document is recognized by U.S. law as proof of acquisition of U.S. citizenship and is acceptable evidence of citizenship for obtaining a passport, entering school, and most other purposes.Death of a U.S. Citizen AbroadWhen a U.S. citizen dies abroad, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate should be notified as soon as possible. Upon notification, the consular officer, in accordance with local laws, may do the following:l Require proof of the decedent's citizenship (for example, U.S. passport, birth certificate, or naturalization certificate).l Report the death to the next of kin or legal representative.l Obtain instructions and funds from the family to make arrangements for local burial or return of the body to the United States.l Obtain the local death certificate and prepare a Report of Death of an American Citizen Abroad (Form OF-180) to forward to the next of kin or legal representative. (This document may be used in U.S. courts to settle estate matters.)l Serve as provisional conservator of a deceased American's estate and arrange for disposition of those effects.Because the costs for local burial or transporting a deceased body back to the United States can be quite expensive, you may wish to obtain insurance to cover this cost. Otherwise, your relative or next of kin must bear these expenses. The U.S. Government cannot pay to have your body buried overseas or returned to the United States.Federal Benefits Services AbroadFederal agency monthly benefits checks are generally sent from the Department of the Treasury to the U.S. embassies or consulates in the countries where the beneficiaries are residing. When you move overseas, report your change of residence to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The usual procedure is for the embassy or consulate to then forward the check through the local mail system to you. It may be possible to make arrangements to have your check deposited directly into a bank account located in the United States or in the country where you reside. Check with the benefits paying agency or the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for further information.If your check does not arrive or you have other questions about your benefits, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If they cannot answer your inquiry, they will contact the appropriate paying agency, such as the Social Security Administration, and make inquiries on your behalf. If you move, notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate at least 60 days before the move. This will enable the Federal agency to update its records so your checks are sent to the correct address.Assistance In Voting in U.S. ElectionsAmericans who reside abroad are usually eligible to vote by absentee ballot in all Federal elections and may also be eligible to vote in many state and local U.S. elections. Eligibility depends upon the laws and regulations of your state of residence in the United States. To vote absentee, you must meet state voter registration requirements and apply for the ballot as early as possible from the state of your last domicile. Should your state ballot not arrive in sufficient time, you may be eligible to use a Federal write-in ballot known as a F.W.A.B. You should consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for additional information.Selective Service RegistrationSection I-202 of the Presidential Proclamation of July 2, 1980, reinstituting registration under the Military Selective Service Act, states:Citizens of the United States who are to be registered and who are not in the United States on any of the days set aside for their registration, shall present themselves at a U.S. embassy or consulate for registration before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States or before a registrar duly appointed by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States.Continued...</text>
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<text>(Special Topics)OSAC COUNTRY COUNCILS09/14/92ST00002COUNTRY COUNCILS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS:AMMAN, JORDAN MADRID, SPAINANKARA, TURKEY MANAMA, BAHRAINATHENS, GREECE MANILA, PHILIPPINESBANGKOK, THAILAND MILAN, ITALYBONN, GERMANY PARIS, FRANCEBRUSSELS, BELGIUM RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZILCAIRO, EGYPT RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIAGUATEMALA CITY, GUATEMALA SANTIAGO, CHILEISTANBUL, TURKEY SAO PAOLO, BRAZILLIMA, PERU SEOUL, SOUTH KOREALISBON, PORTUGAL VIENNA, AUSTRIALONDON, UNITED KINGDOMFOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT THE REGIONAL SECURITYOFFICER (RSO) AT THE APPROPRIATE U.S. EMBASSY OR CONSULATE.19921218***</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TRAVEL TIPS FOR OLDER AMERICANSInternational travel can be a rich and rewarding adventure. Whether you have waited a lifetime to take the perfect trip or are an experienced world traveler, we would like to offer some advice to help you plan a safe and healthy trip.American consuls at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad are there to help if you encounter serious difficulties in your travels. They are happy to meet you if you come in to register your passport at the consular section of the U.S. embassy or consulate. But it is also their duty to assist American citizens abroad in times of emergency--at hospitals or police stations, for instance. This pamphlet is written in the hopes that it will help you to prevent such emergencies from arising.Preparation for Your TripStart Early. Apply for your passport as soon as possible. Three months before your departure date should give you plenty of time. See the section, "Passports and Visas," on page 6 for details on how to apply.Learn About the Countries You Plan to Visit. The countries you visit will seem like old friends if, before you go, you read up on their culture, people, and history. Bookstores and libraries are good resources. Travelmagazines and the travel sections of major newspapers tell about places to visit and also give advice on everything from discount airfares to international health insurance. Many travel agents and foreign tourist bureaus provide free information on travel abroad.Travel Advisories. The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions that may affect U.S. citizens. If you are traveling to an area where there may be problems, you may contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center on (202) 647-5225 to learn whether there are travel advisories in effect for the countries you plan to visit.Charter Flights. Before you pay for a charter flight or travel package, read your contract carefully and see what guarantee it gives that the company will deliver the services that it is trying to sell you. Tour operators sometimes go out of business in the middle of a season, leaving passengers stranded, holding unusable return tickets and unable to obtain a refund for the unused portion of their trip. Unless you are certain a company is reputable, check its credentials with your local Better Business Bureau (BBB). The BBB maintains complaint files for a year. You can also check with the consumer affairs office of the American Society of Travel Agents, 1101 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, tel. (703) 739-2782 to learn if a travel company has a complaint record.Trip Insurance. One sure way to ruin a vacation is to lose money because an emergency forces you to postpone or cancel your trip. Except for tickets on regularly scheduled airlines, almost any travel package you purchase will have a penalty for cancellation and some companies will give no refund at all. Regularly scheduled airlines usually give a refund if an illness or death in the family forces you to cancel. They require a note from the doctor or a death certificate. Take careful note of the cancellation penalty for any other large travel purchase you make such as a tour package, charter flight, or cruise. Unless you can afford to lose that amount, protect yourself by buying trip insurance. If you invest in trip insurance, make sure your policy covers all reasonable possibilities for your having to cancel. For instance, if an emergency with a family member would force you to cancel, insure against that as well.Some trip insurance policies will also give a refund if the company goes out of business or otherwise does not make good on its offering. The best insurance against company default is to choose a reputable company that guarantees a refund if they do not deliver the goods. If, however, you are tempted to purchase a tour at a great bargain price and you can't find a guarantee of delivery in the fine print, protect yourself by purchasing trip insurance that covers company default.Shop around for the trip insurance policy that offers the most benefits. Some credit card and traveler's check companies offer travel protection packages for an additional fee. Benefits may even include accident and illness coverage while traveling.Health Insurance. The Social Security Medicare program does not provide for payment of hospital or medical services obtained outside the U.S. However, some Medicare supplement plans offer foreign medical care coverage at no extra cost for treatments considered eligible under Medicare. These are reimbursement plans. You must pay the bills first and obtain receipts in order to submit them later for compensation. Many of these plans have a dollar ceiling per trip.Review your health insurance policy. Obtaining medical treatment and hospital care abroad can be expensive. If your Medicare supplement or other medical insurance does not provide protection while traveling outside the United States, we strongly urge you to buy coverage that does. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies called medical assistance programs that are designed specifically for travelers.Medical Assistance Programs. One strong advantage of medical assistance programs is that they also cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. As part of the coverage, these companies usually offer emergency consultation by telephone. They may refer you to the nearest hospital or call directly for help for you. If you need an interpreter, they may translate your instructions to a health care worker on the scene. Another benefit that is normally part of such coverage is payment for the return of remains to the United States in case of death.If your regular health insurance already covers you for medical expenses abroad, you can buy a medical assistance program that offers all the consultative and evacuation services listed above except for the health insurance itself. The cost of medical assistance coverage can be as low as $25 for a 2-week trip without health insurance coverage or $49 for the complete medical assistance program including health insurance. On the other hand, escorted medical evacuation can cost thousands of dollars.If your travel agent cannot direct you to a medical assistance company, look for information on such services in travel magazines. Once you have adequate coverage, carry your insurance policy identity cards and claim forms with you when you travel.Medication. If you require medication, bring an ample supply in its original containers. Because of strict laws concerning narcotics throughout the world, bring along copies of your prescriptions and, if you have an unusual prescription, carry a letter from your physician explaining your need for the drug. As an extra precaution, carry the generic names of your medications with you because pharmaceutical companies overseas may use different names from those used in the United States.If you wear eyeglasses, take an extra pair with you. Pack medicines and extra eyeglasses in your hand luggage so they will be available in case your checked luggage is lost. To be extra secure, pack a backup supply of medicines and a third pair of eyeglasses in your checked luggage. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medications, foods, or insect bites, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a "medical alert" bracelet.You may also wish to carry a letter from your physician explaining desired treatment should you become ill.Immunizations. Information on immunizations and health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel. To order this book, see page 12.Passport. Pack an "emergency kit" to help you get a replacement passport in case yours is lost or stolen. To make a kit: photocopy the data page at the front of your passport; write down the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassies and consulates in the countries you plan to visit; and put this information along with two passport-size photographs in a place separate from your passport.Leave a Detailed Itinerary. Give a friend or relative your travel schedule. Include: names, addresses, and telephone numbers of persons and places to be visited; your passport number and the date and place it was issued; and credit card, traveler's check, and airline ticket numbers. Keep a copy of this information for yourself in a separate place from your purse or wallet. If you change your travel plans--for example, if you miss your return flight to the United States or extend your trip--be sure to notify relatives or friends at home.Don't Overprogram. Allow time to relax and really enjoy yourself. Even if this is your once-in-a-lifetime trip, don't feel you have to fill every available minute.If you are visiting a country such as China, where physical activity can be quite strenuous and sudden changes in diet and climate can have serious health consequences for the unprepared traveler, consult your physician before you depart.What to Pack. Carefully consider the clothing you take. Don't pack more than you need and end up lugging around heavy suitcases. Wash-and-wear clothing and sturdy walking shoes are good ideas. Consider the climate and season in the countries you will visit and bring an extra outfit for unexpectedly warm or cool weather. A sweater or shawl is always useful for cooler evenings and air-conditioned planes and hotels. Dress conservatively--a wardrobe that is flashy or too causal may attract the attention of thieves or con artists.Include a change of clothing in your carry-on luggage. Otherwise, if your bags are lost, you could be wearing the same clothes you were traveling in during the entire time it takes to locate your luggage--an average of 72 hours.Do not pack anything that you would hate to lose such as valuable jewelry, family photographs, or objects of sentimental value.PASSPORTS AND VISASPassports. It is a good idea to apply 3 months before you plan to travel. If you also need visas, allow more time as you must have a valid passport before applying for a visa. If this is your first passport, you must apply in person, bringing with you proof of U.S. citizenship (usually a certified copy of your birth certificate, a naturalization certificate, or a consular report of birth abroad); 2 identical recent front-view photos (2" x 2"); a completed passport application (Form DSP-11); proof of identity such as a valid driver's license or other photo or physical-description I.D.; and the fee of $42 for a passport valid for 10 years.You may apply at any passport agency (see list at the end of this pamphlet) or at one of the many clerks of court or post offices designated to accept passport applications. Your birth certificate or other documents will be returned to you by mail, along with your new passport.You may be eligible to apply for a passport by mail. If you have had a full-validity passport issued within the past 12 years and you are able to mail the passport with your application, you can use Form DSP-82, "Application for Passport by Mail," to apply. Obtain this form from any office that accepts passport applications or from your travel agent. Follow the instructions on the back of the form. The renewal passport fee is $35.When you receive your passport, be sure to sign it on page 1 and to pencil in on page 4 the requested information. This wi1l help us notify your family or friends in case of an accident or other emergency. Do not designate your traveling companion as the person to be notified in case of an emergency.Visas. Many countries require a visa--an endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government that permits you to visit that country for a specified purpose and a limited time. Many countries require you to obtain a visa from their consular office nearest to your residence. The addresses of foreign consular offices can be found in telephone directories of large cities or in the Congressional Directory, available in most libraries; or you may write to the appropriate embassy in Washington, D.C. and request the address of their consulate that is nearest to you. Apply for your visa directly to the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit or ask your travel agent to assist you with visas. U.S. passport agencies cannot obtain visas for you.An increasing number of countries are establishing entry requirements regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit for the latest information.MONEY AND VALUABLESDon't Take Your Money in Cash. Bring most of your money in traveler's checks. Have a reasonable amount of cash with you, but not more than you will need for a day or two. Convert your traveler's checks to local currency as you use them rather than all at once.You may also wish to bring at least one internationally-recognized credit card. Before you leave, find out what your credit card limit is and do not exceed it. In some countries, travelers who have innocently exceeded their limit have been arrested for fraud. Leave unneeded credit cards at home.If you must take jewelry or other valuables, use hotel security vaults to store them. It is wise to register such items with U.S. Customs before leaving the United States to make customs processing easier when you return.It is a violation of law in some countries to enter or exit with that country's currency. Check with a travel agent or the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit to learn their currency restrictions. Before departing from the U.S., you may wish, if allowed, to purchase small amounts of foreign currency and coins to use for buses, taxis, telephone calls, and other incidentals when you first arrive in a country. You may purchase foreign currency from some banks or from foreign exchange dealers. Most international airports also have money exchange facilities.Once you are abroad, local banks generally give more favorable rates of exchange than hotels, restaurants, or stores for converting your U.S. dollars and traveler's checks into foreign currency.YOUR TRIPDriving. U.S. auto insurance is usually not valid outside of the United States and Canada. When you drive in any other country, be sure to buy adequate auto insurance in that country. When renting a car abroad, make certain that adequate insurance is part of your contract; otherwise, purchase additional coverage in an amount similar to that which you carry at home.Flying. On long flights, break up long periods of sitting. Leave your seat from time to time and also do in-place exercises. This will help prevent your arriving tired and stiff-jointed. Also, get some exercise after a long flight. For example, take a walk or use your hotel's exercise room.Reconfirm. Upon arrival at each stopover, reconfirm your onward reservations. When possible, obtain a written confirmation. International flights generally require confirmation 72 hours in advance. If your name does not appear on the reservation list, you could find yourself stranded.Register. If you plan to be in a location for 2 weeks or more or in an area where there is civil unrest or any other emergency situation, register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will help in locating you, should someone in the United States wish to confirm your safety and welfare or need to contact you urgently.Practical Safety TipsRespect the Local Laws and Customs. While abroad, you are subject to the laws and regulations of your host country and are not protected by the U.S. Constitution. If you should be detained by local authorities, ask them to notify a U.S. consular officer. Under international agreements and practice, you have a right to contact an American consul. Although U.S.consuls cannot act as your attorney or get you out of jail, they can provide you with a list of local attorneys and inform you of your rights under local laws. They will also monitor the status of detained Americans and make sure they are treated fairly under local laws.Guard your Passport. Your passport is the most valuable document you carry abroad. It confirms that you are an American citizen. Do not carry your passport in the same place as your money, use it as collateral for a loan, or pack it in your luggage. Remember to keep your passport number in a separate location in case it is lost or stolen. In some countries, you may be required to leave your passport overnight or for several days with the hotel management. This may be local practice--do not be concerned unless the passport is not returned as promised. If your passport is lost or stolen abroad, immediately report it to the local police, obtain a copy of the report, and contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to apply for a new passport.Be Alert. Move purposefully and confidently. If you should find yourself in a crowded area, such as in an elevator, subway, marketplace, or at a parade, exercise special caution to avoid theft.Robbery. Help prevent theft by carrying your belongings securely. Carry purses tucked under an arm and not dangling by a strap. Carry valuables in an inside front pocket or in a money belt, not in a hip pocket. You may wish to wrap your wallet with rubber bands to make it more difficult for someone to slip it from your pocket unnoticed. Money belts or pouches that fit around your shoulder or waist are available through travel magazines and at some luggage shops and department stores.Assistance From U.S. Embassies and ConsulatesEmergencies. If you encounter serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties or other problems abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance. Although, as mentioned above, consular officers cannot serve as attorneys, they can help you find legal assistance. Consular officers cannot cash checks, lend money, or act as travel agents. However, in an emergency, they can help you get in touch with your family back home to inform them on how to wire funds to you and to let them know of your situation. They can also provide you with the latest travel advisories to alert you to adverse conditions abroad.Nonemergencies. Consular officers can also provide nonemergency services such as information on absentee voting and acquisition or loss of U.S. citizenship. They can arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other benefits to Americans residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, notarize documents, and advise U.S. citizens on property claims.Safeguarding Your Health. If you are injured or become seriously ill abroad, a U.S. consular officer will assist you in finding a physician or other medical services, and, with your permission, will inform your family members or friends of your condition. If needed, consular officers can assist your family in transferring money to the foreign country to pay for your treatment.Death Abroad. Each year, about 6,000 Americans die abroad. Two thirds of them are Americans who live overseas, but approximately 2,000 Americans per year die while traveling abroad. Consular officers will contact the next of kin in the United States and will explain the local requirements. It is a worthwhile precaution to have insurance that covers the cost of local burial or shipment of remains home to the United States (see information on medical assistance programs on page 3). Otherwise, this cost must be borne by next of kin and can be extremely expensive. The U.S. Government cannot pay for shipment of remains to the United States.Shopping--Some Things to AvoidBeware of purchasing souvenirs made from endangered wildlife. Much wildlife and wildlife products are prohibited either by U.S. or foreign laws from import into the United States. You risk confiscation and a possible fine if you attempt to import such things. Watch out for and avoid purchasing the following prohibited items: -- All products made from sea turtles. -- All ivory, both Asian and African. -- Furs from spotted cats. -- Furs from marine mammals. -- Feathers and feather products from wild birds. -- All live or stuffed birds from Australia, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, and some Caribbean countries. -- Most crocodile and caiman leather. -- Most coral, whether in chunks or in jewelry.When You ReturnBe Prepared. On arrival in the United States, have your passport ready when you go through immigration and customs controls. Keep receipts for any items you purchased abroad. U.S. citizens may bring back and orally declare $400 worth of merchandise duty free. The next $1000 is taxed at a flat rate of 10%. Check with U.S. Customs for further information.Currency. There is no limit on the amount of money or negotiable instruments which can be brought into or taken out of the United States. However, any amount over $10,000 must be reported to U.S. Customs on Customs Form 4790 when you depart from or enter into the United States.Don't bring home any fresh fruits or vegetables. Such items will be confiscated.Useful Travel PublicationsFor the official word on immunizations, customs, and what you can legally bring into the United States, you may order one of the following U.S. Government publications:Health Information for International Travel is a comprehensive listing of immunization requirements of foreign governments. In addition, it gives the U.S. Public Health Service's recommendations on immunizations and other health precautions for the international traveler. Copies are available for $4.75 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238.Know Before You Go, Customs Hints for Returning U.S. Residents gives detailed information on U.S. Customs regulations, including duty rates. Single copies are available free from any local Customs office or by writing to the Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044.Travelers Tips on Bringing Food, Plant, and Animal Products Into the United States lists the regulations on bringing these items into the United States from most parts of the world. Fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, potted plants, pet birds, and other items are prohibited or restricted. Obtain the publication free from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 732 Federal Bldg., 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. The following publication is prepared by the World Wildlife Fund:Buyer Beware! tells about restrictions on importing wildlife and wildlife products. For a free copy, write to the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240; (202) 343-5634.The following three publications from the Department of State may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238:Your Trip Abroad provides basic travel information -- tips on passports, visas, immunizations, and more. It will help you prepare for your trip and make it as and trouble-free as possible.A Safe Trip Abroad gives travel security advice for any traveler, but particularly for those who plan trips to areas of high crime or terrorism.Tips for Americans Residing Abroad is prepared for the more than 2 million Americans who live in foreign countries.The following three publications are also from the Department of State (see ordering information below):Foreign Entry Requirements lists visa and other entry requirements of foreign countries and tells you how to apply for visas and tourist cards. Order this publication for 50├│ from the Consumer Information Center, Dept. 438T, Pueblo, CO 81009.Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts gives addresses and telephone, telex, and FAX numbers for all U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. (NOTE: When writing to a U.S. embassy or consulate, address the envelope to the appropriate section, such as Consular Section, rather than to a specific individual.) This publication is updated 3 times a year and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238.Background Notes are brief, factual pamphlets on each of 170 countries. They give current information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political condition. They also include a factual profile, brief travel notes, a country map, and a suggested reading list. For information on their price and to order copies contact: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Passport AgenciesAPPLY EARLY FOR YOUR PASSPORT!Boston Passport Agency Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, Room 247 10 Causeway Street Boston, Massachusetts 02222 *Recording: 617-565-6998 Public Inquiries: 617-565-6990Chicago Passport Agency Kluczynski Federal Building, Suite 380 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604-1564 *Recording: 312-353-5426 Public Inquiries: 312-353-7155 or 7163Honolulu Passport Agency New Federal Building, Room C-106 300 Ala Moana Boulevard P.O. Box 50185 Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 *Recording: 808-541-1919 Public Inquiries: 808-541-1918Houston Passport Agency Concord Towers 1919 Smith Street, Suite 1100 Houston, Texas 77002 *Recording: 713-653-3159 Public Inquiries: 713-653-3153Los Angeles Passport Agency 11000 Wilshire Boulevard, Room 13100 Los Angeles, California 90024-3615 *Recording: 213-209-7070 Public Inquiries: 213-209-7075Miami Passport Agency Federal Office Building, 16th Floor 51 Southwest First Avenue Miami, Florida 33130-1680 *Recording: 305-536-5395 (English) 305-536-4448 (Spanish) Public Inquiries: 305-536-4681New Orleans Passport Agency Postal Services Building, Room T-12005 701 Loyola Avenue New Orleans, Louisiana 70113-1931 *Recording: 504-589-6728 Public Inquiries: 504-589-6161New York Passport Agency Rockefeller Center, Room 270 630 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10111-0031 *Recording: 212-541-7700 Public Inquiries: 212-541-7710Philadelphia Passport Agency Federal Office Building, Room 4426 600 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-1684 *Recording: 215-597-7482 Public Inquiries: 215-597-7480San Francisco Passport Agency 525 Market Street, Suite 200 San Francisco, California 94105-2773 *Recording: 415-974-7972 Public Inquiries: 415-974-9941Seattle Passport Agency Federal Office Building, Room 992 915 Second Avenue Seattle, Washington 98174-1091 *Recording: 206-442-7941 Public Inquiries: 206-442-7945Stamford Passport Agency One Landmark Square Broad and Atlantic Streets Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2767 *Recording: 203-325-4401 Public Inquiries: 203-325-3538 or 3530Washington Passport Agency 1425 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20524-0002 *Recording: 202-647-0518 Public Inquiries (M-F 8-4:45): 202-647-0518*Twenty-four hour recording includes general passport information, passport agency location, and hours of operation. Where Do You Plan to Go Next?The following area or country pamphlets may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238: * Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa * Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean * Tips for Travelers to Central and South America * Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China * Tips for Travelers to Cuba * Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia * Tips for Travelers to Mexico * Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa * Tips for Travelers to South Asia * Tips for Travelers to the USSR</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Foreword One of the pleasures of traveling to the Middle East or North Africa is the chance to be introduced to ancient civilizations rich in history and traditions. Depending upon your destination, you can see peoples whose language, dress, and customs vary greatly from those of the United States. The information in this pamphlet has been gathered for you by our consular officers, both here in the Department of State and at our posts in the Middle East and North Africa, to help steer you through what may be unfamiliar territory. We hope our tips will help make your trip safe and enjoyable. Most trips are. Remember, however, that whenever and wherever you are abroad, if you come into serious difficulties, contact the U.S. consul at the nearest United States embassy or consulate. Elizabeth M. Tamposi Assistant Secretary Bureau of Consular Affairs How to Prepare for a Safe Trip The policies of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa toward foreign visitors vary greatly from country to country. Some countries encourage tourism and put very few restrictions on visitors. Other countries do not allow tourism and carefully regulate business travel. Some areas in the region have experienced military conflict over an extended period of time. A little planning and knowledge will go a long way toward making your trip to the Middle East and North Africa go smoothly. If you learn about the countries you will visit and obey the laws and respect the customs of those places, you can make your stay as pleasant and incident-free as possible. Consular Information Sheets For travel information on any country, see the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for the country. Consular Information Sheets cover such matters as health conditions, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security conditions, drug penalties, and areas of instability. In addition, there are a number of Travel Warnings which advise Americans to defer travel to particular countries. Travel Warnings are under continuous review by the Department of State. Before you depart for a country that has a Travel Warning, make certain that you have the most recent revision of the warning. There are several ways to access Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings. You can listen to them 24-hours a day by calling 202-647- 5225 from a touchtone phone. You can receive copies of them by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requested country or countries on the outside of the envelope.) You can also find Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings at the l3 regional passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline or travel agent's computer reservation system or through many computer bulletin boards, including the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). You may call the CABB on modem number 202-647-9225. Set your communications software to: no parity, 8 bits, one stop bit (N-8-1). Registration As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan more than a short stay in one place, or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary with a friend or relative in the United States in case of an emergency. Your U.S. Passport Make a record or photocopy of the data from your passport's identification page and from your visas. Also make a copy of the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassy and consulates in the countries you will visit (see pages 35-36). Put this information along with two passport photos in a place separate from your passport to be available in case of loss or theft of your passport. Visa and Other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in the region. U.S. citizens are not required to have visas for tourist or business travel to Israel, Morocco, or Tunisia, but may need to supply proof of sufficient funds for the trip and proof of onward or round trip travel arrangements. All other countries in the Middle East and North Africa require U.S. citizens to have visas. If you plan to travel extensively in the region, entry and exit stamps could quickly fill the pages of your passport. Before you go, you may wish to ask the nearest passport agency to add extra pages to your passport. Or, if applying for a new passport, you can request one with 48 pages instead of the usual 24. Each country has its own set of entry requirements. For authoritative visa information, contact the embassy or consulate of the country you plan to visit. See the end of this document for a list of foreign embassies in the United States. When you make inquiries, ask about the following: Visa price, length of validity, number of entries. Financial requirements/proof of sufficient funds and proof of onward/return ticket. Immunization requirements. Yellow fever immunization is often required if arriving from a yellow fever infected area. Currency regulations. Import/export restrictions and limitations. Several countries prohibit the import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Departure tax. Be sure to keep enough local currency to be able to depart as planned. Some Arab countries will not allow travelers to enter if their passports show any evidence of previous or expected travel to Israel. This is not currently the case for Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, and Tunisia. Other Arab countries apply the ban inconsistently, sometimes refusing and at other times allowing entry when a passport shows evidence of travel to Israel. The U.S. government has informed the members of the Arab League that it objects to restrictive policies regarding U.S. passports containing Israeli markings. If passport restrictions imposed by other countries may be a problem for you, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency, embassy, or consulate for guidance. Some Arab countries also refuse to admit persons with passports indicating travel to South Africa. Again, consult a U.S. passport agency, embassy, or consulate for guidance if this applies. Several Arab countries ask visa applicants to state their religious affiliation. The U.S. government is opposed to the use of this information to discriminate against visa applicants, and has made its views known to the governments concerned. In turn, the United States has received assurances that visa applications are not denied on the basis of religious affiliation. Special Entry Requirements for Countries That Permit No Tourists Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia do not permit tourism. All business visitors must be sponsored by a company in the country to be visited. Private visitors must be sponsored by a relative or friend native to the country. To visit a foreigner working in a country where tourism is not permitted, you must be sponsored by the same local company that sponsors the person you are visiting. Entry is by visa or the non-objection certificate (NOC) system. An NOC is obtained by a visitorUs sponsor and filed with the appropriate foreign government authorities before the planned visit. For more information, see the individual country sections later in this document. Exit Permits Countries that require visitors to be sponsored usually also require them to obtain exit permits from their sponsors. U.S. citizens can have difficulty obtaining exit permits if they are involved in business disputes. A U.S. citizen who is the wife or child of the local sponsor needs the sponsor's permission to leave the country. Do not accept sponsorship to visit a country unless you are certain you will also be able to obtain an exit permit. U.S. Citizens Married to Foreign Nationals In many Islamic countries, even those that give tourist visas and do not require sponsorship, a woman needs the permission of her husband, and children need the permission of their father, to leave the country. If you travel or allow your children to travel, be aware of the laws of the country you plan to visit. The Department of State is aware of many American citizen children who have been abducted to, or wrongfully retained in countries of the Middle East and North Africa notwithstanding a U.S. custody order. Although some of these children were taken abroad illegally by one of their parents, many originally traveled abroad with the consent of both parents. Do not visit or allow your children to visit unless you are completely confident that you and they will be allowed to leave. Once overseas, you are subject to the laws of the country where you are; U.S. law cannot protect you. Dual Nationality Some countries in the Middle East and North Africa do not recognize acquisition of U.S. citizenship by their nationals. Unless the naturalized U.S. citizen renounces his or her original nationality at an embassy or consulate of the country of origin, he or she may still be considered a citizen of that country. A person born in the United States with a parent who was a citizen of another country may also be considered a citizen of that country. If arrested, a dual national may be denied the right to communicate with the U.S. embassy or consulate. Another consequence could be having to serve in the military of oneUs former country. If you are a naturalized U.S. citizen, a dual national, or have any reason to believe another country may claim you as their national, check with the embassy of that country as to your citizenship status and any obligations you may have while visiting. Dual nationals who have not researched their citizenship status before traveling have sometimes, to their surprise, encountered difficulties, such as not being allowed to depart. Even countries that recognize acquired U.S. citizenship may consider their former citizens as having resumed original citizenship if they take up residence in their country of origin. This can happen even if the embassy of the country of origin stamps a visa in the U.S. passport of its former citizen. Dual nationals may find that they are required to use a passport from their country of origin in order to enter or leave that country. The U.S. government does not object to the use of a foreign passport by a dual national to enter or depart a foreign country in compliance with the requirements of that country. U.S. regulations require, however, that U.S. citizens, including dual nationals, use a U.S. passport to depart from and enter the United States. If you have any questions about dual nationality or the use of foreign passports, contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 48l7, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, (202-647-3926) before you travel. Recorded information on dual nationality and other citizenship matters is available 24-hours a day by calling 202-647- 3444. Currency and Customs Regulations Some countries in the region have no restrictions on currency imports or exports. Some prohibit Israeli currency. Most countries in the Middle East and North Africa, however, have detailed currency regulations, including a requirement to declare all currency, including travelers checks, upon entry. In those countries, the export of foreign currency is limited to the amount that was imported and declared. Be sure to make the required currency declaration, have it validated, and retain it for use at departure. Buy local currency only at banks or other authorized exchange places and retain your receipts for use at departure. Currency not accounted for may be confiscated. Several countries prohibit the import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Most countries restrict the entry of products containing pork as well as any literature, videotapes, and cassette tapes deemed pornographic. Also, some countries will not permit the import of books or other goods from Israel. Shopping-Be Wary of Antiques Americans have been arrested in some countries in the region for the unauthorized purchase of antiques or other important cultural artifacts. If you purchase such items, always insist that the seller provide a receipt and the official museum export certificate required by law. Travelers have also been detained at customs for possessing reproductions of antiques. The safest policy is to purchase copies of antiques from reputable stores and have them documented as such. Obtain receipts for all such purchases. Health Immunizations Information on immunizations and health precautions for travelers can be obtained in the United States from local health departments, private doctors, or travel clinics. Information is also available from the Centers for Disease Control's 24-hour hotline on 404-332-4559 and from the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $6.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Chloroquine prophylaxis against malaria is recommended for travel to some areas of the region. An increasing number of countries have established regulations regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the country you plant to visit for the latest information. Review Your Health Insurance Policy If your health insurance does not provide coverage overseas, consider buying temporary insurance that does. In addition, consider obtaining insurance to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an illness or for the return of remains in case of death. Insurance companies and some credit card and travelers check companies offer short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Medical facilities vary in the region; in some countries they are similar to U.S. standards. U.S. embassies or consulates can furnish you with a list of recommended local hospitals and English- speaking physicians. Precautions In the hot and dry climates that prevail in the Middle East and North Africa, it is important to avoid water depletion and heat stroke. Safe tap water is available in many areas. In some places, however, it is highly saline and should be avoided by persons on sodium-restricted diets. In many rural and some urban areas, tap water is not potable, and travelers should drink only boiled or chemically treated water or bottled carbonated drinks. In these areas, avoid fresh vegetables and fruits unless they are washed in a purifying solution and peeled. Diarrhea is potentially serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. Schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is present in the area of the Nile and in several other areas in North Africa and the Middle East. These parasites are best avoided by not swimming or wading in fresh water in endemic areas. Drug Offenses Drug enforcement policies in the region are strict. Possession of even small amounts of narcotics, including substances such as marijuana or amphetamines, can lead to arrest. If found guilty, drug offenders are subject to lengthy prison sentences. Because what is considered to be 'narcotics' varies from country to country, learn and obey the laws in the places you will visit. Keep all prescription drugs in their original containers clearly labeled with the doctorUs name, pharmacy and contents. In addition, if you take an unusual prescription drug, carry a letter from your doctor explaining your need for the drug and a copy of the prescription. Dress and Local Customs Islam The Islamic religion is the pre-eminent influence on local laws and customs in much of the Middle East and North Africa. The extent of this influence varies. Some Islamic countries have secular governments, but in certain other countries, particularly those in the Arabian peninsula, Islam dictates a total way of life. It prescribes the behavior for individuals and society, codifying law, family relations, business etiquette, dress, food, personal hygiene, and much more. Among the important values is a family-centered way of life, including a protected role for women and clear limits on their participation in public life. In traditional societies, Muslims believe open social relations between the sexes result in the breakdown of family life. Contact between men and women, therefore, is rigidly controlled in traditional societies. In the traditional societies of the region, it is considered rude to face the soles of oneUs feet toward other people. At traditional meals, the left hand is not used for eating. Apparel Western street clothing (except for shorts) is appropriate in most areas. In more traditional societies, however, attire for women should be more conservative, garments should have sleeves, and dress length should be below the knee. On the other hand, in some areas of the region visited by many tourists Q for example, the beaches of Israel and Morocco Q attire similar to that worn in the United States is acceptable. The Workweek In many countries in the Middle East and North Africa, the weekend is either Thursday/Friday or Friday/Saturday. Workweek information is included in the list of U.S. embassies at the end of this document.</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO MEXICO++Continued...What You May Bring Into MexicoCustoms Regulations. Tourists should enter Mexico with only the itemsneeded for their trip. Entering with large quantities of an item atourist might not normally be expected to have, particularly expensiveappliances, such as televisions, stereos, or other items, may lead tosuspicion of smuggling and possible confiscation of the items andarrest of the individual.Unless you prepare ahead, you may have difficulty bringing computers orother expensive electronic equipment into Mexico for your personal use.To prevent being charged an import tax, write a statement about yourintention to use the equipment for personal use and to remove it fromMexico when you leave. Have this statement signed and certified at aMexican consulate in the United States and present it to Mexicancustoms as you enter Mexico.Land travelers should verify from Mexican customs at the border thatall items in their possession may be legally brought into Mexico. Youwill be subject to a second immigration and customs inspection south ofthe Mexican border where unlawful items may be seized, and you could beprosecuted regardless of whether or not the items passed through theinitial customs inspection.Firearms. Do not bring firearms or ammunition into Mexico withoutfirst obtaining a permit from a Mexican consulate in the United States.See the previous section concerning firearms for more informationCurrency. In 1982, the Mexican government lifted currency controls andmodified its exchange rate system, permitting tourists to exchangedollars for pesos at the fluctuating free market rate. There are norestrictions on the import or export of bank notes and none on theexport of reasonable quantities of ordinary Mexican coins. However,gold or silver Mexican coins may not be exported.Take travelers checks with you because personal U.S. checks are rarelyaccepted by Mexican hotels or banks. Major credit cards are acceptedin many hotels, shops, and restaurants. An exchange office (casa decambios) usually gives a better rate of exchange than do stores,hotels, or restaurants.Pets. U.S. visitors to Mexico may bring a dog, cat, or up to fourcanaries by presenting the following certificates at the border:(1) a pet health certificate signed by a registered veterinarian inthe United States and issued not more than 72 hours before the animalenters Mexico; and(2) a pet vaccination certificate showing that the animal has beentreated for rabies, hepatitis, pip, and leptospirosis.Certification by Mexican consular authorities is not required for thehealth or vaccination certificate. A permit fee is charged at the timeof entry into Mexico.Shopping - Some Things To Beware of BuyingWildlife and Wildlife Products. Beware of purchasing souvenirs madefrom endangered wildlife. Mexican markets and stores abound withwildlife and wildlife products, almost all of it prohibited frominternational traffic. You risk confiscation and a possible fine byU.S. Customs if you attempt to import virtually any wildlife fromMexico. In particular, watch out for and avoid:--All products made from sea turtles, including such items as turtleleather boots, tortoise-shell jewelry, and sea turtle oil cosmetics.--Fur from spotted cats.--Mexican birds, stuffed or alive, such as parrots, parakeets, or birdsof prey.--Crocodile and caiman leather.--Black coral jewelry.--Wildlife curios, such as stuffed iguanas.When driving across state lines within Mexico, you can expect to bestopped at agricultural livestock inspection stations.Antiques. Mexico considers all pre-Columbian objects are the"inalienable property of the Nation" and considers the unauthorizedexport of such objects as theft and is punishable by arrest, detention,and judicial prosecution. Under U.S. law, to import pre-Columbianmonumental and architectural sculpture and murals, you must presentproof that they were legally exported from the country of origin. U.S.law does not prohibit the import of nonmonumental or nonarchitecturalartifacts from Mexico.Glazed Ceramics. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,it is possible to suffer lead poisoning if you consume food orbeverages that have been stored or served in improperly glazedceramicware. Analysis of many ceramic pieces from Mexico has shownthem to contain dangerous levels of lead. Unless you have proof oftheir safety, use glazed ceramics purchased in Mexico for decorativepurposes only.Returning to the United StatesYou must present the pink copy of your tourist card at your point ofdeparture from Mexico. If you are returning to the United States bymotor vehicle, you will need to show your registration certificate whenyou cross the border. At the time of publication, the airportdeparture tax is $10 or the equivalent in Mexican currency for thosereturning by commercial airline.The U.S. Customs Service currently permits U.S. citizens returning frominternational travel to bring back $400 worth of merchandise, including1 liter of alcohol, duty free. The next $1000 worth of items broughtback is subject to a duty of 10%.In addition to U.S. customs regulations, be aware that some U.S. borderstates (most notably, Texas) have imposed state restrictions on liquor,wine, and beer imports from Mexico. If you are planning to bring backalcoholic beverages, inquire about these restrictions from the liquorcontrol office of the state through which you plan to return.</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO MEXICOBetween 4 and 6 million U.S. citizens visit Mexico each year, whilemore than 300,000 Americans reside there. Although the majoritythoroughly enjoy their stay, some experience difficulties and seriousinconvenience.The Department of State and its Foreign Service posts in Mexico offer awide range of services to assist U.S. citizens in distress. U.S.consular officials meet regularly with Mexican authorities to promotethe safety of U.S. citizens in Mexico. To keep you among the happymajority who do not experience difficulties, here are some precautionsyou can take.How to Have a Safe and Healthy Trip.Before You GoGive your family or friends in the United States a copy of yourproposed itinerary -- and keep them informed if your travel planschange. This will help them find you in an emergency. Carry a photoidentification with you and include with it the name of a person tocontact in the event of serious illness or other emergency.Safety begins before you leave home. Do not bring anything you wouldhate to lose. Leave things like unnecessary credit cards and expensivejewelry at home. Bring travelers checks, not cash. Use a money beltor concealed pouch for passport, cash, and other valuables.It is alsowise to photocopy your airline or other tickets and your list oftravelers checks, leave a copy with someone at home, and carry an extracopy with you.Learn about your route from an auto club, guide book, or a Mexicangovernment tourist office. Some routes have heavy truck and bustraffic, some have poor or nonexistent shoulders, and many have animalson the loose. Also, some of the newer roads have very few restaurants,motels, gas stations, or auto repair shops. You may not be able toavoid all problems, but at least you will know what to expect if youhave done some research. Caution: See page 4 for routes to avoidbecause of highway crime.For your safety, have your vehicle serviced and in optimum conditionbefore you leave for Mexico. Pack a basic first-aid kit and carry anemergency water supply in your vehicle. Be aware that unleadedgasoline may not be available away from the main highways. Bring aflexible funnel to fill your gas tank because some gas stations havenozzles too large to fit unleaded gas tanks.After You Arrive -- Emergency HelpIn an emergency, call {91} (5) 250-0123, the 24-hour hotline of theMexican Ministry of Tourism. The hotline is for immediate assistance,but it can give you general, nonemergency guidance as well. It is animportant number to keep with you. If necessary, in an emergency, youmay also call the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate orconsular agency. (See addresses at the end of this pamphlet.)If youhave an emergency while driving, call the Ministry of Tourism's hotlineto obtain help from the "Green Angels," a fleet of radio-dispatchedtrucks with bilingual crews that operate daily. Services includeprotection, medical first aid, mechanical aid for your car, and basicsupplies. You will not be charged for services, only for parts, gasand oil. The Green Angels patrol daily, from dawn until sunset. Ifyou are unable to call them, pull well off the road and lift the hoodof your car; chances are good that they will find you.Safety TipsAs a visitor to Mexico, be alert to your new surroundings. Hazards inMexico may be different from those you are used to, and safetyregulations and their enforcement are generally not equivalent to U.S.standards.By FootWatch out for irregular pavement and open manholes.In large cities,take the same precautions against assault, robbery, or pickpockets thatyou would take in any large U.S. city. Avoid dark alleys, crowds, andmarginal areas. Be aware that women and small children, as well asmen, can be pickpockets or purse snatchers. Keep your billfold in aninner front pocket; carry your purse tucked securely under your arm;and wear the shoulder strap of your camera or bag across your chest.To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk away from the curb andcarry your purse away from the street.By Car and, if at all possible, do not drive at night. Loose livestock canappear at any time. Construction sites or stranded vehicles are oftenunmarked by flares or other warning signals. Sometimes cars have onlyone headlight; bicycles seldom have lights or reflectors. Be preparedfor a sudden stop at any time. Mexican driving conditions are suchthat, for your safety, you must drive more slowly than you do at home..In Mexico, a blinking left turn signal on the vehicle in front of youcould mean that it is clear ahead and you may pass, or it could meanthe driver is making a left turn. An outstretched left arm may mean aninvitation for you to pass. When in doubt, do not pass.An oncomingvehicle flashing its headlights is a warning for you to slow down orpull over because you are both approaching a narrow bridge or place inthe road. The custom is that the first vehicle to flash has the rightof way and the other must yield.C to a crawl. Freshly wet roads are dangerous because oil and road dustmix with water and form a lubricant. Until this mixture washes away,driving is extremely hazardous. Beware of sudden rains. Stop, or goextremely slowly, until conditions improve.To avoid highway crime, try not to drive at night and never drive aloneat night. Never sleep in vehicles along the road. If your vehiclebreaks down, stay with it and wait for the police or the Green Angels.Do not, under any circumstances, pick up hitchhikers who not only posea threat to your physical safety, but also put you in danger of beingarrested for unwittingly transporting narcotics or narcoticstraffickers in your vehicle. Your vehicle can be confiscated if youare transporting marijuana or other narcotics. There are checkpointsand temporary roadblocks where vehicles are checked. Beware of Highway 15 in the state of Sinaloa and of Highway 40 betweenthe city of Durango and the Pacific coast, areas that are particularlydangerous and where a number of criminal assaults have occurred. Avoidexpress Highway 1 (limited access) in Sinaloa altogether -- even indaytime -- because it is remote and subject to bandits.On Public Transport Be vigilant in bus and train stations and on public transport. Donot accept beverages from other passengers. On occasion, tourists havebeen drugged and robbed while they slept.On Streets and HighwaysBe aware of persons representing themselves as Mexican police or otherlocal officials.Some Americans have been the victims of harassment, mistreatment, andextortion by criminals masquerading as officials. Mexican authoritiesare concerned about these incidents and have cooperated ininvestigating such cases. You must, however, have the officer's name,badge number, and patrol car number to pursue a complaint. Make a noteof this information if you are ever involved with police or otherofficials.Do not be surprised if you encounter several types of police in Mexico.The Preventive Police, the Transit Police, and the Federal HighwayPolice all wear uniforms. The Judicial Police who work for the publicprosecutor are not uniformed.At the Pool or BeachDo not leave your belongings on the beach while you are swimming. Keepyour passport and other valuables in the hotel safe.Carefully assess the risk potential of recreational activities. Sportsequipment that you rent or buy may not meet the safety standards towhich you are accustomed. For example, unless you are certain thatscuba diving equipment is up to standard, do not use it.Inexperienced scuba divers should beware of dive shops that promise to"certify" you after a few hours instruction. Safe diving requireslengthy training.Do not use pools or beaches without lifeguards, or, if you do, exerciseextreme caution. Do not dive into unknown bodies of water becausehidden rocks or shallow depths can cause serious injury or death. SomeMexican beaches, such as those in Cancun, have warning signs aboutundertow; take them seriously. Be aware that the newer resorts maylack comprehensive medical facilities.Reporting a Crime If You are in Danger Call the Mexican Ministry of Tourism's emergency hotline,{91} (5) 250-0123, for immediate assistance. Or, in Mexico City, dial 06 for policeassistance.If You Have Been the Victim of a Crime. Immediately contact the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate orconsular agency. For addresses and telephone numbers, see the end ofthis pamphlet. Also, immediately report the crime to the local police.If you have difficulty filing this report, the Mexican police have acomplement to the Green Angels, called the Silver Angels. This grouphelps tourists who are victims of crime file a police report. Call theSilver Angels on (5) 588-5100.Avoiding Legal ProblemsTourists who commit illegal acts have no special privileges and aresubject to full prosecution under the Mexican judicial system.Mexico rigorously prosecutes drug cases. Under Mexican law, possessionof and trafficking in illegal drugs are federal offenses. For drugtrafficking, bail does not exist.Mexican law does not differentiate between types of narcotics: heroin,marijuana, and amphetamines, for example, are treated the same.Offenders found guilty of possessing more than a token amount of anynarcotic substance are subject to a minimum sentence of seven years,and it is not uncommon for persons charged with drug offenses to bedetained for up to one year before a verdict is reached.Remember, if narcotics are found in your vehicle, you are subject toarrest and your vehicle can be confiscated.Avoid Public DrunkenessIt is against the law in Mexico. Certain border towns have becomeimpatient with teenaged (and older) Americans who cross the border todrink and carouse. This behavior can lead to fights, arrests, trafficaccidents, and even death.Do not bring firearms or ammunition of any kind into Mexico unless youhave first obtained a consular firearms certificate from a Mexicanconsulate. To hunt in Mexico, you must obtain a hunting permit , alsoavailable from the consulate. Travelers carrying guns or ammunitioninto Mexico without a Mexican certificate have been arrested, detained,and sentenced to stiff fines and lengthy prison terms. The sentencefor clandestine importation of firearms is from 6 months to 6 years.If the weapon is greater then .38 caliber, it is co0nsidered ofmilitary type, and the sentence is from 5 to 30 years. When you enterMexico, make certain that Mexican customs officials check both thefirearms and your certificate. When you reach your destination,register your firearms with the appropriate military zone headquarters.Be aware that, even when you enter Mexican waters on your private boat,you are subject to the ban on importing firearms.NOTE: Before you leave the United States, you must register yourfirearms and ammunition with U.S. Customs if you wish to bring themback with you.In some areas of Mexico, it is not wise to carry anything that might beconstrued as a weapon. Some cities, such as Nuevo Laredo, haveordinances prohibiting the possession of knives and similar weapons.Tourists have even been arrested for possessing souvenir knives. Mostarrests for knife possession occur in connection with some otherinfraction, such as drunk and disorderly behavior.Failure to pay hotel bills or failure to pay for other servicesrendered is considered fraud under Mexican law. Those accused of theseoffenses are subject to arrest and conviction with stiff fines and jailsentences.Be Cautious When Purchasing Real Estate. There are variousrestrictions on foreigners purchasing property in Mexico. Before youinvest money, be certain that you are in compliance with Mexican lawand that you are dealing with a reputable developer, time-sharecompany, or real estate agent. For information and for names ofMexican lawyers, contact the American Society of Mexico or the AmericanChamber of Commerce. You may also obtain a list of Mexican lawyersfrom the U.S. Embassy or a U.S. Consulate or from the Office ofCitizens Consular Services, Inter-American Division, Room 4817,Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, (202) 647-3712. If yourinvestment in Mexican property is illegal, you risk confiscation by thegovernment of Mexico.Be aware that most time-share condo companies are not registered in theU.S. and do not abide by U.S. rules. For instance, there is no day ortwo "remorse period" in which you can change your mind and back out ofa contract that you have signed.To Avoid Disputes With Merchants, Ba a Careful Shopper. Make sure thegoods you buy are in good condition and always get a receipt. There isa federal consumer protection office, the Procuraduria Federal delConsumidor, to assist you if you have a major problem with a faultyproduct or service. However, if the problem is with a service of thetourist industry, you should bring the matter to the Mexican GovernmentTourist Office (Secretaria de Turismo).Staying HealthyIn some places, particularly at resorts, medical costs can be as highor higher than in the United States. If your insurance policy does notcover you in Mexico, it is strongly recommended that you purchase apolicy that does. There are short-term health insurance policiesdesigned specifically to cover travel. Medical facilities in Mexicodiffer from those in the United States, and treatment for some types ofillnesses or injuries may be only remedial. Some remote areas orcoastal islands may have few or no medical facilities. For thesereasons, in addition to medical insurance that you can use in Mexico,consider obtaining insurance or joining a membership organization thatwill cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of anaccident or serious illness. As part of the coverage, medicalevacuation companies usually offer emergency consultation by telephone.They may refer you to the nearest hospital or call directly for helpfor you; they may translate your instructions to a health care workeron the scene. The cost of medical evacuation coverage can be as low as$50 for a trip of 30 days. On the other hand, escorted medicalevacuation can cost in the tens of thousands of dollars.If your travel agent cannot direct you to a medical evacuation company,look for information on them in travel magazines. The U.S. governmentcannot pay to have you medically evacuated to the United States.Immunizations are recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, polio,typhoid, and hepatitis A. For visitors coming directly from the UnitedStates, no vaccinations are required to enter Mexico. If you aretraveling from an area known to be infected with yellow fever, avaccination certificate is required.Malaria is found in some rural areas of Mexico, particularly those nearthe southwest coast. Travelers to malarial areas should consult theirphysician or the U.S. Public Health Service and take the recommendeddosage of chloroquine. Although chloroquine is not considerednecessary for travelers to the major resort areas on the Pacific andGulf coasts, travelers to those areas should use insect repellent andtake other personal protection measures to reduce contact withmosquitoes, particularly from dusk to dawn when malaria transmission ismost likely.Drink Only Bottled Water or Water That Has Been Boiled for 20 Minutes.Avoid ice cubes. Vegetables and fruits should be peeled or washed in apurifying solution. A good rule of thumb is, if you can't peel it orcook it, don't eat it. Medication to prevent travelers' diarrhea isnot recommended. If symptoms present themselves and persist, seekmedical attention because diarrhea is potentially dangerous.Air pollution in Mexico City is severe. It is the most dangerousduring thermal inversions which occur most from in December to May.Air pollution plus Mexico City's high altitude are a particular healthrisk for the elderly and persons with high blood pressure, anemia, orrespiratory or cardiac problems. If this applies to you, consult yourdoctor before traveling to Mexico City.In high altitude areas, such as Mexico City, most people need a shortadjustment period. Spend the first few days in a leisurely manner,with a light diet and reduced intake of alcohol. Avoid strenuousactivity -- this includes everything from sports to rushing up thestairs. Reaction signs to high altitude are lack of energy, a tendencyto tire easily, shortness of breath, occasional dizziness, andinsomnia.U.S. Assistance in MexicoWhere to Turn If You Have Serious Legal, Medical or FinancialDifficultiesLegal Problems. If you find yourself in serious difficulty while inMexico, contact a consular officer at the U.S. Embassy or the nearestU.S. Consulate for assistance. U.S. consular officers cannot serve asattorneys or give legal assistance. They can, however, provide listsof local attorneys and advise you of your rights under Mexican laws.Worldwide, Mexico has the highest number of arrests of Americans abroad-- over 2,000 per year -- and the highest prison population of U.S.citizens outside of the United States -- about 425 at any one time. Ifyou are arrested, ask permission to notify the U.S. Embassy or nearestU.S. Consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you havethe right to contact an American consul. Although U.S. consuls arerestricted by Mexican law on what they can do to assist you in legaldifficulties, they can monitor the status of detained U.S. citizens andmake sure they are treated fairly under local laws. They will alsonotify your relative or friends upon request.An individual is guaranteed certain rights under the Mexicanconstitution, but those rights differ significantly from U.S.constitutional guarantees. The Mexican judicial system is based onRoman and Napoleonic law and presumes a person accused of a crime to beguilty until proven innocent. There is no trial by jury nor writ ofhabeas corpus in the Anglo-American sense. Trial under tthe Mexicansystem is a prolonged process based largely on documents examined on afixed date in court by prosecution and defense counsel. Sentencingusually takes 6 to 10 months. Bail can be granted after sentencing ifthe sentence is less than 5 years. Pre-trial bail exists but is nevergranted when the possible sentence upon conviction is greater than 5years.Medical or Financial Problems. If you become seriously ill, U.S.consular officers can assist in finding a doctor and in notifying yourfamily and friends about your condition. Consular officers can alsohelp arrange the transfer of emergency funds to you if you becomedestitute as a result of robbery, accident, or other emergency.Advice on Dual NationalityU.S. law recognizes that Americans may also be citizens of othercountries.Under Mexican law, an individual born in Mexico of an American parentor parents may acquire both nationalities at birth. Also, a U.S.citizen born in the United States of a Mexican father -- or afterDecember 26, 1969, of a Mexican mother -- may have dual nationality.If you are a U.S.-Mexican dual national, you must have evidence of yourU.S. citizenship with you when you travel between the United States andMexico. Such evidence can be a U.S. passport, naturalizationcertificate, consular report of birth abroad, certificate ofcitizenship, or a certified copy of your U.S. birth certificate.If you are a dual national, be aware that you could lose your U.S.nationality if you obtain a Certificate of Mexican Nationality. TheMexican Government recognizes a child's dual nationality from birth toage 18 without requiring an oath of allegiance. Starting at age 18, inorder to obtain a Mexican passport or to obtain other benefits such asthe right to own property in a restricted zone, to pay a favorableresident tuition rate at a Mexican university, or to vote in a Mexicanelection, a dual national is required by Mexican law to obtain aCertificate of Mexican Nationality (CMN). To obtain a CMN, a personmust complete an application in which he or she subscribes to an oathof allegiance to Mexico and renounces any other nationality that he orshe might possess. Under U.S. law, subscribing to this oath andobtaining a CMN normally results in the loss of U.S. nationality. Ifyou contemplate obtaining a CMN, it is strongly recommended that youfirst consult the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. Consulate.A Guide to Entry and Exit RegulationsGetting Into MexicoU.S. citizens visiting Mexico for no more than 72 hours and remainingwithin 20 kilometers of the border do not need a permit to enter.Those transiting Mexico to another country need a transit visa whichcosts a nominal fee and is valid for up to 30 days.Tourist Cards. All U.S. citizens visiting Mexico for tourism or studyfor up to 180 days need a document, called a tourist card in English orFMT in Spanish, to enter and leave Mexico. The tourist card is freeand may be obtained from Mexican consulates, Mexican tourism offices,Mexican border crossing points, and from most airlines serving Mexico.If you fly to Mexico, you must obtain your tourist card before boardingyour flight ; it cannot be obtained upon arrival at an airport inMexico.The tourist card is issued upon presentation of proof of citizenshipsuch as a U.S. passport or a U.S. birth certificate, plus a photo I.D.such as a driver's license. Tourist cards are issued for up to 90 dayswith a single entry, or if you present proof of sufficient funds, for180 days with multiple entries.Upon entering Mexico, retain and safguard the pink copy of your touristcard so you may surrender it to Mexican immigration when you depart.You must leave Mexico before your tourist card expires or you aresubject to a fine. A tourist card for less than 180 days may berevalidated in Mexico by the Mexican immigration service (DireccionGeneral de Servicios Migratorios).Visas. If you wish to stay longer than 180 days, or if you wish to dobusiness or conduct religious work in Mexico, contact the MexicanEmbassy or the nearest Mexican consulate to obtain a visa or permit.Persons conducting religious work on a tourist card are subject todeportation.Residing or Retiring in Mexico. If you plan to live or retire inMexico, consult a Mexican consulate on the type of long-term visa youwill need. As soon as possible after you arrive in the place you willlive, it is a good idea to register with the U.S. Embassy or nearestU.S. consulate or consular agent. Bring your passport or otheridentification with you. Registration makes it easier to contact youin an emergency. (Registration information is confidential and willnot be released to inquirers without your express authorization.)Travel Requirements for ChildrenA child under age 18 traveling with only one parent must have written,notarized consent from the other parent to travel, or must carry, ifapplicable, a decree of sole custody for the accompanying parent or adeath certificate for the other parent. A child traveling alone or insomeone else's custody must have notarized consent from both parents totravel, or if applicable, notarized consent from a single parent plusdocumentation that that parent is the only custodial parent.Driving Your Car to MexicoPermits. When you drive to Mexico, you must obtain a temporary vehicleimport permit.You must show: your proof of ownership or notarized authorization fromthe owner to bring the car into Mexico, a valid driver's license, proofof auto liability insurance, and current registration and plates. Thepermit is issued free at border entry points and is generally valid forthe same period of time as your tourist card (up to 180 days). Youmust remove your motor vehicle from Mexico before the permit expires orhave the permit extended by the Temporary Importation Department of aMexican customs office. If you do not do so, your motor vehicle may beconfiscated.You may not sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of a motor vehiclebrought into Mexico on a temporary importation permit, nor may youleave Mexico without the vehicle.In case of emergency, or following an accident where the vehicle cannotbe removed, the owner may request permission to depart Mexico withoutthe vehicle through the Mexican Customs Office in Mexico City, or thelocal office of the Treasury Department (Hacienda) in other cities.If you bring spare auto parts to Mexico, declare them when you enterthe country. When you leave, be prepared to show that you are takingthe unused parts with you or that you have had them installed inMexico. Save your repair receipts for this purpose.If you wish to authorize another person to drive your car, record theauthorization with Mexican officials when you enter Mexico -- even ifyou expect to be a passenger when the other person drives. Do not,under any circumstances, allow an unauthorized person to drive yourvehicle when you are not in the car. Such a person could have to pay afine amounting to a substantial percentage of the vehicles's value, oryour vehicle could be confiscated.Insurance. Mexican auto insurance is sold in most cities and towns onboth sides of the border. U.S. automobile liability insurance is notvalid in Mexico nor is most collision and comprehensive coverage issuedby U.S. companies. Therefore, when you cross the border, purchase autoinsurance adequate for your needs in Mexico. A good rule of thumb isto buy coverage equivalent to that which you carry in the U.S.Motor vehicle insurance is invalid in Mexico if the driver is found toto be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Regardless of whetheryou have insurance, if you are involved in an accident, you will betaken into police custody until it can be determined who is liable andwhether you have the ability to pay any judgment. If you do not haveMexican liability insurance, you are almost certain to spend some timein jail until all parties are satisfied that responsibility has beenassigned and adequate financial satisfaction has been received. Theremay also be criminal liability assigned if the injuries or damages areserious.Rental CarsRenting in the United States. Many car rental companies in the U.S.have clauses in their contracts which prohibit drivers from travelingout of the country. The Mexican police are aware of these regulations,and will sometimes impound rental vehicles driven from the UnitedStates. When renting a vehicle in the United States, check with thecompany to see if your contract allows you to drive it into Mexico.Renting a Car in Mexico. The standard insurance included with many carrental contracts in Mexico provides only nominal liability coverage,often as little as the equivalent of $200. Because Mexican law permitsthe jailing of drivers after an accident until they have met theirobligations to third parties and to the rental company, renters shouldread their contracts carefully and purchase additional liability andcomprehensive insurance if necessary.Bringing Your Own Plane or Boat to MexicoPrivate aircraft and boats are subject to the same Mexican customsregulations as are motor vehicles. When you arrive at a Mexican portin your private boat, you can obtain a temporary import permit for itsimilar to the one given for motor vehicles.Flying your own plane to Mexico, however, is more complicated. Wellbefore your trip, inquire about private aircraft regulations andprocedures from a Mexican consulate or Mexican Government TouristOffice.Operation of Citizen's Band (CB) EquipmentAmerican tourists are permitted to operate CB radios in Mexico. Youmay obtain a 180 day permit for a nominal fee by presenting your U.S.citizen's band radio authorization at a Mexican consulate or MexicanGovernment Tourist Office. This permit cannot be obtained at theborder.Transmissions on CB equipment are allowed only on channels 9, 10, and11, and only for personal communication and emergency road assistance.Any device which increases transmission power to over 5 watts isprohibited. CB equipment may not be used near radio installations ofthe aeronautical and marine services.Continued....</text>
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card_108065.xml
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)Medical Information for Americans Traveling AbroadIf an American becomes seriously ill or injured abroad, a U. S. consular officer, when notified of the problem, can assist in locating appropriate medical services and help in informing the next-of-kin, family or friends.If necessary, a consular officer can also assist in the transfer of funds from the United States, but payment of hospital and other expenses is your responsibility.Before going abroad, learn what medical services your health insurance will cover overseas. If your health insurance policy provides coverage outside the United States, REMEMBER to carry both your insurance policy identity card as proof of such insurance and a claim form. Although many health insurance companies will pay "customary and reasonable" hospital costs abroad, very few will pay for your medical evacuation back to the United States which can easily cost $5,000 and up, depending on your location and medical condition.THE SOCIAL SECURITY MEDICARE PROGRAM DOES NOT PROVIDE FOR PAYMENT OF HOSPITALOR MEDICAL SERVICES OUTSIDE THE U.S.A.The American Association of Retired Persons offers foreign medical care coverage at no extra charge with its Medicare supplement plans. This coverage is restricted to treatments considered eligilble under Medicare. In general, it covers 80% of the "customary and reasonable" charges, subject to a $50 deductible for the covered care during the first 60 days. There is a ceiling of $25,000 per trip. This is a reimbursement plan so you must pay the bills first and obtain receipts for submission to the plan.To facilitate identification in case of an accident, complete the information page on the inside of your passport providing the name, address and telephone number of someone to be contacted in an emergency. The name given should not be the same as your traveling companions in case the entire party is involved in the same accident.Travelers going abroad with any preexisting medical problems should carry a letter from their attending physician. The letter should describe their condition and include information on any prescription medications, including the generic name of any prescribed drugs, that they need to take. Any medications being carried overseas should be left in their original containers and be clearly labeled. Travelers should check with the foreign embassy of the country they are visiting to make sure any required medications are not considered to be illegal narcotics.A listing of addresses and telephone numbers of U.S. embassies and consulates abroad is contained in "Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts." This booklet may be obtained through the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, for $1.75 (Publication No. 7877). An annual global rundown of disease and immunization advice and other health guidance, including risks in particular countries, by the Centers for Disease Control may also be obtained from the Government Printing Office in "Health Information for International Travelers" (Publication No. HHS-CDC 90-8280, $5.00 ). The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta also maintains a travelers hotline that can be reached by calling 404-332-4559.For detailed information on physicians abroad, the authoritative reference is the "Directory of Medical Specialists" published for the American Board of Medical Specialists and its 22 certifying member boards. This publication should be available in your local library. If abroad, a list of hospitals and physicians can be obtained from the nearest American embassy or consulate.A number of countries require foreign visitors to be tested for the AIDS virus as a requirement for entry. This applies mostly to those planning to reside overseas. Before traveling, check the latest entry requirements with the foreign embassy of the country to be visited. A listing of "Foreign Entry Requirements" is available for 50 cents from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. The Citizens Emergency Center maintains a travel notice on HIV/AIDS entry requirements. Call 202-647-5225 to obtain these requirements.Several private organizations will provide medical information and insurance for overseas travelers. The following is provided FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and in no way constitutes an endorsement, expressed or implied, by the Department of State:PUBLISHED MEDICAL INFORMATIONBOOKS: How to Stay Healthy Abroad, Dr. Richard Dawood, Penguin U.S.A., P.O. Box 999, Bergenfield, NJ 07621 How To Stay Healthy While Traveling: A Guide For Today's World Traveler by Bob Young, M.D., Box 567, Dept. 2, Santa Barbara, CA 93102DIABETES TRAVEL SERVICES, INC., 39 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10022 - Worldwide information on diabetic treatments and physicians.EMERGENCY MEDICAL PAYMENT AND INFORMATION SERVICES c/o your nearest American Express Office. Available to American Express CARDHOLDERS ONLY: 1) A directory of "U.S. Certified Doctors Abroad" (Price: $3.00) 2) A health insurance plan is available through the Firemens Fund Life Insurance Company, 1600 Los Gamos Rd., San Raphael, CA 94911, Attention: American Express Card Service.IAMAT, 736 Center Street, Lewiston, NY 14092 Phone 716-754-4883 International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers: A medical directory, clinical record, and a malaria risk chart are sent without charge; however, a contribution is requested for World Climate Charts.IMMUNIZATION ALERT, P.O. Box 406, Storrs, CT 06268 Phone 203-487-0611 For $25 a traveler is provided with an up-to-date, detailed and personalized health report on up to 6 countries to be visited. It will tell you what diseases are prevalent and what precautions are recommended or advisable.AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES AERO AMBULANCE INTERNATIONAL Executive Airport Philadelphia, PA Ft. Lauderdale, FL San Juan, Puerto Rico 305-776-6800 800-443-8042 (U.S., Canada & Caribbean) Service Area: WorldwideAIR AMBULANCE NETWORK Miami, FL 305-447-0458AIR AMBULANCE OF AMERICA Chicago, IL 800-321-4444NATIONAL AIR AMBULANCE Ft. Lauderdale, FL 305-525-5538 Service Area: Caribbean & Central AmericaAIR MEDIC Pittsburgh, PA 800-423-2667 Service Area: Canada & CaribbeanALPHA AVIATION, INC. Dallas, TX 214-352-4801INTERNATIONAL SOS ASSISTANCE Philadelphia, PA 800-523-8930/215-244-1500 Service Area: WorldwideMERCY MEDICAL AIRLIFT Reston, VA 703-361-1191 (Caribbean and Canada only. Will meet commercialincoming patient flights at JFK International Airport in New York/New Jersey area and at Miami International Airport, other airports if necessary.)WORLD CARE TRAVEL ASSISTANCE 1150 S. Olive St. Suite T-2233 Los Angeles, CA 90015 800-253-1877-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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card_107797.xml
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)IMMIGRANT NUMBERS FOR DECEMBER 1992A. STATUTORY NUMBERSThis bulletin summarizes the availability of immigrant numbers during December. Consular officers are required to report to the Department of State documentarily qualified applicants for numerically limited visas; the Immigration and Naturalization Service reports applicants for adjustment of status. Allocations were made, to the extent possible under the numerical limitations, for the demand received by November 6th in the chronological order of the reported priority dates. If the demand could not be satisfied within the statutory or regulatory limits, the category or foreign state in which demand was excessive was deemed oversubscribed. The cut-off date for an oversubscribed category is the priority date of the first applicant who could not be reached within the numerical limits. Only applicants who have a priority date earlier than the cut-off date may be allotted a number. Immediately that it becomes necessary during the monthly allocation process to retrogress a cut-off date, supplemental requests for numbers will be honored only if the priority date falls within the new cut-off date.Section 201 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended, sets an annual minimum family-sponsored preference limit of 226,000. The worldwide level for annual employment-based immigrants effective with FY 1992 is at least 140,000. Section 202, as amended, prescribes that the foreign state per-country limit for preference immigrants is set at 7% of the total annual family-sponsored and employment-based preference limits, i.e., a minimum of 25,620. The dependent area limit is set at 2%, or a minimum of 7,320. The limit for Hong Kong is set at 10,000 through FY 1993, after which the regular foreign state limit will apply to Hong Kong.Section 203 of the INA, as amended, prescribes preference classes for allotment of immigrant visas as follows:FAMILY-SPONSORED PREFERENCESFirst: Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400 plus any numbers not required for fourth preference.Second: Spouses and Children, and Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Permanent Residents: 114,200, plus the number (if any) by which the worldwide family preference level exceeds 226,000, and any unused first preference numbers:A. Spouses and Children: 87,934 minimum, i.e., 77% of the overall second preference limitation, of which 75% are exempt from the per-country limit;B. Unmarried Sons and Daughters (21 years of age or older): 26,266 minimum, i.e., 23% of the overall second preference limitation.Third: Married Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences.Fourth: Brothers and Sisters of Adult Citizens: 65,000, plus any numbers not required by first three preferences.EMPLOYMENT-BASED PREFERENCESFirst: Priority Workers: 28.6% of the worldwide employment-based preference level, plus any numbers not required for fourth and fifth preferences.Second: Members of the Professions Holding Advanced Degrees or Persons of Exceptional Ability: 28.6% of the worldwide employment-based preference level, plus any numbers not required by first preference.Third: Skilled Workers, Professionals, and Other Workers: 28.6% of the worldwide level, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences, not more than 10,000 of which to "Other Workers".Fourth: Certain Special Immigrants: 7.1%, not more than 5,000 of which to the Religious Workers described in INA Section 101(a)(27)(C)(ii)(II) and (III).Fifth: Employment Creation: 7.1% of the worldwide level, not less than 3,000 of which reserved for investors in a targetted rural or high-unemployment area.INA Section 203(e) provides that family-sponsored and employment-based preference visas be issued to eligible immigrants in the order in which a petition in behalf of each has been filed. Section 203(d) provides that spouses and children of preference immigrants are entitled to the same status, and the same order of consideration, if accompanying or following to join the principal. The visa prorating provisions of Section 202(e), as revised by the Immigration Act of 1990, will apply to allocations for a foreign state or dependent area in any fiscal year when visa demand exceeds the per-country limit. These provisions apply at present to the following oversubscribed chargeability areas: CHINA-mainland born, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, INDIA, MEXICO, and PHILIPPINES.SPOUSES AND CHILDREN OF LEGALIZATION BENEFICIARIES: Section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 55,000 immigrant visas during each of fiscal years 1992, 1993 and 1994 to spouses and children of persons legalized under the three programs established by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-603). The total available for each fiscal year must be reduced, however, by the extent to which immediate relative immigration in the previous year exceeds 239,000. (This category is indicated below by the symbol "LB".)On the chart below, the listing of a date for any class indicates that the class is oversubscribed (see paragraph 1); "C" means current, i.e., numbers are available for all qualified applicants; and "U" means unavailable, i.e., no numbers are available.PREFERENCESAll Charge-ability Areas CHINA-Except Those mainland DOMINICANListed born REPUBLIC INDIA MEXICO PHILIPPINESFamily1st C C C C 15NOV91 23MAY852A Exempt 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90from per-countrylimit2A Subject 01AUG90 01AUG90 01AUG90 01AUG90 U 01AUG90to per-country limitLB 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC902B 15SEP89 15SEP89 08JAN88 15SEP89 08AUG89 01APR863rd 01FEB91 01FEB91 01FEB91 01FEB91 08JUL84 26OCT824th 15AUG83 15AUG83 15AUG83 15OCT82 15SEP80 27APR77All Charge-ability Areas CHINA-Except Those mainland DOMINICANListed born REPUBLIC INDIA MEXICO PHILIPPINESEmployment-Based1st C C C C C C2nd C 08JUN91 C 15AUG91 C C3rd C 01MAY91 C 01JUN91 C 01MAR88Other 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87Workers4th C C C C C 15JUL92Certain C C C C C 15JUL92ReligiousWorkers5th C C C C C CTargeted C C C C C CEmploymentAreasThe Department of State has available a recorded message with visa availability information which can be heard at: (area code 202) 663-1541. This recording will be updated in the middle of each month with information on cut-off dates for the following month.B. TRANSITION IMMIGRANT VISA CATEGORY FOR EMPLOYEES OF CERTAIN UNITED STATES BUSINESSES OPERATING IN HONG KONGSection 124 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 12,000 immigrant visas during each of fiscal years 1991, 1992, and 1993 for employees of certain United States businesses operating in Hong Kong, and their spouses and children. Any numbers unused in fiscal years 1991 or 1992 are to be added to the limit for the succeeding year. At the present time immigrant numbers in this category are available to qualified applicants on a "CURRENT" basis.C. TRANSITION IMMIGRANT (AA-1) CATEGORY FOR NATIVES OF CERTAIN "ADVERSELY AFFECTED" FOREIGN STATESSection 132 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 40,000 immigrant visas during each of fiscal years 1992, 1993 and 1994 for natives of certain countries which had been identified as "adversely affected" for purposes of the "NP-5" immigrant program established under Section 314 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-603). At least 40 percent of AA-1 numbers are designated for natives of the country which received the greatest number of visas under the NP-5 program (i.e., Ireland).Everyone selected for AA-1 visa status during the recent application period has been registered, and the last of the notification letters will be mailed by the end of November. (Persons who were NOT selected for registration will NOT be sent any response to their AA-1 application.)For December immigrant numbers in the AA-1 category are available to qualified applicants chargeable to all AA-1 countries on a "CURRENT" basis.ENTITLEMENT TO VISA STATUS BASED ON THE RECENT REGISTRATION PERIOD WILL LAST ONLY THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1993, AND SINCE AA-1 VISA NUMBERS COULD BE EXHAUSTED EVEN BEFORE SEPTEMBER IF RESPONSE TO VISA LETTERS IS VERY HEAVY, APPLICANTS WHO WISH TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THEIR AA-1 REGISTRATION ARE URGED TO RESPOND AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE TO THE VISA NOTIFICATION LETTER.D. TRANSITION IMMIGRANT VISA CATEGORY FOR DISPLACED TIBETANSSection 134 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 1,000 immigrant visas over the three fiscal year period 1991 through 1993 for natives of Tibet residing in India or Nepal, and their spouses and children. The processing of applications for visas in this category, including the allocation of visa numbers under its numerical limitation, is under the control of the United States Embassy at New Delhi, India.E. AVAILABILITY OF ASYLEE NUMBERS FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS CASESThe following information has been provided by the Refugees, Asylum and Parole Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service:Asylees who filed their application to adjust on or before October 1, 1992 and whose names are included on the Immigration and Naturalization Service centralized computer list may be adjusted at this time.F. RECENT AMENDMENT TO THE VISA PORTION OF THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS MANUAL (FAM)Transmittal Letter (TL) No. VISA-66 dated September 30, 1992 which updates the visa portion (Vol. 9) of the FAM, is now available.VISA-66 amends Part III, Sections 42.81 Notes, Procedural Notes, and Exhibits, 42.82 Procedural Notes; and 42.83 Notes, Procedural Notes, and Exhibits. These sections have been amended primarily as a result of the Immigration Act of 1990.There is a charge of $3.00 per copy of VISA-66. A check payable to the Department of State must accompany the order. This TL may be obtained from:Distribution Services (OIS/PS/PR)Room B845 NSDepartment of StateWashington, D.C. 20520-0845VISA BULLETIN SUBSCRIPTION AND CHANGE OF ADDRESS INFORMATION: Additions or changes to the mailing list should be sent to: Visa Bulletin, Visa Office, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20522-0113. Only addresses within the U.S. postal system may be placed on the mailing list. Please include a recent mailing label when reporting changes or corrections of address; the Postal Service does NOT automatically notify the Visa Office of address changes.Department of State Publication 9514CA/VO:November 6, 1992-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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card_107643.xml
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY INTOFOREIGN COUNTRIESMARCH 6, 1991An increasing number of countries require that foreigners be tested forHIV (AIDS virus) prior to entry. This is particularly true forstudents or long-term visitors. The following list of countryrequirements is based on information available as of March 1990 and issubject to change. Before traveling abroad, check with the embassy ofthe country to be visited to learn entry requirements and specificallywhether or not AIDS testing is a requirement. If the list indicatesU.S. test results are acceptable "under certain conditions" in aparticular country, prospective travelers should inquire at the embassyof that country for details (i.e., which laboratories in the UnitedStates may perform tests and where to have results certified andauthenticated) before departing the United States.COUNTRY REQUIRED FOR U.S. TESTACCEPTEDAntigua and University students and those Yes Barbuda suspected of having the HIV virusAustralia All applicants for permanent Yes residence over age 16. Students or temporary residents staying over 12 months may be testedBahrain Foreign workers in certain N/A job categories, i.e. hotel staff, hair dressers, etc. are screened after entryBelize Certain foreign workers Yes,if within past 3 monthsBritish Virgin Intending immigrants and those YesIslands wishing to work must certify they are free of HIV virusBulgaria Certain groups of foreigners, No such as university students who stay for prolonged periods of time. Holders of tourist passports staying over 30 days may be testedChina, Those staying more than 6 months. Yes, underPeople's certainRepublic of conditions*Costa Rica All applicants for temporary No, testing residence permits or permanent performed by resident status and students or Ministry of tourists staying over 90 days Public Health Cuba All foreigners, excluding No, testing to tourists be performed on arrival Cyprus All foreigners working as Yes entertainersCzechoslovakia Students and workers from No, testing countries with high number of required to be AIDS cases performed on arrivalEcuador All foreigners coming as Yes residents, students, or for any other long-term purposesEgypt All foreigners working or No studying in Egypt for more than 30 daysGerman Demo- Those staying over 3 months Yes, undercratic certainRepublic conditions* Germany, Federal Applicants for residence No Republic of permits staying over 180 days (Bavaria only) in BavariaGreece Students receiving Greek No Government scholarships and performing artists working in GreeceIndia All students and anyone over Yes, under 18 staying over 1 year, certain excluding accredited journ- conditions* alists, and those working in foreign missionsIraq Anyone staying over 5 days Yes, under (Failure to have the test certain done will result in a fine conditions* of $1600.) (To avoid $330 fee have test done in the U.S. before departing.) Kuwait Those planning to obtain a Yes residence permit for longer than 6 monthsLibya Those seeking residence permits, Yes excluding official visitorsMarshall Although not yet implemented, Yes, under Islands, regulations would require those certain Republic of the planning to reside over 6 months conditions* to be testedMongolia Students and anyone planning to Yes stay longer than 3 months must be tested before arrivalPakistan Those staying for over 1 year Yes must certify they are free of HIVPapua New Those planning to work and Yes Guinea those applying for long-term residence visasPhilippines Applicants for permanent Yes resident visasQatar Those going to work or study Yes, if within six monthsSaudi Arabia Applicants for work permits only YesSouth Africa Mine workers YesSt.Kitts and Applicants for work permits or Yes Nevis residencySyria Students and others staying Yes, under over 1 year certain conditions*Taiwan Proposed legislation would Uncertain require those planning to reside over 3 months to be testedThailand Those suspected or confirmed of N/A carrying AIDS are refused entryUnion of Soviet Those staying more than 3 Yes Socialist months RepublicsUnited Arab Applicants for work or resi- No, testing Emirates dence permits required to be performed on arrival*Check with embassy in Washington, D.C. for detailed requirements.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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card_107403.xml
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<text>(Travel Advisories)Crime - Notice June 29, 1992 The U.S. Department of State provides the following travel notice for U.S. citizens traveling abroad.When planning your trip abroad, take steps to protect yourself from crime or theft. Crimes against travelers are a growing problem worldwide. Tourists are particularly targeted by criminals because they are usually carrying cash and are often easy to distract. Any traveler can become a victim of crimes such as pick-pocketings, robberies, sexual assaults and muggings. To keep yourself safe while traveling, follow the same common-sense precautions you would exercise at home:-- Do not take valuable items on your trip. Carry travelers checks and major credit cards, not large amounts of cash.-- Hide your valuables on your person. Wrapping rubber bands around your wallet makes it more difficult for a pickpocket to remove. Don't carry money or identification in a handbag; all too often, thieves simply take the bag, sometimes breaking arms in the process. If possible, don't carry a handbag at all.-- Before leaving, make a copy of the identification page of your passport. Take the copy with you on your trip, keeping it separate from the passport itself. While traveling, leave your passport and any money you don't expect to need that day locked in a hotel safety deposit box. If local law does not require you to keep your passport with you, carry only the photocopy of your passport when you leave your hotel.-- Find out which parts of town local inhabitants consider risky. If you are out alone at night, stay in well-lit areas; don't use short cuts or narrow alleys.-- Be especially alert in crowds. The most common sites for purse, bag or camera snatching are the central train stations, crowded shopping areas and places heavily frequented by tourists, such as on public buses, trams and subways.-- Thieves often strike when travelers are distracted. A bag casually left at one's feet or on a cart while checking a train schedule or using a telephone is an easy target. Money belts or pouches worn on the outside of clothing or loosely hung around the neck are easily cut or ripped off. Wearing them on the outside highlights where you keep all your valuables.-- Travel with several passport size photos. It can be hard to get replacement photos on short notice if your passport is lost or stolen. Keep a record of your passport number, and the date and place of issuance separate from the passport itself. -- If driving, keep your car doors locked and suitcases out of sight.-- Don't leave valuables in parked cars. Thieves particularly target rental cars and cars with out of town or foreign license plates.If you should fall victim to crime, remember that the U.S. Embassy is there to help you. Every embassy and consulate has a duty officer on-call around the clock to assist in an emergency. If you need emergency medical care, the duty officer will try to help you get in touch with a doctor or clinic. If you lose your passport, report the loss to the local police and go to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate on the next business day to apply for a new one. If you have a police report, photos and proof of identification (or are accompanied by someone who can identify you), a new passport can often be issued the same day.The following pamphlets are published by the Department of State to assist Americans traveling abroad. Single copies of these publications are available for $1.00 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Please send checks or money orders.Your Trip AbroadA Safe Trip AbroadTravel Tips for Older AmericansTips for Americans Residing AbroadTips for Travelers to the CaribbeanTips for Travelers to Central and South AmericaTips for Travelers to Eastern Europe (under revision)Tips for Travelers to MexicoTips for Travelers to the Middle East and North AfricaTips for Travelers to the People's Republic of ChinaTips for Travelers to South AsiaTips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan AfricaTips for Travelers to the USSR (under revision)No. 92-136This travel advisory replaces the travel advisory dated May 22, 1991 with minor changes. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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card_107096.xml
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIPThe Department of State is responsible for determining the citizenship status of a person located outside the United States or in connection with the application for a U.S. passport while in the United States.POTENTIALLY EXPATRIATING STATUTESSection 349 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended, states that U.S. citizens are subject to loss of citizenship if they perform certain acts voluntarily and with the intention to relinquish U.S. citizenship. Briefly stated, these acts include:(1) Obtaining naturalization in a foreign state;(2) Taking an oath, affirmation or other formal declaration to a foreign state or its political subdivisions;(3) Entering or serving in the armed forces of a foreign state engaged in hostilities against the U.S. or serving as a commissioned or non-commissioned officer in the armed forces of a foreign state;(4) Accepting employment with a foreign government if (a) one has the nationality of that foreign state or (b) a declaration of allegiance is required in accepting the position;(5) Formally renouncing U.S. citizenship before a U.S. consular officer outside the United States;(6) Formally renouncing U.S. citizenship within the United States (only "in time of war");(7) Conviction for an act of treason.ADMINISTRATIVE STANDARD OF EVIDENCEAs already noted, the action listed above can cause loss of U.S citizenship only if performed voluntarily and with the intention of relinquishing U.S. citizenship. THE DEPARTMENT HAS A UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE STANDARD BASED ON THE PREMISE THAT U.S. CITIZENS INTEND TO RETAIN UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP WHEN THEY OBTAIN NATURALIZATION IN A FOREIGN STATE, SUBSCRIBE TO ROUTINE DECLARATIONS OF ALLEGIANCE TO A FOREIGN STATE, OR ACCEPT NON-POLICY LEVEL EMPLOYMENT WITH A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT.DISPOSITION OF CASES WHEN ADMINISTRATIVE PREMISE IS APPLICABLEIn light of the administrative premise discussed above, a person who:(1) is naturalized in a foreign country;(2) takes a routine oath of allegiance; or(3) accepts non-policy level employment with a foreign governmentand in so doing wishes to retain U.S. citizenship need not submit prior to the commission of a potentially expatriating act a statement or evidence of his or her intent to retain U.S. citizenship since such an intent will be presumed.When such cases come to the attention of a U.S. consular officer, the person concerned will be asked to comlete a questionnaire to ascertain his or her intent toward U.S. citizehsip. Unless the person affirmatively asserts in the questionnaire that it was his or her intention to relinquish U.S. citizenship, the consular officer will certify that it was NOT the person's intent to relinquish U.S. citizenship and, consequently, find that the person has retained U.S. citizenship.DISPOSITION OF CASES WHEN ADMINISTRATIVE PREMISE IS INAPPLICABLEThe premise that a person intends to retain U.S. citizenship is NOT applicable when the individual:(1) formally renounces U.S. citizenship before a consular officer;(2) takes a policy level position in a foreign state;(3) is convicted of treason; or(4) performs an act made potentially expatriating by statute accompanied by conduct which is so inconsistent with retention of U.S. citizenship that it compels a conclusion that the individual intended to relinquish U.S. citizenship. (Such cases are very rare.)Cases in categories 2, 3, and 4 will be developed carefully by U.S. consular officers to ascertain the individual's intent toward U.S. citizenship.PERSONS WHO WISH TO RELINQUISHAn individual who has performed ANY of the acts made potentially expatriating by statute who wishes to lose U.S. citizenship may do so by affirming in writing to a U.S. consular officer that the act was performed withan intent to relinquish U.S. citizenship. Of course, a person always has the option of seeking to formally renounce U.S. citizenship in accordance with Section 349(a)(5) INA.APPLICABILITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE PREMISE TO PAST CASESThe premise established by the administrative standard of evidence is applicable to cases adjudicated previously. Persons who previously lost U.S. citizenship may wish to have their cases reconsidered in light of this policy. A person may initiate such a reconsideration by submitting a request to the nearest U.S. consular office or by writing directly to:Director, Office of Citizens Consular Services(CA/OCS/CCS), Room 4811 NSDepartment of StateWashington, DC 20520-4818Each case will be reviewed on its own merits taking into consideration, for example, statements made by the person at the time of the potentially expatriating act.QUESTIONSFor further information, please contact the appropriate geographic division of the Office of Citizens Consular Services:Europe and Canada Division............................(202) 647-3445Inter-American Division...............................(202) 647-3712East Asia and Pacific Division........................(202) 647-3675Near Eastern and South Asia Division..................(202) 647-3926Africa Division:......................................(202) 647-4994-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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card_4542.xml
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)TEXT OF HAGUE CONVENTIONCONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTIONThe States signatory to the present Convention,Firmly convinced that the interests of children are of paramount importance in matters relating to their custody,Desiring to protect children internationally from the harmful effects of their wrongful removal or retention and to establish procedures to ensure their prompt return to the State of habitual residence, as well as to secure protection for rights of access,Have resolved to conclude a Convention to this effect, and have agreed upon the following provisions - CHAPTER I - SCOPE OF THE CONVENTIONArticle 1The objects of the present Convention are - (a) to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State; and(b) to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States.Article 2Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to secure within their territories the implementation of the objects of the Convention. For this purpose they shall use the most expeditious procedures available.Article 3The removal or the retention of a child is to be considered wrogful where - (a) it is in breach of right of custody attributed to a person, an institution or any other body, either jointly or alone, under the law of the State in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention; and(b) at the time of removal or retention those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal of retention.The rights of custody mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) above, may arise in particular by operation of law or by reason of a judicial or administrative decision, or by reason of an agreement having legal effect under the law of that State.Article 4The Convention shall apply to any child who was habitually resident in a Contracting State immediately before any breach of custody or access rights. The Convention shall cease to apply when the child attains the age of 16 years.Article 5For the purposes of this Convention - (a) "rights of custody" shall include rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child's place of residence;(b) "rights of access" shall include the right to take a child for a limited period of time to a place other than the child's habitual residence.CHAPTER II - CENTRAL AUTHORITIESArticle 6A Contracting State shall designate a Central Authority to discharge the duties which are imposed by the Convention upon such authorities.Federal States, States with more than one system of law or States having autonomous territorial organizations shall be free to appoint more than one Central Authority and to specify the territorial extent of their powers. Where a State has appointed more than one Central Authority, it shall designate the Central Authority to which applications may be addressed for transmission to the appropriate Central Authority with that State.Article 7Central Authorities shall co-operate with each other and promote co-operation amongst the competent authorities in their respective States to secure the prompt return of children and to achieve the other objects of this Convention.In particular, either directly or through any intermediary, they shall take all appropriate measures - (a) to discover the whereabouts of a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained;(b) to prevent further harm to the child or prejudice to interested parties by taking or causing to be taken provisional measures;(c) to secure the voluntary return of the child or to bring about an amicable resolution of the issues;(d) to exchange, where desirable, information relating to the social background of the child;(e) to provide information of a general character as to the law of their State in connection with the application of the Convention;(f) to initiate or facilitate the institution of judicial or administrative proceedings with a view to obtaining the return of the child and, in a proper case, to make arrangements for organizing or securing the effective exercise of rights of access;(g) where the circumstances so require, to provide or facilitate the provision of legal aid and advice, including the participation of legal counsel and advisers;(h) to provide such administrative arrangements as may be necessary and appropriate to secure the safe return of the child;(i) to keep each other informed with respect to the operation of this Convention and, as far as possible, to eliminate any obstacles to its application.CHAPTER III - RETURN OF CHILDRENArticle 8Any person, institution or other body claiming that a child has been removed or retained in breach of custody rights may apply either to the Central Authority of the child's habitual residence or the the Central Authority of any other Contracting State for assistance in securing the return of the child.The application shall contain - (a) information concerning the identity of the applicant, of the child and of the person alleged to have removed or retained the child;(b) where available, the date of birth of the child;(c) the grounds on which the applicant's claim for return of the child is based;(d) all available information relating to the whereabouts of the child and the identity of the person with whom the child is presumed to be.The application may be accompanied or supplemented by - (e) an authenticated copy of any relevant decision or agreement;(f) a certificate or an affidavit emanating from a Central Authority, or other competent authority of the State of the child's habitual residence, or from a qualified person, concerning the relevant law of that State;(g) any other relevant document.Article 9If the Central Authority which receives an application referred to in Article 8 has reason to believe that the child is in another Contracting State, it shall directly and without delay transmit the application to the Central Authority of that Contracting State and inform the requesting Central Authority, or the applicant, as the case may be.Article 10The Central Authority of the State where the child is shall take or cause to be taken all appropriate measures in order to obtain the voluntary return of the child.Article 11The judicial or administrative authorities of Contracting States shall act expeditiously in proceedings for the return of children.If the judicial or administrative authority concerned has not reached a decision within six weeks from the date of commencement of the proceedings, the applicant or the Central Authority of the requested State, on its own initiative or if asked by the Central Authority of the requesting State, shall have the right to request a statement of the reasons of delay. If a reply is received by the Central Authority of the requested State, that Authority shall transmit the reply to the Central Authority of the requesting State, or to the applicant, as the case may be.Article 12Where a child has been wrongfully removed or retained in terms of Article 3 and, at the date of the commencement of the proceedings before the judicial or administrative authority of the Contracting State where the child is, a period of less than one year has elapsed from the date of the wrongful removal or retention, the authority concerned shall order the return of the child forthwith.The judicial or administrative authority, even where the proceedings have been commenced after the expiration of the period of one year referred to in the preceding paragraph, shall also order the return of the child, unless it is demonstrated that the child is now settled in its new environment.Where the judicial or administrative authority in the requested State has reason to believe that the child has been taken to another State, it may stay the proceedings or dismiss the application for the return of the child.Article 13Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Article, the judicial or administrative authority of the requested State is not bound to order the return of the child if the person, institution or other body which opposes its return establishes that - (a) the person, institution or other body having the care of the person of the child was not actually exercising the custody rights at the time of removal or retention, or had consented to or subsequently acquiesced in the removal or retention; or(b) there is a grave risk that his or her return would expose the child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable situation.The judicial or administrative authority may also refuse to order the return of the child if it finds that the child objects to being returned and has attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of its views.In considering the circumstances referred to in this Article, the judicial and administrative authorities shall take into account the information relating to the social background of the child provided by the Central Authority or other competent authority of the child's habitual residence.Article 14In ascertaining whether there has been a wrongful removal or retention within the meaning of Article 3, the judicial or administrative authorities of the requested State may take notice directly of the law of, and of judicial and administrative decisions, formally recognized or not in the State of the habitual residence of the child, without recourse to the specific procedures for the proof of that law or for the recognition of foreign decisions which would otherwise be applicable.Article 15The judicial or administrative authorities of a Contracting State may, prior to the making of an order for the return of the child, request that the applicant obtain from the authorities of the State of the habitual residence of the child a decision or other determination that the removal or retention was wrongful within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention, where such a decision or determination may be obtained in that State. The Central Authorities of the Contracting States shall so far as practicable assist applicants to obtain such a decision or determination.Article 16After receiving notice of a wrongful removal or retention of a child in the sense of Article 3, the judicial or administrative authorities of the Contracting State to which the child has been removed or in which it has been retained shall not decide on the merits of rights of custody until it has been determined that the child is not to be returned under this Convention or unless an application under this Convention is not lodged within a reasonable time following receipt of the notice.Article 17The sole fact that a decision relating to custody has been given in or is entitled to recognition in the requested State shall not be a ground for refusing to return a child under this Convention, but the judicial or administrative authorities of the requested State may take account of the reasons for that decision in applying this Convention.Article 18The provisions of this Chapter do not limit the power of a judicial or administrative authority to order the return of the child at any time.Article 19A decision under this Convention concerning the return of the child shall not be taken to be a determination on the merits of any custody issue.Article 20The return of the child under the provisions of Article 12 may be refused if this would not be permitted by the fundamental principles of the requested State relating to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.CHAPTER IV - RIGHTS OF ACCESSArticle 21An application to make arrangements for organizing or securing the effective exercise of rights of access may be presented to the Central Authorities of the Contracting States in the same way as an application for the return of a child.The Central Authorities are bound by the obligations of co-operation which are set forth in Article 7 to promote the peaceful enjoyment of access rights and the fulfillment of any conditions to which the exercise of those rights may be subject. The Central Authorities shall take steps to remove, as far as possible, all obstacles to the exercise of such rights. The Central Authorities, either directly or through intermediaries, may initiate or assist in the institution of proceedings with a view to organizing or protecting these rights and securing respect for conditions to which the exercise of these rights may be subject.CHAPTER V - GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle 22No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required to guarantee the payment of costs and expenses in the judicial or administrative proceedings falling within the scope of this Convention.Article 23No legalization or similar formality may be required in the context of this Convention.Article 24Any application, communication or other document sent to the Central Authority of the requested State shall be in the original language, and shall be accompanied by a translation into the official language or one of the official languages of the requested State or, where that is not feasible, a translation into French or English.However, a Contracting State may, by making a reservation in accordance with Article 42, object to the use of either French or English, but not both, in any application, communication or other document sent to its Central Authority.Article 25Nationals of the Contracting States and persons who are habitually resident within those States shall be entitled in matters concerned with the application of this Convention to legal aid and advice in any other Contracting State on the same conditions as if they themselves were nationals of and habitually resident in that State.Article 26Each Central Authority shall bear its own costs in applying this Convention.Central Authorities and other public services of Contracting States shall not impose any charges in relation to applications submitted under this Convention. In particular, they may not require any payment from the applicant towards the costs and expenses of the proceedings or, where applicable, those arising from the participation of legal counsel or advisers. However, they may require the payment of the expenses incurred or to be incurred in implementing the return of the child.However, a Contracting State may, by making a reservation in accordance with Article 42, declare that it shall not be bound to assume any costs referred to in the preceding paragraph resulting from the participation of legal counsel or advisers or form court proceedings, except insofar as those costs may be covered by its system of legal aid and advice.Upon ordering the return of the child or issuing an concerning rights of access under this Convention, the judicial or administrative authorities may, where appropriate, direct the person who removed or retained the child, or who prevented the exercise of rights of access, to pay necessary expenses incurred or payments made for locating the child, the costs of legal representation of the applicant, and those of returning the child.Article 27When it is manifest that the requirements of this Convention are not fulfilled or that the application is otherwise not well founded, a Central Authority is not bound to accept the application. In that case, the Central Authority shall forthwith inform the applicant or the Central Authority through which the application was submitted, as the case may be, of its reasons.Article 28A Central Authority may require that the application be accompanied by a written authorization empowering it to act on behalf of the applicant, or to designate a representative so to act.Article 29This Convention shall not preclude any person, institution or body who claims that there has been a breach of custody or access rights within the meaning of Article 3 or 21 from applying directly to the judicial or administrative authorities of a Contracting State, whether or not under the provisions of this Convention.Article 30Any application submitted to the Central Authorities or directly to the judicial or administrative authorities of a Contracting State in accordance with the terms of this Convention, together with documents and any other information appended thereto or provided by a Central Authority, shall be admissible in the courts or administrative authorities of the Contracting States.Article 31In relation to a State which in matters of custody of children has two or more systems of law applicable in different territorial units -(a) any reference to habitual residence in that State shall be construed as referring to habitual residence in a territorial unit of that State;(b) any reference to the law of the State of habitual residence shall be construed as referred to the law of the territorial unit in that State where the child habitually resides.Article 32In relation to a State which in matters of custody of children has two or more systems of law applicable to different categories of persons, any reference to the law of that State shall be construed as referring to the legal system specified by the law of that State.Article 33A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of custody of children shall not be bound to apply this Convention where a State with a unified system of law would not be bound to do so.Article 34This Convention shall take priority in matters within its scope over the "Convention of 5 October 1961 concerning the powers of authorities and the law applicable in respect of the protection of minors." as between Parties to both Conventions. Otherwise the present Convention shall not restrict the application of an international instrument in force between the State of origin and the State addressed or other law of the State addressed for the purposes of obtaining the return of a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained or of organizing access rights.Article 35This Convention shall apply as between Contracting States only to wrongful removals or retentions occurring after its entry into force in those States.Where a declaration has been made under Article 39 or 40, the reference in the preceding paragraph to a Contracting State shall be taken to refer to the territorial unit or units in relation to which this Convention applies.Article 36Nothing in this Convention shall prevent two or more Contracting States, in order to limit the restrictions to which the return of the child may be subject, from agreeing among themselves to derogate from any provisions of this Convention which may imply such a restriction.CHAPTER VI - FINAL CLAUSESArticle 37The Convention shall be open for signature by the States which were Member of the Hague Conference on Private International Law at the time of its Fourteenth Session.It shall be ratified, accepted or approved and the instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.Article 38Any other State may accede to the Convention.The instrument of accession shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.The Convention shall enter into force for a State acceding to it on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of its instrument of accession.The accession will have effect only as regards the relations between the acceding State and such Contracting States as will have declared their acceptance of the accession. Such a declaration will also have to be made by any Member State ratifying, accepting or approving the Convention after an accession. Such declaration shall be deposited at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; this Ministry shall forward, through diplomatic channels, a certified copy to each of the Contracting States.The Convention will enter into force between the acceding State and the State that has declared its acceptance of the accession on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of the declaration of acceptance.Article 39Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that the Convention shall extend to all the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible, or to one or more of them. Such a declaration shall take effect at the time the Convention enters into force for that State.Such declaration, as well as any subsequent extension, shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.Article 40If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which different systems of law are applicable in relation to matters dealt with in this Convention, it may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession declare that this Convention shall extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them and may modify this declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.Any such declaration shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and shall state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention applies.Article 41Where a Contracting State has a system of government under which executive, judicial and legislative powers are distributed between central and other authorities within that State, its signature or ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to this Convention, or its making of any declaration in terms of Article 40 shall carry no implication as to the internal distribution of powers within that State.Article 42Any State may, not later than the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or at the time of making a declaration in terms of Article 39 or 40, make one or both of the reservations provided for in Article 24 and Article 26, third paragraph. No other reservation shall be permitted.Any State may at any time withdraw a reservation it has made. The withdrawal shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.The reservation shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after the notification referred to in the preceding paragraph.Article 43The Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of the third instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession referred to in Articles 37 and 38.Thereafter the Convention shall enter into force -(1) for each State ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to it subsequently, on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;(2) for any territory or territorial unit to which the Convention has been extended in conformity with Article 39 or 40, on the first day of the third calendar month after the notification referred to in that Article.Article 44The Convention shall remain in force for five years from the date of its entry into force in accordance with the first paragraph of Article 43 even for States which subsequently have ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to it.If there has been no denunciation, it shall be renewed tacitly every five years.Any denunciation shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at least six months before the expiry of the five year period. It may be limited to certain of the territories or territorial units to which the Convention applies.The denunciation shall have effect only as regards the State which has notified it. The Convention shall remain in force for the other Contracting States.Article 45The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands shall notify the States Members of the Conference, and the States which have acceded in accordance with Article 38, of the following -(1) the signatures and ratifications, acceptances and approvals referred to in Article 37;(2) the accessions referred to in Article 38;(3) the date on which the Convention enters into force in accordance with Article 43;(4) the extensions referred to in Article 39;(5) the declarations referred to in Articles 38 and 40;(6) the reservations referred to in Article 24 and 26, third paragraph, and the withdrawals referred to in Article 42;(7) the denunciations referred to in Article 44.In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention.Done at The Hague, on the 25th day of October, 1980, in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic, in a single copy which shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and of which a certified copy shall be sent, through diplomatic channels, to each of the States Members of the Hague Conference on Private International Law at the date of its Fourteenth Session.HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION PARTY COUNTRIES AND EFFECTIVE DATES WITH U.S.AustraliaCanadaFranceHungaryLuxembourgPortugalSpainSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States 7/1/88Austria 10/1/88Norway 4/1/89Sweden 6/1/89Belize 9/1/89Netherlands 9/1/90Germany 12/1/90Argentina 6/1/91Denmark 7/1/91New Zealand 10/1/91Mexico 10/1/91Ireland 10/1/91Israel 10/1/91N.B. - Effective dates are important because Convention is NOT retroactive.</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)International Child Abduction+++PART IVContinued....What Are Your Chances of Success?Courts in foreign countries, like U.S. courts, have jurisdiction overpeople residing in their territory. A custody decree issued by a courtin the United States has no binding legal force abroad though it mayhave a persuasive force in some countries. Foreign courts decide childcustody cases on the basis of their own domestic relations law. Thismay give a "home court" advantage to a person who has abducted a childto the country of his or her origin. You could also be disadvantagedif the country has a cultural bias in favor of a mother or a father.However, a U.S. custody decree may be considered by foreign courts andauthorities as evidence and, in some cases, may be recognized andenforced by them on the basis of comity (the voluntary recognition bycourts of one jurisdiction of the laws and judicial decisions ofanother). Your chances of having your U.S. court order enforceddepend, to a large degree, upon the tradition of comity that the legalsystem of the country in question has with the U.S. legal system. CCScan give you some information on these traditions.Using the Criminal Justice System: What Is Involved?National criminal justice systems have established international links.Through Interpol, the international criminal police organization, lawenforcement authorities in many countries cooperate in the location andapprehension of international fugitives. In addition, when twocountries have an extradition treaty between them that includes childabduction as an extraditable offense, criminals may be surrendered fromone country to the other. Many countries, however, do not extraditetheir own citizens, and the abducting parent is likely to be a citizenof the country to which the child is taken. In addition, it must beremembered that extradition does not apply to the abducted child, butonly to the abducting parent. Contact CCS to find out if extraditionis a viable option in your case.Your decision on whether or not to try to use the criminal justicesystem depends upon the circumstances of your case. Again, CCS cangive you information on the criminal justice system of a particularcountry and whether or not it cooperates internationally. A moredifficult question is one that you must answer: what will be thereaction of the abductor to the threat of criminal prosecution? Oneabductor might be afraid and return the child, another might go deeperinto hiding. Another question to ask yourself is whether you areprepared to testify against the abductor if he or she is brought totrial. How far are you willing to pursue criminal prosecution? Unlessyou are willing to testify in court against the abductor, you shouldnot pursue criminal prosecution.The Steps To TakeOnce you have a U.S. custody decree, you or your attorney may contactyour local prosecutor or law enforcement authorities to request thatthe abducting parent be criminally prosecuted and that an arrestwarrant be issued, if provided for by your state law. In some states,parental child abduction or custodial interference is a misdemeanor;however, in most states it is a felony. If you are able to obtain awarrant, the local prosecutor can contact the F.B.I. or your state'sU.S. Attorney to request the issuance of a Federal Unlawful Flight toAvoid Prosecution (UFAP) warrant for the arrest of the abductor. TheFederal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980 provides for theissuance of this warrant (see page 18).Once a warrant has been issued for the abductor's arrest, ask local lawenforcement authorities or the F.B.I. to enter the abductor's name inthe 'wanted persons' section of the National Crime Information Center(NCIC) computer.Prosecution of Agents or Accomplices of the AbductorFind out if your state has laws that allow legal action to be takenagainst agents or accomplices to an abduction. Consider whether suchactions would be useful in learning your child's whereabouts orcompelling the return of your child.Implications of an Arrest Warrant for a U.S. CitizenIf the abducting parent is a U.S. citizen and the subject of a federalarrest warrant, the F.B.I. or U.S. Attorney's office can ask theDepartment of State, Passport Services, to revoke the person's U.S.passport. This may or may not be a burden to an abducting parent who,as a dual national, may also carry a foreign passport. However, anabducting parent who is only a U.S. citizen becomes an undocumentedalien in a foreign country if his or her U.S. passport is revoked.Some countries may deport undocumented aliens or at least make itdifficult for them to remain in the country.To arrange for a U.S. passport to be revoked, the F.B.I. or U.S.Attorney must send a copy of the UFAP warrant to the Department ofState's Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance (telephone:202-326-6168). The regulatory basis for revocation of passports isfound in the Code of Federal Regulations: 22 C.F.R. 51.70, et seq.In certain circumstances you may decide that revoking the abductingparent's passport will not achieve the desired result. For example, ifyou know the location of the other parent, there is always thepossibility of negotiation and a settlement or, at least, there is thepossibility of communication with your child. However, if theabducting parent is threatened with passport revocation, he or shemight choose to flee with your child again. In child abduction cases,Passport Services does not revoke an abductor's passport automatically.Instead they will work with the Office of Citizens Consular Services tomake a decision, taking into consideration your wishes, the location ofyour child, and other specific details of your case.Implications of a Warrant for a Non-U.S. CitizenEven if the abductor is not a U.S. citizen, the existence of a UFAPwarrant is important. Such a warrant may encourage the abductingparent to return the child voluntarily, especially if he or she hasbusiness or other reasons to travel to the United States. The warrantalso serves to inform the foreign government that the abduction of thechild is a violation of U.S. law and that the abductor is a federalfugitive. An arrest warrant is also necessary if you wish to haveauthorities seek extradition of the abductor.The Possibility of ExtraditionExtradition, the surrender of a fugitive or prisoner from onejurisdiction to another for criminal prosecution, is rarely used ininternational child abduction cases. Extradition may not be used toaccomplish a civil purpose such as resolution of a child custodydispute. Extradition is possible only when the local prosecutordetermines that there is a "prosecutable case" (e.g., that you willtestify fully and truthfully at trial). Aside from the fact thatextradition can only be used for criminal justice purposes, there areother factors to consider. There is no guarantee that a wrongfullyremoved or retained child will be returned with the abductor.Threatened with extradition, he or she might hide the child with afriend or relative in the foreign country.Another reason extradition is seldom used is that it is available onlyfor serious crimes, and many countries, unlike the United States, donot consider parental child abduction a serious crime. Manyextradition treaties were written before international parental childabduction became a widely recognized phenomenon. Child abduction isnot listed as an extraditable offense in most of the older U.S.extradition treaties. The United States, as it negotiates newextradition treaties or amends old ones, is trying to persuade foreigncountries to treat international child abduction as a serious criminaloffense. Another limitation on extradition is that many countries,including most countries in Latin America and Western Europe, will notextradite their own nationals. Finally, efforts to extradite theabductor for criminal proceedings may conflict with the civil remediesprovided by the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction (seepage 7).Nevertheless, extradition remains a possibility. For extradition to bepossible:Q your local prosecutor must decide to prosecute your case and youmust be prepared to testify;Q child abduction must be considered a serious crime in the othercountry;Q there must be a treaty or other extradition mechanism between theUnited States and the country where your child is held;Q child abduction must be covered under the treaty;Q and, if the abductor is a national of the country in question, thecountry must be one that will extradite its own nationals.PART VOTHER SOLUTIONS: SETTLING 'OUT OF COURT'Promoting Communication Between Parents and ChildrenLegal procedures can be long and expensive. Reunion with your child,using this route, depends ultimately on the successful use of the legalsystem of a foreign country. You may have greater success working inan area even more difficult than the legal systemQthe area ofnegotiation with the abducting parent. In some cases, friends orrelatives of the abductor may be able to help you establish amicablerelations with the abductor and may be willing to help mediate acompromise. A decrease in tension might bring about the return of yourchild, but, even if it does not, it can increase your chances of beingable to visit the child and participate in some way in the child'supbringing. Sometimes compromise and some kind of reconciliation arethe only solution.Obtaining Information on Your Child's WelfareIf your child has been found, but cannot be recovered, you can requestthat a U.S. consular officer visit the child. If the consul succeedsin seeing your child, he or she will send you a report on your child'shealth, living conditions, schooling, and other information. Sometimesconsular officers are also able to send you letters or photos from yourchild. If the abducting parent will not permit the consular officer tosee your child, the U.S. embassy or consulate will request theassistance of local authorities, either to arrange for such a visit orto have a local social worker make a visit and provide a report on yourchild's health and welfare. Contact the Office of Citizens ConsularServices (CCS) to request such a visit.Working With Foreign AuthoritiesIn child abduction cases, consular officers routinely maintain contactwith local child welfare and law enforcement officers. If there isevidence of abuse or neglect of the child, the U.S. embassy orconsulate will request that local authorities become involved to ensurethe child is protected. This may mean removal of your child from thehome for placement in local foster care.The Difficult Question of Desperate MeasuresConsular officers cannot take possession of a child abducted by aparent or aid parents attempting to do so in violation of the laws of aforeign country. Consular officers must act in accordance with thelaws of the country to which they are accredited. If a parent regainsphysical possession of a child, the U.S. embassy or consulate can,however, issue a passport to the child (if the child is a U.S. citizen)in the absence of a foreign court order prohibiting removal of thechild from its jurisdiction. If the foreign court order conflicts withan American court order that gives you custody, a passport for thechild will generally be issued. The consular officer also can, ifappropriate, issue repatriation loans to the parent and child.Before considering desperate measures, however, you should read theinformation available from the National Center for Missing andExploited Children about the emotional trauma inflicted on a child whois a victim of abduction and reabduction. The NCMEC discouragesreabduction not only because it is illegal, but also because ofpossible psychological harm to the child.Attempts to spirit an abducted child back to the United States from aforeign country may endanger your child and others, would prejudice anyfuture judicial efforts you might wish to make in that country, and mayresult in your arrest and imprisonment. In determining sentencing, theforeign court might not give weight to the fact that the would-beabductor was the custodial parent in the United States. If yousuccessfully return to the United States with your child, you, andanyone who assisted you, may be subject to extradition to andprosecution in the country from which you abducted the child. Nor isthere any guarantee that the chain of abductions would end there: aparent who has reabducted a child may have to go to extraordinarylengths to conceal their whereabouts, living in permanent fear that thechild may be reabducted again.PART VIREFERENCEDirectory Q Where to Go for AssistanceConsular Assistance:Child Custody Division 202-647-3666Office of Citizens Consular Services (CCS)Department of State220l C Street, N.W., Room 4817Washington, D.C. 20520-4818U.S. Passport Restrictions:Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance 202-326-6168Passport ServicesDepartment of State1425 K Street, N.W., Room 300Washington, D.C. 20522-1705General Technical Assistance:National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) 703-235-39002101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500Arlington, VA 2220124-hour hot line for emergencies: 1-800-843-5678 TTD 1-800-826-7653For ABA Publications:American Bar Association (ABA) 312-988-5555750 Lake Shore DriveChicago, IL 60611For Information on the Federal Parent Locator Service:Department of Health and Human Services 202-401-9267Office of Child Support EnforcementFederal Parent Locator Service (FPLS)370 L'Enfant Promenade, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20447Uniform State and Federal Laws on Custody, Parental Child Abduction,and Missing ChildrenThe Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act of 1968 (UCCJA) was writtento eliminate nationwide the legal incentives for forum-shopping andchild-snatching by parents, and to encourage communication, cooperationand assistance between state courts in the resolution of interstatechild custody conflicts. It is now the law, with some variations, inevery state and the District of Columbia.Section 23 of the UCCJA expressly provides that the general policies ofthe Act extend to the international arena. It further provides thatcustody decrees made in other countries by appropriate judicial oradministrative authorities will be recognized and enforced in thiscountry provided reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard weregiven to the affected persons.The Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980 (PKPA) (P.L. 96-611; 28U.S.C. 1738A, 1738A Note; 18 U.S.C. 1073 Note; 42 U.S.C. 654, 655, 663)requires the appropriate authorities of every state to enforce and notmodify custody and visitation orders made by courts exercisingjurisdiction consistent with standards set by the Act; authorizes theFederal Parental Locator Service to act on requests from authorizedpersons to locate the absconding parent and children who have beenabducted or wrongfully retained; and expressly declares the intent ofCongress that the Fugitive Felon Act applies to state felony casesinvolving parental kidnapping and interstate or international flight toavoid prosecutions. The state prosecutor may formally present arequest to the local U.S. Attorney for a Federal Unlawful Flight toAvoid Prosecution (UFAP) warrant.The Missing Children's Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-292; 28 U.S.C. 534)provides for the entry of the names of missing children in the NationalCrime Information Center (NCIC). Since the enactment of P.L. 97-292,parents can ask their local police to enter their children's names intothe NCIC computer and they can verify from the police or, if necessary,from the FBI that the names of their children are in the system.The Missing Children's Assistance Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-473) authorizedthe establishment of a national clearing house (now the National Centerfor Missing and Exploited Children) to:Q Provide technical assistance to local and state governments, publicand private nonprofit agencies, and individuals in locating andrecovering missing children;Q Coordinate public and private efforts to locate, recover, orreunite missing children with their legal custodians;Q Operate a national toll-free hot line through which individuals canreport information on the location of missing children or requestinformation on procedures for reuniting children with their legalcustodians;Q Disseminate information on innovative and model missing children'sprograms, services, and legislation;Q Provide technical assistance to law enforcement agencies, state andlocal governments, elements of the criminal justice system, public andprivate nonprofit agencies, and individuals in the prevention,investigation, prosecution, and treatment of missing and exploitedchildren's cases.National Child Search Assistance Act (P.L. 101-647) passed as part ofthe Crime Control Act of 1990, requires federal, state, and local lawenforcement to enter reports of a missing child less than 18 andunidentified persons in the National Crime Information Center (NCIC).It provides for update of records with additional information within 60days of the original entry, and it provides for close liaison betweenlaw enforcement and the National Center for Missing and ExploitedChildren for the exchange of information and technical assistance inmissing children cases.U.S. Court Decisions Q CitationsCalifornia (Australia) Miller v. Superior Court, 587 P.2d 723 (Cal. 1978). (France) Superior Court v. Plas, 155 Cal. App. 3d 1008 (Cal. App.1984). (Israel) Ben-Yehoshua v. Ben-Yehoshua, 154 Cal. Rptr. 80 (Cal. Ct.App. 1979). (Lebanon) Marriage of Malek, 182 Cal. App.3d 1018 (Cal. App. 1986).COLORADO (England) Woodhouse v. District Court, 587 P.2d 1199 (Colo. 1978).CONNECTICUT (Germany) Goldstein v. Fisher, 510 A.2d 184 (Conn. 1986). (Colombia) Hurtado v. Hurtado, 541 A.2d 873 (Conn. App. 1988).Florida (Bahamas) Al-Fassi v. Al-Fassi, 433 So.2d 664 (Fla. App. 1983), rev. den. 446 So.2d 99 (Fla. 1984). (Mexico) Ortega v. Pujals de Suarez, 465 So.2d 607 (Fla. App.1985). (Puerto Rico, West Germany) Sterzinger v. Efron, 534 So.2d 798(Fla. App. 1988). (Singapore) Brown v. Ran, 395 So.2d 1249 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.1981).GEORGIA (New York /United Arab Emirates) Mitchell v. Mitchell, 311 S.E.2d456 (Ga. 1984).ILLINOIS (Israel) In re Marriage of Alush, 527 N.E.2d 66 (Ill. App. 1988). (Scotland) In re Marriage of Mullins, 481 N.E.2d 322 (Ill.App.1985).INDIANA (Sweden) Schleiffer v. Meyers, 644 F.2d 656 (7th Cir. 1981).KANSAS (France) In re Marriage of Nasica, 758 P.2d 240 (Kan. App. 1988). (St. Maarten) Warwick v. Gluck, 751 P.2d 1042 (Kan. App. 1988).LOUISIANA (Brazil/New York) Gay v. Morrison, 511 So.2d 1173 (La. App. 4 Cir.1987).MASSACHUSETTS (Australia) Custody of a Minor No. 3, 468 N.E. 2d 251 (Mass. 1984). (Germany) Bak v. Bak, 511 N.E.2d 625 (Mass. App. Ct. 1987). (Israel) Tazziz v. Tazziz, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 809, 1988 Mass. App.LEXIS 787.MICHIGAN (Germany) Klont v. Klont, 342 N.W.2d 549 (Mich. App. 1983). (Ireland) Farrell v. Farrell, 351 N.W.2d 219 (Mich. App. 1984).MISSISSIPPI (Canada) Laskosky v. Laskosky, 504 So.2d 726 (Miss. 1987).NEW JERSEY (Ireland) Mc v. Mc, 521 A.2d 381 (N.J. Super. 1986). (Germany) Schmidt v. Schmidt, 1988 N.J. App. LEXIS 346 (1988).NEW YORK (Australia) Boutros v. Boutros, 483 N.Y.S.2d 360 (N.Y. App. Div.1984). (Canada) David S. v. Zamira S., 17 FLR 2001 (2/19/91). HagueConvention case. (England) In re Shalit, 4 Fam. L. Rep. 2035 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Nov. 1,1977). (Israel) Evans v. Evans, 447 N.Y.S.2d 200 (Sup. Ct. 1982). (Israel) Klien v. Klien, 533 N.Y.S.2d 211 (Sup. 1988). (Sweden) Braunstein v. Braunstein, 497 N.Y.S.2d 58 (A.D. 2 Dept.1985). (Switzerland) Lotte V. v. Leo V., 491 N.Y.S.2d 58, 128 Misc.2d 892(Fam. Ct. 1985).NORTH DAKOTA(District of Columbia/Norway) Bergstrom v. Bergstrom, 478 F. Supp. 434(D.N.D. 1979). The appellate decision, 623 F.2d 517 (8th Cir. 1980),should also be noted.Pennsylvania (Bermuda) Com. ex rel. Taylor v. Taylor, 480 A.2d 1188 (Pa. Super.1984). (Canada) Taylor v. Taylor, 420 A.2d 570 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1980). (Denmark) Zaubi v. Zaubi, 423 A.2d 333 (Pa. 1980). (England) Havice v. Havice, No. 836-1979 (Ct. Common Pleas, filedJan. 10, 1980). (Israel) Hovan v. Hovan, 458 A.2d 972 (Pa. Super. 1983).TEXAS (Mexico) Garza v. Harvey, 726 S.W.2d 198 (Tex. App. 1987).VIRGINIA (England) Oehl v. Oehl, 272 S.E.2d 441 (Va. 1980). (England) Middleton v. Middleton, 314 S.E.2d 364 (Va. 1984). Wyoming (Bahrain) Moshen v. Moshen, 715 F. Supp. 1063 (D.Wyo. 1989).Foreign Court Decisions Q CitationsRhodesia (Virginia) Crone v. Duggan, I Fam. L. Rep. 2092 (1974).ENGLAND (California) Re C, 2 All E.R. 230 (CA), 5 Fam. L. Rep. 2248 (1977).Reading ListDe Hart, "International Child Abductions: A Guide to Applying the 1988Hague Convention, with Forms," Section of Family Law, American BarAssociation, 1989. ($24.95)Family Advocate, A Practical Journal of the American Bar AssociationFamily Law Section, Vol. 9, No. 4, Spring 1987. (special issue ondivorce law around the world and international parental child abduction- $9.50).Frank, "American and International Responses to International ChildAbductions," 16 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 415, 1984."The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: A PracticalApplication," 10 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 163, 1988."The Hague International Child Abduction Convention and theInternational Child Abduction Remedies Act: Closing Doors to theParent Abductor," 2 Transnat'l Law 589, 1989.Hoff, Parental Kidnapping, How to Prevent an Abduction and What do DoIf Your Child Is Abducted, National Center for Missing and ExploitedChildren, 3rd Edition, August 1988. (To order, see page 5. Nocharge.)Hoff, Legal Remedies in Parental Kidnapping Cases: A Collection ofMaterials, National Legal Resource Center for Child Advocacy andProtection, American Bar Association, 1986. ($15)Hoff, "Rx for International Parental Kidnapping: The Hague Conventionon the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction," 5 Fairshare,No. 10, October 1985, Law & Business, Inc., Harcourt, Brace,Jovanovich."International Parental Child Abduction: The Need for Recognition andEnforcement of Foreign Custody Decrees," 3 J. Int'l Dispute Resolution205, 1989."More Than Mere Child's Play: International Parental Abduction ofChildren," 6 Dick. L. Rev. 283, 1988.Pfund, "The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, theInternational Child Abduction Remedies Act, and the Need forAvailability of Counsel for All Petitioners," 24 Fam. L.Q. 35, Spring1990.Stotter, "The Light at the End of the Tunnel: The Hague Convention onInternational Child Abduction Has Reached Capitol Hill," 9 HastingsInt'l and Comp. L. Rev., No. 2, pp. 285-328, Winter 1986.Strickland, Parental Kidnapping: International Resource Directory,Rainbow Press, Moore Haven, FL.U.S. Government Documents on the Hague ConventionDepartment of State notice in the Federal Register of March 26, 1986,pp. 10494-10516.Senate Treaty Doc. 99-11, 99th Congress, 1st Session.For the legislative history of the International Child AbductionRemedies Act, Public Law 100-300, see:S.1347 and H.R. 2673, and H.R. 3971 and 3972, 100th Congress, andrelated hearing reports.APPLICATION FOR ASSISTANCE UNDER THE HAGUE CONVENTIONTo learn if the form on the next page applies to you, see pages 7 to 9.To invoke the Hague Convention, submit the original and one copy of theform plus two copies of your supporting documents. For detailedinstructions, call the Office of Citizens Consular Services (CCS) on202-647-3666.PART VIIAFTER AN ABDUCTION Q A CHECKLIST FOR PARENTSYour situation is difficult, but there are things that you can do.This list assumes that you know, or strongly suspect, that your childhas been abducted abroad to a country that is not a party to the HagueConvention on International Child Abduction (see page 7). If thecountry is a party to the Hague Convention, call the Office of CitizensConsular Services (CCS) to determine if your situation meets therequirements of the Convention.1. Emergency Action Q What to do Right Awayq If you do not know where your child is, have you filed amissing person report with your local police department? (see page 4)q Have you reported the abduction to the National Center forMissing and Exploited Children? (see page 4)q Have you obtained a decree of sole custody or one thatprohibits your child from traveling without your permission? (see page2) In most states you can obtain such a decree even after a child isabducted. A custody decree in your favor is necessary for any legalaction.q Has your child's name been entered in the U.S. passportnamecheck system? (see page 3)q If your child is a dual national, have the embassy and consulatesof the foreign country been informed of your custody decree and askednot to issue a foreign passport to your child? (see page 3)q If your child is only a U.S. citizen but the other parent hasclose ties to a particular country, have the embassy and consulates ofthat country been informed of your custody decree and asked not toissue a visa to your child? (see page 3)q Have you asked the Department of State's Office of CitizensConsular Services (CCS) to initiate a welfare and whereabouts searchfor your child overseas? (see pages 4-5 and page 15)2. The Searchq Have you obtained certified copies of your custody decree fromthe court that issued it? You may need to furnish proof of yourcustody rights at various stages in your search and recovery effort.q Have you obtained a copy of the National Center for Missing andExploited Children's publication, Parental Kidnapping: How to Preventan Abduction and What to Do If Your Child Is Abducted? (see page 5)q Have you tried to establish contact with relatives or friendsof the abducting parent? (see page 6)q Have local law enforcement authorities asked the the FederalParent Locator Service to search for the abducting parent? (see page6)q Have you contacted the principal of your child's school andasked to be informed of requests for transfer of your child's schoolrecords? (see page 6)q Have you prepared a poster of your child? (see page 6)q Have you asked local law enforcement authorities to ask theU.S. Postal Inspection Service to put a 'mail cover' on addresses inthe U.S. to which the abductor might write? (see page 6)q Have you asked local law enforcement authorities to help youobtain information from telephone and credit card companies on thewhereabouts of the abductor? (see page 6)3. After Your Child Has Been Abducted Abroadq Have you retained the services of a foreign attorney? (seepage 10)q Have you sent certified copies of the custody decree, courtorders, state and federal warrants, copies of state custody andparental child abduction laws and the Federal Parental KidnappingPrevention Act to the foreign attorney? (see page 11)q Have you read Part V of this booklet, "Other Solutions"? (seepage 15)4. Legal Proceedings: Possible Criminal Remediesq Is parental child abduction a crime in the state where yourchild resides or was abducted?q Has a state warrant been issued for the arrest of the abductor?(see page 12)q Has a Federal Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (UFAP)warrant been issued for the arrest of the abductor? (see page 12)q If a warrant has been issued, has the abductor's name beenentered in the wanted persons section of the National Crime InformationCenter (NCIC) computer? (see page 12)q Is it possible or useful to take legal action against agentsor accomplices to the abduction? (see page 12)q If the abductor is a U.S. citizen, have you considered seekingto have his or her passport revoked? (see pages 12-13)q Would extradition of the abductor, if possible, be effective inyour case? (see pages 13-14)</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)International Child AbductionTABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONPART I - HOW TO GUARD AGAINST INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION How Vulnerable is Your Child? Cross-cultural Marriages: Should Your Child Visit the Country ofthe Other Parent? Precautions That Any Vulnerable Parent Should Take The Importance of a Custody Decree How to Draft or Modify a Custody Decree Prevention: How a Custody Decree Can Help U.S. Passports Foreign Passports-The Problem of Dual NationalityPART II - HOW TO SEARCH FOR A CHILD ABDUCTED ABROAD Where to Report Your Missing Child ...... The Search and Recovery-A Basic Guide Further Steps to Take in Your SearchPART III - ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION: THE HAGUE CONVENTION What is Covered by the Convention How to Invoke the Hague Convention The Role of the U.S. Central Authority (CCS)PART IV - LEGAL SOLUTIONS IN COUNTRIES NOT PARTY TO THE HAGUECONVENTION Using the Civil Justice System How to Proceed What Are Your Chances of Success? Using the Criminal Justice System: What is Involved? The Steps to Take Prosecution of Agents or Accomplices of the Abductor Implications of a Warrant for a U.S. Citizen Implications of a Warrant for a Non-U.S. Citizen The Possibility of ExtraditionPART V - OTHER SOLUTIONS: SETTLING 'OUT OF COURT' Promoting Communication Between Parents and Children Obtaining Information on Your Child's Welfare ............ Working With Foreign Authorities The Difficult Question of Desperate MeasuresPART VI - REFERENCE Directory: Where to go for Assistance Uniform State and Federal Laws on Custody, Parental Child Abduction and Missing Children U.S. Court Decisions Q Citations Foreign Court Decisions Q Citations Reading List U.S. Government Documents on the Hague Convention Application For Assistance Under the Hague ConventionPART VII - AFTER AN ABDUCTION Q A CHECKLIST FOR PARENTS...INTRODUCTIONParental child abduction is a tragedy. When a child is abducted acrossinternational borders, the difficulties are compounded for everyoneinvolved. The parent who is left behind faces not only the pain ofloss but also magnified frustration and helplessness because the childis beyond the reach of U.S. law.The Department of State's Office of Citizens Consular Services (CCS)deals with the victims of international parental child abduction everyday. Since the late 1970's, we have been contacted in the cases ofapproximately 4500 American children who were either abducted from theUnited States or prevented from returning to the United States by oneof their parents. At the time of publication, we have over 660 active,unresolved cases on file.This pamphlet is written in the interest of protecting the rights ofU.S. citizens, both children and adults. It is addressed to the adultmost directly affected by international child abduction, the left-behind parent.You, as the deprived parent, must direct the search and recoveryoperation yourself. Because it can be a bewildering experience, wehave prepared a checklist for you (see page 27 at the end of thebooklet). In this booklet we tell you what the Department of State canand cannot do to help you. In addition, because we are only part ofthe network of resources available to you, we have tried to mention allthe other avenues to pursue when a child or children have been abductedacross international borders. Because your case is unique, you willhave to decide how much of the information here is useful and in whatorder you wish to use it.If you have any further questions, please call us at 202-647-3666, orwrite us: CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C.20520-4818.Sixth EditionMay 1992Department of State Publication 9966Bureau of Consular AffairsRevised May 1992The information in this publication is in the public domain and may bereproduced without permission. When this material is reproduced, theDepartment of State would appreciate receiving a copy at: CA/PA - Room5807, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818.PART IHOW TO GUARD AGAINST INTERNATIONALCHILD ABDUCTIONHow Vulnerable is Your Child?In international parental child abduction, an ounce of prevention isworth a pound of cure. You and your child are most vulnerable whenyour relationship with the other parent is broken or troubled, theother parent has close ties to another country, and the other countryhas traditions or laws that may be prejudicial to a parent of yourgender or to aliens in general.Cross-cultural Marriages: Should You or Your Child Visit the Countryof the Other Parent?Many cases of international parental child abduction are actually casesin which the child traveled to a foreign country with the approval ofboth parents but was later prevented from returning to the UnitedStates. Sometimes the marriage is neither broken nor troubled, but theforeign parent, upon returning to his or her country of origin, decidesnot to return to the U.S. or to allow the child to do so. A person whohas assimilated a second culture may find a return to his or her rootstraumatic and may feel a pull to shift loyalties back to the originalculture. A person's personality may change when he or she returns tothe place where they grew up.In some traditional societies, children must have their father'spermission and a woman may have to have her husband's permission totravel. If you are a woman, to prevent your own or your child'sdetention abroad, find out about the laws and traditions of the countryyou plan to visit or to allow your child to visit, and considercarefully the effect that a return to his roots might have on yourhusband.Precautions That Any Vulnerable Parent Should TakeEven if your marriage is legally intact, you may feel that your childis vulnerable to abduction by your spouse. Be alert to the possibilityand be preparedQkeep a list of the addresses and telephone numbers ofthe other parent's relatives, friends, and business associates bothhere and abroad. Keep a record of other important information on theother parent, including these numbers: passport, social security, bankaccount, driver's license, and auto license. In addition, keep awritten description of your child, including hair and eye color,height, weight, and any special physical characteristics. Take colorphotographs of your child every six months. If your child should beabducted, this information could be vital in locating your child.The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has othersuggestions that a parent can take if he or she fears the other parentwill abduct their child. Teach your child to use the telephone;practice making collect calls; instruct him or her to call homeimmediately if anything unusual happens, such as anyone telling thechild that you have died or that you don't love the child anymore. Ifyou feel your child is vulnerable to abduction, get professionalcounseling from a social worker or a lawyer. Do not merely tell afriend about your fears.The Importance of a Custody DecreeUnder the laws of many American states and many foreign countries, ifthere is no decree of custody, both parents are considered to havelegal custody of their child and a parent-snatched child is generallynot considered legally abducted. If you are contemplating divorce orseparation, or are divorced or separated, or even if you were neverlegally married to the other parent, obtain a decree of sole custodyfor your child as soon as possible. If you have or would prefer tohave a joint custody decree, make certain that it prohibits your childfrom traveling abroad without your permission.How to Draft or Modify a Custody DecreeA well-written custody decree is an important line of defense againstinternational parental child abduction. The American Bar Association(ABA) and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children(NCMEC) have developed recommendations for writing custody decrees tohelp prevent the abduction of your child if your spouse is an alien ora U.S. citizen with ties to a foreign country. For instance, court-ordered supervised visitation and/or impounding the other parent'spassport may be advisable. If the country to which your child might betaken is a member of the Hague Convention on International ChildAbduction (see page 7), the custody decree should state that theparties agree that the terms of the Hague Convention apply should anabduction occur. The ABA also suggests having the court require thealien parent or the parent with ties to a foreign country to post abond. This may be useful both as a deterrent to abduction and, ifforfeited because of an abduction, as a source of revenue for you inyour efforts to locate and recover your child.For further information on drafting custody decrees, contact theNationalCenter for Missing and Exploited Children. The address of the NCMEC ison page 17.Prevention: How a Custody Decree Can HelpObtain several certified copies of your custody decree from the courtthat issued it. Give a copy to your child's school. A school that isaware of a custody decree has a basis for refusing to release a childto a noncustodial parent and for notifying both the custodial parentand the police if a problem should arise.U.S. PassportsIf you have a U.S. court order that either grants you sole custody ofyour child or prohibits your child from traveling without yourpermission, you can prevent the issuance of a U.S. passport for yourchild. Call the Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance,Office of Passport Services in the Department of State on 202-326-6168.You will need to follow your call with a written request and enclose acertified copy of your custody decree. The address is: 1425 K StreetN.W., Room 300, Washington, D.C. 20522-1708.Your child's name will be entered in a computerized passport namechecklist and the Passport Office can refuse to issue the child a passportanywhere in the United States or at any U.S. embassy or consulateabroad. A passport already issued to your child cannot be revoked,however.Foreign Passports Q the Problem of Dual NationalityMost U.S. citizen children who fall victim to international parentalabduction possess dual nationality. While the Department of State willmake every effort to avoid issuing a U.S. passport if the custodialparent has provided a custody decree, the Department cannot preventembassies and consulates of other countries in the United States from issuing their passports to children who are also their nationals. Youcan, however, request the foreign embassy and consulates not to issue apassport to your child. Send them a written request, along withcertified copies of any custody decrees, court orders, or warrants youhave. In your letter, inform them that you are sending a copy of thisrequest to the Department of State. If your child is only a U.S.citizen, you can request that no visa for that country be issued in hisor her U.S. passport. No international law requires compliance withsuch requests, but some countries will comply voluntarily.PART IIHOW TO SEARCH FOR A CHILD ABDUCTED ABROADNote: If your child has been abducted to a country that is a party tothe Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, see page 7before you read further. At present, Argentina, Australia, Austria,Belize, Canada, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland,Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and Yugoslavia are partiesto the Convention.Where to Report Your Missing Child1. If your child has been abducted and you do not know where he or sheis, file a missing person report with your local police department andrequest that your child's name and description be entered into the"missing persons" section of the National Crime Information Center(NCIC) computer. This is provided for under the Missing Children's Actof 1982 (see page 18). The abductor does not have to be charged with acrime when you file a missing person report. In addition, throughInterpol, the international criminal police organization, your localpolice can request that a search for your child be conducted by thepolice in the country where you believe your child may have been taken.You may be able to achieve all of the above even if you do not have acustody decree.2. Report the abduction to the National Center for Missing andExploited Children (NCMEC) at 1-800-843-5678. With the searchingparent's permission, the child's photograph and description may becirculated to the media in the country to which you believe the childmay have been taken.At the same time that you report your child missing, you should contacta lawyer to obtain a decree of sole custody if you do not already haveone. In many states, a married parent can obtain a temporary decree ofsole custody if the other parent has taken their child.3. Have your child's name entered into the U.S. passport namechecksystem (see page 3). Even if your child is already abroad, his or hername should be in the system so that a U.S. passport application foryour child can be denied anywhereQabroad or in the United States.4. The Department of State, when requested to do so, conducts welfareand whereabouts searches for American citizens missing abroad. In anemergency, the Office of Citizens Consular Services (CCS) will cablesuch a request for you to the U.S. embassy or consulate responsible forthe area to which you believe your child has been abducted. Call us on202-647-3666 and have ready as much as you can of the followinginformation on the child: Q full name, Q date and place of birth, Q passport number, date, and place of issuance; and on the abductor: Q full name (and any aliases), Q date and place of birth, Q passport number, date, and place of issuance, Q occupation, Q probable date of departure, Q flight information, Q details of ties to a foreign country, such as the names,addresses, and telephone numbers of friends, relatives, placeof employment, or business connections there.A consular officer overseas, working with this information, will try tofind your child. The consular officer may also request informationfrom local officials on your child's entry or residence in the country.Unfortunately, not every country maintains such records in aretrievable form, and some countries may not release such information.We may also ask you for photographs of both your child and theabducting parent because these are often helpful to foreign authoritiestrying to find a missing child.The Search and RecoveryQa Basic GuideIt is possible that none of the institutions listed above (the police,the NCMEC, or the Department of State) will succeed in locating yourchild right away and you will need to carry out the search on your own.As you search, you should, however, keep these institutions informed ofyour actions and progress.This booklet attempts to cover the international aspects of your searchand recovery effort, but for other information, you should have a morebasic guide. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Childrenpublishes Parental Kidnapping: How to Prevent an Abduction and What toDo If Your Child Is Abducted. For a copy, call 703-235-3900, or writethe NCMEC at: 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 550; Arlington, VA, 22201.This publication guides you through the legal system, helps youorganize your search, and supplies a list of local support groups.We have relied heavily on the NCMEC guide for the following list ofsuggestions.Further Steps to Take in Your SearchQ One of the best ways to find your child overseas is throughestablishing friendly contact with relatives and friends of the otherparent, either here or abroad. You may have more influence with suchpersons than you suspect, and their interest in your child's welfaremay lead them to cooperate with you.Q Under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Officeof Child Support Enforcement maintains the Federal Parent LocatorService (FPLS). The primary purpose of this service is to locateparents who are delinquent in child support payments, but the servicewill also search for parental abductors when requested to do so by ajudge or law enforcement agent.Using the abductor's social security number, the FPLS searches therecords maintained by such federal agencies as the Internal RevenueService, Veterans Administration, Social Security Administration,Department of Defense, and the National Personnel Records Center. Anabductor who has had a connection with any of the above might, evenfrom abroad, renew a connection with one of them.Q To obtain information on requests that may have been made by theabductor to your child's school for the transfer of your child'srecords, you can contact the principal of the school. You will need togive the school a certified copy of your custody decree.Q You can find out from the National Center for Missing and ExploitedChildren how to prepare a poster on your child. A poster may assistforeign authorities in attempting to locate your child.Q You can ask your local prosecutor to contact the U.S. PostalInspection Service to see if a 'mail cover' can be put on any addressthat you know of in the United States to which the abductor mightwrite.Q You can ask local law enforcement authorities to obtain, bysubpoena or search warrant, credit card records that may show where theabductor is making purchases. In the same manner, you can try toobtain copies of telephone company bills of the abductor's friends orrelatives who may have received collect calls from the abductor.PART IIIONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION: THE HAGUE CONVENTIONThe most difficult and frustrating element for most parents whose childhas been abducted abroad is that U.S. laws and court orders are notdirectly enforceable abroad. Each sovereign country has jurisdictionwithin its own territory and over persons present within its border,and no country can force another to decide cases or enforce laws withinits confines in a particular way. Issues that have to be resolvedbetween sovereign nations can only be handled by persuasion or byinternational agreement.The increase in international marriages since World War II increasedinternational child custody cases to the point where 23 nations,meeting at the Hague Conference on Private International Law in 1976,agreed to seek a treaty to deter international child abduction.Between 1976 and 1980, the United States was a major force in preparingand negotiating the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects ofInternational Child Abduction. The Convention came into force for theUnited States on July 1, 1988, and applies to abductions or wrongfulretentions that occurred on or after that date. In the United States,federal legislation, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act(P.L. 100-300), was enacted to implement the Convention in thiscountry.The United States actively encourages other countries to become partyto the Convention. As of May 1992, the Convention is also in force inArgentina, Australia, Austria, Belize, Canada, Denmark, Ecuador,France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico,Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,United Kingdom, and Yugoslavia. Other countries are working towardratification. Call or write the Office of Citizens Consular Services(CCS) to learn if additional countries have joined (address on page17).If your child has been abducted to a country that is not party to theConvention, see Part IV on page 10, "Legal Solutions in Countries NotParty to the Hague Convention."What Is Covered by the ConventionThe countries that are parties to the Convention have agreed with eachother that, subject to certain limited exceptions, a child wrongfullyremoved to or retained in a party country shall promptly be returned tothe party country where the child habitually resided before thewrongful removal or retention. The Convention also provides a meansfor helping parents to exercise visitation rights abroad.There is a treaty obligation to return an abducted child below the ageof 16 if application is made within one year from the date of thewrongful removal or retention. After one year, the court is stillobligated to order the child returned unless the person resistingreturn demonstrates that the child is settled in the new environment.A court may refuse to order a child returned if there is a grave riskthat the child would be exposed to physical or psychological harm orotherwise placed in an intolerable situation. A court may also declineto return the child if the child objects to being returned and hasreached an age and degree of maturity at which the court can takeaccount of the child's views. Finally, the return of the child may berefused if the return would violate the fundamental principles of humanrights and freedoms of the country where the child is being held.These exceptions have been interpreted narrowly by courts in the UnitedStates and the other countries party to the Convention.How to Invoke the Hague ConventionYou do not need to have a custody decree to invoke the Convention.However, to apply for the return of your child, you must have beenactually exercising a "custodial right" at the time of the abductionand you must not have consented to the removal or retention of thechild. If there was no court order in effect at the date of theabduction, custodial rights are provided in the statutes of moststates.You may apply for the return of your child or the ability to exerciseyour visitation rights. You can also ask for assistance in locatingyour child and for information on your child's welfare.Each country that is a party to the Convention has designated a CentralAuthority to carry out specialized duties under the Convention. Youmay submit an application either to the U.S. Central Authority ordirectly to the Central Authority of the country where the child isbelieved to be held. The Central Authority for the United States isthe Department of State's Office of Citizens Consular Services (CCS).An application form to invoke the Hague Convention follows page 22.Furnish as much of the information called for as possible, using anadditional sheet of paper if you need more space. Submit the originaland one copy of the application to CCS along with two copies of anysupporting documents asked for in section IX of the form. It may benecessary for you to have some of the supporting documents translatedinto the official language of the requested country. Ask CCS whatdocuments, if any, must be translated. Also ask CCS about additionaldocumentation which may be required. Mail you application to:CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818.The Role of the U.S. Central Authority (CCS)CCS will review your application to ensure that it complies with theConvention. If it does, we will forward it to the foreign CentralAuthority and work with that authority until your case is resolved. Ifthe abducting parent does not voluntarily agree to the return of yourchild, you may be required to retain an attorney abroad to present yourcase to the foreign court. If you need to retain an attorney abroad,see "How to Proceed" on page 10.The Department of State is prohibited from acting as an agent orattorney in your case. We can, however, help in many other ways. Wecan give you information on the operating procedures of the CentralAuthority in the country where your child is believed to be located.We can help you obtain information on the laws of the state in whichyour child resided prior to the abduction and can transmit statementsconcerning the wrongfulness of the abduction under the laws of thatstate. Six weeks after court action commences, we can request a statusreport.The Central Authority in the country where your child is located,however, has the primary responsibility of responding to yourapplication. In the words of the Convention, those countries agree to"ensure that rights of custody and access under the law of oneContracting State are effectively respected in the other ContractingState."PART IVLEGAL SOLUTIONS IN COUNTRIES NOT PARTY TOTHE HAGUE CONVENTIONIf your child has been abducted to a country that is not a party to theHague Convention, you can seek legal remedies against the abductor, inthe United States and abroad, from both the civil and criminal justicesystems. The family court system where you get your custody decree ispart of the civil justice system. At the same time you are using thatsystem, you can also use the criminal justice system consisting of thepolice, prosecutors, and the FBI. We will discuss each system in turn.Using the Civil Justice SystemHow To ProceedAfter you obtain a custody decree in the United States, your next stepis to use the civil justice system in the country to which your childhas been abducted.The Office of Citizens Consular Services (CCS) can provide informationon the customs and the legal practices in the country where your childis. We can also give you general information on how to serve processabroad or obtain evidence from abroad, and on how to have documentsauthenticated for use in a foreign country. You may write or telephoneCCS for two information sheets: Retaining a Foreign Attorney, andAuthentication (or Legalization) of Documents in the United States forUse Abroad.To obtain authoritative advice on the laws of a foreign country or totake legal action in that country, you should retain an attorney there.U.S. consular and diplomatic officers are prohibited by law fromperforming legal services (see 22 C.F.R. 92.81). We can, however,provide you with a list of attorneys in a foreign country who speakEnglish, who may be experienced in parental child abduction or familylaw, and who have expressed a willingness to represent Americansabroad. U.S. embassies and consulates abroad prepare these lists. Anote of caution: attorney fees can vary widely from country tocountry. The fee agreement that you make with your local attorneyshould be put into writing as soon as possible to avoid potentiallyserious misunderstanding later.Although officers at U.S. embassies and consulates cannot take legalaction on behalf of U.S. citizens, consular officers can assist inclarifying communication problems with a foreign attorney. Consularofficers may at times be able to inquire about the status ofproceedings in the foreign court, and they will coordinate with yourattorney to ensure that your rights as provided for by the laws of thatforeign country are respected.Once you retain a foreign attorney, send him or her a certified copy ofyour custody decree and of any court orders and/or state and federalwarrants. Also send copies of your state's laws on custody andparental kidnapping and the Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Actand copies of reported cases of your state's enforcement of foreigncustody decrees under Section 23 of the Uniform Child CustodyJurisdiction Act. The National Center for Missing and ExploitedChildren can help you gather these materials (address on page 17).Continued....</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Originally named the West Indies by explorers seeking a sea route to India, the Caribbean is the region of tropical islands in the Caribbean Sea situated between North and South America and east of Central America. The islands extend for nearly 1,700 miles from Cuba in the west to Barbados in the east. The Caribbean was named for the Carib Indians whom Christopher Columbus encountered on his second voyage. Note that there is a travel advisory for Cuba. U.S. Treasury regulations restrict travel to Cuba. See page 13 for details. Travel to Mexico and to Central and South America is covered in separate publications. To order them, see the inside back cover. If you plan to visit to the most popular islands during high tourist season from mid-December to mid-April, confirm your hotel reservations two to three months in advance. There are, however, lesser-known islands where you can book first class accommodations on short notice. In addition, you can usually book reservations with ease during the off-season. However, if you visit the Caribbean during hurricane season from June to November, keep a weather eye out for hurricane warnings. Most of the islands in the Caribbean Sea belong to one of the 13 independent countries there. In addition, several islands and groups of islands in the Caribbean are part of or dependent upon France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, or the United States. For a directory of the major islands, see the next page. Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning conditions abroad that could affect U.S. citizens adversely. At the time of publication, travel advisories are in effect for Cuba and Haiti. From time to time there have been travel advisories for other areas of the Caribbean. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818; telephone (202) 647- 5225. Travel advisories are also available at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, if you will be more than a couple of weeks in a place, or if you are going to a place where communications are poor, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. (See addresses at the end of this pamphlet.) Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember also to leave a detailed itinerary and the number of your passport or other citizenship document with a friend or relative in the United States. Entry and Exit Requirements Going: Every island in the Caribbean has entry requirements. Most countries allow you to visit for up to two or three months if you show proof of citizenship and a return or onward ticket. Some countries such as Trinidad and Tobago require that you have a passport. If you are arriving from an area infected with yellow fever, many Caribbean countries require that you have a certificate of vaccination against yellow fever. Some countries have an airport departure tax that can be as much as $15. For authoritative information on a countryUs entry and exit requirements and on its customs and currency regulations, contact its embassy, consulate, or tourist office in the United States. Returning - Caution! Make certain that you can return to the United States with the proof of citizenship that you take with you. Although some places in the Caribbean allow you to enter with only a voterUs registration card or a birth certificate to indicate your citizenship, U.S. Immigration requires that you document your U.S. citizenship and identity when you reenter the United States. There are several countries, most notably, Barbados, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, and Jamaica, where airlines have refused to board American citizens with insufficient proof of their U.S. citizenship. The resulting delays are at least inconvenient and are often expensive. The best document of U.S. citizenship is a valid U.S. passport. Other documents of U.S. citizenship include an expired U.S. passport, a certified copy of your birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, or a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States. To prove your identity, either a valid driverUs license or a government identification card that includes a photo or a physical description is acceptable. Bringing Your Own Boat or Plane If you plan to arrive in the Caribbean in your own boat or plane, contact the embassy, consulate, or tourist office of each country you plan to visit to learn what is required for entry and exit. Besides title of ownership, at most ports of entry, you will need to show insurance coverage effective for the country you are entering. Some countries require a temporary import permit for your boat or plane. Authorities in the Caribbean are familiar with U.S. regulations for documentation of air and sea craft. They will detain improperly documented craft that enter their territory. In some countries, authorities will confiscate firearms found on a boat or plane unless the owner or master can show proof that U.S. licensing and export procedures have been followed. In addition, some countries impose a stiff prison term on the importation of illegal firearms. Customs and Currency Regulations Customs formalities are generally simple in the Caribbean. As a rule, one carton of cigarettes and one quart of liquor are permitted duty free into the islands. Most places tax additional quantities at a high rate. In general, tourists are permitted to enter with other commodities required for personal use. If you wish to bring firearms into any country, inquire at the countryUs embassy or consulate on the permit required. As noted above, some countries in the Caribbean impose a stiff prison term on those who import illegal firearms. Currency regulations vary. Inquire about them when you check on entry requirements. In some countries, you must declare all currency and you may not take out more money than you brought into the country. Some countries limit the amount of their own currency that can be brought in or taken out. Be sure to bring enough money. Check with your travel agent about extra fees and taxes that may be overlooked in the tourist literature. Examples are hotel taxes, obligatory restaurant gratuities, and airport departure taxes. When you convert your money to local currency, retain your receipts. You will need to show them if you wish to reconvert money upon departure. It is usually advantageous to reconvert local currency before departure. U.S. currency is used along with local currency in some places such as the Bahamas and Haiti. Health Information on health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, private doctors, or travel clinics. Immunizations are recommended against diphtheria, hepatitis A, polio, tetanus, and typhoid. Polio is endemic in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. Malaria is prevalent in Haiti and in the rural, non-tourist areas of the Dominican Republic that border Haiti. If you are going to a malaria area, take a weekly dose of chloroquine, beginning two weeks before your trip. In addition, try to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes because malaria can break through any prophylactic drug. Review your health insurance policy. If it does not cover you abroad, consider purchasing temporary insurance that does. Social Security Medicare does not provide payment for medical services obtained outside the U.S. In addition to medical insurance, consider obtaining insurance to cover evacuation in the event of an accident or serous illness. Air evacuation to the United States can easily cost $15,000 if you are not insured. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Ask your travel agent about them or look for ads about about them in travel publications. If you should need medical attention during your trip, your hotel can recommend the nearest clinic, hospital or doctor, or you can obtain a list of local medical services from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In a medical emergency, a U.S. consul can assist you in finding medical services. The most prevalent health hazard in the Caribbean is one you can avoidQoverexposure to the sun. Use sunscreen and bring a shirt to wear over your bathing suit, especially if you plan to snorkle. Where the quality of drinking water is questionable, tourist hotels provide bottled water for guests. Travelers to remote areas should boil or chemically treat drinking water. Safety Tips Crime. The Caribbean has a somewhat slower pace than at home. However, petty thievery, purse snatching, and pick pocketing do happen, particularly in towns and at beaches. In some places, U.S. passports and identity documents are especially attractive to thieves. Robbery of yachts is a problem in some marinas. Here are a few common sense precautions to keep in mind: - Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry, unnecessary credit cards, and anything you would hate to lose at home. - Use a money belt or concealed money pouch for passports, cash, and other valuables. - Do not take valuables to the beach. Use the hotel safe when you go to the beach or go to town. - When you enter a marina, register with the local government authorities. Water safety. Make certain that sports equipment, including scuba equipment, that you rent or buy meets international safety standards. If you use a pool or beach without a lifeguard, exercise extreme caution. The surf on the Atlantic side of an island can be rough; the Caribbean side is usually calmer. Do not dive into unknown bodies of water because hidden rocks or shallow depths can cause serious injury or death. In some places, you may need to wear sneakers in the water for protection against sea urchins. Drug Offenses Most countries in the Caribbean have strict laws against the use, possession, and sale of narcotics. Foreigners arrested for possession of even small amounts of marijuana, cocaine or other illegal drugs are often charged and tried as international traffickers. The penalty for carrying narcotcs into or out of the country can be 20 years imprisonment. In some places, there is no bail, there are long judicial delays, and you can spend more than two years awaiting trial. Conditions in some Caribbean prisons do not meet even minimum U.S. standards. If you carry prescription drugs, keep them in their original container, clearly labeled with the doctorUs name, pharmacy, and contents. Judicial Systems When you travel abroad, you are subject to the laws of the country you are in. If you find yourself in serious difficulty while abroad, contact a consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. consuls cannot serve as attorneys or give legal assistance. They can, however, provide lists of local attorneys and advise you of your rights under local law. If you are detained, a consul can monitor your case and can make sure you are treated fairly under local laws. Driving in the Caribbean If you plan to rent a car, be aware that driving conditions are different from those at home. In the British and formerly British islands, and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, one drives on the left. If you are not used to this, proceed slowly and with utmost caution. To get the feeling of keeping left and of local driving customs, it may help to ride as a passenger for a while, mentally pretending you are the driver. Many Caribbean roads are narrow or winding, and road signs may not be in English. In some places, domestic animals roam freely. Defensive driving is a must because local driving patterns are not the same as at home and some of the other drivers may be tourists who are as confused as you are! Shopping: Avoid Wildlife Products Beware of purchasing a live animal or plant or an item made from one. Most such items are prohibited from international traffic. You risk confiscation and a possible fine by U.S. Customs if you attempt to import virtually any wildlife or wildlife product. In particular, watch out for and avoid: - All products made from sea turtles, including turtle leather boots, tortoise-shell jewelry, and sea turtle oil cosmetics. - Fur from spotted cats. - Feathers and feather products from wild birds. - Birds, stuffed or alive, such as parrots or parakeets. - Crocodile and caiman leather. - Black coral and most other coral, whether in chunks or in jewelry. Residence and Investments in the Caribbean You will need a passport and visa to reside in or do business in the Caribbean. Although some Caribbean countries welcome retirees or others of independent means as long-term residents, requests for work permits are rarely granted. Apply to a countryUs embassy or consulate in the United States if you wish to obtain a visa to reside, do business, or work in the country. U.S. citizens who wish to invest in a business in the Caribbean, such as real estate development, should first thoroughly investigate the company making the offer and, in addition, learn about the investment climate in the country. There are several ways to become informed. The U.S. Department of CommerceUs Caribbean Basin Business Development Center (202-377-2527) offers advice and can furnish and an investment climate statement for the place you are considering. The U.S. embassy or consulate for the country can also help by telling you: - if they have received any complaints about the company - where to find out if the company is registered with local authorities - what local authority or trade association can give you information about the company - and if there is a local American Chamber of Commerce or other organization of overseas Americans that could give you advice on the local business scene. Additonal Information on Some Countries BAHAMAS Criminal penalties for possession of and trafficking in drugs in the Bahamas are more severe than in the United States. The Bahamian court system has a heavy volume of pending cases, and Americans are often held in prison for months while awaiting trial. This is especially true in drug related cases. Be certain to budget for a hotel room tax, an energy surtax, an 15% obligatory gratuity in restaurants, and an airport departure tax. CAYMAN ISLANDS Persons wearing their hair in dreadlocks have occasionally been refused entry to the Caymans Islands. Cayman authorities say that they may Rrefuse entry to any person whose mode of dress or behavior, or unkempt appearance, may cause offence to the Caymanian community.S The authorities emphasize that Rthis policy does not automatically exclude from entry persons wearing their hair in any particular manner. However, if such persons are also unkempt and slovenly in their attire and behaviour, it is possible they could then be refused entry.S CUBA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Drug laws are severe and strictly enforced in the Domincan Rupublic. Possession of even small amounts of marijuana or other illegal drugs can result in jail sentences and fines. The penalty for carrying narcotics into or out of the country is five to 20 years imprisonment. The only legal currency in the Dominican Republic is the peso, and it should be purchased only at authorized hotels and banks. In crackdowns on black market activity, American tourists have sometimes been arrested for even minor illegal currency transactions. No more than $5000 may be taken from the Domincan Republic upon departure. There may be restrictions on minor children being allowed to leave the Domincan Republic without their parent(s). A child without a U.S. passport may be particularly vulnerable to being denied permission to travel. If this applies to you, check with the Embassy of the Dominican Republic and learn their requirements before you travel there. JAMAICA Crime is a particularly serious problem in Jamaica, both in Kingston and in the north coast tourist areas. Visitors should not walk around at night and should avoid public transportation, except for licensed taxis. Particular care should be taken at isolated villas and small establishments.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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<text>(Consular Affairs Topics)INTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONSDISCLAIMER: THE INFORMATION IN THIS CIRCULAR RELATING TO THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFIC FOREIGN COUNTRIES IS PROVIDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MAY NOT BE TOTALLY ACCURATE IN A PARTICULAR CASE. QUESTIONS INVOLVING INTERPRETATION OF SPECIFIC FOREIGN LAWS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO FOREIGN ATTORNEYS OR FOREIGN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALSSUMMARYThe subject of international adoptions has become an issue of considerable concern to the Department of State and its embassies and consulates abroad in recent years. There has been an increasing incidence of illicit activities in the area of international adoptions by intermediaries and adoption agencies both in the foreign countries involved and in the United States.The Department considers adoptions to be private legal matters within the judicial sovereignty of the nation where the child resides. U.S. authorities, therefore, have no right to intervene on behalf of an individual American citizen with the courts in the country where the adoption takes place. However, while we cannot become directly involved in the adoption process, we do receive requests for assistance and information from American citizens who wish to adopt in foreign countries. Requests cover a broad range of subjects from the legal procedures involved to the expeditious issuance of immigrant visas to adopted children, or children being brought to the United States for the purpose of adoption. The information in this brochure is intended to provide a general overview of international adoptions and to warn prospective adoptive parents about problems they might encounter.DEPARTMENT ASSISTANCEThe Department of State can offer assistance in several important ways. We can provide information on the details of the adoption process in the foreign country; make inquiries on behalf of adoptive parents regarding the status of their cases before foreign tribunals; assist in the clarification of documentary requirements; provide information on the U.S. visa application and issuance process; and endeavor to ensure that Americans are not discriminated against by foreign authorities and courts.ANTICIPATING DIFFICULTIESAmerican citizens who desire to adopt foreign children should be aware of the numerous problems and pitfalls which may beset them in the natural course of the tedious process of foreign adoptions. Generally, adopting parents may expect to be temporarily frustrated by some of the vagaries of transnational bureaucracies, but in the long run adherence to procedures established by the laws and regulations of the country where the adoption is taking place and avoidance of short-cuts will save time, effort, and heartache.One crucial fact which must be understood at the outset of any adoption is that the child is a national of the country of its origin (and remains so even after the adoption process is completed) and is subject to the jurisdiction of the foreign courts. Consequently, parents should be certain that the procedures they follow in arranging for such an adoption strictly comply with local (foreign) law. This is usually accomplished by dealing with a reputable, licensed international adoption agency which has experience in arranging adoptions in the particular foreign country, or, in the case of a private adoption, with a local attorney who has routinely handled successful adoptions.Adopting parents should be wary of any agency or attorney who claims to be able to streamline established procedures. If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Procedural irregularities which sometimes result from an intermediary's desire to speed up the process can result in the foreign government's determination that the adoption is illegal and the refusal of that government to finalize the adoption.GENERAL PROCEDURES1. Foreign Adoption Practices and ProceduresThe majority of countries require that the child who is placed for adoption be legally recognized as an orphan or, in the case where a parent is living, be legally and irrevocably released for adoption prior to any legal activity leading to final adoption of the child. Nowadays, most countries have enacted legislation which requires the full scale adoption of the child through the foreign court after the child has been declared an orphan. Some countries do allow "simple" "adoption", which means that the adopting parent(s) are granted guardianship of the child by the foreign court, thus permitting the child to leave the foreign country to be adopted in country of the adopting parent(s)' nationality. Some countries may accept the properly authenticated home study of the prospective adoptive parent(s) on its face. Other countries may require the personal appearance of the adoptive parent(s) before the foreign court. This could involve a protracted stay in the foreign country until the court approves the adoption.2. U.S. Immigration RequirementsIn addition to the foreign adoption requirements, prospective adoptive parents must comply with U.S. immigration procedures. It is not possible, for example, to simply locate a child in a foreign country, then go to the U.S. embassy and obtain a visa for the child. Visa procedures in this area are complex, and designed with many safeguards to ensure that children adopted abroad or brought to this country for adoption are truly orphans and will go to healthy homes in the U.S. Contact the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) office having jurisdiction over your place of residence in the U.S. for information early in the process. One area which has been a source of confusion to prospective adoptive parents is whether a child identified in a foreign country actually meets the definition of orphan under U.S. immigration laws.A. Does the Child Meet the Definition of Orphan?Under Section 201(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), foreign children may gain entry into the United States as "immediate relatives" of U.S. citizens. In this connection, the INA defines the term "orphan" as a "child under the age of 16 ... who is an orphan because of the death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents, or for whom the sole surviving parent is incapable of providing the proper care (proper care has been ruled as proper care according to the local (foreign) standard of living, not the U.S. standard of living) and has in writing irrevocably released the child for emigration and adoption." (8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1)(F)). This means that a child who has been abandoned by both parents may meet the definition of orphan, for example, if the child has been unconditionally abandoned to an orphanage or legally documented as abandoned by a competent legal authority in the child's country of origin.B. Orphan Petitions for U.S. ImmigrationThe procedures for adopting a child abroad or bringing a child to the U.S. for adoption must in all cases be initiated with INS. An orphan cannot be brought to the U.S. without a visa based on an INS approved petition (form I-600). If an adoptive parent(s) simply appears at a U.S. embassy or consulate asking for a visa for an adopted child with no prior processing and approval by INS, the visa cannot be issued immediately. The matter must be referred to INS. It could take a considerable period of time before INS could approve such a petition since a home study of the adoptive parent(s), fingerprint check, and any state pre-adoptive requirements would have to be completed. We urge all prospective adoptive parents to contact INS and initiate the requisite procedures before going abroad to look for a child.There are two separate procedures for the adjudication of orphan petitions.(1) Specific Child Identified and I-600 Petition Fully Approved By INSIf the adoptive parent(s) has identified the child when beginning U.S. immigration processing, it is necessary to file petition form I-600 with the appropriate office of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in the United States. In that case, INS adjudicates all aspects of the I-600 petition -- the suitability of the adoptive parent(s), compliance with any state pre-adoption requirements (if the child is to be adopted after entry into the U.S.), and the qualification of the child as an orphan within the meaning of Section 101(b)(1)(F) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. INS will send the approved I-600 to the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where the child will be adopted. If requested, INS will also send notification of their approval via telegram (the "visas 38" (adopted abroad) or "visas 39" (coming to the U.S. to be adopted) procedure) to help speed-up issuance of the U.S. visa.In the case of a fully approved I-600 petition, the consular officer at a U.S. embassy or consular abroad must verify that the facts alleged about the child in the approved petition are correct. Information casting doubt upon the child's eligibility as an orphan or disclosing a medical consideration not identified in the approved petition requires return of the petition to the approving INS office for reconsideration.(2) No Specific Child Identified and I-600A Approved by INSIf prospective adoptive parent(s) in the United States intend(s) to go abroad to locate a child for adoption the adoptive parent(s) should file an application on form I-600A for an advance determination of suitability as adoptive parent(s). This application is filed at the appropriate INS office in the United States with jurisdiction over the adoptive parent(s) place of residence. INS will evaluate the suitability of the prospective adoptive parent(s) in the same manner as would be done if the parent(s) had filed an I-600 petition (see above) and will, if requested, forward the approved I-600A to the appropriate U.S. consular office or overseas office of INS. The INS office will, if requested, send notification of their approval via telegram (the "visas 37" procedure) to help speed-up the issuance of the U.S. visa. This message will also state whether the adoptive parent(s) have fulfilled applicable pre-adoption procedures in their state of residence. Prospective adoptive parent(s) who file and have approved a form I-600A, once having located the child to be adopted, must file a petition I-600 with the appropriate U.S. consular officer or INS office abroad or with their local INS office in the United States if more convenient.When prospective adoptive parent(s) file a petition form I-600 with a U.S. consular officer abroad after the approval of an I-600A application, the consular officer has the authority by delegation from INS to adjudicate the I-600, relying upon the approval of the I-600A for elements relating to the suitability of the parent(s) and establishing the eligibility of the child as an orphan, and compliance with any state pre-adoption requirements. If any doubt exists as to whether the petition may be approved, the consular officer must refer the petition to the appropriate overseas INS office for adjudication. A petition is clearly approvable only where primary documentation is presented which establishes the elements of eligibility. In orphan cases, there are certain possible circumstances which inherently cannot be documented by primary evidence. This could include issues such as the identity of the child, death of parent or parents, abandonment by parent or parents, disappearance or loss of, or separation from parent or parents and unconditional release by sole or surviving parent. A consular officer cannot approve an I-600 petition unless it is supported by primary evidence of all claimed elements of the eligibility of the child in question as an orphan within the meaning of section 101(b)(1)(F) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. An I-600 petition supported, in whole or in part, by secondary evidence must be referred by the U.S. consular officer to the appropriate overseas INS office for adjudication.C. Child Who Does Not Meet the Definition of OrphanIf the child does not meet the definition of orphan under the INA, the child may qualify to enter the U.S. under section 101(b)(1)(E) of the INA based on an adoptive relationship if the child was adopted before the age of 16 and if the child has been in the legal custody of, and has resided with, the adopting parent(s) for at least two years. The two year legal custody and residence period requirement may take place either before or after the adoption but must take place before issuance of a visa permitting the child to enter the U.S. This procedure should not be confused with the procedure for orphan petitions which has completely different requirements.D. "Proxy Adoptions"There are no provisions in INS regulations for approving petitions signed by agents with powers of attorney. In addition, a petition cannot be approved if a married petitioner signs the I-600 on behalf of his/her spouse (even with a power of attorney). A signature on a blank I-600 later completed when the child is located abroad is invalid, and no such petition can be approved.E. Procedures for Issuance of Immigrant VisaOnce petition procedures listed above have been completed and foreign adoption requirements taken care of, an immigrant visa application appointment will need to be scheduled by the U.S. consular officer at the U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. The officer will provide adoptive parent(s) with a list of visa requirements. Among other requirements, adopting parent(s) should be aware of the medical examination fee and the U.S. $150.00 immigrant visa fee (which must be paid either in local currency or U.S. dollars in cash or money order, cashiers check, or certified check).VALIDITY OF FOREIGN ADOPTION IN UNITED STATESIn most cases the formal adoption of a child in a foreign court is accepted as lawful in the United States. In some instances, it will be necessary to re-adopt the child in the United States. For example, if the adoptive parent(s) did not see the child prior to or during the full adoption proceedings abroad, the child must be brought to the U.S. to be adopted here (IR-4). In the case of a married couple, both parents must see the child before the U.S. visa can be issued if the child is to be considered "adopted abroad". Otherwise, the parent(s) must be able to meet the pre-adoption requirements of their state of residence in order for the child to qualify for a U.S. visa to come to U.S. to be adopted here. This is true even if a full final adoption decree has been issued in the foreign country. Adoptive parents should determine in advance the requirements of their own particular state of residence. Some states do not recognize foreign contracted adoptions, while others have a post-registration requirement to confer legality on the adoption. The office of the state Attorney General in the state capital can provide such information. If no formal adoption is required by the country of the child's origin it will definitely be necessary for the child to be adopted in the state where the parents intend to reside with the child. Of course, a child brought to the U.S. for the purpose of being adopted here, rather than a child legally adopted abroad, must be adopted in accordance with state law.ADOPTION FRAUDThe Department of State refers to INS for investigation all petitions for children whose adoptions have been arranged through private or organizational "facilitators" motivated by undue personal gain or improper profit, or other irregular practices. This policy flows from our general obligation to respect host country laws and is based on a strong desire on the part of the United States not to promote abuse of adoption procedures ("baby-selling", kidnapping, etc.), and not to permit its officials to engage in conduct that might cause a host country to prohibit altogether further adoptions of host country children by U.S. citizens. To this end, the Department of State has consistently expressed its support for measures taken by foreign states to reduce adoption abuses.Adoption fraud has recently been on the rise. Fraud can be perpetrated by the facilitator handling the adoption in the foreign country, especially if it is a private adoption, or by the facilitator or adoption agency in the United States. Unfortunately for adoptive parents, there exists a substantial black market trade in adoptive children. International adoptions have become a lucrative business in part because of the huge demand for adoptive infants in the United States. The lack of state regulatory requirements for international adoption agencies has permitted unscrupulous individuals to set up businesses, often without prior experience or expertise in the area of adoptions. Exorbitant fees in the tens of thousands of dollars have been extorted from prospective adoptive parents desperate to adopt. Abuses perpetrated by these agencies and individuals have included offering for adoption a supposedly healthy child who is later found to be seriously ill, or obtaining prepayment for adoption of a child who does not actually exist. (In some countries, it is advisable to have a child considered for adoption examined by a doctor before completing adoption procedures.) Many states in the U.S. have experienced problems with such unscrupulous practitioners. Some states have moved to revoke licenses or prosecute the individuals connected with these activities after receiving complaints from adoptive parents who have been defrauded.It should be noted, however, that by far, the majority of adoption agencies practicing in the United States are legitimate professional organizations with a wealth of experience in domestic and international adoptions. It is the continuing rise of unscrupulous practitioners, who act in violation of regulatory requirements, which taints international adoptions.Any problems experienced by American citizens in dealing with foreign attorneys or adoption agencies who employ these foreign attorneys should be reported to the American embassy or consulate or to the Office of Citizens Consular Services at the Department of State in Washington.Any problems experienced with agencies or intermediaries in the United States should be reported immediately to the appropriate state authorities, i.e., Health and Human Services office, police, District Attorney, Better Business Bureau, or state Attorney General's office. The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service should also be notified of these activities.FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS- What Can You Do To Avoid Adoption Problems?Contact the local office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service early in the adoption process. Request a copy of the INS publication M-249Y (Revised, 1990) "The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children".Contact the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services in Washington or the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country from which you desire to adopt to obtain information on adoption practices and procedures and ascertain if there are any particular problems of which you should be aware in connection with adoption from that country.Demand an accounting of the services for which you are paying an agency or intermediary.Find out if adoption agencies/intermediaries must be licensed in your state, and if so, whether the one you are working with is licensed. You might also check with the Better Business Bureau, Consumer Affairs Office, or similar office of your District Attorney or Attorney General's office to obtain information about the past record of the agency/intermediary you have chosen to use.- What Can You Do About Problems Concerning an Orphan Petition for Immigration To the United States?If your problem concerns the adjudication of an orphan petition (I-600 or I-600A), discuss the matter with the INS examiner assigned to your case. If he/she is unable to assist you, ask to speak with the INS supervisory examiner. If the supervisor is unable to help, ask to speak with the next line supervisor/manager until you have reached the District Director or Officer-in-Charge. If the local INS office is unable to assist you, contact the Regional Office that has jurisdiction over the office handling your case.- Does an Adopted Child Automatically Acquire U.S. Citizenship?No. However, there does exist a mechanism by which the child can be expeditiously naturalized as a citizen of the United States. As of November 14, 1986, Section 341 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) was amended to add subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2) which permit an adopting parent or parents to apply to the Attorney General of the United States for a Certificate of Citizenship for an alien adopted child. Pursuant to Subsection (b)(1), the Attorney General shall issue a Certificate of Citizenship and the adopted child shall then automatically become a naturalized U.S. citizen if the following conditions have been established:(1) the adopting parent (and spouse, if married) are U.S. citizens.(2) the child meets the qualifications of Section 341(c)(2) of the INA. This Section defines "child" for the purposes of naturalization. The required criteria are (a) the child be under the age of 18, (b) the child was adopted before the age of 16 by a U.S. citizen parent, and (c) is residing in the United States in the custody of the adopting parent(s) pursuant to lawful admission for permanent residence.(3) the child is in the United States.How to ApplyThe administrative process requires that INS Form N-643 Application for Certificate of Citizenship in behalf of an Adopted Child, be filed with the INS before the child is 18 years of age. The child is not a citizen until the Form N-643 is approved and the certificate of citizenship is issued. For information, contact the INS office nearest you.- Are There Any International Agreements on Adoption?The United States is not a signatory to any international agreement or convention relating to international adoptions. The only existing international agreement on adoption is the HAGUE CONVENTION ON JURISDICTION, APPLICABLE LAW AND RECOGNITION OF DECREES TO ADOPTION of November 15, 1965 which entered into force on October 10, 1978. It is only in force in the United Kingdom, Austria and Switzerland.The Organization of American States (OAS) is in the process of drafting the INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON THE ADOPTION OF MINORS. This draft provides in part that the courts of a nation in which the adopting parents are habitually resident may grant an adoption decree and that the adopted child's country of origin should not prevent the child from leaving the country after an adoption is granted in the absence of a public order or for police reasons. We do not expect the convention to be completed or in effect until well after 1992.Forty nine countries, many of them countries from which children have been adopted, and ten international organizations, participated in the June 11-21, 1990 Hague Conference on Private International Law preliminary session in preparation for the drafting of a multilateral CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTIONS. The June 1990 meeting was the first of four sessions aimed at adoption of the text of a convention for signature and ratification by States (countries) by spring 1993.- From which countries are children available for adoption?The availability of children for adoption from particular countries can change very rapidly.PROBLEMSFor information about procedures in specific countries, please contact the appropriate geographic division of the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services:Europe and Canada Division (202) 647-3445Inter-American Division (202) 647-3712East Asia and Pacific Division (202) 647-3675Near Eastern and South Asia Division (202) 647-3926Africa Division (202) 647-4994General recorded information about visa procedures is available from the Department of State's Visa Office at (202) 663-1225.For questions about U.S. visa petition procedures, contact the nearest office of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service located in the Federal Government section of your telephone book under Department of Justice.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------</text>
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<text>TUPAC AMARU REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT10/28/92GP00014KEY WORDS: MRTA; MOVIMIENTO REVOLUCIONARIO TUPAC AMARU; MRTA-MIRDESCRIPTION:TRADITIONAL MARXIST-LENINIST REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN PERU FORMED IN1983. LED BY NESTOR SERPA AND VICTOR POLAY. IT'S OBJECTIVE IS TO RID PERU- AND PERHAPS THE REGION - OF "IMPERIALIST" INFLUENCE AND ESTABLISH AMARXIST REGIME.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS THAN ANY OTHER GROUP IN LATINAMERICA. IN 1990 AND 1991, TUAPC AMARU ATTACKED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S.AMBASSADOR, BOMBED THE U.S. CONSULATE AND THE U.S.- PERUVIAN BINATIONALCENTER, ATTACKED U.S. BUSINESSES AND MORMON CHURCHES. ALSO ATTACKED PERU'SPRESIDENTIAL PALACE AND PRESIDENT FUJIMORI'S AIRPLANE IN 1991.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:1,000 TO 2,000 COMBATANTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVED TRAINING IN CUBA. MAY HAVE TIES TO LIBYA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* CONDUCT "ARMED PROPOGANDA" TO DESTABILIZE THE GOVERNMENT OF PERU;* FORCE U.S. GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OUT OF PERU;* CREATE AN IMAGE OF MRTA AS THE PERUVIAN MILITANT GROUP ALIGNED WITHMARXIST INTERNATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS AND PROPONENTS, IN CONTRASTWITH THE XENOPHOBIC SENDERO LUMINOSO (SL) TERRORIST GROUP.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:WHEN THE MRTA'S NAME SURFACED IN 1984, MANY THOUGHT IT WAS SIMPLY AFRONT NAME FOR PERU'S MAJOR TERRORIST/INSURGENT GROUP, SENDERO LUMINOSO.AVAILABLE INFORMATION INDICATES THAT TUPAC AMARU IS AN INDEPENDDENTORGANIZATION FORMED BY UNIVERSITY STUDENT RADICALS WHO ESPOUSE A CASROITE,MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY.DESPITE ITS SHORT HISTORY, THE MRTA HAS BEEN VERY ACTIVE. IT HAS MADEATTACK ON U.S. TARGETS A DEFINITE POLICY. THE TACTICS USED AND THEPROFICIENCY SHOWN IN MRTA ATTACKS INDICATE A RELATIVELY HIGH DEGREE OF SKILL.SOME CONTACT APPARENTLY EXISTS WITH OTHER LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARYGROUPS, SUCH AS COLOMBIA'S 19TH OF APRIL MOVEMENT (M-19). SOME OF THE MRTALEADERSHIP LIVED IN CUBA AND THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1970S AFTER FLEEING PERUDURING A GOVERNMENT CRACKDOWN ON STUDENT RADICALS.IN THE FALL OF 1986, THE MRTA ANNOUNCED A MERGER WITH THE REMNANTS OF ANEARLIER PERUVIAN RADICAL GROUP ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE MOVEMENT OF THEREVOLUTIONARY LEFT (MIR). THE GROUP THEN CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS INLIMA TO PUBLICIZE THE NEW ALLIANCE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYMARCH, 1984:MACHINEGUNNED THE RESIDENCE OF A FORMER MINISTER OF ECONOMY.SEPTEMBER, 1984:MURDERED A NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER IN A MACHINEGUN ATTACK ON AGUARD POST AT THE LIMA NAVAL HOSPITAL.OCTOBER, 1984:FIRED ON THE EXTERIOR OF THE U.S. EMBASSY BUILDING.MARCH, 1985:SET FIRE TO TWO KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN RESTAURANTS AND ATTEMPTED TOIGNITE A THIRD.JULY, 1985:WOUNDED THREE CIVILIANS IN SHOOTING AND BOMBING ATTACKS ON SIX LIMAPOLICE STATIONS.NOVEMBER, 1985:BOMBED THE LIMA OFFICES OF THE TEXACO CORPORATION.NOVEMBER, 1985:FIRED SHOTS INTO THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND AND ATTEMPTED TO THROW ABOMB, WHICH DETONATED ON A SIDEWALK OUTSIDE THE EMBASSY.JANUARY, 1986:OCCUPIED TWO RADIO STATIONS AND BRADCAST A PROTEST OF U.S. SENATOREDWARD KENNEDY.APRIL, 1986:BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR A CAR BOMB AT THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S.AMBASSADOR, AS WELL AS SEVERAL OTHER BOMBS AT U.S AND U.S.-AFFILIATED BUILDINGS, INCLUDING BANKS AND BUSINESSES.AUGUST, 1986:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBS PLACED IN TWO GOVERNMENT OF PERUMINISTRY BUILDINGS A FEW DAYS AFTER ANNOUNCING AN END TO A SELF-PROCLAIMED TRUCE WITH THE GARCIA GOVERNMENT.SEPTEMBER, 1986:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON THE EMBASSY OF CHILE INSOLIDARITY WITH LEFTIST GROUPS OPPOSING THE PINOCHET GOVERNMENT INCHILE.DECEMBER, 1986:DYNAMITED SEVERAL U.S. OR U.S.- AFFILIATED FACILITIES. SLOGANSPAINTED ON THE BUILDINGS ANNOUNCED THE MERGER OF THE MRTA AND THEMIR.JANUARY, 1987:AMBUSHED AND MURDERED AN ARMY RECRUITING OFFICER IN HUANCAYO.JANUARY, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A BUILDING WHICH HOUSED THEOFFICES OF A U.S. AIRLINE, THE UNITED NATIONS, AND THE EMBASSY OFAUSTRIA.FEBRUARY, 1987:TOOK OVER SIX RADIO STATIONS IN LIMA TO DENOUNCE THE GOVERNMENT.FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1987:BOMBED SEVERAL BRANCHES OF PERU'S LARGEST BANKS.MARCH, 1987:TOOK OVER A RADIO STATION, INVADED A CHURCH, AND OCCUPIED APRIVATE MANUFACTURING CONCERN TO GIVE REVOLUTIONARY SPEECHES ANDURGE PARTICIPATION IN THE "ARMED STRUGGLE." THIS FORM OFPROPAGANDIZING WAS A NEW MODUS OPERANDI FOR THE MRTA-MIR GROUPS.MARCH, 1987:DYNAMITED A CONTAINER COMPANY. A MANAGER WHO CHASED ONE TERRORISTWAS SHOT AND KILLED BY OTHER TERRORISTS DURING THEIR ESCAPE.APRIL, 1987:TOOK OVER A RADIO STATION IN TACNA AND BROADCAST A FIFTEEN MINUTEPRERECORDED MESSAGE CALLING FOR ARMED STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GARCIAGOVERNMENT.MAY, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BLOWING UP FOUR BUSES IN SUPPORT OFNATIONAL WORK STOPPAGE; AGAIN TOOK OVER LIMA RADIO STATIONS TOBROADCAST PRO-MRTA MESSAGES.JUNE, 1987:INVADED TWO RADIO STATIONS IN LIMA AND FORCED THEM TO BROADCAST ATAPE MARKING THE SECOND ANNIVERSARY OF A MRTA ATTACK DURING THEADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT BELAUNDE.JUNE, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE SUBURBAN LIMA BRANCH OF BANCO DECREDITO; MRTA PROPAGANDA WAS FOUND AT THE SCENE.AUGUST, 1987:BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR A GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE PRESIDENTIALPALACE.SEPTEMBER, 1987:BY SEPTEMBER HAD CONDUCTED SOME 39 BOMBINGS AT MAJOR BANKINGFACILITIES IN ADDITION TO BOMBINGS AT GOVERNMENT OFFICES,UNIVERSITY SITES, AND U.S.-OWNED BUSINESS LOCATIONS.OCTOBER, 1987:SET OFF SMALL BOMBS AT THE BOLIVIAN EMBASSY AND AN ANNEX OF THEU.S. CONSULATE.NOVEMBER, 1987:A COLUMN OF MORE THAN EIGHTY MRTA INSURGENTS STAGED A CAREFULLYPLANNED, WELL-PUBLICIZED TAKEOVER OF JUANJUI, SAN MARTIN PROVINCE,DEPARTING THE AREA BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF GOVERNMENT SECURITYFORCES.FEBRAURY, 1988:CAUSED EXTENSIVE DAMAGE BUT NO INJURIES IN BOMBINGS OF SHELL OILOFFICES, A PHARMACEUTICAL FACTORY, A FURNITURE STORE, AND THEARMCO PERU PLANT IN LIMA.MARCH, 1988:BOMBED THE LIMA HEADQUARTERS OF ANGLO-NETHERLANDS ROYAL DUTCHSHELL OIL COMPANY, INJURING TWO PERSONS AND CAUSING CONSIDERABLEDAMAGE.APRIL, 1988:SIMULTANEOUSLY BOMBED TWO LIMA U.S. INFORMATION SERVICE (USIS)BINATIONAL CENTERS, DAMAGING THEIR FACADES AND INJURING TWO.JUNE, 1988:FIRED THREE 60MM MORTAR ROUNDS AT THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S.AMBASSADOR. THE ATTACK CAUSED ONLY MINOR DAMAGE.JULY, 1988:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR KIDNAPPING A PERUVIAN BUSINESSMAN.JANUARY, 1989:ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. IN THE FAILEDATTEMPT, FOUR BODYGUARDS WERE WOUNDED.JANUARY, 1989:FIREBOMBED A LIMA RESTAURANT FREQUENTED BY U.S. DIPLOMATS. THEREWERE NO CASUALTIES.FEBRUARY, 1989:RAIDED AND LOOTED A STATE-OWNED OIL FIELD CAMP. NO CASUALTIES.MARCH, 1989:BOMBED THE VENEZUELAN EMBASSY IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES.OCTOBER, 1989:BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA.OCTOBER, 1989:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE KIDNAPPING A RADIO/TELEVISIONMAGNATE.DECEMBER, 1989:BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN AREQUIPA. NOCASUALTIES.DECEMBER, 1989:BOMBED A MORMON CHAPEL IN TARAPOTO. NO CASUALTIES.JANUARY, 1990:BOMBED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. MARINE EMBASSY GUARDS IN LIMA.ONE PASSERBY INJURED.FEBRUARY, 1990:BOMBED THE U.S. EMBASSY WAREHOUSE, THE PANAMANIAN EMBASSY, AND THEOFFICES OF A U.S. - AFFILIATED COMPANY. NO CASUALTIES.JULY, 1990:FORTY EIGHT MRAT MEMBERS, INCLUDING THE GROUP'S LEADER, ESCAPEDFROM PRISON.JULY, 1990:BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN CUSCO. NOCASUALTIES.JULY, 1990:BOMBED THE LIMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. NO CASUALTIES.NOVEMBER, 1990:BOMBED THE OFFICES OF THE XEROX CORPORATION AND A SYNAGOGUE INLIMA. NO CASUALTIES.NOVEMBER, 1990:CONDUCTED A ROCKET ATTACK AGAINST THE U.S. CONSULATE IN LIMA. NOCASUALTIES.NOVEMBER, 1990:BOMBED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO PERU AND THEU.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES.DECEMBER, 1990:BOMBED THE U.S., SOVIET, AND JAPANESE EMBASSIES, PLUS TWODEPARTMENT STORES AND A SUPERMARKET IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES.DECEMBER, 1990:CAR BOMB AT A SHOPPING MALL IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES.FEBRUARY, 1991:BOMBED THE BRITISH CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES.FEBRUARY, 1991:BOMBED A U.S. - AFFILIATED SECURITY FIRM WHICH SERVED THE U.S.EMBASSY. TWO PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND FIVE OTHERS WERE INJURED.FEBRUARY, 1991:BOMBED TWO RESTUARANTS (KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN & PIZZA HUT).SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED AT THE KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN SITE.MARCH, 1991:BOMBED TWO MORMON CHAPELS IN CHICLAYO. ONE INJURY. ADDITIONALBOMBS WERE DOSCOVERED AND DISARMED AT TWO OTHER MORMON CHAPELS.NOVEMBER, 1991:GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST PRESIDENTIAL PALACE. THREE WERE HURT.NOVEMBER, 1991:UNSUCCESSFUL MORTAR AND CAR BOMB ATTACK AGAINST THE PRESIDENTIALPALACE IN LIMA. NO INJURIES.MARCH, 1992:CONDUCTED SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS AGAINST TWO RESTAURANTS IN LIMA,CLAIMING THAT THE MANAGERS HAD ACTED IN A "REPRESSIVE" MANNERDURING A PAY DISPUTE. ONE RESTAURANT WAS BOMBED AND THE OTHER WASBURNED. THERE WERE NO SERIOUS INJURIES.MARCH, 1992:FIVE BOMBS DAMAGED AN ELECTRICAL POWER GRID BLACKING OUT PART OFTHE CITY OF TRUJILLO.JULY, 1992:CONDUCTED MULTIPLE ATTACKS ON AT LEAST FOUR TOWNS. IN THE COURSEOF THE ATTACKS AT LEAST FOUR BANKS WERE LOOTED. TWO POLICEOFFICERS, ONE ARMY OFFICER, AND FIVE CIVILIANS WERE REPORTEDKILLED. SEVERAL PEOPLE WERE WOUNDED.AUGUST, 1992:TUPAC AMARU DETONATED A MINE IN LIMA'S MIRAFLORES DISTRICT,FORCING AN ARMY TRUCK OFF OF A CLIFF. FIVE OF THE SOLDIERS IN THETRUCK WERE KILLED AND SIX WERE SERIOUSLY INJURED. A PASSERBY WASREPORTED KILLED.AUGUST, 1992:OCCUPIED THE OFFICES OF UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL IN LIMA ANDFORCED A CORRESPONDENT TO TRANSMIT A MESSAGE DENOUNCING PRESIDENTFUJIMORI OVER THE UPI WIRE. THE TERRORISTS LEFT BEHIND A BOMBWHICH WAS DISARMED.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>TUPAC AMARU REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT </name>
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card_105810.xml
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<text>TERRA LLIURE10/28/92GP00035KEY WORDS: FREE LAND; TLDESCRIPTION:A LEFT WING CATALONIAN SEPARATIST TERRORIST GROUP FORMED IN THE 1970SWITH THE GOAL OF ESTABLISHING AN INDEPENDENT MARXIST STATE IN THE SPANISHPROVINCES OF VALENCIA AND CATALONIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:PRIMARILY SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS AGAINST PROPERTY IN NORTHEASTERN SPAIN.TARGETS INCLUDE FOREIGN BANKS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED RECENT INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJULY, 1987:A BOMB DETONATED IN FRONT OF THE BANCO HISPANO-AMERICANO INBARCELONA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.OCTOBER, 1987:A BOMB DETONATED IN A STAIRWELL OUTSIDE OF THE REAR ENTRANCE OFTHE U.S. CONSULATE IN BARCELONA. EIGHT PERSONS WERE INJURED. TWOGROUPS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK: TERRA LLIURE, AND THERED ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF CATALONIA (ERCA).DECEMBER, 1987:TWO EXPLOSIVE DEVICES WERE THROWN INTO THE "IRUNA" BAR INBARCELONA, WHICH WAS THE TEMPORARY QUARTERS OF THE USO. ONEAMERICAN SAILOR DIED OF HIS INJURIES AND NINE OTHER U.S. SAILORSWERE INJURED. THE RED ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF CATALONIA (ERCA)AND TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.MARCH, 1988:TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE BRITISHCONSULATE IN BARCELONA IN SYMPATHY FOR THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY.MARCH, 1988:TWO BOMBS DETONATED IN BARCELONA. ONE WAS DIRECTED AT A CIVILGUARDS BARRACKS; AND A WOMAN WAS INJURED. THE SECOND BOMBDAMAGED AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.MAY, 1988:ELEVEN PERSONS WERE INJURED IN BARCELONA AS A RESULT OF TWO BOMBSWHICH EXPLODED WITHIN 15 MINUTES OF EACH OTHER AT A BANK. TERRALLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JULY, 1988:THREE BOMBS DETONATED IN BARCELONA ON THE MORNING OF JULY 17. THEBOMBINGS TOOK PLACE AT THE OFFICES OF THE ELECTRIC COMPANY, ANUNEMPLOYMENT OFFICE AND A BANK BRANCH. A FOURTH DEVICE WAS FOUNDAT ANOTHER UNEMPLOYMENT OFFICE AND DISARMED. TWO PERSONS WEREINJURED IN THE THREE EXPLOSIONS. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS WHICH WERE CARRIED OUT TO PROTESTTHE CONSTRUCTION OF A NUCLEAR POWER STATION AND THE 1992 OLYMPICGAMES TO BE HELD IN BARCELONA.AUGUST, 1988:A BOMB DETONATED AT A BAR LOCATED IN BARCELONA'S RED LIGHTDISTRICT. THE BAR WAS LOCATED BEHIND A CIVIL GUARDS BARRACKS.THERE WERE NO REPORTED INJURIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.AUGUST, 1988:TWO BOMBS DETONATED IN THE EARLY MORNING HOURS OF AUGUST 25, 1988.ONE DEVICE DETONATED AT 3:15 AM, AND THE SECOND AT 4:30 AM. BOTHBOMBS DETONATED IN FRONT OF BANKS IN BARCELONA. TERRA LLIURECLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY STATING THAT THE BOMBINGS WERE INRETALIATION OF THE BANKS' SUPPORT OF THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES.MAY, 1989:TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF A CIVIL WARMEMORIAL ON THE ISLAND OF MALLORCA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.SEPTEMBER, 1989:TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A CIVIL GUARDPOST IN GERONA PROVINCE IN WHICH TWO CIVIL GUARDS WERE SERIOUSLYWOUNDED.SEPTEMBER, 1989:TERRA LLIURE WARNED THAT THE 1992 BARCELONA OLYMPICS WILL CONTINUETO BE THE GROUP'S "PRIMARY" TARGET.MARCH, 1990:THREE BOMBS DETONATED ON MARCH 9, 1990, OUTSIDE THREE COURTHOUSESIN BARCELONA. THERE WERE NO REPORTED CASUALTIES. TERRA LLIURECLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JULY, 1991:SPANISH MEDIA SOURCES REPORTED THAT TERRA LLIURE HAD UNDERGONE ANINTERNAL DIVISION IN WHICH THE LEADERSHIP OF THE GROUP AND ASIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE RANK AND FILE HAD VOTED TO CEASETERRORIST ACTIVITIES.OCTOBER, 1991:A BOMB WAS FOUND IN GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN GERONA. THE DEVICE WASDISARMED. WHILE NO PERSON OR GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEDEVICE, CIVIL GUARDS SOURCES STATED IT WAS OF THE TYPE USED BYTERRA LLIURE, AND THAT THE INCIDENT TOOK PLACE IN AN AREA OF SPAININ WHICH TERRA LLIURE HAD HISTORICALLY OPERATED.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIASOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>TERRA LLIURE </name>
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card_105676.xml
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<text>SIKH TERRORISM10/28/92GP00010KEY WORDS: DASHMESH; 10TH REGIMENT; DAL KHALSA; BABBAR KHALSA; ALL INDIA SIKH STUDENTSFEDERATION.DESCRIPTION:SIKH TERRORISM IS CARRIED OUT BY SEVERAL DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONALGROUPS SEEKING TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE CALLED KHALISTAN. SIKHVIOLENCE OUTSIDE INDIA IS ON THE WANE AFTER SURGING IN 1984 FOLLOWING THEINDIAN ARMY ATTACK ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE IN AMRITSAR. GROUPS THAT CARRY OUTTERRORISM INCLUDE THE DASHMESH, OR 10TH REGIMENT (ACTIVE IN INDIA, WESTERNGERMANY, AND CANADA), DAL KHALSA (HIJACKED AN INDIAN AIRLINE TO PAKISTAN IN1981), BABBAR KHALSA (ALSO OPERATES IN INDIA, WESTERN GERMANY, AND CANADA),AND THE ALL-INDIA SIKH STUDENTS FEDERATION (MILITANT STUDENT WING OF THE MAINSIKH PARTY, AKALI DAL).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:REGULAR AND BLOODY ATTACKS AGAINST HINDUS AND AGAINST INDIAN OFFICIALTARGETS, PARTICULARLY IN THE PUNJAB; DESECRATION OF HINDU HOLY PLACES;ASSASSINATIONS; BOMBINGS; AND AIRCRAFT HIJACKINGS. ALTHOUGH SIKHS HAVEDISCLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY, THEY WERE PROBABLY RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE AIRINDIA AIRLINER DOWNED OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN JUNE, 1985, IN WHICH THECREW AND 329 PASSENGERS WERE KILLED, AND FOR AN EXPLOSION AT TOKYO AIRPORT ONTHE SAME DAY, WHEN LUGGAGE FROM A FLIGHT FROM VANCOUVER BLEW UP AND KILLEDTWO JAPANESE BAGGAGE HANDLERS. IN 1991, SIKH TERRORISTS ATTEMPTED TOASSASSINATE THE INDIAN AMBASSADOR IN ROMANIA AND KIDNAPPED AND HELD THEROMANIAN CHARGE IN NEW DELHI FOR SEVEN WEEKS. NO U.S. INTERESTS HAVE BEENTARGETED. SIKH TERRORISM WITHIN INDIA, RANGING FROM KIDNAPPINGS ANDBOMBINGS TO ASSASSINATIONS, CONTINUES AT A HIGH LEVEL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:UNKNOWN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:NUMEROUS SIKH TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS WORLDWIDE HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN AVARIETY OF VIOLENT ACTIVITIES. NEVERTHELESS, INFORMATION CONCERNING THECULPABILITY OF SPECIFIC SIKH GROUPS FOR SPECIFIC OPERATIONS OR EVEN ON THEINFRASTRUCTURES OF SIKH ELEMENTS IS SPARSE. FOR THESE REASONS, ONLY TWO OFTHE MOST NOTORIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, THE DAL KHALSA AND THE DASHMESH REGIMENT,ARE DESCRIBED UNDER SEPARATE GROUP PROFILE ENTRIES.A SMALL, BUT VIOLENT, MOVEMENT EMERGED IN 1981 WHEN SANT JARNAIL SINGHBHINDRANWALE BEGAN PREACHING SIKH FUNDAMENTALISM AND URGING THE SIKHCOMMUNITY IN INDIA TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT FOR AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE.THE FOLLOWERS OF BHINDRANWALE ADOPTED TERRORISM AS ONE OF THEIR TACTICS. INJUNE, 1984, INDIAN TROOPS STORMED THE GOLDEN TEMPLE IN AMRITSAR, SIKHISM'SHOLIEST SHRINE, WHERE BHINDRANWALE AND HIS FOLLOWERS HAD MADE THEIRHEADQUARTERS. BHINDRANWALE AND MANY FOLLOWERS WERE KILLED IN THE EXCHANGE.THE SIKH BODYGUARDS OF PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GHANDI SUBSEQUENTLY ASSASSINATEDHER.SIKH ADVOCATES OF A SEPARATE STATE OF KHALISTAN HAVE SINCE ENGAGED INBOMBINGS, SABOTAGE, AND INDISCRIMINATE MURDERS OF NUMEROUS GOVERNMENTOFFICIALS AND CIVILIANS IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP THE KHALISTANI CAUSE PROMINENT.FUNDING FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONS APPEARS TO BE GENERATED STRICTLY FROMWITHIN THE SIKH COMMUNITY IN INDIA AND ABROAD.RADICAL SIKHS HAVE SOUGHT TO ESCALATE HINDU-SIKH TENSIONS FURTHER BYCOMMITTING ATROCITIES AGAINST HINDUS THROUGHOUT THE PUNJAB AND SURROUNDINGSTATES. THE RADICALS PROBABLY ARE HOPING TO PROVOKE VIOLENT HINDU REPRISALSAGAINST SIKH COMMUNITIES. SUCH AN OUTCOME WOULD SERVE ONLY TO ENHANCE THECAUSE FOR KHALISTAN FURTHER BY EXACERBATING COMMUNAL ANIMOSITIES ANDWEAKENING THE STANCE OF THE MODERATES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTE: SEE SEPARATE GROUP PROFILES FORDAL KHALSA AND DASHMESH.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>SIKH TERRORISM </name>
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card_105418.xml
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<text>SENDERO LUMINOSO10/28/92GP00039KEY WORDS: SL; SHINING PATHDESCRIPTION:PERU'S LARGEST SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATION IS AMONG THE WORLD'S MOSTDANGEROUS AND RUTHLESS TERRORIST GROUPS. FORMED IN THE LATE 1960S BY THENUNIVERSITY PROFESSOR ABIMAEL GUZMAN REYNOSO. GOAL IS TO DESTROY EXISTINGPERUVIAN INSTITUTIONS AND REPLACE THEM WITH A PEASANT REVOLUTIONARY REGIME ASWELL AS TO RID PERU OF FOREIGN INFLUENCES. SENDERO LUMINOSO HAS EXTENSIVETIES TO NARCOPRODUCERS AND NARCOTRAFFICKERS WORKING IN PERU.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:KILLED 10 FOREIGNERS IN 1991. ENGAGES IN PARTICULARLY BRUTAL FORMS OFTERRORISM. SENDERO LUMINOSO WAS ORIGINALLY RURAL BASED, BUT HAS INCREASINGLYOPERATED IN URBAN AREAS SINCE 1986. HAS ATTACKED DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS OFNEARLY EVERY COUNTRY REPRESENTED IN PERU, FOREIGN BUSINESSES, FOREIGN ANDDOMESTIC HUMANITARIAN AID PROJECTS, IN ADDITION TO PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT ANDPRIVATE SECTOR TARGETS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:4,000 - 5,000 COMBATANTS. STRONG RURAL SUPPORT BASE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:NO KNOWN FOREIGN SPONSORS. RECEIVES MONEY FROM DRUG TRADE, INCLUDINGCOLOMBIAN NARCOTICS TRAFFICKERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DATE FORMED:1969 - BEGAN TERRORIST OPERATIONS IN 1980.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE:* STIMULATE A "PEASANT ARMED STRUGGLE" THAT WILL LEAD TO THE OVERTHROWOF THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT AND INSTALL A LEFTIST, ETHNIC INDIAN STATE BY THEYEAR 2000;* ATTACK U.S. AND OTHER "IMPERIALIST" TARGETS IN AN EFFORT TOELIMINATE FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN PERU, EMBARRASS THE PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT, ANDFORCE IT TO TAKE REPRESSIVE MEASURES. SENDERO LUMINOSO HAS ALSO ATTACKEDSOVIET AND CHINESE TARGETS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:SENDERO LUMINOSO IS A HIGHLY ACTIVE AND VIOLENT TERRORIST/INSURGENCYGROUP THAT CLAIMS A NEO-MAOIST ORIENTATION. ITS HOPE IS TO EVENTUALLY CREATEA RURAL-BASED INSURGENCY THAT WILL SWEEP INTO THE CITIES AND DESTROY THECURRENT SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT.SENDERO LUMINOSO DEVELOPED FROM AN EXTREMIST SPLINTER GROUP OF THEPERUVIAN COMMUNIST PARTY (PCP). IT HAS TRIED TO RADICALIZE THE MARXIST-LENINIST MOVEMENT IN PERU AND BELIEVES THAT THE "OLD, HEROIC TRADITIONS OFTHE QUECHUA INDIANS" ARE THE PROPER ELEMENTS FOR A NEW SOCIAL/POLITICALSYSTEM. BY USING NAMES AND SYMBOLS FROM THE INDIAN HERITAGE OF THE RURALREGIONS, SENDERO LUMINOSO HAS BEEN ABLE TO ATTRACT SOME SUPPORT THAT MIGHTNOT HAVE BEEN DRAWN TO A PURELY MARXIST IDEOLOGY.SENDERO LUMINOSO IS ORGANIZED TO CONDUCT SIMULTANEOUS URBAN TERRORISMAND RURAL GUERRILLA OPERATIONS. ALTHOUGH IT IS LARGE AND ADEQUATELY EQUIPPEDAND TRAINED, THE GROUP TENDS TO AVOID DIRECT CONFLICT WITH THE MILITARYUNLESS IT CAN ATTACK WITH OVERWHELMING FORCE.UNLIKE OTHER LATIN AMERICAN LEFTIST SUBVERSIVE GROUPS, SENDERO LUMINOSOIS NOT BELIEVED TO HAVE OBVIOUS OR EXTENSIVE TIES TO CUBA OR OTHER SPONSORS.BANK ROBBERIES AND EXTORTION ARE SIGNIFICANT SOURCES OF FUNDING. SENDEROLUMINOSO IMPOSES A "WAR TAX" THAT APPARENTLY PROVIDES A SIGNIFICANT SOURCE OFINCOME.SENDERO LUMINOSO CONDUCTS VERY AGGRESSIVE INDOCTRINATION PROGRAMS IN ITSRURAL BASES. ITS RECRUITING PRACTICES FREQUENTLY TARGET 12- TO 15- YEAR OLDSWHO CAN BE MOLDED INTO HIGHLY MOTIVATED, EVEN FANATICAL ACTIVISTS.SENDERO LUMINOSO EMPLOYS A CELLULAR STRUCTURE FOR ITS TERRORISTOPERATIONS, AND EACH CELL NORMALLY HAS AT LEAST ONE FEMALE MEMBER. WOMENHAVE SERVED AS MEMBERS OF ATTACK TEAMS AS WELL AS SMUGGLERS, INTELLIGENCEOPERATIVES, AND MESSENGERS.PARTICULARLY GRUESOME ASSASSINATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF SENDERO LUMINOSO.VICTIMS OFTEN HAVE BEEN RITUALLY MUTILATED, AND CORPSES HAVE BEEN LEFT ONPUBLIC DISPLAY. THIS FEATURE OF SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS IS PARTLY AREFLECTION OF AN INDIAN BELIEF THAT AN UNMUTILATED VICTIM'S SPIRIT CANREVEAL ITS KILLER. MUTILATION ALSO MAGNIFIES THE TERROR EFFECT OF THEKILLING.ALTHOUGH SENDERO LUMINOSO ESPOUSES A RURAL, PEASANT REVOLUTION, ITSLEADERSHIP COMES FROM RADICAL MIDDLE CLASS INTELLECTUAL CIRCLES. THELEADERS, HOWEVER, ARE VERY SKILLFUL AT MAINTAINING THE IMAGE OF A "PEOPLE'SMOVEMENT," THUS ENHANCING THE GROUP'S ABILITY TO ATTRACT SUPPORT IN THERURAL REGIONS. NONETHELESS, IF A VILLAGE DEMONSTRATES RESISTANCE TO ASENDERO LUMINOSO TAKEOVER, RESIDENTS FREQUENTLY ARE TERRORIZED INTOCOOPERATION; EXTERMINATION OF THE VILLAGE LEADERSHIP IS NOT UNCOMMON.THE PRINCIPAL TARGETS OF SENDERO LUMINOSO ASSASSINATION TEAMS ARE THECIVILIAN TECHNICIANS OF GOVERNMENT SPONSORED CIVIC ACTION PROJECTS. SEVERALAMBITIOUS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS CANNOT GET OFF THE GROUND BECAUSE SENDEROLUMINOSO ASSASSINATES THE TECHNICIANS, DESTROYS WORKS COMPLETED, AND BLOWS UPCONSTRUCTION MACHINERY NEEDED TO CONTINUE WORK. ECONOMIC DISRUPTION BYSENDERO LUMINOSO ALSO HAS TARGETED THE RAILWAYS IN AN ATTEMPT TO CRIPPLE THEMAJOR TARNSPORTATION SYSTEM.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYAUGUST, 1981:BOMBED THE U.S. EMBASSY, THE BANK OF AMERICA, A COCA COLA BOTTLER,AND A DAIRY PRODUCT FIRM ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARNATION COMPANY, ALLIN LIMA.JULY, 1982:THREW TWO DYNAMITE BOMBS AT THE U.S. EMBASSY AND SET OFF BOMBS ATTHREE PRIVATE BUSINESSES, INJURING THREE PEOPLE.MAY, 1983:BLEW UP TEN ELECTRICAL POWERLINE TOWERS IN A COORDINATED ATTACKTHAT BLACKED OUT LIMA AND SET OFF OVER THIRTY BOMBS DURING THECONFUSION, CAUSING OVER $27 MILLION IN DAMAGE.OCTOBER, 1983:BOMBED THE CAR OF A LIMA POLICE OFFICER.MAY, 1984:MACHINEGUNNED TWO POLICEMEN ON DUTY OUTSIDE THE EMBASSY OF WESTGERMANY IN LIMA, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING THE OTHER.AUGUST, 1984:BURNED AN EVANGELICAL CHURCH RUN BY U.S. MISSIONARIES INSOUTHEASTERN AYACUCHO DEPARTMENT.NOVEMBER, 1984:BOMBED THE U.S.- PERUVIAN CULTURAL INSTITUTE IN LIMA.APRIL, 1985:SHOT AND CRITICALLY WOUNDED A FORMER JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURTWHO WAS SERVING AS PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS TRIBUNAL.JUNE, 1985:ALLEGEDLY PLACED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE IN LIMA.AUGUST, 1985:BOMBED A BUS AT THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN LIMA.DECEMBER, 1985:SET OFF A BOMB IN THE LIMA AIRPORT PARKING LOT, KILLING A CHILD ANDFOUR OTHER PEOPLE.FEBRUARY, 1986:SHOT AND KILLED A VILLAGE MAYOR, STOLE FOOD STORED IN A CHURCH ANDTHREATENED TO KILL THE PRIEST.MARCH, 1986:MURDERED THREE PROVINCIAL MAYORS BY SHOOTING THEM IN THE HEAD INTHE TOWN OF CHACRA PAMPAS.JUNE, 1986:OVER 200 ALLEGED SENDERO LUMINOSO MEMBERS WERE KILLED IN A PRISONRIOT AND THE SUBSEQUENT EFFORT OF GOVERNMENT FORCES TO RE-GAINCONTROL.JUNE, 1986:BOMBED A CUZCO-MACHU PICCHU TOURIST TRAIN, KILLING EIGHT (INCLUDINGONE AMERICAN) AND WOUNDING FORTY (INCLUDING NINE AMERICANS).JULY, 1986:BOMBED THE SOVIET EMBASSY IN LIMA.OCTOBER, 1986:SHOT AND KILLED FORMER NAVY MINISTER ADMIRAL CAFFERATTA.JANUARY, 1987:SHOT AND KILLED SENIOR MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN POPULAR REVOLUTIONARYALLIANCE (APRA) - CARLOS SILVA.JANUARY, 1987:ATTACKED THE EMBASSY OF INDIA IN LIMA.FEBRUARY, 1987:BOMBED SEVEN BANKS AND BURNED A TEXTILE FACTORY IN LIMA.FEBRUARY, 1987:FAILED IN AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF PERU;DETONATED TWO CAR BOMBS NEAR A POLITICAL RALLY WHERE PRESIDENTGARCIA WAS SPEAKING.MARCH, 1987:CONDUCTED AN UNSUCCESSFUL ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST THE BANK OFTOKYO GENERAL MANAGER.APRIL, 1987:CARRIED OUT A BLOODY DAYLIGHT ATTACK AGAINST A RESTAURANT NEAR THEPERUVIAN ARMY HEADQUARTERS, INDISCRIMINATELY KILLING BOTH MILITARYAND CIVILIANS.APRIL, 1987:KILLED TWO POLICE OFFICERS GUARDING THE HUANCHAC TRAIN STATION INCUZCO.APRIL, 1987:ATTACKED A BUS CARRYING MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PASSENGERS INHUANACAVELICA, KILLING THIRTEEN PERSONS.APRIL, 1987:ATTACKED THE NORTH KOREAN COMMERCIAL MISSION IN LIMA, INJURING ATLEAST THREE PEOPLE.MAY, 1987:CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS, BLACKING OUT MOST OF LIMA.TARGETS INCLUDED THE MINISTRIES OF AGRICULTURE, LABOR, ANDTRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION.JUNE, 1987:ATTACKED AN EXCLUSIVE RESTAURANT IN THE MONTERRICO DISTRICT INLIMA. AT LEAST ONE RESTAURANT GUARD AND TWO ATTACKERS WEREWOUNDED.JULY-NOVEMBER, 1987:STAGED NUMEROUS CLASHES WITH SECURITY FORCES SUPPORTING NARCOTICSERADICATION CAMPAIGN IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY.AUGUST, 1987:KILLED AN APRA PARTY LEADER.SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE CONGRESS BUIDLING, CAUSING A PARTIALBLACKOUT IN LIMA. KILLED OVER FORTY CIVILIANS IN ATTACKS AGAINSTTWO TOWNS IN TOCACHE AREA.NOVEMBER, 1987:SUSPECTED IN COORDINATED LIMA BLACKOUT AND ATTACK AGAINST NISSANFACTORY, DYNAMITE BOMBINGS OF THE MINISTRIES OF HEALTH ANDJUSTICE, AND ATTACK AGAINST U.S. EMBASSY.JUNE, 1988:TWO U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID) SUBCONTRACTORSWERE KILLED WHILE TRAVELING NEAR AN AREA CONTROLLED BY SENDEROLUMINOSO.JANUARY, 1989:ASSASSINATED A LOCAL CHIEF OF THE PERUVIAN ANTI-TERRORISMDIRECTORATE.JANUARY, 1989:ATTACKED A GROUP OF JUDGES. TWO JUDGES WERE KILLED AS WERE THREEOF THE POLICE OFFICERS GUARDING THEM. TWELVE TO FIFTEEN MEMBERS OFSENDERO LUMINOSO WERE ALSO REPORTED KILLED.JANUARY, 1989:MURDERED A DEPUTY GOVERNOR AND FOUR OTHER VILLAGE OFFICIALS.JANUARY, 1989:MURDERED 27 CAMEPSINOS WHO WERE MEMBERS OF A PEASANT DEFENSEPATROL.JANUARY, 1989:ASSASSINATED THE MAYOR OF A VILLAGE IN JUNIN DEPARTMENT.JANUARY, 1989:ATTACKED A VILLAGE NEAR LAKE TITICACA. BUILDINGS WERE DYNAMITEDAND BURNED; AND THE MAYOR AND SIX OFFICIALS WERE KILLED.FEBRUARY, 1989:ATTACKED A HELICOPTER BASE OPERATED BY THE U.S. DRUG ADMINSTRATIONADMINISTRATION.FEBRUARY, 1989:IN ONE DAY (10 FEBRUARY) SEVERAL SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS TOOKPLACE: A SENIOR MEMBER OF APRA WAS MURDERED; TWO POLICEMEN WEREKILLED AND TWO OTHERS WERE WOUNDED WHEN THEY TRIED TO LOWER ABOOBY-TRAPPED FLAG; AND THE DEPUTY MAYOR OF A SMALL TOWN NEAR LIMAWAS CRITICALLY WOUNDED IN AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT.FEBRUARY, 1989:SENDERO LUMINOSO MASSACRED THIRTY EIGHT CAMPESINOS IN AYACHUCODEPARTMENT AS PUNISHMENT FOR ORGANIZING A SELF DEFENSE UNIT.MARCH, 1989:ON 3/2/89 THREE SEPARATE SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS TOOK PLACE: INONE TOWN A FRENCH TOURIST WAS MURDERED; IN ANOTHER TOWN TWO SCHOOLTEACHERS WERE MURDERED IN FRONT OF THEIR STUDENTS; AND IN THE THIRDINCIDENT A TEACHER AND HIS THIRTEEN YEAR OLD SON WERE MURDERED.MARCH, 1989:FIVE CIVIL SERVANTS IN A SMALL TOWN WERE MURDERED. ONE OF THEVICTIMS WAS THE TOWN'S MAYOR.MARCH, 1989:TWENTY SIX CAMPESINOS, MEMBERS OF A VILLAGE SELF DEFENSE UNIT,WERE MURDERED.APRIL, 1989:SENDERO LUMINOSO MURDERED AN AUSTRIAN JOURNALIST.APRIL, 1990:BOMBED A POLITICAL RALLY BEING ADDRESSED BY THE PRESIDENTIALCANNDIDATE OF THE RULING PARTY.APRIL, 1990:ATTACKED A U.S. BUILT ANTI-NARCOTICS BASE IN THE UPPER HUALLAGAVALLEY.APRIL, 1990:MASSACRED FIFTY ELDERLY PEOPLE AND CHILDREN IN SONOMORO.MAY, 1990:DYNAMITE ATTACK ON THE MOTORCADE OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE.MAY, 1990:A SENDERO LUMINOSO ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF UNITED PRESSINTERNATIONAL IN LIMA WAS FOILED.JUNE, 1990:KIDNAPPED AND MURDERED TWO BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS IN THE UPPERHUALLAGA VALLEY.AUGUST, 1990:MURDERED TWO PERUVIAN MORMOM MISSIONARIES.OCTOBER, 1990:PERPETRATED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ARSON. AMONG THE TARGETS WERE:THE EMBASSY OF WEST GERMANY; ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS; FACTORIES;PUBLIC PARKS. THE ATTACKS TOOK PLACE IN LIMA AND THE PORT CITY OFEL CALLAO.DECEMBER, 1990:CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ARSON ATTACKS IN LIMA. AT LEASTSEVENTEEN BANKS WERE BOMBED AND FIVE BUSES BURNED.FEBRUARY, 1991:BOMBED THE EMBASSY OF JAPAN IN LIMA.APRIL, 1991:MURDERED A PERUVIAN AGRONOMIST WORKING ON A RURAL DEVELOPMENTPROJECT.APRIL, 1991:CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA AS A PROTEST OF THE U.S.-PERUVIAN ANTI-NARCOTICS AGREEMENTS.APRIL, 1991:CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS IN LIMA.NEARLY FORTY BOMBINGS, PRIMARILY AGAINST BANKS, WERE CARRIED OUT.MAY, 1991:MURDERED AN AUSTRALIAN NUN AND FOUR VILLAGERS.JUNE, 1991:MURDERED A SOVIET WOMAN EMPLOYED AT A LIMA TEXTILE MILL.JUNE, 1991:ATTACKED A U.S. BUILT ANTI-NARCOTICS BASE IN THE UPPER HUALLAGAVALLEY.JULY, 1991:CARRIED OUT A ROCKET AND MACHINEGUN ATTACK ON THE HOME OF THEPERUVIAN MINISTER OF ECONOMY IN LIMA.JULY, 1991:A BRIEFCASE BOMB DETONATED AT THE PALACE OF JUSTICE IN LIMA.JULY, 1991:MURDERED A BUSINESS MAN OF JAPANESE DESCENT.AUGUST, 1991:MURDERED TWO POLISH PRIESTS AND A LOCAL MAYOR; ALSO BRIEFLYABDUCTED AN ITALIAN NUN.AUGUST, 1991:MASSACRED AT LEAST FIFTY PEOPLE (MINE WORKERS AND THEIR WIVES).AUGUST, 1991:ASSASSINATED AN ITALIAN PRIEST.DECEMBER, 1991:CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA. AMONG THE TARGETS WERE THEEMBASSY OF FRANCE, THE RESIDENCE OF THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR, AND ATLEAST FIVE BANKS.JANUARY, 1992:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SHOOTING DOWN A U.S.-OWNED HELICOPTERON LOAN TO PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT ANTI-DRUG AUTHORITIES. FOUR PERSONSWERE KILLED, INCLUDING THREE AMERICAN CREW MEMBERS.FEBRUARY, 1992:BOMBED ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS TO INDUCE A BLACKOUT IN LIMA ANDFOLLOWED WITH A WAVE OF ATTACKS THROUGHOUT THE CITY KILLING THREEAND WOUNDING THIRTY FIVE.FEBRUARY, 1992:DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TOPERU. THREE PERUVIAN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED. THE BOMBING WASPART OF A WAVE OF A DOZEN BOMBINGS OVER A THREE HOUR PERIOD INLIMA.FEBRUARY, 1992:DESTROYED A POLICE VAN NEAR LIMA, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING SIX.FEBRUARY, 1992:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A MAYOR AND HIS WIFE IN ASMALL TOWN.MARCH, 1992:ATTACKED A TOWN SITUATED 120 MILES FROM LIMA, KILLING TWO LOCALOFFICIALS AND THREE PEASANT LEADERS.MARCH, 1992:ATTACKED A PERUVIAN NAVAL VEHICLE NEAR LIMA, KILLING TWO ANDWOUNDING ONE.APRIL, 1992:LOADED A BUS WITH APPROXIMATELY 220 POUNDS OF DYNAMITE AND ROLLEDIT DOWN A HILL INTO A POLICE STATION, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDINGTWENTY TWO.APRIL, 1992:DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT A POLICE STATION, KILLING FOUR ANDWOUNDING TWENTY.APRIL, 1992:DETONATED A CAR BOMB OUTSIDE A PERUVIAN ARMY BARRACKS IN LIMA,KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING THREE.MAY, 1992:FORTY SEVEN SENDERO LUMINOSO PRISONERS AND TWO GUARDS WERE KILLEDIN THE COURSE OF A PRISON UPRISING.MAY, 1992:SEIZED TWO TOWNS NORTH OF LIMA AND MURDERED TWENTY MEMBERS OF THELOCAL PEASANT MILITIA.MAY, 1992:MURDERED A RELATIVE OF AN ADVISOR TO THE PRESIDENT OF PERU.JUNE, 1992:DETONATED A TRUCK BOMB AT A LIMA TELEVISION STATION, KILLING THREEAND WOUNDING TWENTY.JUNE, 1992:AMBUSHED A MILITARY CONVOY KILLING ELEVEN SOLDIERS AND SIXCIVILIANS.SEPTEMBER, 1992:ABIMAEL GUZMAN, THE FOUNDER AND LEADER OF SENDERO LUMINOSO WASCAPTURED DURING A RAID BY PERUVIAN ANTI-TERRORIST POLICE.OCTOBER, 1992:ON OCTOBER 7, 1992, ABIMAEL GUZMAN WAS SENTENCED TO LIFEIMPRISONMENT.OCTOBER, 1992:CONDUCTED A ROCKET ATTACK AGAINST THE RESIDENCE OF THE AMERICANAMBASSADOR TO PERU. NO INJURIES.OCTOBER, 1992:WITHIN DAYS OF ABIMAEL GUZMAN BEING SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT,A FORCE OF 50 SENDERO GUERRILLAS ENTERED A VILLAGE IN LA MARPROVINCE AND MURDERED FORTY FOUR PERSONS - MEMBERS OF THE VILLAGESELF DEFENSE FORCE AS WELL AS WOMEN AND CHILDREN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>SENDERO LUMINOSO </name>
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card_105029.xml
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<name>REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION 17 NOVEMBER </name>
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<text>REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION 17 NOVEMBER10/28/92GP00038KEY WORDS: NOVEMBER 17; 17 NOVEMBERDESCRIPTION:A RADICAL LEFTIST GROUP ESTABLISHED IN 1975 AND NAMED FOR THE NOVEMBER1973 STUDENT UPRISING PROTESTING THE MILITARY REGIME. ANTI-U.S., ANTI-NATO,ANTI-TURKISH; COMMITTED TO THE VIOLENT OVERTHROW OF THE REGIME, OUSTER OFU.S. BASES, REMOVAL OF TURKISH MILITARY PRESENCE FROM CYPRUS, AND THESEVERANCE OF GREECE'S TIES TO NATO AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITITY (EC). THEORGANIZATION IS OBSCURE, POSSIBLY AFFILIATED WITH OTHER GREEK TERRORISTGROUPS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:INITIAL ATTACKS WERE SELECTED ASSASSINATIONS USING HANDGUNS - AGAINSTSENIOR US OFFICIALS, INCLUDING US EMBASSY OFFICIAL RICHARD WELCH IN 1975 ANDU.S. NAVY CAPTAIN GEORGE TSANTES IN 1983. 17 NOVEMBER BEGAN ASSASSINATINGGREEK OFFICIALS AND PUBLIC FIGURES IN 1976 AND ADDED BOMBINGS, INCLUDINGATTACKS AGAINST U.S. MILITARY BUSES IN 1987 AND THE ASSASSINATION OF U.S.DEFENSE ATTACHE WILLIAM NORDEEN IN 1988. SINCE 1990, 17 NOVEMBER HASEXPANDED ITS TARGET SELECTION TO INCLUDE EC FACILITIES AND FOREIGN FIRMSINVESTING IN GREECE, AND ADDED IMPROVISED ROCKET ATTACKS TO ITS METHODS.IN 1991, IT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR AT LEAST FIVE OF THE FIFTEEN TERRORISTATTACKS AGAINST COALITION TARGETS IN GREECE DURING THE GULF WAR, INCLUDINGTHE ASSASSINATION IN MARCH OF A U.S. SERGEANT. ALSO STEPPED UPATTACKS AGAINST TURKISH INTERESTS WITH ATTEMPTED MURDER OF TURKISH EMBASSYOFFICIAL IN JULY, 1991, AND THE ASSASSINATION OF THE TURKISH PRESS ATTACHE INOCTOBER, 1991.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN, BUT PRESUMED TO BE QUITE SMALL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:MAY RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM THE ELA AND OTHER GREEK GROUP CADRES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:SINCE ITS FIRST APPEARANCE IN DECEMBER, 1975, WHEN IT CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF RICHARD WELCH, A U.S. EMBASSYOFFICER, 17 NOVEMBER HAS ESTABLISHED ITSELF AS ONE OF THE MOST PROFICIENT ANDLETHAL TERRORIST GROUPS IN EUROPE. MARXIST IN ORIENTATION AND ALSOVIRULENTLY ANTI-U.S., THE GROUP HAS CONDUCTED ATTACKS AGAINST GREEK TARGETSTHAT IT CONSIDERS TO HAVE OPPOSED THE REVOLUTION AS WELL AS OFFICIAL U.S.PERSONNEL WHO "REPRESENT" INTERFERENCE IN GREEK AFFAIRS.UNTIL THE MID TO LATE 1980S, THE GROUP'S ATTACKS WERE ALMOSTEXCLUSIVELY AMBUSH-STYLE ASSASSINATIONS BY TWO OR THREE MEMBER TEAMS. THEVICTIMS WERE USUALLY ATTACKED NEAR THEIR HOMES OR OFFICES. A UNIQUE 17NOVEMBER CHARACTERISTIC WAS TO USE THE SAME PISTOL IN SEVERAL OF ITS ATTACKS,INCLUDING THE ASSASSINATIONS OF TWO AMERICANS. THIS COULD INDICATE THAT THEGROUP HAD LIMITED RESOURCES, OR IT MAY HAVE BEEN ITS METHOD OF"AUTHENTICATING" ITS CLAIMS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACKS. IN ANY CASE,USE OF THE SAME PISTOL MAY INDICATE THAT 17 NOVEMBER WAS CONFIDENT IN ITSABILITY TO ELUDE THE POLICE. SINCE 1985, THE GROUP HAS BEEN RESPONSIBLE FORSEVERAL BOMBINGS.LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT 17 NOVEMBER'S ORGANIZATION, MEMBERSHIP, ORRELATIONS, IF ANY, TO OTHER GREEK TERRORIST GROUPS. FOLLOWING AN OCTOBER1987 SHOOTOUT BETWEEN POLICE AND MEMBERS OF THE GROUP CALLING ITSELF THE"REVOLUTIONARY POPULAR STRUGGLE" (ELA), HOWEVER, AND A SUBSEQUENT SEARCH OFELA HIDEOUTS, GREEK POLICE BELIEVE THAT THEY ESTABLISHED A LINK BETWEENELA AND 17 NOVEMBER. NO EVIDENCE THAT 17 NOVEMBER MAINTAINS TIES TOFOREIGN TERRORIST GROUPS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYDECEMBER, 1975:ASSASSINATED U.S. EMBASSY OFFICIAL RICHARD WELCH.JANUARY, 1979:MURDERED A GREEK POLICE OFFICER.JANUARY, 1980:MURDERED THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE GREEK RIOT POLICE AND HISCHAUFFEUR.NOVEMBER, 1983:MURDERED U.S. NAVY CAPTAIN GEORGE TSANTES AND HIS DRIVERAPRIL, 1984:SHOT AND WOUNDED A U.S. ARMY SENIOR NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER AS THEVICTIM WAS TRANSPORTING DOCUMENTS. THE INTENDED VICTIM PROBABLYSAVED HIS LIFE BY BEING ALERT AND TAKING EVASIVE ACTION WHEN HENOTED THE TWO TERRORISTS APPROACH HIS CAR ON A MOTORCYCLE.FEBRUARY, 1985:ASSASSINATED CONSERVATIVE GREEK NEWSPAPER EDITOR AND HIS CHAUFFEUR.THE COMMUNIQUE CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY DENOUNCED THE JOURNALIST ASONE OF THE "...FASCIST AGENTS OF THE CIA."NOVEMBER, 1985:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GREEK POLICE BUS, KILLING ONEPOLICE OFFICER.APRIL, 1986:ASSASSINATED A RETIRED GREEK INDUSTRIALIST.OCTOBER, 1986:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING FOUR GREEK GOVERNMENT OFFICES,INCLUDING THREE TAX OFFICES. THE 17 NOVEMBER COMMUNIQUE DENOUNCEDTHE GREEK TAX SYSTEM. THE ELA ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEBOMBINGS.FEBRUARY, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR MAIMING A WEALTHY GREEK PHYSICIAN.APRIL, 1987:BOMBED A BUS CARRYING U.S. AND GREEK MILITARY PERSONNEL NEARATHENS. EIGHTEEN PERSONS, INCLUDING SIXTEEN AMERICANS, WEREINJURED.AUGUST, 1987:BOMBED A U.S. BUS IN VOULA, INJURING TEN U.S. SERVICE MEMBERS.JANUARY, 1988:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF A U.S. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION(DEA) AGENT IN ATHENS.MAY, 1988:PLACED HIGH EXPLOSIVES ON TWO AUTOMOBILES BELONGING TO THETURKISH EMBASSY IN ATHENS.JUNE, 1988:DETONATED A CAR BOMB THAT KILLED U.S. DEFENSE ATTACHE CAPTAINWILLIAM NORDEEN SHORTLY AFTER HE LEFT HIS ATHENS RESIDENCE.JANUARY, 1989:SHOT THREE PUBLIC PROSECUTORS IN THREE SEPARATE INCIDENTS. ONE OFTHE VICTIMS WAS KILLED ON THE SPOT, ANOTHER WAS CRITICALLY WOUNDEDAND SUBSQUENTLY DIED OF HIS INJURIES. THE THIRD VICTIM WAS WOUNDED.MAY, 1989:FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST A FORMER PUBLIC ORDERMINISTER.SEPTEMBER, 1989:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF A MEMBER OF THEGREEK PARLIAMENT.FEBRUARY, 1990:CLAIMED THE THEFT OF ROCKETS, AMMUNITION, HAND GRENADES, BAZOOKAS,AND OTHER ORDNANCE FROM A MILITARY WAREHOUSE IN DECEMBER, 1989 ANDA MILITARY MUSEUM IN FEBRUARY, 1990.JUNE, 1990:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON A BUILDING WHICH WASOCCUPIED BY PROCTOR AND GAMBLE. APPARENTLY THE GROUP STAGED THEATTACK IN PROTEST OF THE PURCHASE OF A GREEK FIRM BY PROCTOR ANDGAMBLE. THE GOVERNMENT OF GREECE CONFIRMED THAT THE WEAPONS USEDIN THIS ATTACK WERE STOLEN FROM THE MILITARY MUSEUM AND MILITARYWAREHOUSE IN DECEMBER, 1989 AND FEBRUARY, 1990.JANUARY, 1991:BOMBED TWO BRANCH OFFICES OF CITIBANK AND A BRANCH OFFICE OFBARCLAY'S BANK.JANUARY, 1991:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON AN AMERICAN EXPRESSOFFICE AND A GREEK INSURANCE FIRM.MARCH, 1991:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A U.S. AIR FORCE SGT.MAY, 1991:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THESIEMENS COMPANY.MAY, 1991:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON A GERMAN-OWNEDBREWERY, APPROXIMATELY SIXTY MILES NORTH OF ATHENS.JULY, 1991:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION, BY CARBOMB, OF THE ACTING TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO GREECE. THE TARGET, TWOOF HIS STAFF, AND A PASSERBY WERE INJURED.OCTOBER, 1991:MURDERED THE DEPUTY PRESS ATTACHE OF THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN ATHENS.NOVEMBER, 1991:A POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED WHEN TWO ROCKETS WERE FIRED AT A POLICEBUS IN CENTRAL ATHENS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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card_104823.xml
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<text>REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA10/28/92GP00003KEY WORDS: FARC; FUERZAS ARMADAS REVOLUCIONARIAS DE COLOMBIADESCRIPTION:ESTABLISHED IN 1966 AS THE MILITARY WING OF THE COLOMBIAN COMMUNISTPARTY; FARC IS THE LARGEST GUERRILLA GROUP IN THAT COUNTRY. IT ISORGANIZED ALONG MILITARY LINES; IS STRONGLY ANTI-U.S., AND MAY HAVE AT LEASTONE URBAN COMMANDO ELEMENT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:ARMED ATTACKS AGAINST COLOMBIAN TARGETS, BOMBINGS OF U.S. BUSINESSES,KIDNAPPINGS OF COLOMBIANS AND FOREIGNERS FOR RANSOM, AND ASSASSINATIONS.THE FARC TRAFFICS IN DRUGS AND HAS WELL-DOCUMENTED TIES TO DRUG TRAFFICKERS.PEACE TALKS WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF COLOMBIA HAVE PROVED UNSUCCESSFUL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:APPROXIMATELY 4,500 TO 5,500 ARMED COMBATANTS AND 10,000 SUPPORTERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:TIES TO CUBA. AMOUNT OF AID IS UNKNOWN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:THROUGH A TWO-PRONGED STRATEGY COMBINING INSURGET/TERRORIST OPERATIONSWITH PARTICIPATION IN THE LEGITIMATE POLITCAL PROCESS, THE FARC AND ITSPOLITICAL FRONT, THE PATRIOTIC UNION (UP), HAVE THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES:* OVERTHROW THE ESTABLISHED ORDER IN COLOMBIA AND REPLACE IT WITH ALEFTIST AND ANTI-AMERICAN REGIME;* CREATE A "...BROAD ANTI-MONOPOLY AND ANTI-IMPERIALIST FRONT..." ANDUNITE LEFT WING PARTIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INTO A POLITCIAL MOVEMENT;* FORCE U.S. AND OTHER "IMPERIALIST" INTERESTS OUT OF COLOMBIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE FARC IS PROBABLY THE LARGEST, BEST TRAINED AND EQIPPED, AND MOSTEFFECTIVE INSURGENT ORGANIZATION IN COLOMBIA AND IN SOUTH AMERICA.THE FARC HAS BEEN PRO-SOVIET, PRO-CUBAN, AND ANTI-AMERICAN, AND CLAIMSDEDICATION TO MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY. THE FARC HAS OFTEN BEEN DESCRIBEDAS THE "MILITARY" APPARATUS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF COLOMBIA (PCC),ALTHOUGH THE FARC AND PCC FREQUENTLY DOWNPLAY THEIR CONNECTIONS.THE LEADERSHIP OF FARC IS COMPOSED LARGELY OF DISAFFECTED MIDDLE- ANDUPPER-CLASS INTELLECTUALS, ALTHOUGH IT RECRUITS FROM, AND ATTEMPTS TO APPEALTO, THE PEASANT POPULATION. THE FARC ALSO HAS RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM OTHERELEMENTS OF COLOMBIAN SOCIETY, INCLUDING WORKERS, STUDENTS, AND RADICALPRIESTS. THE POPULARITY OF FARC HAS BEEN UNDERMINED BY THE OCCASIONALPRACTICE OF KIDNAPPING PEASANTS AND MURDERING THEM AS "COLLABORATORS" ANDTRAITORS IF THEY DO NOT COOPERATE. THE FARC HAS ALSO ATTEMPTED TOSTRENGTH ITS INFLUENCE AMONG OTHER INSURGENT FACTIONS BY LEADING EFFORTS INTHE MID- TO LATE-1980S TO ESTABLISH THE NATIONAL SIMON BOLIVAR GUERRILLACOORDINATOR (SBGC) WHICH INCLUDES ALL MAJOR COLOMBIA INSURGENT GROUPS.THE FARC HAS A CLOSER RELATIONSHIP WITH COLOMBIAN NARCOTICS TRAFFICKERSTHAN DO OTHER COLOMBIAN INSURGENT GROUPS. THE RELATIONSHIP APPEARS TO BE THESTRONGEST IN THOSE AREAS WHERE COCA CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION AND FARCOPERATIONAL STRONGHOLDS OVERLAP. IN LOCAL INSTANCES, IN EXCHANGE FOR FARCPROTECTION OF NAROCTICS INTERESTS, THE GUERRILLAS HAVE RECEIVED MONEY TOPURCHASE WEAPONS AND SUPPLIES. THERE HAVE BEEN REPORTS, AS WELL AS STRONGINDICATIONS, THAT VARIOUS FARC FRONTS HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN INVOLVED INPROCESSING COCAINE. MONEY FROM THE NARCOTICS TRADE HAS SUPPLEMENTED FARCREVENUES FROM KIDNAPPINGS, EXTORTION, AND ROBBERIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYFEBRUARY, 1977:KIDNAPPED A U.S. PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER DURING AN ATTACK ON LA MACARENA.THE VICTIM WAS RELEASED THREE YEARS LATER AFTER A $250,000 RANSOM WASREPORTEDLY PAID.AUGUST, 1980:KIDNAPPED A U.S. CITIZEN FROM HIS BANANA PLANTATION IN CENTRAL COLOMBIA.HE WAS RELEASED THREE MONTHS LATER AFTER A REPORTED RANSOM OF $125,000WAS PAID.APRIL, 1983:KIDNAPPED A U.S. CITIZEN FROM HER FARM IN SOUTHERN META DEPARTMENT.FEBRUARY, 1985:BOMBED SEVEN BUSINESSES IN A MIDNIGHT ATTACK IN MEDELLIN, INCLUDING IBM,GENERAL TELEPHONE AND ELECTRONICS, UNION CARBIDE, AND XEROX.AUGUST, 1985:KIDNAPPED FOUR ENGINEERS AND THIRTY WORKERS OF A CONSTRUCTION FIRM INHUILA DEPARTMENT.OCTOBER, 1985:KIDNAPPED FOUR MISSIONARIES. THE FARC MET WITH A DELEGATION FROM THEGOVERNMENT'S PEACE COMMISSION AND AGREED TO FREE THE HOSTAGES.DECEMBER, 1985:KIDNAPPED A VENEZUELAN RANCHER WHO WAS RESCUED BY THE VENEZUELAN POLICEIN FEBRUARY, 1986. THE SIX KIDNAPPERS WERE KILLED.JANUARY, 1986:DEMANDED $100 MILLION FROM THE SHELL OIL COMPANY TO CONTINUE OPERATINGIN THE MAGALEAS VALLEY, BUT THE FIRM SUSPENDED ITS OPERATIONS INTHE REGION INSTEAD OF MEETING THE EXTORTION DEMAND.FEBRUARY, 1986:ATTACKED THE TOWN OF RION SUCIO IN THE NORTHERN CHOCO DEPARTMENT,KILLING ONE POLICE OFFICER AND WOUNDING ANOTHER. DESTROYED THREEBUILDINGS.NOVEMBER, 1986:THE REMAINS OF SOME 100 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN WERE FOUND IN AMASS GRAVE IN TURBO; THEY WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED BY THEFARC.APRIL, 1987:KIDNAPPED SEVEN EMPLOYEES OF A RANCHER IN BOGOTA; ONE BODY WASFOUND LATER.JUNE, 1987:IN VIOLATION OF A TRUCE, THE FARC AMBUSHED AN ARMY ROAD BUILDINGCREW KILLING TWENTY-SEVEN.DECEMBER, 1987:APPROXIMATELY FIFTY FARC MEMBERS ATTACKED THE TOWN OF GAITANIA,KILLING TWO POLICE OFFICERS AND WOUNDING FIVE. THE FARC USEDGRENADES, AUTOMATIC WEAPONS, LIGHT ANTITANK ROCKETS, AND MOLOTOVCOCKTAILS.JANUARY, 1988:TWO HUNDRED MILES SOUTHWEST OF BOGOTA, FORTY FARC MEMBERS HIJACKEDA HELICOPTER OPERATED BY A COLOMBIAN AIR CHARTER SERVICE ANDCHARTERED BY A U.S. OIL EXPLORATION COMPANY. THE COMPANY WASFORCED TO PAY RANSOM AND TO TEMPORARILY CLOSE ITS EXPLORATION CAMP.OCTOBER, 1988:ATTACK ON TOWNS IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE ELN (NATIONALLIBERATION ARMY). THREE POLICEMEN AND ONE CIVILIAN KILLED. A NUN,PRIEST, AND FIFTEEN POLICEMEN WERE KIDNAPPED.NOVEMBER, 1988:TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH M-19 (APRIL 19 MOVEMENT).NOVEMBER, 1988:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THECOLOMBIAN MINISTER OF DEFENSE. A REMOTE CONTROLLED BOMB DESTROYEDA TRUCK CARRYING THE MINISTER'S BODYGUARDS, KILLING THREE ANDINJURING TWO. THE MINISTER WAS UNHURT.DECEMBER, 1988:TOWN ATTACKED. ONE POLICE OFFICER, ONE CIVILIAN, AND TWO FARCMEMBERS KILLED.FEBRUARY, 1989:TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATIONARMY (ELN) AND THE POPULAR LIBERATION ARMY (EPL). FIVE POLICEMENWERE KILLED AND ELEVEN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KIDNAPPED.APRIL, 1989:TOWN ATTACKED. SIX CIVILIANS KILLED.MAY, 1989:TOWN ATTACKED. TWO CIVILIANS SOUGHT OUT AND MURDERED. ANOTHERCIVILIAN KILLED.OCTOBER, 1989:TOWN ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY(ELN). TWO JAIL INMATES MURDERED IN A SETTLING OF SCORES, POLICEATTACKED, HELICOPTER DELIVERING MONEY TO BANK SHOT DOWN, MONEYSTOLEN.OCTOBER, 1990:TOWN ATTACKED AND OCCUPIED. FARC TOOK OVER THE TOWN WITHOUTRESISTANCE AFTER POLICE FLED. MURDERED THE MAYOR AND HIS BROTHER.NOVEMBER, 1990:TWO TOWNS ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONALLIBERATION ARMY (ELN). NINE SOLDIERS AND FIFTEEN FARC REBELS WEREKILLED.DECEMBER, 1990:ATTACKED AN OIL EXPLORATION CAMP, DESTROYING A HELICOPTER ANDDRILLING EQUIPMENT.DECEMBER, 1990:SEIZED AN AIRCRAFT SHORTLY AFTER IT LANDED AT A SMALL TOWN, FORCEDTHE PASSENGERS AND CREW TO DEPLANE AND BURNED THE PLANE.DECEMBER, 1990:KIDNAPPED TWO SWISS CITIZENS AND A COLOMBIAN PHYSICIAN IN METADEPARTMENT. ALL WERE RELEASED TWO WEEKS LATER WITH A MESSAGE TOTHE GOVERNMENT.DECEMBER, 1990:KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN ENGINEERS AT AN OIL PRODUCTION CAMP. THEYWERE RELEASED TWO DAYS LATER WITH A MESSAGE FOR THE GOVERNMENT.JANUARY, 1991:BOMBED FIVE OIL PIPELINES.JANUARY, 1991:HIJACKED A HELICOPTER LEASED BY A U.S. OIL EXPLORATION FIRM.THE PILOT AND THE AIRCRAFT WERE RETURNED.JANUARY, 1991:STAGED A JOINT ATTACK WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN) ON AMAJOR COLOMBIA-FRENCH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT NEAR SEGOVIA. FORTYVEHICLES AND PIECES OF HEAVY MACHINERY WERE DESTROYED, THE CAMP'SSECURITY CHIEF WAS KILLED AND THREE FRENCH ENGINEERS WEREKIDNAPPED (RELEASED IN JULY, 1991).FEBRUARY, 1991:CONDUCTED A WAVE OF FIFTY ATTACKS ON TOWNS, ENERGY AND POWERFACILITIES, BANKS, POLICE, AND MILITARY. AT LEAST FORTY SOLDIERS,POLICEMEN, CIVILIANS AND INSURGENTS WERE KILLED.MARCH, 1991:ATTACKED A VILLAGE, KILLING FIVE POLICEMEN AND A CIVILIAN ANDKIDNAPPING TWELVE POLICE OFFICERS.MAY, 1991:AN AMERICAN EXPATRIATE, WHO HAD BEEN KIDNAPPED BY FARC, WASMURDERED BY HIS ABDUCTORS DURING AN ATTEMPT BY THE POLICE TORESCUE HIM.JULY, 1991:THE FARC ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA BYPLACING AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE PRESIDENTIAL HELICOPTER'SLANDING AREA. POLICE DISARMED THE DEVICE. FARC DENIED ITSINVOLVEMENT.AUGUST, 1991:TWO JAPANESE ENGINEERS AT AN OIL PRODUCTION CAMP WERE KIDNAPPED.THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED IN DECEMBER, 1991, FOLLOWING THEPAYMENT OF A RANSOM.NOVEMBER, 1991:A COLOMBIAN JUDICIAL TEAM OF EIGHT PEOPLE, INCLUDING A JUDGE,WERE LURED TO A RURAL AREA WHERE ONE CAR OF THEIR THREE CARCONVOY WAS DESTROYED BY A REMOTELY DETONATED DEVICE AND THESURVIVORS SPRAYED WITH MACHINEGUN FIREJUNE, 1992:FARC ISSUED A COMMUNIQUE STATING THAT MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONSWERE "LEGITIMATE" TARGETS.JUNE, 1992:BOMBED THE SPANISH CONSULATE IN BARRANQUILLA, INJURING THESPANISH CONSUL GENERAL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEFENSEDEPARTMENT, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA </name>
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<text>RED ARMY FACTION10/28/92GP00009KEY WORDS: RAF; BAADER-MEINHOF GANG; ROTE ARMEE FRAKTIONDESCRIPTION:THE SMALL AND DISCIPLINED RAF IS THE SUCCESSOR TO THE BAADER-MEINHOFGANG, WHICH ORIGINATED IN THE STUDENT PROTEST MOVEMENT OF THE 1960S.THE GROUP'S IDEOLOGY IS AN OBSCURE MIX OF MARXISM AND MAOISM; COMMITTED TOARMED STRUGGLE. ORGANIZED INTO HARDCORE CADRES THAT CARRY OUT TERRORISTATTACKS, AND A NETWORK OF SUPPORTERS WHO PROVIDE LOGISTIC AND PROPOGANDASUPPORT. THE RAF HAS SURVIVED DESPITE NUMEROUS ARRESTS OF ITS TOP LEADERSOVER THE YEARS. IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT IN THE SPRING OF 1992, RAF LEADERSANNOUNCED THAT THE ORGANIZATION WAS CEASING ITS TERRORIST ACTIVITIES ANDWOULD, IN THE FUTURE, WORK THROUGH THE NORMAL POLITICAL PROCESS. ONLY TIMEWILL TELL IF THIS RADICAL DEPARTURE FROM ITS OPERATIONAL HISTORY ANDITS WORKING PHILOSOPHY OF INSTIGATING CHANGE THROUGH ARMED STRUGGLE WILLPREVAIL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:THE RAF AND ITS PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATION, BAADER-MEINHOF, HAS ENGAGED INBOMBINGS, ASSASSINATIONS, KIDNAPPINGS AND ARMED ROBBERIES. IT HAS TARGETEDGERMAN GOVERNMENT, U.S. GOVERNMENT, U.S. MILITARY, AND PRIVATE SECTORINTERESTS, BOTH GERMAN AND FOREIGN. AMONG THE ATTACKS ON U.S. INTERESTS ARE:THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION IN BELGIUM OF THE NATO COMMANDER (ALEXANDER HAIG)IN 1979; THE BOMBING OF THE NATO AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS IN RAMSTEIN IN 1981;A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE COMMANDER OF U.S. FORCES IN EUROPE IN HEIDELBERG IN1981; AND THE BOMBING OF THE RHEIN-MAIN AIR FORCE BASE IN 1985. INFEBRUARY 1991, THE RAF FIRED APPROXIMATELY 250 ASSAULT RIFLE ROUNDS AT THEU.S. EMBASSY IN BONN, AND IN APRIL THE GROUP ASSASSINATED THE GERMAN TRUSTAGENCY DIRECTOR, DETLEV KARSTEN ROHWEDDER.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:TEN TO TWENTY, PLUS SEVERAL HUNDRED SUPPORTERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:BASICALLY SELF-SUSTAINING, BUT DURING THE BAADER-MEINHOF PERIOD THEGROUP RECEIVED SOME SUPPORT FROM MIDDLE EASTERN TERRORIST GROUPS; AND SOMETIES MAY STILL EXIST. THE RAF RECEIVED LOGISTIC SUPPORT, SANCTUARY, ANDTRAINING FROM THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC DURING THE EARLY 1980S. THE RAFAPPEARS TO BE DEVELOPING CLOSER TIES WITH GRAPO IN SPAIN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* DESTROY WESTERN CAPITALISM THROUGH TERRORISM, HELPING PRECIPITATE AWORLDWIDE MARXIST REVOLUTION;* USE TERRORISM TO DESTROY GERMAN - U.S. SOLIDARITY, ESPECIALLY BYATTACKING AMERICAN MILITARY TARGETS IN GERMANY;* USE SPECIFIC ACTS OF TERRORISM TO TRY TO FORCE THE AUTHORITIES TORELEASE IMPRISONED RAF MEMBERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE RAF BEGAN AS PART OF THE STUDENT ANTIWAR MOVEMENT IN THE 1960S.ORIGINALLY CALLED THE BAADER-MEINHOF GANG, IT WAS DEDICATED TO GENERALTERRORISM AND ANTIESTABLISHMENT ACTIVITY AS PART OF ITS PERCEIVED ROLE AS ASTIMULUS TO WORLDWIDE MARXIST REVOLUTION.THE CURRENT GENERATION OF THE RAF HARDCORE IS MARXIST-LENINIST INIDEOLOGY. THE RAF SEES ITSELF AS PART OF AN INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT AIMED ATBRINGING ABOUT A WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION.THE RAF HAS SUFFERED MANY CHANGES OF FORTUNE DURING ITS TWO DECADEHISTORY. ALL OF ITS ORIGINAL LEADERS WERE CAPTURED OR FORCED OUT OF THECOUNTRY BY THE MID-1970S, BUT A NEW AND MORE VIOLENT GROUP REPLACED THEM.MOST OF THE RAF LEADERSHIP HAVE BEEN WELL EDUCATED; WITH MANY HAVING MEDICAL,LEGAL, OR TECHNICAL TRAINING.THE RAF ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPT CALLS FOR A MULTI-LEVEL STRUCTURE. THE"HARDCORE" CONSISTS OF PERHAPS TWENTY COMBATANTS WHO LIVE UNDERGROUND AND WHOCONDUCT MOST OF THE GROUP'S TERRORIST OPERATIONS. GERMAN AUTHORITIES HAVESTATED THAT THE HARDCORE COMMAND LEVEL HAS ALSO DIRECTED THE OPERATIONS OF"ILLEGAL MILITANTS," WHO MAY CARRY OUT BOMBINGS AND LOWER LEVEL ATTACKS. THE"PERIPHERY," OF WHOM THERE MAY BE SEVERAL HUNDRED, FORM THE VITAL SUPPORTBASE THAT PROVIDES FUNDING, SHELTER, AND COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE OPERATIVES. ALARGER NUMBER OF LEGAL SYMPATHIZERS ASSIST IN PROPOGANDIZING RAF IDEOLOGY.THE RED ARMY FACTION HAS RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM MANY QUARTERS. IN THE1970S, SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE GROUP RECEIVED TERRORIST TRAINING AT CAMPS INTHE MIDDLE EAST, SPONSORED BY EXTREMIST PALESTINIAN GROUPS. CONTACTS HAVEBEEN MAINTAINED WITH FRENCH, DUTCH, BELGIAN, DANISH, SWISS, IRISH, ITALIAN,SPANISH, AND AMERICAN GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS OF SIMILAR POLITICAL PERSUASION.THE RED ARMY FACTION WAS ONE OF THE CO-FOUNDERS, WITH THE FRENCH GROUP"DIRECT ACTION" AND THE BELGIAN "COMBATANT COMMUNIST CELLS" OF THE NOWDEFUNCT ANTI-IMPERIALIST ARMED FRONT IN WESTERN EUROPE WHICH HAD "...DECLAREDWAR..." ON NATO AND HAD THE GOAL OF FURTHERING TERRORIST COOPERATION. THERAF MAY HAVE CONDUCTED JOINT OPERATIONS WITH DIRECT ACTION IN 1985-86.THE RAF HAS PERPETRATED A VARIETY OF BOMBING AND ASSASSINATION ATTACKSOVER THE YEARS. EACH MAJOR RAF OPERATION IS THE SUBJECT OF DETAILEDPLANNING AND GENERALLY IS EXECUTED IN A PROFESSIONAL MANNER. MAJOR RAFTARGETS HAVE INCLUDED REPRESENTATIVES OF THE WEST GERMAN "ESTABLISHMENT," THEMILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX, AND THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE IN WEST GERMANY.THE RAF HAS HAD ACCESS TO A LARGE AND VARIED SUPPLY OF WEAPONRY, INCLUDINGHANDGUNS, MACHINEGUNS, GRENADES, AND RPG-7 ROCKET PROPELLED GRENADES. THERAF HAS ALSO SHOWN CONSIDERABLE SKILL IN MANUFACTURING IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVEDEVICES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYMAY, 1972:CARRIED OUT SIX SEPARATE BOMBING ATTACKS, KILLING ONE AND INJURINGTHIRTEEN, AT A U.S. OFFICERS CLUB IN FRANKFURT; BOMBED THEVEHICLE OF GERMAN SUPREME COURT JUSTICE BUDDENBURG, SERIOUSLYINJURING HIS WIFE; AND KILLED THREE AND WOUNDED FIVE IN A BLAST ATTHE U.S. ARMY EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS IN HEIDELBERG.NOVEMBER, 1974:MURDERED GERMAN SUPREME COURT PRESIDENT GUENTHER VON DRENKMANN.FEBRUARY, 1975:KIDNAPPED TWO LEADING GERMAN POLITICIANS TO FORCE THE RELEASE OFSIX IMPRISONED TERRORISTS.APRIL, 1977:AMBUSHED AND MURDERED GERMAN FEBERAL PROSECUTOR SIEGFRIED BUBACK,HIS CHAUFFEUR, AND A POLICE BODYGUARD.SEPTEMBER, 1977:KIDNAPPED GERMAN BUSINESSMAN HANNS-MARTIN SCHLEYER AND KILLED HISCHAUFFEUR AND THREE POLICE GUARDS. WHILE THE RAF WAS HOLDINGSCHLEYER, THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINEHIJACKED A LUFTHANSA AIRCRAFT IN A SUPPORTING OPERATION. AFTERGERMAN COUNTER TERRORIST FORCES SUCCESSFULLY FOILED THE HIJACKINGAT MOGADISHU, SOMALIA, THE RAF MURDERED SCHLEYER.JUNE, 1979:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF NATO COMMANDER GENERAL ALEXANDER HAIG,WITH A BOMB CONCEALED UNDER A BRIDGE IN OBOURG, BELGIUM. THE BOMBEXPLODED BETWEEN GENERAL HAIG'S CAR AND AN ESCORT VEHICLE, WOUNDINGTWO GUARDS.AUGUST, 1981:BOMBED THE U.S. AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS IN RAMSTEIN, INJURING 18AMERICANS AND TWO GERMANS.SEPTEMBER, 1981:FIRED TWO RPG-7 GRENADES AT U.S. ARMY EUROPEAN COMMANDING GENERALKROESSEN'S CAR, SLIGHTLY INJURING THE GENERAL AND HIS WIFE.DECEMBER, 1984:BOMBED THE EMBASSY OF FRANCE IN BONN AND ATTEMPTED TO BOMB THE NATOSCHOOL IN OBERAMMERGAU.JANUARY, 1985:FIREBOMBED THE HOME OF THE U.S. CONSUL GENERAL IN FRANKFURT AND THEU.S. AIRFIELD AT HEIDELBERG. ALSO FIREBOMBED A NUMBER OF WESTGERMAN GOVERNMENT FACILITIES THROUGHOUT GERMANY.FEBRUARY, 1985:INVADED THE HOME OF WEST GERMAN BUSINESSMAN ERNST ZIMMERMANN ANDSHOT HIM IN THE HEAD.MARCH, 1985:INJURED NINE WITH A BOMB BLAST AT A DEPARTMENT STORE IN DORTMUND.AUGUST, 1985:DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT THE RHEIN MAIN AIR BASE, KILLING TWO ANDINJURING SEVENTEEN. THE TERRORISTS KILLED AN OFF DUTY U.S.SERVICEMAN THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BOMBING AND USED HIS MILITARYIDENTIFICATION TO GAIN ACCESS TO THE BASE.APRIL, 1986:BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE NATO PIPELINE NEAR VOLLERSODE.MAY, 1986:SEVERELY DAMAGED A U.S. MILITARY FUEL PUMPING STATION ANDDESTROYED TWO TRUCKS WITH A BOMB THAT ALSO IGNITED OVER 1,000GALLONS OF FUEL.JULY, 1986:MURDERED KARL-HEINZ BECKURTS, DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH OF THE SIEMENSELECTRONICS COMPANY, AND HIS CHAUFFEUR, WITH A REMOTELY DETONATEDBOMB. THE RAF CLAIMED THAT IT HAD CARRIED OUT THE OPERATIONBECAUSE OF BECKURTS' ADVOCACY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND HIS RESEARCHPARTICIPATION IN THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE (SDI) PROJECT.OCTOBER, 1986:MURDERED GEROLD VON BRAUNMUEHL, HEAD OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY'SPOLITICAL DEPARTMENT. HE WAS SHOT IN FRONT OF HIS HOME IN BONN.SEPTEMBER, 1988:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF WEST GERMAN FINANCE MINISTER.NOVEMBER, 1989:ALFRED HERRHAUSEN, DIRECTOR OF THE DEUTSCHE BANK, WESTGERMANY'S LARGEST BANK, MURDERED WHEN THE RAF DETONATED A ROAD SIDEBOMB AS THE VICTIM'S CAR PASSED.JULY, 1990:ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE AN OFFICIAL OF THE GERMAN MINISTRY OFTHE INTERIOR.FEBRUARY, 1991:FIRED SEVERAL SHOTS AT THE COMPOUND OF THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BONN.APRIL, 1991:ASSASSINATED DETLEV ROHWEDDER, THE CHIEF OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENTAGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR SELLING-OFF STATE OWNED PROPERTY IN THEFORMER GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (EAST GERMANY).JULY, 1991:CONDUCTED AN ARSON ATTACK ON A RENAULT DELIVERY FACILITY INBRUEHL (NEAR COLOGNE).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>RED ARMY FACTION </name>
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<text>POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT10/28/92GP00006KEY WORDS: PSF; PALESTINE POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT: PPSFDESCRIPTION:A RADICAL PALESTINIAN TERRORIST GROUP ONCE CLOSELY INVOLVED IN THESYRIAN DOMINATED PALESTINIAN NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT. THE PSF IS LED BY DR.SAMIR GHOSHEH. THE ORGANIZATION SPLIT IN 1991; WITH THE DOMINANT FACTIONREJOINING THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAELI, MODERATE ARAB, AND PLO TARGETS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:FEWER THAN THREE HUNDRED.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES SUPPORT FROM SYRIA AND MAY NOW RECEIVE AID FROM THE PLO.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* CALLS FOR AN "ARMED STRUGGLE" TO LIBERATE PALESTINE, ELIMINATEISRAEL, AND CREATE A DEMOCRATIC SECULAR STATE IN ALL OF THE FORMER BRITISHMANDATE TERRITORY OF PALESTINE;* OPPOSE THE CREATION OF A MINISTATE ON THE OCCUPIED WEST BANK AND THEGAZA STRIP;* EMPHASIZE AN ARAB NATIONALIST APPROACH IN COMBATTING "...REACTIONARY,ZIONIST IMPERIALIST..." FORCES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:A VETERAN PALESTINIAN ACTIVIST, BAHJAT ABU GHARBIYAH, FOUNDED THEPOPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT IN COOPERATION WITH MAJOR FAYEZ HAMDAN OF THEPALESTINE LIBERATION ARMY (PLA). GHARBIYAH WAS INVOLVED WITH THE FIRSTPALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) LEADERSHIP AFTER 1964, BUTSUSPENDED PSF ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPATION ON THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEEAFTER THE JORDANIAN SUPPRESSION OF 1970. THE POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT WASREVIVED AFTER THE 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR.IN 1974, GHARBIYAH RESIGNED AND WAS SUCCEEDED BY SAMIR GHOWSHEH. ATTHAT POINT THE PSF JOINED THE REJECTION FRONT AND RETAINED THE REJECTIONISTSTANCE OF SCORNING A PALESTINIAN STATE IN THE WEST BANK AND THE GAZA, AS WELLAS ADVOCATING CLOSER COOPERATION WITH VARIOUS OTHER GUERRILLA AND LEFTISTMOVEMENTS.FOLLOWING THE 1982 INVASION OF LEBAN0N BY ISRAEL, THE PSF CAME UNDERSTRONGER SYRIAN INFLUENCE. THE PSF ALSO JOINED THE PALESTINE NATIONALSALVATION FRONT IN OPPOSITION TO THE ARAFAT-HUSSEIN ACCORD IN 1985.THE PSF HAS UNDERTAKEN SEVERAL ROCKET ATTACKS AND CROSS-BORDEROPERATIONS INTO ISRAEL, AND HAS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR MANY OPERATIONSTHAT WERE NEVER CONFIRMED.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYMAY, 1975:BOMBED EIN FESH'HA, AN ISRAELI RESORT.JUNE-JULY, 1975:KIDNAPPED A U.S. ARMY COLONEL IN BEIRUT AND TURNED HIM OVER TO THETHE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERALCOMMAND (PFLP-GC) AFTER FOOD WAS DELIVERED TO PALESTINIAN REFUGEECAMPS IN BEIRUT.MARCH, 1979:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN EXPLOSION ON A TOURIST BUS AT THEINTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN JERUSALEM, AND ATTEMPTED AN OPERATION,PROBABLY INTENDED TO BE A HOSTAGE TAKING, ON THE WEST BANK, TOPROTEST THE VISIT OF U.S. PRESIDENT CARTER TO EGYPT AND ISRAEL.JUNE, 1985:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE NORTHERN ISRAELTOWN OF METULLAH.SEPTEMBER, 1985:FALSELY CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A HOTEL SWIMMINGPOOL IN ATHENS. THE PSF MEMBER WHO MADE THE CLAIM FALSELY STATEDTHAT SEVENTY FIVE AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED IN THEATTACK. DESPITE THE PSF CLAIM, THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION ISBELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCIDENT, IN WHICH EIGHTEEN DEAF-MUTEBRITISH TOURISTS WERE WOUNDED.APRIL, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON NORTHERN ISRAEL.NOVEMBER, 1990:INTERCEPTED BY AN ISRAELI PATROL IN LEBANON'S SOUTHERN REGION -ISRAEL'S SELF DECLARED "SECURITY ZONE." FOUR PSF MEMBERS AND ONEISRAELI SOLDIER WERE KILLED.JANUARY, 1992:THE PPSF CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A SUPERMARKET INJERUSALEM. NO INJURIES.APRIL, 1992:SAMIR GHOWSHEH, A MEMBER OF THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, WASEXPELLED FROM THE PSF.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT </name>
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<text>POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE11/11/92GP00043KEY WORDS: PFLP; RED EAGLEDESCRIPTION:MARXIST-LENINIST GROUP THAT IS A MEMBER OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATIONORGANIZATION (PLO). FOUNDED IN 1967 BY GEORGE HABASH. AFTER FATAH, THE PFLPIS THE MOST IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN THE PALESTINIANMOVEMENT. ALTHOUGH REMAINING IN THE PLO, HABASH HAS PUBLICLY DIFFERED WITHYASSIR ARAFAT. THE PFLP HAS SPAWNED SEVERAL DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUPS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:COMMITTED NUMEROUS ACTS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM BETWEEN 1970 AND1977. SINCE THE DEATH IN 1978 OF WADI HADDAD, THE PFLP'S OPERATIONAL PLANNEROF TERRORISM, THE GROUP HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAELI ORMODERATE ARAB TARGETS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:800-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES MOST OF ITS FINANCIAL AND MILITARY AID FROM SYRIA AND LIBYA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* CREATE AN IMAGE OF THE PALESTINIAN STRUGGLE AS A PART OF A WORLD-WIDEMARXIST-LENINIST REVOLUTION;* LIBERATE PALESTINE THROUGH "ARMED STRUGGLE."* ESTABLISH A MARXIST-LENINIST GOVERNMENT IN PALESTINE;* OPPOSE EFFORTS AT A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIANISSUE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE PFLP WAS FORMED AFTER THE ARAB DEFEAT IN THE 1967 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR.GEORGE HABASH CREATED THE PFLP AS A MERGER OF THREE FORMERLY AUTONOMOUSGROUPS - THE ARAB NATIONALIST MOVEMENT'S HEROES OF THE RETURN; THE NATIONALFRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE; AND THE INDEPENDENT PALESTINELIBERATION FRONT (TO BE DISTINGUISHED FROM THE PRESENT PALESTINE LIBERATIONFRONT - PLF). REFERRED TO BY HIS FOLLOWERS AS "AL-HAKIM" (THE "WISE ONE" OR"THE PHYSICIAN"), HABASH HAS REMAINED CONSISTENT IN HIS POSITION TOWARDSSOLVING THE PALESTINIAN PROBLEM - THE TOTAL LIBERATION OF PALESTINE.THE PFLP ESTABLISHED ITSELF EARLY AS ONE OF THE MOST VIOLENTPALESTINIAN TERRORIST GROUPS. IT CONCURRENTLY SOUGHT TO ESTABLISH STRONGTIES TO OTHER MARXIST REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATIONS. THOSE LINKS FACILITATEDPFLP OPERATIONS IN EUROPE WHICH GAVE THE GROUP MUCH OF ITS NOTORIETY.HABASH STRONGLY FAVORS WELL-PUBLICIZED ATTACKS ON CIVILIAN TARGETS, AND THEPFLP REPUTATION FOR RUTHLESSNESS WAS BUILT ON THAT STRATEGY.AS A RESULT OF IDEOLOGICAL INFLEXIBILITY, INTERNAL DISPUTES, ANDPERSONALITY CONFLICTS, THE PFLP HAS SPAWNED SEVERAL SPLINTER GROUPS,INCLUDING THE PFLP-GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC) AND THE DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THELIBERATION OF PALESTINE (DFLP).THE PFLP WAS ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN THE EARLY1970S. AS A RESULT OF PUBLICITY THAT ATTRACTED CONDEMNATION EVEN FROMCOMMUNIST BLOC COUNTRIES, THE PFLP CURTAILED INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS ANDCONCENTRATED ON DEVELOPING CONVENTIONAL AND GUERRILLA FORCES FOR USE AGAINSTTARGETS IN ISRAEL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJULY, 1968:HIJACKED AN EL AL AIRLINER ENROUTE FROM ROME TO ISRAEL.SEPTEMBER, 1969:CONDUCTED SIMULTANEOUS HIJACKINGS OF THREE AIRLINERS. TWO WEREFLOWN TO JORDAN AND ONE TO EGYPT, AND ALL THREE WERE BLOWN UPBEFORE TELEVISION CAMERAS.MAY, 1972:EMPLOYED JAPANESE RED ARMY TERRORISTS TO CONDUCT A MACHINEGUNATTACK IN THE ARRIVALS HALL OF THE LOD (BEN GURION) AIRPORTINTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN ISRAEL. TWENTY SEVEN CIVILIANS, INCLUDINGSIXTEEN PUERTO RICAN TOURISTS VISITING THE HOLY LAND, WERE KILLED.JULY, 1973:HIJACKED A JAPANESE AIRLINER TO LIBYA AND BLEW IT UP.DECEMBER, 1974:THREW HANDGRENADES INTO A CROWDED TEL AVIV THEATER, KILLING THREEAND WOUNDING TWENTY-FOUR.JUNE, 1976:HIJACKED AN AIR FRANCE AIRLINER TO ENTEBBE, UGANDA, WHERE FOURCIVILIANS WERE KILLED DURING THE RESCUE OPERATION BY ISRAELIFORCES.AUGUST, 1976:KILLED FOUR PASSENGERS ON AN EL AL AIRLINER IN ISTANBUL.OCTOBER, 1977:HIJACKED A LUFTHANSA AIRLINER TO MOGADISHU, SOMALIA, DEMANDING THERELEASE OF TERRORISTS HELD IN WEST GERMAN PRISONS. WEST GERMANBORDER POLICE TROOPS (GSG-9) STORMED THE PLANE, KILLING THREETERRORISTS AND CAPTURING A FOURTH. THE HIJACKING WAS CONDUCTED BYGERMAN AS WELL AS PFLP OPERATIVES.APRIL, 1979:AFTER A FOILED ATTEMPT TO TAKE OVER AN EL AL AIRCRAFT ATZAVENTEM AIRPORT IN BRUSSELS, THE PFLP OPERATIVES THREW A GASOLINEBOMB AND A HAND GRENADE INTO A VISITOR'S CAFE, WOUNDING FIVEBELGIANS; THEN ENTERED AN AIRPORT RESTAURANT, SHOOTING ANDWOUNDING SEVEN CUSTOMERS.MARCH, 1984:KILLED THREE PASSENGERS IN AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN ASHDOD, ISRAEL.APRIL, 1984:KILLED ONE AND WOUNDED EIGHT PASSENGERS IN A BUS HIJACKING INASHKELON, ISRAEL.MAY, 1985:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING AN ISRAELI BUS.NOVEMBER, 1986:STABBED TO DEATH A TWENTY TWO YEAR OLD YESHIVA STUDENT ON A STREETIN THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM.MAY, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE TOWN OF METALLAHIN THE NORTHERN GALILEE.JUNE, 1989:POSSIBLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KIDNAPPING OF THE AMERICAN DIRECTOR OFA RELIEF AGENCY IN THE GAZA STRIP. THE VICTIM WAS EVENTUALLYRELEASED UNHARMED. THE KIDNAPPER WAS KILLED IN A SHOOT OUT WITHISRAELI SECURITY FORCES.NOVEMBER, 1990:PFLP GUERRILLAS CLASHED WITH ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCES INSIDE ISRAEL'SSELF-DECLARED SECURITY ZONE IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. FIVE ISRAELISOLDIERS AND TWO PFLP GUERRILLAS WERE KILLED.DECEMBER, 1990:AN ISRAELI BORDER POLICEMAN WAS SHOT AND SERIOUSLY WOUNDED WHILE HEWAS MONITORING A DEMONSTRATION AT A REFUGEE CAMP IN THE GAZA STRIP.THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JANUARY, 1991:A PAN AMERICAN AIRLINES OFFICE IN TURIN, ITALY WAS FIREBOMBED.A PERSON CLAIMING TO REPRESENT THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JULY, 1991:AN ISRAELI MOTORIST WAS SHOT AND WOUNDED WHILE DRIVING IN THE GAZA.THE PFLP AND DFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.OCTOBER, 1991:TERRORISTS ATTACKED A BUS IN THE GAZA, KILLING TWO ISRAELI SETTLERSAND WOUNDING FIVE. THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FROM DAMASCUS.JANUARY, 1992:AN ISRAELI BUS AND CAR DRIVING IN THE WEST BANK WERE ATTACKED NEARTHE TOWN OF RAMALLAH. SIX SETTLERS WERE WOUNDED. BOTH THE PFLPAND THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEFENSE DEPARTMENTAND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE </name>
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<text>POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND10/28/92GP00041KEY WORDS: PFLP-GCDESCRIPTION:SPLIT FROM THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP) IN1968, CLAIMING THAT IT WANTED TO FOCUS MORE ON FIGHTING AND LESS ON POLITICS.VIOLENTLY OPPOSED TO ARAFAT'S PLO. LED BY AHMED JIBRIL, A FORMER CAPTAIN INTHE SYRIAN ARMY. CLOSELY ALLIED WITH, SUPPORTED BY, AND PROBABLY DIRECTED BYSYRIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:CLAIMS TO HAVE SPECIALIZED IN SUICIDE OPERATIONS. HAS CARRIED OUTNUMEROUS CROSS-BORDER ATTACKS INTO ISRAEL, USING UNUSUAL MEANS, SUCH ASHOT-AIR BALLOONS AND MOTORIZED HANG-GLIDERS. HAFIZ KASSEM DALKAMONI, ARANKING PFLP-GC OFFICIAL, WAS CONVICTED IN GERMANY IN JUNE, 1991 FOR BOMBINGU.S. TROOP TRAINS. HE FACES ADDITIONAL CHARGES IN GERMANY FOR OTHERTERRORIST OFFENSES, INCLUDING MANSLAUGHTER.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:SEVERAL HUNDRED-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES LOGISTIC AND MILITARY SUPPORT FROM SYRIA, ITS CHIEF SPONSOR.FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM LIBYA. SAFEHAVEN FROM SYRIA. SUPPORT ALSO FROMIRAN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE:* DESTROY ISRAEL AND ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT PALESTINE IN ITS PLACE;* TERRORIZE ISRAELI CITIZENS, ESPECIALLY THOSE IN THE BORDER REGIONS ANDTHE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES;* OPPOSE ANY MOVES TOWARD MODERATION IN THE PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:AHMED JIBRIL FORMED THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE-GENERAL COMMAND IN 1968 WHEN HE BECAME DISENCHANTED WITH GEORGE HABASH'SLEADERSHIP OF THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP). ANOFFICER IN THE SYRIAN ARMY, JIBRIL WAS INITIALLY INTERESTED IN DEVELOPINGCONVENTIONAL MILITARY CAPABILITIES TO COMPLEMENT PFLP-GC TERRORISTACTIVITIES. AS A RESULT THE PFLP-GC HAS ALWAYS BEEN KNOWN FOR ITSCONVENTIONAL MILITARY EXPERTISE. IN ADDITION TO GROUND INFILTRATIONCAPABILITIES, THE PFLP-GC HAS WORKED TOWARD DEVELOPING AIR AND NAVALINFILTRATION CAPABILITIES AS WELL.PFLP-GC TERRORIST ACTIVITIES HAVE INCLUDED THE USE OF LETTER BOMBS ANDCONDUCTING MAJOR CROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS DIRECTED AT ISRAELI TARGETS. THEPFLP-GC HAS ALSO SHARED ITS TERRORIST EXPERTISE WITH OTHER INTERNATIONALTERRORIST GROUPS, SUCH AS THE ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OFARMENIA, AS WELL AS EUROPEAN GROUPS WHICH HAVE SENT MEMBERS TO LEBANON FORTRAINING.THE PFLP-GC ARSENAL INCLUDES SOPHISTICATED WEAPONRY SUCH AS SOVIET SA-7ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES, HEAVY ARTILLERY, AND LIGHT AIRCRAFT SUCH AS MOTORIZEDHANG GLIDERS AND ULTRA LIGHTS. THE COMMUNIST BLOC COUNTRIES PROVIDED SMALLARMS SUCH AS KALASHNIKOV ASSAULT RIFLES AND RPG-7 ANTITANK ROCKETS, BUT SYRIAAND LIBYA MAY HAVE SERVED AS CONDUITS FOR SUCH SUPPORT.THE PFLP-GC ACTIVELY PARTICIPATED IN THE LEBANESE CONFLICT, INCLUDINGSNIPING ATTACKS THAT INJURED U.S. MARINES WHO WERE MEMBERS OF THE PEACEKEEPING FORCES IN BEIRUT IN 1982-83. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP ATTACKEDISRAELI CITIZENS AND INTERESTS THROUGH OPERATIONS LAUNCHED FROM LEBANON. THEPFLP-GC HAS ALSO OCCASIONALLY RECRUITED WEST BANK PALESTINIANS TO CONDUCTTERROROIST OPERATIONS INSIDE ISRAEL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJULY, 1968:HIJACKED AN EL AL AIRLINER ENROUTE FROM ROME TO TEL AVIV, DIVERTINGIT TO ALGERIA. THE HIJACKERS DEMANDED THE RELEASE OF 1,000PRISONERS HELD IN ISRAEL. WEEKS LATER, THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAELRELEASED 16 ARAB INFILTRATORS AS A "HUMANITARIAN" GESTURE."FEBRUARY, 1969:MACHINEGUNNED AN EL AL AIRLINER AS IT WAS ABOUT TO TAKE OFF FROMZURICH TO TEL AVIV.AUGUST, 1969:HIJACKED A TWA AIRLINER ENROUTE TO ATHENS AND TEL AVIV AND FORCEDIT TO LAND IN DAMASCUS, WHERE THE PASSENGERS WERE EVACUATED AND THEAIRCRAFT DESTROYED WITH AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE.APRIL, 1974:ATTACKED QIRYAT SHEMONA, ISRAEL, KILLING EIGHTEEN AND WOUNDINGSIXTEEN IN AN APARTMENT BUILDING. THE THREE TERRORISTS ALSO KILLEDTWO MEMBERS OF THE ISRAELI ASSAULT FORCE THAT ENGAGED IN A FOURHOUR GUN BATTLE WITH THE TERRORISTS. ALL THREE TERRORISTS WEREKILLED, PROBABLY BY THEIR OWN GRENADES. THE INTENTION OF THEOPERATION WAS TO SECURE THE RELEASE OF 100 CAPTURED PALESTINIANSBEING HELD IN ISRAELI PRISONS.APRIL, 1978:KIDNAPPED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. IN MARCH, 1979,ISRAEL EXCHANGED SIXTY SIX ARAB PRISONERS FOR THE SOLDIER AND TENOTHERS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES.SEPTEMBER, 1982:SEIZED THREE ISRAELI SOLDIERS IN BEIRUT, HOLDING THEM UNTIL MAY,1985, AND THEN EXCHANGED THEM FOR 1,150 PALESTINIAN PRISONERS HELDBY ISRAEL.APRIL, 1986:A MEMBER OF THE PFLP-GC THREW A FIRE BOMB AT A BUS IN JERUSALEM.THE GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY IN DAMASCUS.NOVEMBER, 1987:A MEMBER OF THE GROUP SUCCESSFULLY INFILTRATED ISRAEL FROM LEBANONUSING A HANG GLIDER, KILLING SIX ISRAELI SOLDIERS AND WOUNDINGSEVEN BEFORE BEING KILLED.OCTOBER, 1988:WEST GERMAN POLICE ARRESTED 14 MEMBERS OF THE PFLP-GC, SEIZINGWEAPONS, SEMTEX, AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES.NOVEMBER, 1990:A PFLP-GC TEAM ATTEMPTED TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL BY A SPEEDBOAT. THETERRORISTS WERE INTERCEPTED BY THE ISRAELIS IN THE MEDITERRANEANSEA NORTH OF TYRE, LEBANON. THE SPEEDBOAT WAS DESTROYED AND ALLFIVE ABOARD WERE KILLED. THE PFLP-GC CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<text>PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD10/28/92GP00042KEY WORDS: PIJDESCRIPTION:THE PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD (PIJ) ORIGINATED AMONG MILITANTPALESTINIAN FUNDAMENTALISTS IN THE GAZA STRIP DURING THE 1970S. THE PIJ MAYBE A SERIES OF LOOSELY AFFILIATED FACTIONS, RATHER THAN A COHESIVE GROUP.IT IS COMMITTED TO THE CREATION OF AN ISLAMIC PALESTINIAN STATE AND TO THETHE DESTRUCTION OF ISRAEL THROUGH "HOLY WAR." BECAUSE OF ITS STRONG SUPPORTFOR THE STATE OF ISRAEL, THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS AN ENEMY OFTHE PIJ. THE PIJ ALSO OPPOSES MODERATE ARAB GOVERNMENTS THAT IT BELIEVESHAVE BEEN TAINTED BY WESTERN SECULARISM.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:THE PIJ DEMONSTRATED ITS TERRORIST CREDENTIALS WHEN IT ATTACKED ATOUR BUS IN EGYPT IN FEBRUARY, 1990 ABD KILLED ELEVEN PEOPLE. THE PIJ ALSOHAS CARRIED OUT CROSS BORDER RAIDS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS IN THE WEST BANKAND THE GAZA STRIP. A PIJ LEADER IN JORDAN HAS PUBLICLY THREATENED TO ATTACKU.S. INTERESTS. PIJ AGENTS WERE ARRESTED IN EGYPT IN SEPTEMBER, 1991 WHILEATTEMPTING TO ENTER THE COUNTRY TO CONDUCT TERRORIST OPERATIONS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:UNCERTAIN, POSSIBLY IRAN AND SYRIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJULY, 1989:A PASSENGER ON A BUS GRABBED THE STEERING WHEEL CAUSING IT TO CRASHKILLING SIXTEEN AND INJURING TWENTY FIVE ON THE ROAD BETWEEN TELAVIV AND JERUSALEM. THE ARAB ATTACKER SURVIVED AND WAS SENTENCEDTO SIXTEEN LIFE SENTENCES. THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEATTACK; HOWEVER, THE AFFILIATION OF THE PERPETRATOR HAS NOT BEENDEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED.FEBRUARY, 1990:PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK OF AN ISRAELI TOUR BUSENROUTE FROM RAFFAH, ISRAEL TO CAIRO EGYPT. THE ATTACK TOOK PLACEIN THE SINAI PENINSULA. ELEVEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND SEVENTEENWERE WOUNDED.MAY, 1990:A SUSPECTED PIJ MEMBER STABBED A SOVIET JEWISH IMMIGRANT TO DEATHIN EAST JERUSALEM.MAY, 1990:SUSPECTED PIJ OPERATIVES ATTACKED A BUS IN AMMAN, JORDAN WOUNDINGNINE FRENCH TOURISTS. ONE PALESTINIAN MAN WAS ARRESTED SHORTLYAFTER THE ATTACK AND FIVE PIJ MEMBERS WERE ARRESTED IN JUNE, 1990,FOR INVOLVEMENT IN THE ATTACK. THERE WERE NO CLAIMS OFRESPONSIBILITY.MAY, 1990:A PIPE-BOMB DETONATED AT A MARKET IN JERUSALEM, KILLING ONE ANDINJURING NINE PERSONS. PIJ AND SIX OTHER PALESTINIAN GROUPS CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK.OCTOBER, 1990:A TERRORIST STABBED THREE ISRAELIS TO DEATH AND WOUNDED ANOTHER INJERUSALEM. CLAIMED BY PIJ AND FORCE 17.NOVEMBER, 1990:A TERRORIST INFILTRATED ISRAEL FROM JORDAN AND KILLED AN ISRAELISOLDIER NEAR THE ALLENBY BRIDGE. A FACTION OF THE PIJ CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.SEPTEMBER, 1991:TWO PIJ MEMBERS WERE ARRESTED BY EGYPTIAN AUTHORITIES AT THE PORTOF NUWAYBI. TWO ROCKET LAUNCHERS WERE SEIZED. THE SUSPECTSADMITTED THAT THEY PLANNED TO ATTACK AN EGYPTIAN CRUISE SHIP ON THENILE. THE PIJ ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE SUSPECTS WERE MEMBERS OF THEGROUP.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIASOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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card_103356.xml
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<text>PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION10/28/92GP00013KEY WORDS: PLODESCRIPTION:FOUNDED IN 1964 AS A PALESTINIAN NATIONALIST UMBRELLA ORGANIZATIONDEDICATED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT PALESTINIAN STATE. AFTERTHE 1967 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR, CONTROL OF THE PLO DEVOLVED TO THE LEADERSHIP OFTHE VARIOUS FEDAYEEN MILITIA GROUPS, THE MOST DOMINANT OF WHICH WAS YASSIRARAFAT'S AL-FATAH. IN 1969, ARAFAT BECAME CHAIRMAN OF THE PLO'S EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE, A POSITION HE STILL HOLDS. IN THE EARLY 198OS, THE PLO BECAMEFRAGMENTED INTO SEVERAL CONTENDING GROUPS BUT REMAINS THE PREEMINENTPALESTINIAN ORGANIZATION.THE UNITED STATES CONSIDERS THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION TO BEAN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION THAT INCLUDES SEVERAL CONSTITUENT GROUPS ANDINDIVIDUALS HOLDING DIFFERING VIEWS ON TERRORISM. AT THE SAME TIME U.S.POLICY ACCEPTS THAT ELEMENTS OF THE PLO HAVE ADVOCATED, CARRIED OUT, ORACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTS OF TERRORISM.PLO CHAIRMAN ARAFAT PUBLICLY RENOUNCED TERRORISM IN DECEMBER, 1988 ONBEHALF OF THE PLO. THE UNITED STATES CONSIDERS THAT ALL PLO GROUPS,INCLUDING AL-FATAH, FORCE 17, HAWARI GROUP, PLF, AND THE PFLP, ARE BOUND BYARAFAT'S RENUNCIATION OF TERRORISM.THE U.S.- PLO DIALOGUE WAS SUSPENDED AFTER THE PLO FAILED TO CONDEMN THE30 MAY 1990 PLF ATTACK ON ISRAELI BEACHES. PLF HEAD ABU ABBAS LEFT THE PLOEXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN SEPTEMBER 1991; AND HIS SEAT WAS FILLED BY ANOTHERPLF MEMBER.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:IN THE EARLY 1970S SEVERAL GROUPS AFFILIATED WITH THE PLO CARRIED OUTNUMEROUS INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ATTACKS. BY THE MID-1970S, UNDERINTERNATIONAL PRESSURE, THE PLO CLAIMED IT WOULD RESTRICT ATTACKS TO ISRAELAND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. SEVERAL TERRORIST ATTACKS WERE LATER CARRIEDOUT BY GROUPS AFFILIATED WITH THE PLO/FATAH, INCLUDING THE HAWARI GROUP, THEPALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT (PLF), AND FORCE 17, AGAINST TARGETS INSIDE ANDOUTSIDE OF ISRAEL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE AB0VE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT SOURCE DOCUMENTS.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(Group Profiles)ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION10/28/92GP00023KEY WORDS: ANO; FATAH THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; FRC; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY BRIGADES; ARB;BLACK SEPTEMBER; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; BLACK JUNE; ROSM;REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION OF SOCIALIST MUSLIMS; PUNISHMENT; AL-IQTAB;FATAH THE CORRECTIVE MOVEMENT; BLACK SEPTEMBER-BLACK JUNE; MARTYRS OF-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DESCRIPTION:AN INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION LED BY SABRI AL-BANNA (AKA ABUNIDAL "FATHER OF STRUGGLE"). SPLIT FROM FATAH IN 1974. COMPOSED OF VARIOUSFUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES, INCLUDING MILITARY, POLITICAL, ETC.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION IS BELIEVED TO HAVE CARRIED OUT MORE THAN90 TERRORIST OPERATIONS SINCE 1973-74 IN APPROXIMATELY 20 COUNTRIES, KILLINGOR INJURING ALMOST 900 PEOPLE. THE ANO PRIMARILY TARGETS THE UNITED STATES,UNITED KINGDOM, ISRAEL, EUROPEAN NATIONS, JEWS OF ANY NATIONALITY, THE PLO,VARIOUS ARAB NATIONS. THE ANO'S METHODS OF OPERATION INCLUDE ARMED ATTACKSON AIRPORTS, HIJACKINGS, ARMED ATTACKS ON PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES, BOMBINGS,ASSASSINATIONS, AND KIDNAPPINGS. THE GROUP'S ATTACKS ARE NOTED FOR THEIRFEROCITY AND THEIR INTENTIONS OF CAUSING MASSIVE CASUALTIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:SEVERAL HUNDRED PLUS MILITIA IN LEBANON, PLUS AN OVERSEAS SUPPORTSTRUCTURE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION:THE ANO WAS HEADQUARTERED IN IRAQ (1974-83) AND SYRIA (1983-87);CURRENTLY MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN LIBYA WITH A SUBSTANTIAL PRESENCE INLEBANON. THE ANO ALSO MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN ALGERIA AS WELL AS IN OTHERNATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA. SOME ELEMENTS OF THE ANO MAY HAVERELOCATED TO IRAQ FROM LIBYA IN MID-1990. THE GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED ITSABILITY TO OPERATE OVER A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA, INCLUDING THE MIDDLE EAST,EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE SUPPORT,INCLUDING SAFEHAVEN, TRAINING, LOGISTICAL ASSISTANCE, AND FINANCIAL AIDFROM IRAQ, SYRIA, AND LIBYA. THE GROUP CONTINUES TO RECEIVE SUPPORT FROMLIBYA, IN ADDITION TO CLOSE LOGISTICAL AND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT FOR TERRORISTOPERATIONS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:*PLACE THE "ARMED STRUGGLE" AGAINST THE "ZIONIST ENEMY" AS THE FIRSTPRIORITY OF THE PALESTINE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT;*UNDERMINE EFFORTS TO NEGOTIATE AN ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE BYTERRORIZING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANS AND BY ATTACKING ISRAELI AND JEWISHTARGETS;*THREATEN OR ATTACK "REACTIONARY" REGIMES IN EGYPT, JORDAN, KUWAIT,SAUDI ARABIA, AND THE GULF SHEIKDOMS;*AFFIRM ARAB COMMITMENT TO THE DESTRUCTION OF ISRAEL;*INTIMIDATE THOSE NATIONS CURRENTLY HOLDING ABU NIDAL OPERATIVES INPRISON INTO RELEASING THEM.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:A REJECTIONIST AND EXTREMELY VIOLENT TERRORIST GROUP, THE ANO OPPOSESALL EFFORTS TOWARD POLITICAL RECONCILIATION OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT.THE GROUP CONTENDS THAT BOTH INTER-ARAB AND INTRA-PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ARENEEDED TO PRECIPITATE AN ALL-EMBRACING ARAB REVOLUTION THAT ALONE CAN LEADTO THE LIBERATION OF "OCCUPIED PALESTINE."THE ANO IS THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUP IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS AREAOF OPERATIONS IS ONE OF THE MOST EXTENSIVE. THE GROUP MADE ITS INITIALAPPEARANCE AFTER THE OCTOBER 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR WHEN YASSIR ARAFATDECIDED TO RESTRICT TERRORIST OPERATIONS TO ISRAELI TARGETS. ABU NIDALDECIDED TO FIGHT ANY EFFORT AT MODERATION BY CONTINUING INTERNATIONALOPERATIONS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS AND BY TARGETING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANSAND MODERATE ARAB STATES. THE RIFT BETWEEN ABU NIDAL AND ARAFAT BECAME SOINTENSE THAT ABU NIDAL WAS TRIED IN ABSENTIA AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BYARAFAT. SINCE ITS FOUNDING, THE ANO HAS ALSO TARGETED THOSE NATIONS HOLDINGITS OPERATIVES AS PRISONERS.AS ABU NIDAL'S FOLLOWING GREW, THE GROUP'S OPERATIONS AGAINSTPALESTINIAN MODERATES ESCALATED. DURING THE FIRST HALF OF 1978, THE ANOASSASSINATED THREE PROMINENT PLO OFFICIALS, WHO WERE ALLIES OF ARAFAT.ALTHOUGH A TEMPORARY RAPPROCHEMENT TOOK PLACE IN 1978, THE ANO CONTINUES TOTARGET MODERATE PALESTINIAN ELEMENTS.DESPITE ITS SUPPORT BY A SUCCESSION OF STATE SPONSORS THE GROUP MAINTAINS ITSOWN POLITICAL AGENDA. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE ANO'S OPERATIONS COINCIDE WITHTHE INTERESTS OF ITS SPONSORS, THE GROUP ALSO CONDUCTS INDEPENDENTOPERATIONS.THE ANO IS FINANCIALLY SOUND AND MAY BE ONE OF THE MOST ECONOMICALLY VIABLEOF ALL TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. THE GROUP IS BELIEVED TO DRAW ONE THIRD OFITS INCOME FROM PATRON STATES, ONE THIRD FROM GRAFT OR BLACKMAIL/EXTORTION,AND ONE THIRD FROM ITS OWN NETWORK OF BUSINESSES AND FRONT ORGANIZATIONS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYSEPTEMBER, 1973 - WHILE STILL AFFILIATED WITH FATAH, ABU NIDAL MOUNTED ANOPERATION, SEIZING THE EMBASSY OF SAUDI ARABIA IN PARIS, ANDDEMANDING THE RELEASE OF ABU DAWUD, A FATAH TERRORIST BEING HELDIN JORDAN.OCTOBER, 1974:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FATAH OFFICIAL ABU MAZIM. ABU NIDALWAS SENTENCED TO DEATH IN ABSENTIA BY FATAH FOR THIS ATTEMPT.SEPTEMBER, 1976:ATTACK AND TAKEOVER OF THE SEMIRAMIS HOTEL IN DAMASCUSOCTOBER, 1976:ATTACKS ON SYRIAN EMBASSIES IN ISLAMABAD AND ROME.NOVEMBER, 1976:ATTACK ON THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN AMMAN.DECEMBER, 1976:FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST SYRIAN FORTEIGN MINISTER INDAMASCUS.OCTOBER, 1977:ANOTHER FAILED ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE SYRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER,THIS TIME IN ABU DHABI. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTER OFSTATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS WAS KILLED.AUGUST, 1978:ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE PLO IN PAKISTAN.JULY, 1980:ATTACK ON THE CHILDREN OF A JEWISH SCHOOL IN ANTWERP.JULY, 1980:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE ISRAELI COMMERCIALATTACHE IN BRUSSELS.MAY, 1981:MURDERED A VIENNA CITY COUNCILMAN AND THREATENED TO KILL AUSTRIANCHANCELLOR KREISKY.AUGUST, 1981:MACHINEGUNNED A VIENNA SYNAGOGUE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDINGSEVENTEEN PEOPLE.JUNE, 1982:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF SHLOMO ARGOV, ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THEUNITED KINGDOM.JUNE, 1982:MURDERED A PLO OFFICIAL IN ROME WITH A CAR BOMB.AUGUST, 1982:ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) CONSUL INBOMBAY.SEPTEMBER, 1982:ASSASSINATED A KUWAITI DIPLOMAT IN MADRID.OCTOBER, 1982:KILLED ONE CHILD AND INJURED TEN PEOPLE IN A GRENADE ANDMACHINE-GUN ATTACK ON A SYNAGOGUE IN ROME.APRIL, 1983:MURDERED PLO OFFICIAL ISSAM SARTAWI AT THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE IN LISBON.OCTOBER, 1983:ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO ITALY IN ROME.OCTOBER, 1983:SEVERELY WOUNDED THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO INDIA IN NEW DELHI.NOVEMBER, 1983:ATTACKED SECURITY GUARDS ASSIGNED TO THE JORDANIAN EMBASSY INATHENS, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING ANOTHER.DECEMBER, 1983:BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE FRENCH CULTURAL CENTER INIZMIR, TURKEY.FEBRUARY, 1984:IMPLICATED IN THE PARIS MURDER OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATESAMBASSADOR TO FRANCE.MARCH, 1984:ASSASSINATED A BRITISH DIPLOMAT IN ATHENS.NOVEMBER, 1984:ASSASSINATED THE BRITISH HIGH COMMISSIONER IN BOMBAY, INDIA.DECEMBER, 1984:MURDERED ARAFAT SUPPORTER ISMAIL DARWISH IN ROME.MARCH, 1985:KIDNAPPED BRITISH JOURNALIST ALEC COLLETT IN BEIRUT; COLLETT WASREPORTED TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED ONE YEAR LATER, BUT INFORMATION ISINCONCLUSIVE.MARCH, 1985:ATTACKED THE ROME OFFICES OF ALIA, THE ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES,WOUNDING THREE PEOPLE. ALSO BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THESIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON ALIA OFFICES IN ATHENS AND NICOSIA.APRIL, 1985:FIRED A ROCKET AT AN ALIA AIRLINER AS IT TOOK OFF FROM ATHENSAIRPORT. ALTHOUGH THE ROCKET DID NOT DETONATE, IT LEFT A HOLE INTHE FUSELAGE.JULY, 1985:BOMBED THE BRITISH AIRWAYS OFFICE IN MADRID, KILLING ONE ANDWOUNDING TWENTY SEVEN. FIVE MINUTES LATER ATTACKED THE MADRIDOFFICES OF ALIA, TWO BLOCKS AWAY, WOUNDING TWO PERSONS.SEPTEMBER, 1985:GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE CAFE DE PARIS IN ROME, WOUNDING THIRTYEIGHT PEOPLE.SEPTEMBER, 1985:HIJACKED AN EGYPTIAN AIRLINER TO MALTA, WHERE SIXTY PEOPLE WEREKILLED DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY EGYPTIAN FORCES.DECEMBER, 1985:ATTACKED THE AIRPORTS AT ROME AND VIENNA, KILLING SIXTEEN ANDWOUNDING SCORES. CLAIMED BY THE CELLS OF THE ARAB FEDAYEEN.SEPTEMBER, 1986:ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT #73 AT KARACHI, KILLINGTWENTY TWO PERSONS.SEPTEMBER, 1986:LESS THAN TWENTY FOUR HOURS AFTER THE KARACHI ATTACK, ANOOPERATIVES ATTACKED THE NEVE SHALOM SYNAGOGUE IN ISTANBUL, KILLINGMORE THAN TWENTY WORSHIPPERS.JULY, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A RESTAURANT ON THE WEST BANK OFTHE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES, WOUNDING FIFTEEN.NOVEMBER, 1987:CLAIMED TO HAVE SEIZED A YACHT OFF THE COAST OF ISRAEL AND TAKENITS EIGHT OCCUPANTS HOSTAGE.MARCH, 1988:A LONE GUNMAN ATTACKED AN ALITALIA AIRLINES CREW ABOARD A COMMUTERBUS IN BOMBAY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING THE CREW CAPTAIN.MAY, 1988:IN KHARTOUM, SUDAN, ANO OPERATIVES KILLED EIGHT AND WOUNDEDTWENTY ONE IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON THE ACROPOLE HOTEL AND THESUDAN CLUB.JULY, 1988:FOLLOWING THE PREMATURE DETONATION OF A CAR BOMB AT AN ATHENS PIER,IN WHICH TWO ANO OPERATIVES WERE KILLED, ANO GUNMEN ABOARD THE DAYCRUISE SHIP "CITY OF POROS" ATTACKED THE PASSENGERS, KILLING NINEAND WOUNDING NINETY EIGHT.JANUARY, 1991:ABU IYAD, CONSIDERED THE SECOND MOST SENIOR OFFICIAL OF FATAH AFTERYASSIR ARAFAT; AND ABU HUL, COMMANDER OF THE WESTERN SECTOR FORCESOF FATAH, WERE ASSASSINATED BY AN ABU NIDAL OPERATIVE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT,DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION </name>
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card_103066.xml
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<text>PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT08/06/92GP00040KEY WORDS: PLF; FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE; FLPDESCRIPTION:THE PLF IS A TERRORIST GROUP THAT BROKE AWAY FROM THE POPULAR FRONT FORTHE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC) IN THE MID-1970S. ITLATER SPLIT AGAIN INTO THREE FACTIONS: PRO-PLO; PRO-SYRIAN; AND, PRO-LIBYAN.THE PRO-PLO FACTION IS LED BY MUHAMMAD ABBAS (ABU ABBAS), WHO BECAME AMEMBER OF THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN 1984, BUT LEFT THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE IN 1991.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:THE ABU ABBAS FACTION OF THE PLF CARRIED OUT AN ABORTIVE SEABORNEATTACK STAGED FROM LIBYA AGAINST ISRAEL ON MAY 30, 1990. THE SAME GROUP WASALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OCTOBER, 1985 ATTACK ON THE CRUISE SHIP "ACHILLELAURO" AND THE MURDER OF U.S. CITIZEN LEON KLINGHOFFER. A WARRANT FOR THEARREST OF ABU ABBAS IS OUTSTANDING IN ITALY. THE PLF OPENLY SUPPORTED IRAQDURING THE PERSIAN GULF WAR.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:AT LEAST FIFTY WITHIN ABU ABBAS FACTION. OTHER TWO FACTIONS: 200-250.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES LOGISTIC AND MILITARY SUPPORT MAINLY FROM PLO, BUT ALSO FROMLIBYA AND IRAQ.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE:* DISMANTLE THE CURRENT STATE OF ISRAEL;* TERRORIZE ISRAEL BY DIRECT ATTACKS ON ITS SOIL;* ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT PALESTINIAN STATE IN PLACE OF ISRAEL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:ALTHOUGH ORIGINALLY A PART OF THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OFPALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC), THE PLF WAS ESTABLISHED UNDERMUHAMMAD ABU AL ABBAS, IN OPPOSITION TO PFLP-GC LEADER AHMED JIBRIL'S SUPPORTFOR THE SYRIAN INCURSION INTO LEBANON IN JUNE, 1976. AFTER UNSUCCESSFULLYATTEMPTING TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE PFLP-GC IN SEPTEMBER, 1976, THE PLF WASSPLIT FROM THE PFLP-GC OFFICIALLY BY PLO CHAIRMAN YASSIR ARAFAT IN APRIL,1977. THE PLF WAS ESTABLISHED WITH IRAQI SUPPORT, AND ITS EXISTENCE AS ANINDEPENDENT GROUP WAS RECOGNIZED WHEN IT OBTAINED SEATS ON THE PALESTINENATIONAL COUNCIL IN 1981 WITH ITS HEADQUARTERS IN DAMASCUS.NEAR THE END OF 1983, THE PLF ITSELF SPLIT INTO FACTIONS WHEN ABU ABBASFELT THAT HIS ORGANIZATION HAD BECOME TOO CLOSE TO SYRIA. LEAVING DAMASCUS,ALONG WITH MANY SUPPORTERS, ABU ABBAS WENT TO TUNIS TO ALIGN HIMSELF WITHARAFAT AND THE MAINSTREAM FATAH ORGANIZATION. FOLLOWING THE ACHILLE LAUROINCIDENT, THE ABU ABBAS FACTION RELOCATED TO BAGHDAD AT THE REQUEST OF THEGOVERNMENT OF TUNISIA.THE PARTS OF THE PLF REMAINING IN DAMASCUS WERE FURTHER SPLIT INJANUARY, 1984 WHEN ABD AL FATAH GHANEM ATTEMPTED A TAKEOVER OF THE PLFOFFICES AND HELD TAL'AT YAQUB, SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE PLF, HOSTAGE. THROUGHSYRIAN INTERVENTION, YAQUB WAS RELEASED AND GHANEM FORMED HIS OWN FACTIONWITH TIES TO LIBYA. YAQUB'S FACTION JOINED THE PALESTINE NATIONAL SALVATIONFRONT AND IS GENERALLY ALIGNED WITH SYRIA.OPERATIONALLY, THE ABBAS FACTION OF THE PLF HAS DEMONSTRATED CREATIVITYAND TECHNICAL ACUMEN. THE GROUP HAS EMPLOYED HOT AIR BALLOONS AND HANGGLIDERS FOR AIRBORNE OPERATIONS, AND A CIVILIAN PASSENGER SHIP FOR MOUNTING ASEABORNE INFILTRATION OPERATION.THE ACHILLE LAURO HIJACKING IN OCTOBER, 1985 - FOLLOWED BY THE MURDER OFAN ELDERLY AMERICAN CITIZEN - LEON KLINGHOFFER - CONTRIBUTED TO THEINTERNATIONAL CONDEMNATION OF ABU ABBAS AND THE PLF.IN 1988, THE PLF AND YASSIR ARAFAT FEUDED OVER THE PLO'S MODERATINGSTANCE ON ISRAEL AND ON THE USE OF TERROR AGAINST ISRAEL. THE DIFFERENCESAPPEAR TO HAVE BEEN OVERCOME WHEN THE PLO REFUSED TO CONDEMN AN ATTEMPTEDATTACK BY THE PLF ON A TEL AVIV BEACH.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJULY, 1978:KIDNAPPED 51 UNIFIL SOLDIERS IN TYRE; FORCED BY FATAH TO RELEASETHEM SEVERAL HOURS LATER.SEPTEMBER, 1978:THREE PLF TERRORISTS WERE CAPTURED IN NORTHERN ISRAEL. THEY HADINTENDED A HOSTAGE TAKING OPERATION WITH THE GOAL OF SEEKING THERELEASE OF PLF PRISONERS HELD IN ISRAEL.APRIL, 1979:FOUR PLF OPERATIVES LANDED FROM THE SEA NEAR NAHARIYAH, INTENDINGTO SEIZE ISRAELI HOSTAGES TO BE USED IN EXCHANGE FOR TERRORISTSBEING HELD BY THE ISRAELIS. THE TERRORISTS KILLED A MAN AND HISDAUGHTER IN THEIR APARTMENT, AS WELL AS AN ISRAELI POLICEMAN. TWOTERRORISTS WERE KILLED DURING THE FIGHTING AND TWO WERE CAPTURED.AUGUST, 1979:ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL BY SEA NEAR ROSHHANIQRA. THREE TERRORISTS WERE CAPTURED AND ONE KILLED.JULY, 1980:ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL USING A HOT-AIRBALLOON. THE BALLOON EXPLODED AFTER TAKING OFF, KILLING ONETERRORIST.MARCH, 1981:ATTEMPTED TO SEND TWO ONE-MAN HANG GLIDERS INTO ISRAEL. BOTH WERECAPTURED.APRIL, 1981:ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL USING A HOT-AIRBALLOON. THE BALLOON WAS SHOT DOWN, AND TWO PLF OPERATIVES WEREKILLED. DOCUMENTS FOUND ON THE TERRORISTS INDICATED THAT THEIRMISSION WAS TO TAKE HOSTAGES IN EXCHANGE FOR IMPRISONED PLFMEMBERS IN ISRAEL.JUNE, 1984:A SQUAD FROM THE GHANEM FACTION OF THE PLF WAS CAPTURED IN NORTHERNISRAEL, BELIEVED TO BE ON A HOSTAGE-TAKING OPERATION.OCTOBER, 1985:HIJACKED THE ITALIAN CRUISE SHIP "ACHILLE LAURO." AFTER HOLDINGHOSTAGES FOR 2 DAYS AND MURDERING ONE WHEELCHAIR-BOUND U.S.PASSENGER, THE TERRORIST TEAM AND ABU ABBAS SURRENDERED TO THEEGYPTIANS IN EXCHANGE FOR A PROMISE OF SAFE PASSAGE. THEY WEREAPPREHENDED AT A NATO AIR BASE IN SICILY AFTER U.S. AIRCRAFTINTERCEPTED AND FORCED DOWN THE EGYPTIAN AIRLINER THAT WAS FLYINGTHE TERRORISTS TO SAFEHAVEN. ABU ABBAS WAS SOON RELEASED BY THEITALIANS. THE FOUR PLF TERRORISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HIJACKINGWERE CONVICTED OF THEIR CRIMES AND SENTENCED TO PRISON.MAY, 1990:ISRAELI MILITARY FORCES FOILED AN ATTEMPT BY PLF TERRORISTS TO LANDON AN ISRAELI BEACH. THE PLAN OF THE TERRORISTS WERE TO ATTACKAND OCCUPY HOTELS ON THE TEL AVIV BEACH FRONT.MAY, 1992:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPT TO RAID THE ISRAELI RED SEARESORT OF EILAT. KILLED A SECURITY GUARD BEFORE ISRAELI MILITARYKILLED ONE AND WOUNDED ONE TERRORIST. BELIEVED TO HAVE ATTEMPTEDTO SWIM FROM AQABA IN JORDAN ALONG THE COAST LINE TO EILAT. COMESEXACTLY TWO YEARS AFTER ATTEMPT IN MAY 1990 (5/30) TO ATTACK BEACHAT TEL AVIV.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT </name>
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card_102864.xml
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<text>NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY10/28/92GP00008KEY WORDS: NPADESCRIPTION:THE GUERRILLA ARM OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES, ANAVOWEDLY MAOIST GROUP FORMED IN DECEMBER, 1969 WITH THE AIM OF OVERTHROWINGTHE GOVERNMENT THROUGH PROTRACTED GUERRILLA WARFARE. ALTHOUGH PRIMARILY ARURAL-BASED GUERRILLA GROUP, THE NPA HAS AN ACTIVE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE TOCARRY OUT TERRORISM. THE NPA USES CITY-BASED ASSASSINATION SQUADS CALLED"SPARROW UNITS." THE NPA DERIVES MOST OF ITS FUNDING FROM CONTRIBUTIONS AND"REVOLUTIONARY TAXES" EXTORTED FROM LOCAL BUSINESSES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:IN ADDITION TO GUERRILLA ACTIVITIES, THE NPA HAS USED URBAN TERRORISM,INCLUDING ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, POLICE, AND MILITARY OFFICERS INMANILA AND OTHER MAJOR CITIES. THE NPA HAS ALSO VOWED TO KILL U.S. CITIZENSWHO ALLEGEDLY ARE INVOLVED IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE'SCOUNTER-INSURGENCY CAMPAIGN. THE NPA HAS MURDERED TEN U.S. MILITARY MEMBERSAND PRIVATE AMERICAN CITIZENS SINCE 1987. IT HAS ALSO ATTACKED U.S.BUSINESSES LOCATED IN RURAL AREAS WHO REFUSED TO PAY REVOLUTIONARY TAXES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:16,000 PLUS SUPPORT GROUPS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES FUNDING FROM OVERSEAS FUNDRAISERS IN WESTERN EUROPE ANDELSEWHERE; ALSO LINKED TO LIBYA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* REPLACE THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT WITH A COMMUNIST REGIME;* CONSOLIDATE GAINS IN RURAL AREAS AND FOCUS ON WINNING PEASANT SUPPORT;* SLOWLY ERODE SUPPORT OF THE GENERAL FILIPINO POPULACE FOR CONTINUEDU.S. MILITARY PRESENCE;* PROVOKE A MORE REPRESSIVE RESPONSE FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THROUGHITS COUNTER-INSURGENCY EFFORT, THEREBY ALIENATING LARGER SEGMENTS OF THEFILIPINO POPULACE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:A MAOIST-ORIENTED INSURGENT ORGANIZATION, THE NPA IS THE MILITARY WINGOF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES (CPP), A POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONFORMED IN 1968. THE CPP IS DEDICATED TO OVERTHROWING THE CURRENT FILIPINOREGIME BY EMPLOYING MAOIST PRINCIPLES OF PEASANT REVOLUTION, INVOLVINGPROTRACTED GUERRILLA WARFARE. SINCE ITS INCEPTION, THE NPA HAS INCREASEDSTEADILY IN SIZE AND CAPABILITY; AND INSURGENT ACTIVITIES HAVE CONCOMINANTLYESCALATED IN SCOPE AND MAGNITUDE. THE NPA HAS BEEN FAIRLY SUCCESSFUL INRURAL AREAS, WHERE IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO EXERT INFLUENCE AND EVEN ESTABLISHCONTROL OVER VILLAGE COMMUNITIES.IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING ITS INCEPTION, THE NPA CONDUCTED RURAL INSURGENTOPERATIONS THROUGHOUT MANY OF THE COUNTRY'S PROVINCES. OPERATIONS OFTEN WERECONDUCTED ON LOCAL OR REGIONAL LEVELS, USUALLY WITH THE INTENT OF SECURINGWEAPONS AND FUNDS AND HARASSING SECURITY FORCES. AS IT GREW IN SIZE,STRENGTH, AND CONFIDENCE, THE NPA INCREASINGLY BECAME ENGAGED IN A CAMPAIGNOF INTIMIDATION AND TERROR, AS IT BEGAN TO TARGET LOCAL AND PROVINCIALGOVERNMENT OFFICIALS OPPOSED TO THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT. OTHER FREQUENTTARGETS INCLUDED SECURITY PERSONNEL, LOCAL POLICE, INFORMANTS, AND MEMBERS OFTHE MEDIA WHO ESPOUSED ANTI-COMMUNIST RHETORIC.THE GOVERNMENT'S INABILITY TO CURB THE GROWTH OF THE MOVEMENT WAS NOTSIMPLY A FAILED COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT. THE MARCOS REGIME ALSO HAD FAILEDTO INSTITUTE THE NECESSARY POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC REFORMS, AS WELLAS TO CURB RAMPANT CORRUPTION, MOVES THAT WOULD HAVE PLACATED CRITICS AND WONBACK POPULAR SUPPORT. AS THEY GAINED MOMENTUM, THE CPP AND NPA WERE ABLE TOEXPAND THEIR INFLUENCE INTO THE URBAN AREAS OF THE PHILIPPINES. THEIRPOLITICAL STRENGTH ALSO WAS ENHANCED THROUGH ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN WITHIN THESPHERE OF THE GROUPS' LEGAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION, THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATICFRONT.EXCEPT FOR AN INCIDENT IN WHICH THREE U.S. NAVAL OFFICERS WERE KILLEDNEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE IN 1974, UNTIL 1987 THE NPA HAD REFRAINED FROMACTIVELY TARGETING AMERICANS. THE GROUP HAS, HOWEVER, CONDUCTED CONTINUOUSSURVEILLANCE AND INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION OPERATIONS AGAINST U.S. PERSONNELAND ASSETS THROUGHOUT THE YEARS. IN RECENT YEARS, THE NPA HAS THREATENED TOTARGET ANY U.S. PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN EITHER THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT ORTHE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE PHILIPPINES. ON 28 OCTOBER, 1987, HOWEVER, TWOU.S. SERVICEMEN AND A RETIREE, IN ADDITION TO A FILIPINO BYSTANDER, WEREMURDERED IN ANGELES CITY. A SPOKESMAN FOR THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONTCLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK ON BEHALF OF THE NPA. SINCE THAT TIMETHERE HAS BEEN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN NPA OPERATIONS DIRECTED AGAINST BOTHOFFICIAL AS WELL AS PRIVATE U.S. INTERESTS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYAPRIL, 1974:MURDERED THREE U.S. NAVAL PERSONNEL NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE.SEPTEMBER, 1978:MURDERED THE MAYOR OF KALINGA APAYO.FEBRUARY, 1979:MURDERED THE SON OF THE THEN-COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINEARMY.DECEMBER, 1981:IMPLICATED IN KIDNAPPING THE SON-IN-LAW OF PRESIDENT FERDINANDMARCOS; THE NPA DENIED INVOLVEMENT.APRIL, 1982:MURDERED THE MAYOR OF CALBAYOG CITY.JULY, 1982:IMPLICATED IN THE MURDERS OF THE MAYORS OF RIZAL AND DIGOS.APRIL, 1983:MURDERED THE POLICE CHIEF AND FIVE POLICE OFFICERS IN BARANGAYTIBLAWAN.NOVEMBER, 1983:MURDERED THE MAYOR OF LUBA.MAY, 1984:ASSASSINATED BRIGADIER GENERAL KARNIXAL, POLICE COMMANDER OFQUEZON CITY. CLAIMED BY THE ALEX BONCAYO BRIGADE, AN ELITE SPARROWUNIT OF THE NPA.SEPTEMBER, 1984:INFILTRATED A PRISON ARMORY ON LEYTE ISLAND, SEIZING AN UNSPECIFIEDNUMBER OF WEAPONS.NOVEMBER, 1984 - JANUARY, 1985:ASSASSINATED THE MAYORS OF ZAMBOANGA CITY AND SANTA ANA, THEDEPUTY MAYOR OF LAPUYAN, AND THE POLICE CHIEF OF NUEVA ECIJA.OCTOBER, 1987:MURDERED TWO AMERICAN SERVICEMEN, AN AMERICAN RETIREE, AND AFILIPINO BYSTANDER. CLAIMED BY THE ALEX BONCAYO BRIGADE, AND LATERBY THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT ON BEHALF OF THE NPA.NOVEMBER, 1987:TWO HUNDRED NPA GUERRILLAS ATTACKED TWO U.S. OWNED AND OPERATEDBANANA PLANTATIONS BURNING WAREHOUSES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT. THISWAS THE SECOND NPA ATTACK ON THIS PLANTATION; THE FIRST HAVINGTAKEN PLACE IN AUGUST, 1987.FEBRUARY, 1989:NPA GUERRILLAS ATTACKED A MINING COMPANY OPERATION WITH MORTARS ANDSMALL ARMS. THE FACILITY WAS RANSACKED AND THE ARMORY WAS LOOTED.FIFTEEN SECURITY GUARDS, TWO CIVILIANS, AND EIGHT NPA REBELS DIEDIN THE ATTACK.APRIL, 1989:THE NPA ATTEMPTED TO AMBUSH A CONVOY OF U.S. AIR FORCE SECURITYPOLICE NEAR CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. THE AMBUSH WAS ABORTED WHEN THECONVOY ARRIVED EARLY. THE NPA GUERRILLAS FLED.APRIL, 1989:THE NPA ATTACKED A U.S.-PHILIPPINE COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY ATOPMOUNT CABUYO. THREE ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS AND A COMMUNICATIONSTRAILER WERE DAMAGED.APRIL, 1989:AN NPA UNIT ASSASSINATED U.S. ARMY COLONEL JAMES N. ROWE. THEVICTIM WAS ATTACKED WHILE BEING DRIVEN TO WORK. THE DRIVER OF THEVICTIM'S VEHICLE WAS WOUNDED.APRIL, 1989:NPA REBELS ATTACKED AN INTER-CITY FERRY FROM SPEED BOATS, ROBBINGPASSENGERS.MAY, 1989:KIDNAPPED A JAPANESE AID WORKER.SEPTEMBER, 1989:ASSASSINATED TWO FORD AEROSPACE TECHNICIANS AS THE VICTIMS DROVEHOME FROM THEIR JOB AT CLARK AIR FORCE BASE.DECEMBER, 1989:TWO RIFLE GRENADES WERE FIRED INTO THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND. NOINJURIES.DECEMBER, 1989:CARRIED OUT A RIFLE GRENADE AND SMALL ARMS ATTACK ON THE UNITEDSTATES INFORMATION SERVICE (USIS) LIBRARY IN DAVAO CITY. NOINJURIES.JANUARY, 1990:DETONATED THREE BOMBS IN DAVAO CITY IN ONE DAY. ONE OF THEDEVICES DETONATED AT THE USIS FACILITY.FEBRUARY, 1990:ASSASSINATED AN AMERICAN CITIZEN, HIS FILIPINO WIFE AND HISFATHER-IN-LAW NEAR THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN.MARCH, 1990:MURDERED AN ELDERLY AMERICAN RANCHER FOR VICTIM'S REFUSAL TO PAYTHE NPA REVOLUTIONARY TAXES.MAY, 1990:A UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER WAS MURDEREDBY THE NPA IN OLONGAPO CITY NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE.MAY, 1990:TWO U.S. AIR FORCE PERSONNEL WERE KILLED AND A THIRD ESCAPED UNHURTWHEN THE NPA AMBUSHED THE THREE NEAR CLARK AIR FORCE BASE.MAY, 1990:TWO RIFLE GRENADES FIRED AT THE THOMAS JEFFERSON CULTURAL CENTER,A USIS FACILITY, IN MANILA.JUNE, 1990:A U.S. PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER WAS KIDNAPPED, HELD 49 DAYS, ANDRELEASED UNHARMED.JULY, 1990:SUSPECTED NPA MEMBERS DROVE BY THE USIS FACILITY IN DAVAO CITY,SPRAYING IT WITH SMALL ARMS FIRE. NO INJURIES.SEPTEMBER, 1990:NPA TERRORISTS BOMBED THE VOICE OF AMERICA (VOA) TRANSMITTERANTENNA SITE IN TARLAC PROVINCE. NO INJURIES.NOVEMBER, 1990:FIRED TWO RIFLE GRENADES AT THE U.S. EMBASSY IN MANILA. NOINJURIES.JANUARY, 1991:FIFTY NPA REBELS ATTACKED A PHILIPPINE POLICE BARRACKS NEAR THESITE OF A VOICE OF AMERICA TRANSMITTER SITE. ATTEMPTED TO PLACEEXPLOSIVE DEVICES ON TRANSMITTER ANTENNAS, BUT THE DEVICES WEREDISARMED.NOVEMBER, 1991:AMBUSHED A PHILIPPINE ARMY PATROL, KILLING TWENTY TWO.FEBRUARY, 1992:AN NPA UNIT AMBUSHED A PHILIPPINE ARMY PATROL OF 100 TROOPS. ATLEAST THIRTY-SEVEN OF THE TROOPS WERE KILLED. RELIABLE REPORTINGINDICATES THAT THE ATTACK WAS PARTICULARLY SAVAGE, WITH MANY OFVICTIMS' CORPSES SHOWING CLEAR SIGNS OF MUTILATION.MARCH, 1992:PHILIPPINE POLICE RESCUED AN AMERICAN BUSINESSMAN WHO HAD BEENKIDNAPPED AND HELD HOSTAGE BY A GROUP CALLING ITSELF "RED SCORPION"BELIEVED TO BE A FACTION OF THE NPA.MARCH, 1992:NPA IS SUSPECTED IN THE MURDER OF AN ASSISTANT DEAN OF AUNIVERSITY LOCATED IN MANILA. THE VICTIM WAS SHOT IN THE HEAD ASHE WALKED TO WORK.JUNE, 1992:AN NPA UNIT RAIDED AN AMERICAN-OWNED FOOD PROCESSING PLANT INDAVAO, WRECKING EQUIPMENT AND KIDNAPPING FILIPINO EMPLOYEES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY </name>
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card_102434.xml
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<text>NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION10/28/92GP00015KEY WORDS: CNPZDESCRIPTION:A RADICAL LEFTIST TERRORIST ORGANIZATION THAT FIRST APPEARED INOCTOBER, 1990. IT IS NAMED AFTER THE DECEASED BROTHER OF PRESIDENT PAZZAMORA. IT CURRENTLY OPERATES UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF THE ELN (BOLIVIA); ANDIS A VIOLENT, EXTREMELY ANTI-U.S., MARXIST-LENINIST ORGANIZATION.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN. PROBABLY FEWER THAN 100.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:PERU'S MTRA (TUPAC AMARU) HAS PROVIDED TRAINING, LIMITED FUNDING, ANDLOGISTIC SUPPORT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHHRONOLOGYJUNE, 1990:THE BOLIVIAN OWNER OF THE LA PAZ COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY WASKIDNAPPED WHILE HE WAS BEING DRIVEN TO WORK IN DOWNTOWN LA PAZ. THEVICTIM WAS MURDERED BY HIS CAPTORS ON DECEMBER 5, 1990, DURING ARESCUE ATTEMPT BY BOLIVIA POLICE.OCTOBER, 1990:ATTACKED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. EMBASSY'S MARINE SECURITY GUARDDETACHMENT IN LA PAZ WITH AUTOMATIC WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES. ONEBOLIVIAN POLICE OFFICER STANDING GUARD AT THE MARINE HOUSE WASKILLED AND ANOTHER POLICE OFFICER WAS SERIOUSLY WOUNDED. NONE OFTHE MARINES WERE INJURED.OCTOBER, 1990:BOMBED A MONUMENT TO U.S. PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY IN LA PAZ.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIASOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION </name>
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card_102151.xml
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<text>NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY10/28/92GP00004KEY WORDS: ELN; EJERCITO DE LIBERACION NACIONALDESCRIPTION:RURAL-BASED, ANTI-U.S., MAOIST-MARXIST-LENINIST GUERRILLA GROUP FORMEDIN 1963. ENGAGED IN UNSUCCESSFUL PEACE TALKS WITH THE GOVERNMENT OFCOLOMBIA DURING 1991.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:PERIODICALLY KIDNAPS FOREIGN EMPLOYEES OF LARGE CORPORATIONS AND HOLDSTHEM FOR VERY LARGE RANSOM PAYMENTS. THE ELN CONDUCTS EXTORTION AND BOMBINGOPERATIONS AGAINST U.S. AND OTHER FOREIGN BUSINESSES IN COLOMBIA,PARTICULARLY THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. THE GROUP HAS INFLICTED MAJOR DAMAGE ONOIL PIPELINES SINCE 1986.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:1,000 TO 2,000-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:IN THE PAST HAS RECEIVED LIMITED ARMS AND TRAINING FROM CUBA ANDTRAINING FROM NICARAGUA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* PRO-CASTR0, ANTI-U.S., AND MARXIST-LENINIST;* ANTI-CAPITALIST AND ANTI-"NATIONAL BOURGEOISIE."* SEEKS "...THE CONQUEST OF POWER FOR THE POPULAR CLASSES..." ALONG WITHNATIONALIZATIONS, EXPROPRIATIONS, AND AGRARIAN REFORM.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE ELN IS A POLITICAL-MILITARY ORGANIZATION DRAWING MEMBERS FROM A WIDEVARIETY OF COLOMBIANS: FROM STUDENTS AND INTELLECTUALS TO PEASANTS ANDMIDDLE CLASS WORKERS.ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY THE ELN INCLUDE KIDNAPPINGS OF WEALTHY RANCHERSAND INDUSTRIALISTS; ASSASSINATIONS OF MILITARY OFFICERS, LABOR LEADERS ANDPEASANTS; ARMED ROBBERIES; BOMBINGS; RAIDS ON ISOLATED VILLAGES; ASSAULTS ONPOLICE POSTS AND ARMY PATROLS (PRIMARILY TO OBTAIN WEAPONS); AND OCCUPATIONSOF RADIO STATIONS AND NEWSPAPER OFFICES. MOST RECENTLY THE ELN HASCONCENTRATED ITS EFFORTS ON ATTACKING PETROLEUM PIPELINES AND FACILITIES,DAMAGING COLOMBIA'S ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND INVESTMENT CLIMATE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJANUARY, 1980:KIDNAPPED AN ENGLISHWOMAN AND HER SON FROM THEIR FARM IN CESARDEPARTMENT, DEMANDING A $300,000 RANSOM.JANUARY, 1982:KIDNAPPED A DIPLOMAT ATTACHED TO THE EMBASSY OF HONDURAS INBOGOTA TO PROTEST ALLEGED HONDURAN INTERFERENCE IN THE DOMESTICAFFAIRS OF NICARAGUA AND EL SALVADOR.JULY, 1983:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SERIES OF DYNAMITE ATTACKS IN COLOMBIAAS PART OF "OPERATION FREE CENTRAL AMERICA." THE SALVADORANCONSULATE IN MEDELLIN AND TWO LOCAL POLICE OFFICES WERE THETARGETS.NOVEMBER, 1983:KIDNAPPED THE BROTHER OF THE PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA; BUT AFTER FIDELCASTRO INTERVENED, THE VICTIM WAS RETURNED UNHARMED FIFTEEN DAYSLATER.MAY, 1984:SIX ELN MEMBERS RAIDED A GOLD MINE NEAR THE NORTHWESTERN TOWN OFSEGOVIA AND SEIZED THE EQUIVALENT OF ALMOST $90,000.JUNE, 1985:AMBUSHED AND KILLED EIGHT POLICEMEN NEAR THE VENEZUELAN BORDER.NOVEMBER, 1986:BOMBED A DREDGE IN THE NECHI RIVER IN COLOMBIA AND TEMPORARILYPARALYZED GOLD PRODUCTION IN THE AREA.DECEMBER, 1986:MADE NUMEROUS RAIDS AGAINST U.S.- ASSOCIATED OIL PRODUCTIONSUBSIDIARIES, DESTROYING EQUIPMENT AND STEALING EXPLOSIVES.JANUARY-JUNE, 1987:CONTINUED TO TARGET COLOMBIA'S OIL PRODUCTION BY BLOWING UPSECTIONS OF PIPELINE AND ATTACKING OIL CAMPS. DURING THIS PERIOD,THE ELN MAY HAVE ATTAINED THE LEADERSHIP POSITION WITHIN THENATIONAL GUERRILLA COORDINATOR, REPLACING M-19.APRIL-AUGUST, 1987:BOMBED OIL OPERATION LOCATIONS AND U.S.-COLOMBIAN TARGETS, CAUSINGCONSIDERABLE PROPERTY DAMAGE.JUNE, 1987:AMBUSHED A VENEZUELAN NATIONAL GUARD UNIT ON AN ANTI-NARCOTICSMISSION NEAR THE COLOMBIAN BORDER.SEPTEMBER, 1987:ATTACKED A VENEZUELAN ARMY BORDER OUTPOST TO CAPTURE WEAPONS.OCTOBER, 1987:BOMBED THREE MORMON CHURCHES IN BOYACA AND A NAVAL FACILITY INBARRANCABERMEJA.NOVEMBER, 1987:MURDERED SEVENTEEN POLICEMEN AND FOUR SOLDIERS IN SEPARATEAMBUSHES.FEBRUARY, 1988:DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT THE BOGOTA OFFICE OF A U.S. PETROLEUMCOMPANY.MARCH, 1988:BOMBED A COLOMBIAN SUBSIDIARY OF A MAJOR U.S. BANKING FIRM INBOGOTA.MAY, 1988:KIDNAPPED THE GERMAN HONORARY CONSULS IN MEDELLIN ANDBUCARAMANGA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE SANTANDER DEPARTMENTAL ASSEMBLYIN BUCARAMANGA, THREE COLOMBIA JOURNALISTS IN BUCARAMANGA, THEFRENCH PRESS ATTACHE IN BOGOTA. FAILED TO CARRY OUT PLAN TO KIDNAPTHE FRENCH HONORARY COUNSEL IN CALI AND THE PANAMANIAN CONSULGENERAL IN CARTAGENA. ALL HOSTAGES RELEASED UNHARMED DURING MAY,1988.JUNE, 1988:KIDNAPPED AN AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF AN AMERICAN COMPANY. RELEASEDUNHARMED IN NOVEMBER, 1988 AFTER REPORTED PAYMENT OF RANSOM.SEPTEMBER, 1988DETONATED A CAR BOMB UNDER THE ARMORED VEHICLE OF A CANADIANOIL COMPANY EXECUTIVE IN DOWNTOWN BOGOTA. THE TARGET WAS UNHURT,BUT A PASSERBY WAS SERIOUSLY INJURED.OCTOBER, 1988:TOWNS ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATION WITH THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMEDFORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC). AT LEAST THREE POLICE OFFICERS AND ONECIVILIAN WERE KILLED. FIFTEEN POLICE OFFICERS, A PRIEST AND A NUNWERE KIDNAPPED.OCTOBER, 1988:KIDNAPPED A COLOMBIAN ANTHROPOLOGIST OF AMERICAN ORIGIN IN ANORTHERN JUNGLE AREA. THE VICTIM HAD BEEN ACCUSED OF BEING A CIAAGENT BECAUSE OF HIS WORK WITH THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION. HE WASRELEASED UNHARMED IN JULY, 1989.DECEMBER, 1988:TOWN ATTACKED - ONE POLICE OFFICER AND THREE CIVILIANS WERE KILLED.FEBRUARY, 1989:TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMEDFORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC) AND THE POPULAR LIBERATION ARMY (EPL).FIVE POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED AND ELEVEN POLICE OFFICERS WEREKIDNAPPED.MARCH, 1989:KIDNAPPED AN AMERICAN FROM HER FAMILY'S RANCH. RELEASED UNHURT INJUNE, 1989 AFTER A RANSOM PAYMENT.MARCH, 1989:KIDNAPPED THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF COLOMBIAN OILDISTRIBUTORS. STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN.APRIL, 1989:KIDNAPPED FOUR SPANISH AND ITALIAN ENGINEERS EMPLOYED AT AHYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN.APRIL, 1989:KIDNAPPED FIVE COLOMBIAN JOURNALISTS. RELEASED WITHIN A WEEK WITHA MESSAGE TO THE PUBLIC.JUNE, 1989:KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN AND ONE SPANISH JOURNALISTS. THEIR STATUSREMAINS UNKNOWN.OCTOBER, 1989:KIDNAPPED A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN QUITO, ECUADOR. THE VICTIM HADEXTENSIVE BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN COLOMBIA. RELEASED AFTER A RANSOMWAS REPORTEDLY PAID.OCTOBER, 1989:TOWNS ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATIONS WITH FARC AND THE EPL.DECEMBER, 1989:KIDNAPPED A BRITISH CITIZEN RESIDENT IN COLOMBIA WHO WAS INVOLVEDIN SUPPLYING ELECTRICAL POWER SUBSTATIONS TO OIL COMPANIES. HISSTATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN.FEBRUARY, 1990:KIDNAPPED THREE RESIDENT AMERICANS AS A PROTEST TO THEATTENDANCE OF PRESIDENT BUSH TO THE CARTAGENA DRUG SUMMIT.VICTIMS RELEASED UNHARMED APPROXIMATELY TWO WEEKS AFTER THEYHAD BEEN ABDUCTED.MAY, 1990:ATTACKED A CANADIAN-OWNED GOLD MINE NEAR ZARAGOZA, KILLED ACOLOMBIAN ENGINEER AND KIDNAPPED THREE COMPANY EXECUTIVES (TWOCOLOMBIANS AND A PERUVIAN). THE ELN PROMISED TO RELEASE THEIRHOSTAGES IF THE COMPANY WOULD CLOSE ITS DOORS. THE COMPANYSTATED ITS INTENTION TO COMPLY AND THE HOSTAGES WERE RELEASEDUNHARMED TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN ABDUCTED.NOVEMBER, 1990:KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN AND THREE AMERICAN EMPLOYEES OF ANAMERICAN COMPANY. ONE COLOMBIAN WAS QUICKLY RELEASED WITH AMESSAGE TO THE AUTHORITIES. THE OTHER VICTIMS WERE RELEASEDUNHARMED SEVERAL DAYS LATER AFTER THE REPORTED PAYMENT OF RANSOM.JANUARY, 1991:CONDUCTED A JOINT ATTACK WITH FARC ON A MAJOR FRENCH-COLOMBIANOIL PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. FORTY VEHICLES AND PIECES OFHEAVY MACHINERY WERE DESTROYED, THE COLOMBIAN SECURITY CHIEF WASKILLED, AND THREE FRENCH ENGINEERS WERE KIDNAPPED. THEY WERERELEASED UNHARMED IN JULY, 1991.MAY, 1991:KIDNAPPED SEVEN COLOMBIAN JOURNALISTS. THREE DAYS AFTER THEY WEREABDUCTED, THE SEVEN WERE RELEASED AFTER BEING "INSTRUCTED."SEPTEMBER, 1991:MURDERED A SECURITY GUARD EMPLOYED BY A U.S. COMPANY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTETHE ELN HAS A LONG-STANDING STRATEGY OF CONDUCTING OPERATIONSAGAINST THE ENERGY SECTOR. ITS OBJECTIVE IS TWO-FOLD: TODEPRIVE THE GOVERNMENT OF REVENUES AND TO DRIVE OUT FOREIGNFIRMS WHICH SYMBOLIZE COLOMBIA'S ALLEGED SUBSERVIENCE TO"IMPERIALISM." MANY OF THE ELN'S ATTACKS HAVE TARGETED THECANO LIMON-COVENAS CRUDE OIL PIPELINE. THESE ATTACKS HAVEBEEN SO NUMEROUS THAT IT WOULD BE UNWIELDY TO LIST THEMINDIVIDUALLY.YEAR PIPELINE ATTACKS1987 101988 521989 321990 311991 60-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY </name>
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card_102006.xml
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<text>MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE10/28/92GP00002KEY WORDS: RENAMO; RESISTENCIA NACIONAL MOCAMBICANADESCRIPTION:ESTABLISHED IN 1976 BY THE RHODESIAN SECURITY SERVICES, PRIMARILY TOOPERATE AGAINST ANTI-RHODESIAN GUERRILLAS BASED IN MOZAMBIQUE. SOUTH AFRICASUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED RENAMO INTO AN INSURGENT GROUP OPPOSING FRELIMO, THEFRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF MOZAMBIQUE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:RENAMO OPERATES AS A GUERRILLA INSURGENCY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OFMOZAMBIQUE AS WELL AS CIVILIAN TARGETS; FREQUENTLY AND INCREASINGLY RUNSCROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS INTO ZIMBABWE, MALAWI, AND ZAMBIA, WHERE IT HASMURDERED AND KIDNAPPED NUMEROUS CIVILIANS AND DESTROYED PROPERTY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:20,000 GUERRILLAS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:ASSISTANCE PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED FROM SOUTH AFRICA AS WELL AS FROM PRIVATEINDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS IN EUROPE AND ELSEWHERE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYSEPTEMBER, 1985:SUSPECTED RENAMO MEMBERS ATTACKED A U.S. OWNED FIRM. THIS WAS THEFIRST ATTACK ON A U.S. FIRM REPORTED IN MOZAMBIQUE.MARCH, 1986:SUSPECTED RENAMO MEMBERS KIDNAPPED A PORTUGESE NATIONAL AND ANITALIAN NUN. RENAMO CLAIMED TO HAVE RELEASED THE HOSTAGES INDECEMBER, 1986.NOVEMBER, 1986:RENAMO REBELS KIDANPPED THREE WEST GERMANS, A PORTUGESE, AND ABRITON, RELEASING THEM IN DECEMBER, 1986.MAY, 1987:RENAMO MEMBERS KIDNAPPED SEVEN FOREIGN MEDICAL RELIEF WORKERS. THEVICTIMS WERE RELEASED THREE MONTHS LATER IN MALAWI.DECEMBER, 1988:A MINE PLANTED BY RENAMO KILLED TWO PASSENGERS ON A TRAIN ANDINJURED THIRTY-THREE OTHERS.JANUARY, 1989:RENAMO GUERRILLAS AMBUSHED AND KILLED A PORTUGESE CATHOLIC PRIEST.FEBRUARY, 1989:SEVEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND FORTY ONE WOUNDED DURING AN ATTACK ONA PASSENGER TRAIN BY RENAMO.MARCH, 1989:TWO ITALIAN MISSIONARIES AND EIGHT SOLDIERS WERE KILLED, ALONG WITHAN UNDETERMINED NUMBER OF VILLAGERS IN THE COURSE OF A RAID BYRENAMO.APRIL, 1989:SEVEN MINERS WERE KILLED AND THREE WERE WOUNDED DURING A RENAMORAID. FOUR LOCOMOTIVES WERE DESTROYED IN THE ATTACK.APRIL, 1989:EIGHTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED DURING A RENAMO RAID ON A PASSENGERBUS.JUNE, 1989:EIGHTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND MORE THAN TWENTY WERE INJURED INTHE COURSE OF TWO SEPARATE RENAMO ATTACKS.JULY, 1989:RENAMO IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AMBUSH AND MURDER OF ABRAZILIAN ENGINEER.NOVEMBER, 1989:RENAMO IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ATTACK ON A SPANISH TUGBOATAND THE KIDNAPPING OF FOUR CREW MEMBERS.MAY, 1990:A SWISS PHYSICIAN WAS AMBUSHED AND MURDERED BY SUSPECTED RENAMOGUERRILLAS.JUNE,1990TWO OFFICIALS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS(ICRC) WERE ABDUCTED BY RENAM0. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED AFTERBEING HELD FOR TWO WEEKS.AUGUST, 1990:RENAMO INSURGENTS KILLED FOUR SOLDIERS AND WOUNDED EIGHT DURING ARAID ON A PASSENGER/CARGO TRAIN.OCTOBER, 1990:RENAMO REBELS KILLED ELEVEN PEOPLE WHEN THEY LAUNCHED AN ATTACK ONA TRADITIONAL MUSIC FESTIVAL.NOVEMBER, 1990:RENAMO REBELS KILLED FOUR PEOPLE AND ABDUCTED TWENTY-FIVE CHILDRENDURING A RAID ON A WEDDING PARTY.JANUARY, 1991:RENAMO REBELS AMBUSHED AND KILLED A PORTUGESE MISSIONARY.FEBRUARY, 1991:A COLOMBIAN PRIEST WAS MURDERED AND TWO CHILDREN WERE WOUNDED BYRENAMO.MARCH, 1991:RENAMO REBELS SABOTAGED RAIL LINES CAUSING THE DERAILMENT OF AFREIGHT TRAIN.MARCH, 1991:RENAMO REBELS AMBUSHED A TRUCK AND KILLED EIGHT PASSENGERS.APRIL, 1991:RENAMO REBELS MASSACRED FORTY VILLAGERS AND WOUNDED THIRTEENOTHERS.NOVEMBER, 1991:SUSPECTED RENAMO FORCES ATTACKED THE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ATBEIRA, KILLING TWO PEOPLE AND DAMAGING THE AIRPORT'S COMMUNICATIONSCENTER.FEBRUARY, 1992:RENAMO REBELS ATTACKED A CONVOY CARRYING RELIEF SUPPLIES TO ADROUGHT-STRICKEN AREA KILLING THIRTY-THREE PERSONS, INCLUDING SIXSOLDIERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIASOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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card_101858.xml
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<text>MORAZANIST PATRIOTIC FRONT10/28/92GP00007KEY WORDS: FPMDESCRIPTION:A RADICAL, LEFTIST TERRORIST GROUP THAT FIRST APPEARED IN THE LATE1980S. ATTACKS MADE IN PROTEST OF U.S. INTERVENTION IN HONDURAN ECONOMIC ANDPOLITICAL AFFAIRS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:ATTACKS ON U.S., PRIMARILY MILITARY, PERSONNEL IN HONDURAS. CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN MARCH, 1990 THAT WOUNDED SEVEN U.S.SERVICE PERSONNEL. THE FPM CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF A U.S.PEACE CORPS OFFICE IN DECEMBER, 1988; A BUS BOMBING THAT WOUNDED THREE U.S.SERVICEMEN IN FEBRUARY, 1989; AN ATTACK ON A U.S. CONVOY IN APRIL, 1989; ANDA GRENADE ATTACK THAT WOUNDED SEVEN U.S. SOLDIERS IN LA CEIBA IN JULY, 1989.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN, PROBABLY QUITE SMALL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:TIES TO FORMER GOVERNMENT OF NICARAGUA AND POSSIBLY TO CUBA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>MORAZANIST PATRIOTIC FRONT </name>
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card_101378.xml
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<text> Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) Date Formed: 1983. Estimated Membership 500-1,000. Headquarters: Santiago. Area of Operations: Urban areas of Chile. Leadership: Unknown. Other Names: Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodriguez (original language). Sponsors: Associated with the Chilean Communist Party and receives some assistance from Cuba.Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Bring about the downfall of the Pinochet regime in Chile through a terrorist campaign designed to provoke greater Government repression and anti-Government sentiment. Strongly influence, if not actually lead, a subsequent government toward leftist, anti-US, and pro-Soviet policies. * Pressure U.S. interests to leave Chile through periodic attacks on business or government facilities.Background The FPMR, which takes its name from a 19th century Chilean revolutionary executed by Spanish authorities, is a relatively new but very active urban terrorist group. Not a great deal is known about its structure, but judging from its activities to date, it probably is relatively well organized and equipped. The FPMR is closely related with the Chilean Communist Party and has links to Cuba and other Communist countries, especially for training and weapons supply. In early 1985, FPMR spokesman Daniel Huerta said that the purpose of the group was to conduct exclusively urban terrorist operations. The structure of the organization would stress a cellular grouping of militants, who would earn their status by demonstrating "selflessness, sacrifice, combat ability, solidarity, and moral and military qualities." The FPMR has an impressive arsenal that includes remotely detonated bombs and a variety of small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, and hand-grenades. Several weapons caches have been discovered by authorities, but attacks continue, indicating sufficient sources of supplies. The group's operations have been primarily bombings, although it also has carried out kidnappings and assassinations. The FPMR was responsible for the nearly successful assassination attempt against President Pinochet in September 1986. Although the FPMR has been most active in Santiago, it has conducted operations in at least eight other cities. It frequently uses the mass media in its campaigns and sometimes seizes a radio station to broadcast its propaganda.Selected Incident Chronology March 1984 - Carried out simultaneous bombing attacks in Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, and San Antonio. Considerable property damage was done, seven people were injured, and dozens were arrested in riots that followed. April 1984 - Bombed a Santiago subway station, wounding 20. August 1984 - Bombed the U.S. Cultural Center in Valparaiso and two U.S. businesses in Santiago as part of a series of bomb attacks throughout central Chile. December 1984 - Kidnaped the assistant director of a pro-Government newspaper. March 1985 - Bombed offices of two U.S. banks, Citibank and Republic National, along with several Chilean facilities in Santiago and other cities. January 1986 - Believed responsible for the bombing of the US-Chilean Cultural Institute in Vina del Mar. April 1986 - Blacked out major portions of central Chile in an attack on electrical power facilities. April 1986 - Detonated a bomb by the perimeter wall of the U.S. Ambassador's residence in Santiago. August 1986 - Kidnaped a Chilean Army colonel - the first abduction of a high-ranking military officer since the 1973 coup. He was released three days later. August 1986 - Arms caches containing more than 3,100 weapons of U.S. and other manufacture were discovered in the area of Copiapo and Santiago. Witnesses presented by the Chilean Government indicate the weapons were smuggled ashore from Cuban fishing trawlers off the coast of Chile. September 1986 - Attempted to assassinate Chilean President Pinochet. Weapons used were of the same type found in the arms caches. November 1986 - Conducted a series of dynamite attacks against power lines, blacking out the main cities in central and southern Chile. February-March 1987 - Set off dynamite explosions at pylons and towers of the national high-voltage power network, blacking out areas of Santiago, Valparaiso, and Vina del Mar. March incident occurred as President Pinochet spoke on radio and television. April 1987 - Santiago police deactivated a powerful bomb discovered in the office of the prosecutor who tried 14 FPMR members and held them for five months. April 1987 - Gunmen briefly seized control of eight radio stations in four cities with the objective of playing a clandestine broadcast, ending a self-proclaimed truce during the visit of Pope John Paul II. An off-duty guard was killed attempting to stop the gunmen's escape. May 1987 - Detonated bombs that destroyed four high-tension towers, resulting in a general power outage at Copiapo and Valdivia. June 1987 - Conducted a machinegun and bomb attack at a Santiago printing company, injuring three. Two other incidents that day at two National Intelligence Center barracks caused little damage and no injuries. June 1987 - Ambushed police patrol cars in Santiago with machineguns and firebombs. These separate evening attacks wounded two policemen and several passersby. June 1987 - Staged several machinegun, bomb, and firebomb attacks against police, pro-Government media, and Government offices in Santiago and Talca, causing five injuries and costly damage. Although the FPMR attempted to use rockets in three incidents, two were deactivated before being remotely fired and one failed to explode when triggered. (The June attacks may have been retaliatory for the killing of 12 FPMR members by security agents on June 16.) July 1987 - Four gunmen shot and killed a policeman waiting for a bus on a Santiago street. (Possible FPMR responsibility.) September 1987 - Kidnaped Chilean Army Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Carreno in Santiago. He was released in December 1987 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. June 1990 - Assassinated Police Col. Luis Fontaine, former head of the antiterrorist department. February 1991 - Launched crude nonexplosive rockets at the Israeli Embassy and Ambassador Daniel Mokady's residence in apparent simpathy towards Iraq. July 1992 - The three alleged members of the left-wing Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front, arrested in October 1986, were sentenced to life in prison.</text>
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<name>MANUEL RODRIGUEZ PATRIOTIC FRONT </name>
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card_101250.xml
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<text> Macheteros (Machete Wielders) Date Formed: 1978. Estimated Membership: Unknown. Headquarters: Unknown Area of Operations: Puerto Rico. Leadership: Unknown. Other Names: Ejercito Popular de Boricua (EPB), Boricua Popular Army. (Boricua refers to rural inland Puerto Ricans.) Sponsors: None known.Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Wage a terrorist war against "U.S. colonialist imperialism." * Create public support for creation of a separate Puerto Rican nation.Background The Macheteros are a tightly organized and extremely violent Puerto Rican separatist group that has targeted primarily U.S. military personnel and Puerto Rican police. The group has tight internal security procedures and precisely executes its attacks. The Macheteros appear to be fiercely dedicated to total Puerto Rican independence. Nothing short of that is likely to cause them to cease terrorist operations. The stated position of the group is that they have "declared war" on the United States. Direct ties of the Macheteros to other groups operating in Latin America have not been established. There is apparent cooperation with another Puerto Rican separatist group called the Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution. The two have made joint claims following some attacks. The Macheteros probably also have links to the Armed Forces of National Liberation, a Puerto Rican separatist group that has conducted anti-U.S. attacks for over three decades. Robberies and thefts evidently provide a major source of funds. The Macheteros also may receive donations from ideological backers.Selected Incident Chronology August 1978 - Killed a policeman during a robbery. December 1979 - Killed two sailors in an attack on a U.S. Navy bus. March 1980 - Fired on a bus carrying three ROTC instructors from the University of Puerto Rico. January 1981 - Destroyed eight aircraft and damaged two others in a carefully executed multiple bombing attack on the Air National Guard airfield. Damage was estimated at $40 million. May 1982 - Killed one sailor and wounded three others in an ambush outside a San Juan nightclub. September 1983 - Robbed a Wells Fargo armored truck depot in Hartford, Connecticut. The $7.2 million heist was the second largest in U.S. history. October 1983 - Fired an antitank rocket into the new Federal Building in San Juan to protest U.S. rescue operations in Grenada. January 1985 - Fired an antitank rocket into the Federal Courthouse in San Juan. November 1985 - Shot and wounded a U.S. Army recruiting officer in an ambush while he was on his way to work. October 1986 - Placed some ten explosive devices at military and military-related facilities across the island. November 1986 - Placed a bomb at a National Guard building in old San Juan. December 1986 - Bombed a vehicle at the National Guard Center at Yauco. May 1992 - The leader of the macheteros was convicted in absentia of masterminding a $7.1 million robbery of an armored- car depot in 1983. Filiberto Ojeda Rios, 59, was convicted on charges including bank robbery and conspiracy. May 1992 - Filiberto Ojeda Rios was sentenced in absentia to 55 years.</text>
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<name>MACHETEROS </name>
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card_101118.xml
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<text> Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Date Formed: 1972. Estimated Membership 2,000 active. Headquarters: Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. Area of Operations: Sri Lanka. Leadership: Vellupillai Prabhakaran, leader; Anton Balasingam, spokesman. Other Names: Tigers, Tamil Tigers. Sponsors: Formerly by the Tamil Nadu State, India.Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Create a separate Tamil state in the northern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. * Sabotage any negotiations between the governments of Sri Lanka and India and moderate Sri Lankan Tamils, leading to a negotiated settlement of the Sri Lankan conflict within the framework of a unitary Sri Lanka; force Indian troops to leave Sri Lanka. * Eliminate moderate Tamils and other Tamil militant groups that compete with the LTTE for influence and power within the Sri Lankan Tamil community. * Focus international attention on the plight of the Tamils living in Sri Lanka, concentrating especially on human rights issues.Background Long the strongest Sri Lankan Tamil militant group, the LTTE is the only major group that has fought the Indian Peacekeeping Force in Sri Lanka. The LTTE was formed in the early 1970s by young Sri Lankan Tamils who sought a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka as a way of redressing Tamil grievances against the Sri Lankan Government. The LTTE gained notoriety after it claimed responsibility for the 1975 murder of Alfred Doriappa, the mayor of Jaffna. The LTTE started its campaign for a separate Tamil state in earnest in 1977 with assassination attempts on several moderate Tamil politicians. Since the widespread communal riots of 1983, the LTTE has expanded its operations to include attacks on Sri Lankan security forces, bank robberies, and indiscriminate attacks on Sri Lankan officials and civilians in Sri Lanka's northern and eastern provinces. The LTTE also has fought with other weaker Tamil militant groups in an attempt to ensure its preeminence. The LTTE has come under considerable pressure since October 1987, when the Indian Peacekeeping Force attacked and seized the LTTE stronghold of Jaffna city. This action was in response to continued LTTE attacks against civilians in the east and the LTTE's refusal to turn in its weapons and accept the accord. Since the seizure of Jaffna city, the Indian Peacekeeping Force has continued its actions against remaining LTTE fighters in the north and east.Selected Incident Chronology April 1975 - Claimed responsibility for the murder of Jaffna mayor Alfred Doriappa. July 1983 - Ambushed and killed 13 soldiers, setting off island-wide ethnic riots. April 1986 - Killed many members of another Tamil group (TELO) after a week of fighting: May 1986 - Suspected of organizing the bombing of an Air Lanka aircraft at Colombo airport, killing 15. June 1986 - Believed to be behind the placing of a rickshaw bomb in front of a crowded Colombo movie theater and exploding time bombs on two buses. July 1986 - Blamed for placing bombs on buses over a bay period, causing an estimated 100 deaths. September 1986 - Murdered a German engineer attached to the Deutsche Welle radio-relay station. December 1986 - In one week, attacked and killed over 90 members of a rival militant group, the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front. February 1987 - Hacked to death 28 sleeping villagers, including 5 women and 10 children in Ampara, Sri Lanka. April 1987 - Bombed central bus station in Colombo, killing 106 people and wounding 295 others. April 1987 - Attacked four buses, killing 107 people near the village of Aluth-Oya. June 1987 - Attacked a busload of Buddhist monks traveling south of Batticaloa, killing 29 and wounding 17. October 1987 - When 12 captured LTTE members committed suicide by taking cyanide capsules, the group unleashed a wave of terrorist attacks in reprisal, killing more than 200, including several captured Sri Lankan soldiers. May 1988 - Planted two landmines in Trincomalee; explosions killed seven members of the Indian Peacekeeping Force. March 1992 - 38 soldiers and scores of rebels were killed in KOKKUTHUDUWAN. May 1992 - Two high level leaders charged in connection with the slaying of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Velupillai Prabhakaran and Pottu Amman. Pottu Amman, the rebels' intelligence chief, charged as the main figure in the assassination. Both guerrilla leaders are in Sri Lanka's northern jungles. India has banned the Tamil Tiger group. December 1992 - 10 soldiers and 18 separatist guerrillas were were killed in Nanaddan. More than 17,500 people have been killed since 1983.</text>
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<name>LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM </name>
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card_100819.xml
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<text>JAPANESE RED ARMY10/28/92GP00037KEY WORDS: JRA; ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE; AIIB; NIPPON SEKIGUN; NIHONSEKIGUN; ANTI-WAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT; ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT; ADF.DESCRIPTION:AN INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUP FORMED ABOUT 1970 AFTER BREAKING AWAYFROM THE JAPANESE COMMUNIST LEAGUE RED ARMY FACTION. NOW LED BY FUSAKOSHIGENOBU, BELIEVED TO BE IN A SYRIAN-GARRISONED AREA OF LEBANON'S BEKAAVALLEY. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE GROUP IS UNCLEAR, BUT MAY CONTROL OR ATLEAST HAVE TIES TO THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB); MAYALSO HAVE LINKS TO THE ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT - AN OVERT LEFTIST POLITICALORGANIZATION - INSIDE JAPAN. DETAILS RELEASED FOLLOWING THE NOVEMBER 1987ARREST OF LEADER OSAMU MARUOKA INDICATE THAT THE JRA MAY BE ORGANIZING CELLSIN ASIAN CITIES, SUCH AS MANILA AND SINGAPORE. THE JAPANESE RED ARMY HAS HADCLOSE AND LONG-STANDING RELATIONS WITH PALESTINIAN TERRORIST GROUPS SINCE ITSINCEPTION.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:BEFORE 1977, THE JRA CARRIED OUT A SERIES OF BRUTAL ATTACKS OVER A WIDEGEOGRAPHICAL AREA, INCLUDING THE MASSACRE OF PASSENGERS IN THE BAGGAGE CLAIMAREA OF LOD AIRPORT IN ISRAEL (1972) AND TWO JAPANESE AIRLINER HIJACKINGS(1973 AND 1977). ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS INCLUDE THE TAKEOVER OF THEU.S. EMBASSY IN KUALA LUMPUR (1975). SINCE THE MID-1980S IT HAS CARRIED OUTSEVERAL CRUDE ROCKET AND MORTAR ATTACKS AGAINST A NUMBER OF U.S. EMBASSIES.IN APRIL, 1988, JAPANESE RED ARMY OPERATIVE YU KIKUMURA WAS ARRESTED WITHEXPLOSIVES ON THE NEW JERSEY TURNPIKE, APPARENTLY PLANNING AN ATTACK TOCOINCIDE WITH THE BOMBING OF A USO CLUB IN NAPLES, A SUSPECTED JRA OPERATIONTHAT KILLED FIVE PERSONS, INCLUDING A U.S. SERVICEWOMAN. HE WAS CONVICTED OFTHESE CHARGES AND IS SERVING A LENGTHY PRISON SENTENCE IN THE U.S.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:ABOUT 30 HARDCORE MEMBERS; UNDETERMINED NUMBER OF SYMPATHIZERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES AID, INCLUDING TRAINING AND BASE CAMP FACILITIES FROM RADICALPALESTINIAN TERRORISTS, ESPECIALLY THE PFLP. MAY ALSO RECEIVE AID FROMLIBYA. SUSPECTED OF HAVING SYMPATHIZERS AND SUPPORT APPARATUS IN JAPAN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* SUPPORT WORLDWIDE MARXIST-LENINIST REVOLUTION BY CONDUCTING ACTS OFTERRORISM.* OPPOSE JAPANESE IMPERIALISM;* ESTABLISH A PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC IN JAPAN;* OVERTHROW THE JAPANESE MONARCHY AND EXISTING GOVERNMENT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE JAPANESE RED ARMY (JRA) WAS FORMED IN 1970/71 BY FUSAKOSHIGENOBU. WHILE SERVING AS LIAISON BETWEEN THE JRA FACTION AND PALESTINIANTERRORISTS, SHIGENOBU FORMED THE JAPANESE RED ARMY WITH A SMALL CADRE OFPERSONNEL WHO HAD JOINED HER IN LEBANON. THE CORE STRENGTH OF THE JRAPROBABLY HAS NEVER EXCEEDED 20-30, AND A BASE OF SYMPATHIZERS IN JAPANPROBABLY NUMBERS ABOUT 100. HOMELAND SUPPORTERS HAVE PROVIDED SOME MORALSUPPORT AND LIMITED FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS AS WELL AS A HOME BASE FOR JRAPROPAGANDA. THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR THE JRA, HOWEVER, IS BELIEVED TOBE PALESTINIAN GROUPS AND POSSIBLY LIBYA.THE JRA CONDUCTED TERRORIST OPERATIONS ON BEHALF OF THE POPULARFRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP) FROM 1972 TO 1977, MOST NOTABLYTHE 1972 MASSACRE AT LOD AIRPORT IN ISRAEL. IT ALSO HAS ACTED INDEPENDENTLYOVER THE YEARS, ALTHOUGH IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS RECENTLY AS THE LATE 1980S,THE JRA MAY HAVE CONSULTED WITH THE PFLP PRIOR TO CONDUCTING ATTACKS FOR ITSOWN PURPOSES.SINCE 1977, THE JAPANESE RED ARMY HAS NOT CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FORVIOLENT ACTIONS; HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS FORMERLY IDENTIFIED AS MEMBERS OF THEJRA HAVE BEEN LINKED TO ACTS OF TERRORISM . IT IS ALSO BELIEVED THAT THEGROUP CALLING ITSELF THE "ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE" IS, INFACT, THE JRA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYMAY, 1972:CARRIED OUT A MACHINEGUN AND GRENADE ATTACK AT LOD AIRPORT. THREEJRA MEMBERS KILLED 26 PEOPLE, INCLUDING 16 PUERTO RICAN PILGRIMS TOTHE HOLY LAND.JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1974:ATTACKED SHELL OIL REFINERY STORAGE TANKS IN SINGAPORE AND SEIZEDA FERRYBOAT CREW AND HOSTAGES, ALL OF WHICH WERE RELEASED UNHARMED.SEPTEMBER, 1984:SEIZED 11 HOSTAGES AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY IN THE HAGUE. THETERRORISTS DEMANDED, AND WERE PROVIDED, AN AIRLINER FOR TRANSPORTTO SYRIA. TWO DUTCH POLICE OFFICERS WERE WOUNDED IN THE COURSE OFTHE INCIDENT.AUGUST, 1975:TEN MEMBERS OF THE JAPANESE RED ARMY TOOK OVER THE U.S. CONSULATEIN KUALA LUMPUR, AND SEIZED 52 HOSTAGES, INCLUDING THE CONSULGENERAL AND THE SWEDISH CHARGE. THE TERRORISTS THREATENED TO BLOWUP THE BUILDING AND KILL THE HOSTAGES UNLESS SEVEN JRA PRISONERS INJAPAN WERE RELEASED AND PROVIDED SAFE PASSAGE TO THE MIDDLE EAST.ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN WAS WILLING TO RELEASE THEPRISONERS, ONLY FIVE WERE WILLING TO GO; THEY WERE FLOWN TOTRIPOLI, LIBYA, BY WAY OF KUALA LUMPUR.SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER, 1977:HIJACKED A JAPAN AIRLINES PLANE IN BOMBAY AND FORCED IT TO LAND INDHAKA, BANGLADESH. THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN AGREED TO RELEASE NINEIMPRISONED TERRORISTS AND TO PAY $6 MILLION IN EXCHANGE FOR THERELEASE OF THE 159 HOSTAGES ABOARD THE PLANE. AFTER PAYMENT OF THERANSOM AND THE RELEASE OF SIX JRA PRISONERS, THE HIJACKERS WEREFLOWN TO ALGERIA.MAY, 1986:JRA MEMBER YU KIKUMURA, 33, WAS ARRESTED FOR HAVING A BOMB IN HISLUGGAGE AT THE SCHIPHOL AIRPORT IN AMSTERDAM. HE WAS LATERDEPORTED TO JAPAN. HE HAD BEEN A MEMBER OF THE "BLACK HELMET"(KURO HERO) RADICAL ORGANIZATION IN JAPAN BEFORE THAT GROUP JOINEDFORCES WITH THE THE JRA IN THE SUMMER OF 1971.JUNE, 1986:INDONESIAN POLICE RELEASED PHOTOGRAPHS OF TSUTOMU SHIROSAKI, 38, AJRA MEMBER WHOSE FINGERPRINTS WERE FOUND IN A HOTEL ROOM FROM WHICHCRUDE MORTARS WERE FIRED AT THE JAPANESE AND U.S. EMBASSYBUILDINGS IN JAKARTA. SHIROSAKI WAS ALSO WANTED FOR A CAR BOMBINGOUTSIDE THE CANADIAN EMBASSY IN JAKARTA IN MAY, 1986. THEANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB) CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.JUNE, 1987:FIRED TWO ROCKETS AT THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN ROME. ABOUT THIRTYMINUTES LATER, JRA DETONATED A CAR BOMB ACROSS THE STREET FROM THEU.S. EMBASSY; AND WITHIN MINUTES LAUNCHED TWO HOME-MADE ROCKETS ATTHE FRONT OF THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND FROM A HOTEL BALCONY.NOVEMBER, 1987:OSAMU MARUOKA, A HIGH-RANKING JRA MEMBER, WAS ARRESTED IN TOKYO.EVIDENCE INDICATED THAT HE MAY HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTING TO ESTABLISH ABROADER BASE OF OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT IN EAST ASIA, POSSIBLY UNDERTHE NAME OF THE "ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT (ADF)."APRIL, 1988:JRA MEMBER YU KIKUMURA WAS ARRESTED IN NEW JERSEY WITH THREE BOMBSIN HIS POSSESSION. IT IS BELIEVED THAT HE PLANNED TO BOMB A TARGETIN THE NEW YORK AREA TO COINCIDE WITH THE JRA BOMBING IN NAPLES(SEE NEXT INCIDENT ENTRY).APRIL, 1988:A BOMB DETONATED IN FRONT OF THE U.S. SERVICEMEN'S CLUB IN NAPLES,ITALY, KILLING FIVE PERSONS, INCLUDING A U.S. SERVICEWOMAN. TWOJRA MEMBERS ARE THE MAIN SUSPECTS IN THE BOMBING, WHICH COINCIDEDWITH THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE U.S. BOMBING RAID ON LIBYA IN 1986.JULY, 1988:ATTEMPTED TWO ROCKET ATTACKS, WITH MAKESHIFT LAUNCHERS, AGAINST THEU.S. EMBASSY IN MADRID, SPAIN. AIIB CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.NOTE: THE JRA HAS NOT CLAIMED ANY OF THESE MOST RECENT ATTACKS BUT ISSUSPECTED OF ACTING IN THE NAME OF THE ANTI-IMPERIALIALIST INTERNATIONALBRIGADE (AIIB). THE AIIB HAS CARRIED OUT ROCKET ATTACKS ON THE U.S.EMBASSIES IN JAKARATA IN 1986 AND MADRID IN 1988, AS WELL AS A COORDINATEDBOMB AND ROCKET ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN ROME IN JUNE 1987.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCEDOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>JAPANESE RED ARMY </name>
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card_100555.xml
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<text> Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) Date Formed: 1975. Estimated Membership: Less than 20. Headquarters: Dublin. Area of Operations: No significant rural presence in Northern Ireland, but active in urban areas such as Belfast and Londonderry. Leadership: Dominic McGlinchey (killed in 1987), Harry Flynn (arrested in France in 1986), Gerard Steenson (killed in 1987), Thomas Power (killed in 1987). Other Names: None. Sponsors: None Known.Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Form a united 32-county Socialist Republic in Ireland. * Oust the British from Northern Ireland through violence, and overthrow the elected Government of the Republic of Ireland.Background The INLA is the military arm of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP), a political splinter group of the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA). The late Seamus Costello, the OIRA Adjutant General, was expelled from the OIRA in 1974 and that same year, with other OIRA dissidents, founded the IRSP The IRSP denies its connection with the INLA, but its newspaper The Starry Plough, reports INLA military operations, and the relationship between the two groups is clear. The INLA is widely regarded as more Marxist in orientation than the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). In the first few years following its creation, the INLA feuded with both wings (the OIRA and the PIRA) of the Irish Republican Army. Many militants were killed, including the IRSP's founder Seamus Costello, who was gunned down in 1977. Despite ideological and tactical differences, the INLA has collaborated with the PIRA. At one time, this cooperation reportedly involved regular weekly meetings. Occasional friction between the groups continues to occur, but their differences no longer erupt into the bloody killing seen in the mid-1970s. Although the INLA has engaged in bombings and shootings since 1975, it achieved widespread notoriety only after the March 1979 assassination of leading British Conservative Party member Airey Neave in Great Britain. This INLA action shocked British authorities. The attack was noteworthy because it represented an expansion of INLA activities outside of Ireland, and it used a sophisticated explosive device. In Northern Ireland, typical INLA operations include bombings and shootings, targeting British soldiers, members of Northern Ireland's security forces, Ulster government officials, and members of loyalist political parties and paramilitary groups. The INLA has used a wide variety of handguns, machineguns, and grenades and tends to use commercially available explosives in its bombings. Bank, payroll, and train robberies both in Ulster and the Republic of Ireland appear to be the primary sources of INLA funding. The group apparently does not have the access to the international funding enjoyed by the PIRA and may have begun to resort to extortion to meet operational expenses. There is evidence of INLA contacts with the West German Revolutionary Cells and the French Direct Action (AD). RZ and INLA militants reportedly have exchanged visits. British sources claim that the explosives to have been used in INLA's aborted 1985 plot to bomb the Chelsea Barracks in London were stolen by AD members in France in 1984. In accordance with its Marxist ideology, the INLA also has expressed solidarity with numerous national liberation and terrorist movements throughout the world. Numerous arrests of INLA terrorists and testimony by "supergrass" informers (INLA and PIRA militants who inform on their former comrades) have reduced INLA operational capabilities significantly and caused the group to limit its activities. Problems in permitting the use of "supergrass" testimony in court, however led to the release in 1987 of many captured INLA militants. Upon their release, a bloody feud erupted over whether to disband the organization, and many militants were killed. Despite this preoccupation with internal leadership conflicts, the INLA remains a brutal and unpredictable organization.Selected Incident Chronology March 1979 - Assassinated Airey Neave, British Conservative Party member and spokesman on Northern Ireland, with a car bomb. November 1979 - Bombed the British Consulate in Antwerp, Belgium. April 1981 - Attempted to assassinate Kenneth Shimeld, Permanent Secretary of the Northern Ireland Office, with a booby-trap bomb. December 1982 - Bombed a crowded nightclub frequented by British soldiers in Ballykelly; 17 people were killed, 12 of them soldiers, and 66 were wounded. November 1983 - Fired into the congregation of the Mountain Lodge Gospel Hall in Dardley. Three people were killed and seven were injured. March 1985 - Exploded a car bomb near the Belfast site of an England-Northern Ireland soccer match. Police were alerted ahead of time and no injuries resulted. September 1986 - Placed a 50-pound bomb outside the British Legion Hall in County Down; it was defused by British Army personnel. January 1987 - Attempted to assassinate David Calvert, a prominent Unionist politician in Northern Ireland. January-June 1987 - At least six persons were murdered and three injured in internal power struggles among factions of the INLA. August 1992 - Alledged to have slain Jimmy Brown, leader of the rival Irish People's Liberation Organization</text>
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<name>IRISH NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY </name>
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card_100240.xml
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<text>IRAULTZA10/28/92GP00034KEY WORDS: BASQUE ARMED REVOLUTIONARY WORKER'S ORGANIZATION; REVOLUTION; IRAULTZA-ASKE;IA; FREE REVOLUTION.DATE FORMED:1982-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ESTIMATED MEMBERSHIP:LESS THAN 2 DOZEN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------AREA OF OPERATION:BASQUE PROVINCES OF SPAIN: VIZCAYA; ALAVA; NAVARRA; GUIPUZCOA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE:* ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, MARXIST BASQUE NATION;* END FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION;* PROTEST U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, ESPECIALLY IN LATIN AMERICA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT IRAULTZA, AND ITS ORIGINS ARE OBSCURE. MARXISTAND STRONGLY ANTI-U.S., IRAULTZA SEEKS TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, MARXISTBASQUE NATION AND TO END FOREIGN, ESPECIALLY U.S., INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUEREGION. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP OPPOSES U.S. FOREIGN POLICY; PARTICULARLYTOWARD LATIN AMERICA, EXPRESSING SOLIDARITY WITH RADICAL LEFTISTS THERE.ALTHOUGH IRAULTZA IS BELIEVED TO BE QUITE A SMALL ORGANIZATION, IT HASCOMMITTED BOMBINGS AGAINST U.S. AND FRENCH ECONOMIC AND CORPORATE INTERESTSIN THE BASQUE REGION. THE GROUP HAS PROBABLY COMMITTED MORE BOMBINGS AGAINSTU.S. BUSINESS INTERESTS THAN ANY OTHER EUROPEAN TERRORIST GROUP. ANONYMOUSCALLERS CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR IRAULTZA BOMBINGS HAVE VOICED OPPOSITIONTO U.S. AID TO THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE, U.S. ACTIONS IN GRENADA ANDLEBANON, AND SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO.IRAULTZA MEMBERS TYPICALLY PLACE SMALL, UNSOPHISTICATED BOMBS ON THESIDEWALK OR IN THE STREET OUTSIDE THE INTENDED TARGET, OFTEN LATE AT NIGHT.ALTHOUGH AN ANONYMOUS CALLER THEN USUALLY WARNS THE POLICE OF THE BOMB'SPRESENCE, THERE HAS USUALLY NOT BEEN ENOUGH TIME FOR THE AUTHORITIES TOREACT BEFORE THE BOMB DETONATES. WHILE INTENDING TO CAUSE ONLY PROPERTYDAMAGE, IRAULTZA "MIDNIGHT" BOMBS HAVE INJURED AND KILLED SEVERAL PEOPLE.THERE IS LITTLE OR NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE GROUP'S LEADERSHIP,ORGANIZATION, OR SOURCES OF FUNDING. SINCE THE GROUP IS QUITE SMALL AND ITSBOMBS ARE SIMPLE, IRAULTZA LIKELY SURVIVES ON MONEY SUPPLIED BY SUPPORTERSAND POSSIBLY THROUGH SMALL-SCALE EXTORTION. ALTHOUGH CURRENTLY CONSIDERED AMINOR GROUP, IRAULTZA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME A MORE SERIOUS THREAT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYMAY, 1982:BOMBED THE STOCK MARKET AND A BANK IN BILBAO - NO INJURIES.FEBRUARY, 1983:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPTED BOMBING OF THE RANK XEROXOFFICES IN BILBAO. POLICE DISARMED THE BOMB.APRIL, 1983:BOMBED THE RANK XEROX OFFICE IN PAMPLONA - NO INJURIES.MAY, 1983:BOMBED THREE BANKS IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF GUIPUZCOA.MAY, 1983:BOMBED THE RANK XEROX OFFICE IN BILBAO - NO INJURIES.JUNE, 1983:BOMBED A GENERAL MOTORS AFFILIATED COMPANY IN SAN SEBASTIAN TOPROTEST U.S. INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION AND A VISIT BY THEPRIME MINISTER OF SPAIN TO THE UNITED STATES. THERE WERE NOINJURIES.NOVEMBER, 1983:BOMBED THE BILBAO OFFICES OF THE BANK OF AMERICA AND RANK XEROX INPROTEST OF U.S. ACTIONS IN GRENADA AND THE PRESENCE OF U.S.MARINES IN LEBANON. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.NOVEMBER, 1983:BOMBED A COCA COLA BOTTLING PLANT IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NOINJURIES.DECEMBER, 1983:BOMBED THE IBM OFFICE IN VITORIA, THE 3M OFFICE IN BILBAO, AND THENCR AND COCA COLA OFFICES IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NOINJURIES.DECEMBER, 1983:BOMBED THE HISPANOAMERICAN CULTURAL CENTER IN BILBAO. THERE WERENO INJURIES. THE CENTER IS NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE GOVERNMENT OFTHE UNITED STATES.JANUARY, 1984:BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.NOVEMBER, 1984:BOMBED THE IBM OFFICES IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.JANUARY, 1985:BOMBED A BILBAO MOVIE THEATRE THAT WAS SHOWING AN AMERICAN WARFILM. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.FEBRUARY, 1985:BOMBED THE FIRESTONE OFFICE IN BILBAO TO COMMEMORATE THE DEATH OF AGROUP MEMBER AND "IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF LATIN AMERICAAND ITS STRUGGLE AGAINST US IMPERIALISM." THERE WERE NO INJURIES.MAY, 1985:BOMBED THE HERTZ AND AVIS OFFICES IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NOINJURIES.NOVEMBER, 1985:BOMBED THE OFFICES OF HONEYWELL BULL IN SAN SEBASTIAN - NOINJURIES.JANUARY, 1986:BOMBED THE OFFICES OF RANK XEROX IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NOINJURIES.FEBRUARY, 1986:BOMBED THE VITORIA CITY BRANCH OF THE CITIBANK ON "BEHALF OF THEANTI-NATO MOVEMENT." THERE WERE NO INJURIES.JUNE, 1986:BOMBED THE OFFICES OF 3M IN BILBAO TO PROTEST U.S. AID TO THENICARAGUAN RESISTANCE. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.JUNE, 1986:BOMBED A BILBAO CONSTRUCTION SITE TO PROTEST THE BUILDING OF AWASTE TREATMENT PLANT, KILLING A WORKER WHEN THE BOMB, SET TODETONATE AT NIGHT, EXPLODED DURING WORKING HOURS.MARCH, 1987:BOMBED THE NCR OFFICES IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.MARCH, 1988:BOMBED A FORD SHOWROOM IN VITORIA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.JUNE, 1989:BOMBED A CITIBANK OFFICE IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.DECEMBER, 1989:BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN VITORIA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.JANUARY, 1990:BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.MAY, 1990:BOMBED TWO TRUCKS AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE OF THE NAVARRA-GUIPUZCOAHIGHWAY PROJECT. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.APRIL, 1991:THREE PERSONS WERE KILLED NEAR BILBAO WHEN THE BOMB THEY WERECARRYING EXPLODED PREMATURELY. THE THREE WERE MEMBERS OF IRAULTZA.OCTOBER, 1991:A BANK IN A BILBAO SUBURB WAS FIREBOMBED. POLICE ATTRIBUTED THEINCIDENT TO A GROUP CALLING ITSELF "IRAULTZA-ASKE" (IA) OR "FREE"IRAULTZA, WHICH IS A NEW FACTION OF IRAULTZA AND IS CONSIDERED BYPOLICE AS POTENTIALLY THE MOST VIOLENT FACTION OF THE GROUP-----------------------------------------------------------------------------INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEFENSE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCEDOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>IRAULTZA </name>
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card_100042.xml
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<text>HIZBALLAH10/28/92GP00032KEY WORDS: HEZBOLLAH; PARTY OF GOD; ISLAMIC JIHAD; IJO; ISLAMIC JIHAD ORGANIZATION;REVOLUTIONARY JUSTICE ORGANIZATION; RJO; ORGANIZATION OF THE OPPRESSED OF THEEARTH; ISLAMIC JIHAD FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DESCRIPTION:A RADICAL SHI'A GROUP FORMED IN LEBANON; DEDICATED TO THE CREATION OF ANIRANIAN STYLE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC IN LEBANON AND THE REMOVAL OF ALL NON-ISLAMICINFLUENCES FROM THE AREA. STRONGLY ANTI-WEST AND ANTI-ISRAEL. CLOSELYALLIED WITH, AND LARGELY DIRECTED BY, IRAN IN ITS ACTIVITIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN NUMEROUS ANTI-U.S. TERRORISTATTACKS, INCLUDING THE SUICIDE TRUCK BOMBING ON THE U.S. MARINE BARRACKS INBEIRUT IN OCTOBER, 1983 AND THE U.S. EMBASSY ANNEX IN SEPTEMBER, 1984.ELEMENTS OF THE GROUP ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KIDNAPPING OF MOST, IF NOT ALL,U.S. AND OTHER WESTERN HOSTAGES IN LEBANON.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:SEVERAL THOUSAND.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION:OPERATES IN THE BEKAA VALLEY, THE SOUTHERN SUBURBS OF BEIRUT, AND INSOUTHERN LEBANON. HIZBALLAH HAS ESTABLISHED CELLS IN WESTERN EUROPE, AFRICA,AND ELSEWHERE. THE GROUP HAS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR ATTACKS AS FARAFIELD AS ARGENTINA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:RECEIVES SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF TRAINING, FINANCIAL AID, WEAPONS,EXPLOSIVES, AS WELL AS POLITICAL, DIPLOMATIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASSISTANCEFROM THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DATE FORMED:1983-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* ESTABLISH A REVOLUTIONARY SHI'A STATE IN LEBANON, MODELLED AFTER IRAN* ELIMINATE NON-ISLAMIC INFLUENCES AND FORCE WESTERN INTERESTS OUT OFTHE REGION;* BECOME INSTITUTIONALIZED AS LEBANON'S PRINCIPAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE HIZBALLAH IS A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MILITARY ORGANIZATION THATGIVES FOCUS AND GENERAL IDENTITY IN LEBANON TO THE ISLAMIC MILITANCY OF THEIRANIAN REVOLUTION. THE HIZBALLAH ESPOUSES AN INTENSE HATRED OF ANYINFLUENCE THAT DOES NOT SUPPORT ITS VIEWS OF SHI'A IDEOLOGY. AN ELEMENTWITHIN THE GROUP ACTIVELY EMPLOYS TERRORISM AS A TACTIC TO SUPPORT THE GOALS,BOTH POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS, OF HIZBALLAH.THE HIZBALLAH MOVEMENT WAS BORN AS A RESULT OF THE MERGER OF SHEIKHHUSAYN MUSAWI'S ISLAMIC AMAL AND THE LEBANESE BRANCH OF THE DA'WA PARTY IN1982-83. IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT SHEIKH MUSAWI WAS KILLED IN EARLY 1992 INSOUTHERN LEBANON IN AN ISRAELI ATTACK ON HIS MOTORCADE.THREE AREA COUNCILS - BEIRUT, THE BEKAA VALLEY, AND SOUTHERN LEBANON -OVERSEE HIZBALLAH ACTIVITIES IN THEIR RESPECTIVE REGIONS. A SERIES OFFUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES PLAY ROLES IN POLICY RECOMMENDATION AND EXECUTION. ACONSULTATIVE COUNCIL ("SHURA") FUNCTIONS AS THE PRINCIPAL GOVERNING BODY ONDAY-TO-DAY MATTERS BUT ACTUALLY EXISTS TO ADVISE IRAN ON THE UNIQUESITUATION OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN LEBANON.HIZBALLAH ELEMENTS RECEIVE TRAINING IN THE BEKAA VALLEY OF EASTERNLEBANON. THROUGH THIS CONNECTION, IRANIAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARDSMEN PROVIDEPOLITICAL INDOCTRINATION, FINANCING, AND MATERIAL SUPPORT. THE HIZBALLAHAND THE REVOLUTIONARY GUARDS WORK IN CLOSE CONCERT ON TERRORIST OPERATIONS.THE HIZBALLAH ITSELF SELDOM CLAIMS RESPONSIBILITY FOR SPECIFIC ACTS, BUTDOES SO UNDER A VARIETY OF ALIASES. (SEE ALIASES FOR LIST OF HIZBALLAHNAMES).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYAPRIL,1983:COMMITTED SUICIDE CAR BOMB ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BEIRUT,KILLING FORTY NINE AND WOUNDING 120. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.OCTOBER, 1983:SUICIDE DRIVERS DROVE TWO TRUCKS CARRYING HIGH EXPLOSIVES INTO THEU.S. MARINE AND FRENCH MILITARY BARRACKS IN BEIRUT, KILLING 241U.S. AND 56 FRENCH. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.NOVEMBER, 1983:A HIZBALLAH OPERATIVE DROVE A CAR BOMB INTO THE ISRAELIHEADQUARTERS IN TYRE, CAUSING NUMEROUS CASUALTIES.DECEMBER, 1983:STAGED A SERIES OF CAR BOMB ATTACKS AGAINST THE U.S. AND FRENCHEMBASSIES IN KUWAIT.JANUARY, 1984:MURDERED AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT PRESIDENT MALCOLM KERR, AU.S. CITIZEN. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JANUARY, 1984:KIDNAPPED A SAUDI DIPLOMAT; RELEASED MAY, 1985.FEBRUARY, 1984:BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF FORMER IRANIANGENERAL GHOLAM REZA OVEISI (MARTIAL LAW ADMINISTRATOR FOR TEHRANUNDER THE SHAH) AND HIS BROTHER IN PARIS.FEBRUARY, 1984:KIDNAPPED U.S. PROFESSOR FRANK REIGER; RESCUED APRIL 1984.MARCH, 1984:KIDNAPPED U.S. JOURNALIST JEREMY LEVIN; ESCAPED FEBRUARY 1985.MARCH, 1984:KIDNAPPED WILLIAM BUCKLEY, U.S. DIPLOMAT STATIONED IN BEIRUT. HEWAS REPORTED KILLED IN 1985. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.BUCKLEY'S REMAINS WERE RETURNED TO THE U.S. EMBASSY IN 12/91.MAY, 1984:KIDNAPPED REVEREND BENJAMIN WEIR, A U.S. CITIZEN; RELEASED INSEPTEMBER, 1985.SEPTEMBER, 1984:COMMITTED SUICIDE TRUCK BOMBING OF THE U.S. EMBASSY ANNEX IN EASTBEIRUT. TWENTY THREE PERSONS, INCLUDING TWO AMERICANS, WEREKILLED. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.DECEMBER, 1984:HIJACKED KUWAIT AIR FLIGHT #221 TO TEHRAN. MURDERED TWO OFFICIALSOF THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.JANUARY, 1985:KIDNAPPED FATHER LAWRENCE JENCO, U.S. CITIZEN; RELEASED IN JULY1986. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.MARCH, 1985:KIDNAPPED GEOFFREY NASH, UK CITIZEN; RELEASED SHORTLY THEREAFTER.MARCH, 1985:KIDNAPPED BRIAN LEVICK, UK CITIZEN, RELEASED SHORTLY THEREAFTER.MARCH, 1985:KIDNAPPED AP JOURNALIST TERRY ANDERSON, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED INDECEMBER, 1991.MAY, 1985:KIDNAPPED TWO FRENCH CITIZENS; ONE WAS KILLED IN MARCH, 1986 ANDTHE OTHER WAS SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED.MAY, 1985:KIDNAPPED DAVID JACOBSON, U.S. CITIZEN, OFFICIAL AT AMERICANUNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT; RELEASED NOVEMBER, 1986. ISLAMIC JIHADCLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.MAY, 1985:MURDER OF DENNIS HILL, U.K. CITIZEN. HIZBALLAH SUSPECTED.JUNE, 1985:KIDNAPPED THOMAS SUTHERLAND, U.S. CITIZEN, OFFICIAL AT AMERICANUNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT. RELEASED IN NOVEMBER, 1991. ISLAMIC JIHADCLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JUNE, 1985:HIJACKED TWA FLIGHT #847 EN ROUTE TO ATHENS. U.S. NAVY DIVERROBERT STETHEM MURDERED. HIZBALLAH AND AMAL HELD 39 U.S.CITIZENS HOSTAGE FOR 17 DAYS IN BEIRUT BEFORE THEY WERE RELEASED.JULY, 1985:ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS OF AN AIRLINEOFFICE AND A SYNAGOGUE IN COPENHAGEN. ONE PERSON WAS KILLED ANDTWENTY SIX WERE INJURED.DECEMBER, 1985:IMPLICATED IN A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN PARIS.MARCH, 1986:KIDNAPPED FOUR FRENCH TELEVISION NEWS TEAM MEMBERS. THEY WERERELEASED BETWEEN JUNE, 1986 AND NOVEMBER, 1987.SEPTEMBER, 1986:KIDNAPPED FRANK REED, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED APRIL, 1990.SEPTEMBER, 1986:KIDNAPPED U.S. CITIZEN JOSEPH CICIPPIO. RELEASED DECEMBER, 1991.SEPTEMBER, 1986:HIZBALLAH SUSPECTED IN THE MURDER OF COLONEL CHRISTIAN GOUTIERRE,FRENCH MILITARY ATTACHE IN BEIRUT.SEPTEMBER, 1986:SUSPECTED IN A SERIES OF PARIS BOMBINGS.OCTOBER, 1986:KIDNAPPED EDWARD AUSTIN TRACY, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED AUGUST 1991.REVOLUTIONARY JUSTICE ORGANIZATION CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JANUARY, 1987:KIDNAPPED ANGLICAN CHURCH ENVOY TERRY WAITE. RELEASED NOVEMBER1991.JANUARY, 1987:KIDNAPPED BEIRUT UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS JESSE TURNER, ALAN STEEN,ROBERT POLHILL - U.S. CITIZENS - AND M. SINGH. SINGH WASRELEASED IN OCTOBER, 1988. TURNER WAS RELEASED IN OCTOBER 1991,STEEN WAS RELEASED IN DECEMBER 1991, AND POLHILL WAS RELEASED INAPRIL 1990. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OPPRESSED OF THE EARTH CLAIMEDRESPONSIBILITY.JULY, 1987:A SUSPECTED HIZBALLAH MEMBER HIJACKED AN AIR AFRIQUE FLIGHT BETWEENROME AND PARIS. THE SUSPECT HAD BOARDED THE FLIGHT IN BRAZZAVILLE.ONE FRENCH CITIZEN WAS MURDERED BEFORE THE HIJACKER WAS OVER-POWERED BY A MEMBER OF THE CABIN CREW.FEBRUARY, 1988:KIDNAPPED UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER AND U.S. MARINE LT.COLONEL RICHARD HIGGINS. LTC HIGGINS WAS SUBSEQUENTLY MURDERED(DATE UNKNOWN). HIS REMAINS WERE HANDED OVER TO THE AMERICANEMBASSY IN BEIRUT IN DECEMBER 1991.APRIL, 1988:HIJACKED KUWAITI AIRWAYS FLIGHT #422 ENROUTE FROM BANGKOK TOKUWAIT. PLANE INITIALLY DIVERTED TO MASHAD, IRAN, THEN TO CYPRUS,AND FINALLY TO ALGIERS. TWO HOSTAGES WERE MURDERED DURING THEINCIDENT. THE HIJACKERS ESCAPED IN ALGIERS.OCTOBER, 1990:ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CAR BOMBING IN ANKARA,TURKEY, WHICH SERIOUSLY WOUNDED A SAUDI DIPLOMAT.NOVEMBER, 1990:ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER IN BEIRUT OFA SAUDI DIPLOMAT.MARCH, 1991:ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CAR BOMBING IN ANKARA,IN WHICH AN IRAQI DIPLOMAT WAS INJURED.MARCH, 1992:ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THEISRAELI EMBASSY IN BUENOS AIRES, IN WHICH 29 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND252 INJURED.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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card_99688.xml
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<text>HAWARI GROUP10/28/92GP00036KEY WORDS: FATAH SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP; MARTYRS OF TAL AL ZA'ATAR; AMN ARAISSIDESCRIPTION:PART OF ARAFAT'S FATAH APPARATUS, THE GROUP IS NAMED AFTER ITS LEADER,COMMONLY KNOWN AS COLONEL HAWARI, WHO DIED IN AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH IN MAY,1991, WHILE TRAVELING FROM BAGHDAD TO JORDAN. THE GROUP HAS TIESHISTORICALLY TO IRAQ. MEMBERSHIP INCLUDES FORMER MEMBERS OF THE RADICALPALESTINIAN 15 MAY ORGANIZATION.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:CARRIED OUT SEVERAL ATTACKS IN 1985 AND 1986, MAINLY IN EUROPE ANDUSUALLY AGAINST SYRIAN TARGETS. THE HAWARI GROUP HAS ALSO TARGETEDAMERICANS, MOST NOTABLY IN THE APRIL 1986 BOMBING OF TWA FLIGHT #840 OVERGREECE IN WHICH FOUR AMERICANS WERE KILLED. THE FUTURE OF THE GROUP ISUNCERTAIN FOLLOWING HAWARI'S DEATH.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:THE PLO IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF SUPPORT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTATION.</text>
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<name>HAWARI GROUP </name>
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card_99337.xml
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<name>GUATEMALAN NATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY UNITY </name>
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<text> Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) Date Formed: 1982. Estimated Membership: An estimated 1,500 guerrillas from various groups. The URNG is a loose coalition of three of the major insurgent groups in Guatemala that have used terrorist tactics - the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORA), the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), and the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR). Headquarters: Delegations in Mexico City, Havana, and Managua. Area of Operations: Rural Guatemala, with the OPR in the southwest, the EGP mainly in the northwest highlands, and the FAR in the extreme north in Peten Department. Leadership: Leaders of each group are believed to form the joint leadership of the URNG, including Rodrigo Asturias Amado ("Gaspar Ilom") of the ORPA, Jorge Soto Garcia ("Pablo Monsanto") of the FAR, and Ricardo Ramirez de Leon ("Rolando Moran") of the EGP. Other Names: Political arm is known as the Guatemalan Committee for Patriotic Unity (CGUP). Sometimes claims operations in the name of any of its individual component groups. Sponsors: Cuba.Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Unit the guerrillas and revolutionary front organizations into a broad coalition to achieve the unity necessary to launch a "people's revolutionary war." * Defeat the "power of national and foreign wealth and install a patriotic, revolutionary, and democratic people's government."Background In 1980, the three groups of the URNG signed a unity agreement that was a precondition for increased Cuban support. The URNG was formalized in Havana in February 1982. As a result, the Government of Guatemala launched a large counteroffensive in an attempt to eliminate the guerrillas' popular support base. By the end of that year, the guerrillas were on the defensive and decreased activity for the next two years. In February 1985, they announced "a new stage of military struggle" but showed no evidence of being able to expand their operations. Cooperation and coordination among the groups is incomplete and irregular. Nonetheless, the URNG stresses joint political-military operations and coordination among its member groups on matters pertaining to territorial responsibilities, tactics, strategy, and external support. Cooperation between groups seems to work best in rural areas, mainly among the ORPA and the FAR. Cuba has assisted the URNG by supplying various groups with Western-made weapons such as assault rifles, recoilless rifles, machineguns, grenade launchers, and mortars, as well as Chinese-made Type-56 RPG-2 rocket launchers. In the 1960s, Cuba provided a great deal of aid, including weapons, training, logistic, political, and propaganda support to the FAR, the first of the Guatemalan groups to be formed. Recent Cuban support is suspected to be limited to minor financial aid for black market arms purchases. Nicaragua is believed to provide some aid. URNG groups also have ties with various Latin American terrorist organizations and solidarity movements in Latin America, Canada, the United States, and Europe. All three member groups of the URNG are anti-U.S. and have taken part in operations such as assassinations of civilians and economic sabotage, though most of their activities have been directed at the Army. The FAR is the oldest and most established of the organizations and seems to recover rapidly from serious losses, though it has not been as severely threatened as have the ORPA and the EGP. When guerrilla activity is too difficult to undertake, the FAR seems the most willing to resort to terrorist operations to remind the country that it still exists. A separate list of the FAR's activities is provided below.Selected Incident Chronology December 1983 - Hurled a fragmentation grenade at the Salvadoran Embassy in Guatemala City, causing material damage only. January 1984 - Attacked the official residence of junta leader General Oscar Mejia Victores with machineguns and grenade launchers. January 1985 - Occupied four towns in El Peten Department during a 3-day period and destroyed a Government vehicle transporting road construction materials. October 1985 - Blew up a light aircraft when it tried to land on a mined airstrip of the Panama Farm in Suchitepquez Department, killing the Norwegian Consul in Guatemala.FAR Attacks January 1968 - Machine-gunned and killed the head of the U.S. Military Mission and the U.S. Naval Attache in Guatemala City. Two other members of the U.S. Military Mission were wounded in the attack. August 1968 - Assassinated U.S. Ambassador John Gordon Mein on a Guatemala City street after he resisted an apparent kidnaping attempt. March 1979 - Assassinated an industrialist/landowner in Guatemala City who was the manager of two Us-owned enterprises in Huehuetenango. February 1985 - Occupied seven villages and terrorized a U.S. oil company camp in El Peten Department. July 1985 - Occupied the camp of a foreign oil company, two towns, and two highway sections. Clashed with Army troops in northern El Peten. February 1986 - Occupied the Hispanoil oil-drilling camp in El Peten and carried out sabotage actions. March 1986 - Occupied the Chinaja oil well in Alta Verapaz Department and carried out sabotage actions. May 1986 - Occupied several towns, sabotaged a pipeline, and attacked an Army company in El Peten. March 1991 - Admitted firing on the helicopter carrying Guatemala's new president, Jorge Serrano Elias, but claimed they thought the helicopter was carrying out rocket attacks against guerrilla columns.</text>
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<name>GUATEMALAN NATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY UNITY </name>
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card_99270.xml
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<text>GRAPO10/28/92GP00033KEY WORDS: OCTOBER 1ST ANTIFASCIST RESISTANCE GROUP; FIRST OF OCTOBER ANTIFASCISTRESISTANCE GROUP; GRUPO DE RESISTENCIA ANTIFASCISTA, PRIMERO DE OCTUBRE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DESCRIPTION:A SMALL, MAOIST URBAN TERRORIST GROUP THAT RECRUITED MEMBERS FROM THESPANISH COMMUNIST PARTY - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R). SEEKS TO REMOVE U.S.MILITARY FORCES FROM SPAIN AND TO ESTABLISH A REVOLUTIONARY REGIME.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:CARRIED OUT SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS ON U.S. AND NATO FACILITIES IN THEEARLY 1980S. SINCE THEN, SOME OF THE MEMBERS ARRESTED IN 1985 HAVE BEENRELEASED FROM PRISON AND HAVE RETURNED TO ACTION, INCLUDING KILLING ASPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN 1988. DURING 1990, GRAPO CARRIED OUT BOMBINGS INMADRID, BARCELONA, AND TARRAGONA. IN MARCH, 1990 GRAPO MURDERED A PHYSICIANINVOLVED IN FORCE-FEEDING GRAPO PRISONERS WHO WERE WAGING A HUNGER STRIKE. INMARCH, 1992, FERNANDO SILVA, ONE OF THE LEADERS OF GRAPO, ESCAPED FROM HISSPANISH PRISON CELL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:PROBABLY FEWER THAN A DOZEN ACTIVE OPERATIVES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:REPORTED TO HAVE HAD TIES TO ACTION DIRECTE IN FRANCE AND TO THE REDBRIGADES IN ITALY. GRAPO MAY ALSO HAVE TIES TO THE RED ARMY FACTION INGERMANY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DATE FORMED:1975-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* VIOLENTLY OVERTHROW THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT AND ESTABLISH A MAOISTSTATE;* OPPOSE SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO AND U.S. PRESENCE IN SPAIN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:GRAPO WAS ESTABLISHED AS THE "MILITARY" ARM OF THE OUTLAWED COMMUNISTPARTY OF SPAIN - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R), WHICH IS A SPLINTER GROUP OF THEOFFICIAL AND RECOGNIZED COMMUNIST PARTY OF SPAIN (PCE). AN URBAN-ORIENTEDGROUP, GRAPO HAS COMMITTED ASSASSINATIONS, BOMBINGS, AND KIDNAPPINGS AGAINSTSPANISH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES. ON OCCASION IT ALSO HAS ATTACKED U.S.INTERESTS. THE GROUP APPEARS TO HAVE PREFERRED AMBUSHES USING AUTOMATICWEAPONS.LIKE THE ETA, THE OTHER MAJOR SPANISH TERRORIST GROUP, GRAPO HASFINANCED ITS OPERATIONS THROUGH KIDNAPS FOR RANSOM, BANK ROBBERIES, ANDEXTORTING "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES" FROM INDIVIDUALS AND BUSINESSES. THESESOURCES OF FUNDS HAVE PROVEN ADEQUATE FOR FINANCING GRAPO'S RANGE OFOPERATIONS AND FOR PROCURING WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES.DIRECT TIES BETWEEN GRAPO AND FOREIGN TERRORIST GROUPS OR STATESPONSORS HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED. GRAPO, HOWEVER, HAS MADEPUBLIC STATEMENTS IN SUPPORT OF A NUMBER OF OTHER TERRORIST GROUPS, INCLUDINGTHE RED BRIGADES AND THE RED ARMY FACTION.GRAPO'S STRUCTURE HAS BEEN BASED ON A CELLULAR CONCEPT FOR MAXIMUMINTERNAL SECURITY. THESE CELLS ARE PROBABLY QUITE SMALL IN VIEW OF THEGROUP'S LIMITED NUMBERS. GRAPO MEMBERS ARE EITHER "LEGAL COMMANDOS" OR"LIBERATED COMMANDOS." THE LEGAL COMMANDOS, UNKNOWN TO POLICE, LEADAPPARENTLY NORMAL LIVES AND PERIODICALLY CARRY OUT TERRORIST ACTIONS.THE LIBERATED COMMANDOS ARE FULL-TIME MEMBERS WHO ARE KNOWN TO THEAUTHORITIES AND WHO LIVE UNDERGROUND. SUCCESSFUL SPANISH POLICE OPERATIONSIN RECENT YEARS HAVE LED TO THE ARREST OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT GRAPOMEMBERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJANUARY, 1977:KIDNAPPED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME MILITARY TRIBUNAL AND THEFORMER ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF. HE WAS RESCUED IN A POLICE RAID THEFOLLOWING MONTH.MAY, 1977:BOMBED THE U.S. CULTURAL CENTER IN MADRID ON THE DAY THAT VICEPRESIDENT WALTER MONDALE ARRIVED FOR AN OFFICIAL VISIT.MARCH, 1978:ASSASSINATED THE DIRECTOR OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN MADRID.MARCH, 1979:ASSASSINATED A SEMI-RETIRED SPANISH BRIGADIER GENERAL IN MADRID ANDCLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS IN PROTEST TO SPAIN'S PENDING ENTRY INTONATO.MAY, 1979:KILLED 8 AND WOUNDED 40 IN A BOMBING AT A MADRID CAFE FREQUENTEDBY RIGHTISTS.SEPTEMBER, 1980:KILLED A GENERAL AND WOUNDED HIS AIDE AND DRIVER IN AMACHINEGUN ATTACK IN BARCELONA.APRIL, 1982:AMBUSHED TWO POLICE OFFICERS IN BARCELONA, KILLING ONE ANDWOUNDING THE OTHERAUGUST, 1982:BOMBED THE BANK OF AMERICA IN MADRID AND THE SEARS BUILDING INBARCELONA.MAY, 1983:SHOT AND KILLED A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN A SCHOOLBUS IN LA CORUNA,NORTHERN SPAIN.JANUARY, 1984:SHOT AND KILLED TWO POLICEMEN IN MADRID.APRIL, 1984:KIDNAPPED A BANK OFFICIAL AND RELEASED HIM AFTER A LARGE RANSOM WASREPORTEDLY PAID.JULY, 1984:ROBBED THE FRENCH BANK CREDIT LYONNAIS IN BARCELONA OF 300,000PESETAS. THE ROBBERS DETONATED A BOMB THATCOMPLETELY DESTROYED THE BANK AND INJURED ONE PERSON.JULY-AUGUST, 1984:DETONATED A SERIES OF 15 BOMBS IN SEVERAL CITIES, CAUSINGEXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE TO A FRENCH BANK, A FRENCH CONSULATE, ANDTHE GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY, AMONG OTHERS. NO INJURIES WERESUSTAINED.SEPTEMBER, 1984:MURDERED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SEVILLE ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESSMEN.SEPTEMBER, 1984:IN MADRID, MURDERED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A LARGE REAL ESTATECOMPANY.SEPTEMBER, 1984:KIDNAPPED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A COMPANY, WHO WAS FORCED TOWRITE A BANK DRAFT FOR ABOUT $30,000. A COMPANY EMPLOYEE WAS THENKIDNAPPED AND FORCED TO CASH THE DRAFT. THE VICTIMS WERE THENRELEASED AND THE TERRORISTS ESCAPED.JULY, 1987:SHOT AND SEVERELY INJURED A POLICE OFFICER WHO WAS STANDING WATCHIN FRONT OF A POLICE STATION.MARCH, 1989:TWO CIVIL GUARDS MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH IN THE COURSE OF ABANK ROBBERY BY GRAPO MEMBERS.DECEMBER, 1989:TWO CIVIL GUARD MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH WHILE THEY WERE ONGUARD AT A GOVERNMENT BUILDING IN GIJON.MARCH, 1990:GRAPO TERRORISTS SHOT AND KILLED A PHYSICIAN WHO WAS INVOLVED INTHE FORCED FEEDING OF AN IMPRISONED GRAPO TERRORIST WHO WASENGAGED IN A HUNGER STRIKE.SEPTEMBER, 1990:THREE BUILDINGS IN MADRID WERE BOMBED: THE STOCK EXCHANGE, INWHICH SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED; THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY ANDFINANCE; AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT BUILDING.NOVEMBER, 1990:GRAPO BOMBED TWO GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN BARCELONA AS POLICE ANDSECURITY OFFICIALS BEGAN A TWO DAY MEETING TO DISCUSS SECURITY FORTHE BARCELONA OLYMPICS.DECEMBER, 1990:A GRAPO CAR BOMB KILLED SIX POLICE OFFICERS, AND WOUNDED TWOOFFICERS AND EIGHT CIVILIANS IN THE CITY OF SABADELL, 18 MILESNORTH OF BARCELONA.NOVEMBER, 1991:SPANISH SECURITY OFFICIALS ANNOUNCED THAT TWO GRAPO MEMBERS WHOWERE ARRESTED IN MADRID HAD PLANNED TO CARRY OUT A BOMB ATTACK ATTHE SITE OF EXPO 92 IN SEVILLE.FEBRUARY, 1992:GRAPO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GAS PIPELINE WHICH RUNSBETWEEN ZARAGOZA AND ROTA. A PORTION OF THE ZARAGOZA-VALENCIAHIGHWAY WAS FORCED TO CLOSE FOR SEVERAL HOURS, AND APPROXIMATELY50,000 HOMES WERE TEMPORARILY WITHOUT GAS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>GRAPO </name>
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card_99028.xml
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<text>FORCE 1710/28/92GP00031KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION:FORMED IN THE EARLY 1970S AS A PERSONAL SECURITY FORCE FOR ARAFAT ANDOTHER PLO LEADERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:ACCORDING TO PRESS SOURCES, IN 1985 FORCE 17 EXPANDED THE SCOPE OF ITSOPERATIONS TO INCLUDE TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS. THERE HASBEEN NO CONFIRMED TERRORIST ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIEDTERRITORIES SINCE SEPTEMBER, 1985, WHEN FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FORMURDERING THREE ISRAELIS AT LARNACA, CYPRUS, AN INCIDENT THAT WAS FOLLOWED BYISRAELI AIR RAIDS ON PLO BASES IN TUNISIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:UNKNOWN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:THE PLO IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF SUPPORT FOR FORCE 17.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION:BASED IN BEIRUT PRIOR TO 1982. SINCE THEN, DISPERSED IN SEVERAL ARABCOUNTRIES. PRESENTLY OPERATING IN LEBANON, OTHER MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES,AND EUROPE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTE: THE SELECTED INCIDENTS CLAIMED BY OR ATTRIBUTED TO FORCE 17 HAVE BEENINCLUDED UNDER THE SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY IN THE AL-FATAH PROFILE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ABOVE INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>FORCE 17 </name>
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card_98616.xml
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<text>DEVRIMCI SOL10/28/92GP00030KEY WORDS: DEV SOL; DEV-SOL; REVOLUTIONARY LEFTDESCRIPTION:FORMED IN 1978 AS A SPLINTER FACTION OF THE TURKISH PEOPLE'SLIBERATION PARTY/FRONT. ESPOUSES A MARXIST IDEOLOGY,INTENSELY XENOPHOBIC,VIRULENTLY ANTI-U.S. AND ANTI-NATO. DEV SOL SEEKS TO UNIFY THE PROLETARIATTO STAGE A NATIONAL REVOLUTION. THE GROUP FINANCES ITS ACTIVITIES LARGELYTHROUGH ARMED ROBBERIES AND EXTORTION.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:CONDUCTED ATTACKS AGAINST U.S., TURKISH, AND NATO TARGETS UNTIL ITWAS WEAKENED BY MASSIVE ARRESTS DURING 1981-83. METHODDS OF ATTACK INCLUDEHANDGUN ASSASSINATIONS AND BOMBINGS. SINCE ITS REEMRGENCE DURING THE LATE1980S, IT HAS CONCENTRATED ITS ATTACKS AGAINST CURRENT AND RETIRED TURKISHSECURITY AND MILITARY OFFICIALS; RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MURDERS OF FOUR ACTIVEAND RETIRED GENERALS AND NEARLY 30 POLICE OFFICERS IN 1991, CLAIMINGRESPONSIBILITY FOR ASSASSINATING TWO AMERICAN CONTRACTORS AND ONE BRITISHBUSINESSMAN; ATTEMPTED TO MURDER A U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICER; AND CONDUCTED OVER30 BOMBINGS AGAINST WESTERN DIPLOMATIC, CULTURAL, AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:SEVERAL HUNDRED HARDCORE RADICALS, SEVERAL DOZEN ARMED MILITANTS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:POSSIBLE TRAINING AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT FROM PALESTINIAN RADICALS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED RECENT INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYNOVEMBER, 1988:SIX BANKS IN ISTANBUL WERE TARGETS OF MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AND/ORSUSPECTED ARSON ATTACKS DURING ONE EVENING. THERE WERE NOINJURIES REPORTED.JUNE, 1990:A FORMER MILITARY OFFICER WAS SHOT TO DEATH IN HIS ISTANBUL OFFICE.NOVEMBER, 1990:A PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASSIGNED TO A PRISON IN ISTANBUL, WAS SHOT DEADWHILE HIS CAR WAS STOPPED IN TRAFFIC.JANUARY, 1991:A BOMB WAS THROWN AT A U.S. MILITARY FACILITY IN DOWNTOWN ISTANBUL.JANUARY, 1991:TWO PRIVATE AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS - A PUBLISHING COMPANY AND AMARITIME ORGANIZATION WERE BOMBED. ONE EMPLOYEE OF THE MARITIMEORGANIZATION WAS WOUNDED.JANUARY, 1991:THE U.S. CONSULATE AND THE TURKISH-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION WEREBOMBED ON THE SAME DAY.JANUARY, 1991:A RETIRED TURKISH ARMY GENERAL, WHO WAS A SENIOR SECURITY ADVISORTO THE PRIME MINISTER, WAS SHOT DEAD NEAR HIS HOME IN ANKARA.FEBRUARY, 1991:AN AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF AN AMERICAN FIRM WAS ASSASSINATED IN FRONTOF HIS APARTMENT IN ADANA.FEBRUARY, 1991:A U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICER WAS SHOT AND WOUNDED IN AN ASSASSINATIONATTEMPT AS HE ENTERED HIS APARTMENT IN IZMIR.MARCH, 1991:THE AMERICAN OFFICE MANAGER OF A U.S. FIRM WAS ASSASSINATED IN HISISTANBUL OFFICE BY THREE MEN POSING AS POLICE OFFICERS.APRIL, 1991:A RETIRED TURKISH ARMY GENERAL WAS ASSASSINATED IN HIS ISTANBULHOME. THREE MEN, ONE DISGUISED AS AN ARMY LIEUTENANT, ENTERED THEVICTIM'S HOME, TIED UP THE VICTIM AND HIS WIFE, AND THEN SHOT THEGENERAL.APRIL, 1991:A MANIFESTO, REPORTEDLY ISSUED BY DEV SOL, STATED THAT DEV SOLWOULD "ACT AGAINST" TURKS WORKING FOR U.S. FIRMS AS IF THEY WEREAMERICANS. THE DOCUMENT WARNED THAT ANYONE ACCEPTING EMPLOYMENTWITH A U.S. FIRM RISKED BEING KILLED.APRIL, 1991:A POLICE STATION IN IZMIR WAS BOMBED.JUNE, 1991:ONE PERSON WAS KILLED AND FOUR WERE WOUNDED IN A SERIES OFBOMBINGS IN ISTANBUL, ALL OF WHICH OCCURRED ON THE SAME DAY (6/13)AT APPROXIMATELY THE SAME TIME.JULY, 1991:FIVE TURKISH BANKS WERE BOMBED IN ISTANBUL ON THE NIGHT OF 7/18-19.THE BOMBINGS WERE SAID TO BE A PROTEST TO THE VISIT TO TURKEY OFU.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH.JULY, 1991:THREE TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED IN ISTANBUL INTWO SEPARATE ATTACKS. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS KILLED AS HE LEFT HISHOME FOR WORK. THE OTHER TWO VICTIMS WERE SHOT DEAD AS THEY SAT INTHEIR UNMARKED POLICE CAR.AUGUST, 1991:A BRITISH NATIONAL WAS MURDERED IN ISTANBUL. THE VICTIM WASEMPLOYED BY A BRITISH-OWNED INSURANCE FIRM WHOSE ISTANBUL OFFICESHAD BEEN BOMBED BY DEV SOL IN JANUARY, 1991.OCTOBER, 1991:IN TWO INCIDENTS OCCURRING ONLY HOURS APART FIVE POLICE OFFICERSWERE KILLED AND TWO WERE WOUNDED IN SHOOTING ATTACKS IN ISTANBUL.DECEMBER, 1991:THE DEPUTY POLICE CHIEF OF ISTANBUL AND HIS DRIVER WERE SHOT DEADIN AN ATTACK ON THEIR VEHICLE IN ISTANBUL.FEBRUARY, 1992:FIVE GUNMEN AMBUSHED AND MURDERED THREE TURKISH POLICE OFFICERSIN ISTANBUL'S RUSH HOUR TRAFFIC.MARCH, 1992:A SUSPECTED DEV SOL OPERATIVE WAS KILLED WHEN A BOMB HE WASCARRYING DETONATED PREMATURELY. POLICE SPECULATED THAT HE WASABOUT TO PLACE THE BOMB IN A MOSQUE IN THE NORTHERN TURKISH CITYOF ZONGULDAK WHEN THE DEVICE EXPLODED.MARCH, 1992:DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN ISTANBUL.THE BUS WAS CARRYING TURKISH GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. TWO PEOPLE WEREKILLED AND AT LEAST FIVE WERE INJURED.APRIL, 1992:A DEV SOL TEAM ATTACKED A POLICE BUS IN IZMIR, KILLING TWO ANDWOUNDING NINE PERSONS.APRIL, 1992:DEV SOL ISSUED A BULLETIN STATING THEIR MAIN TARGETS AS:"...LOCAL AND FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES WHO SERVE THE IMPERIALISTSAND THEIR POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND MILITARY BASES...PROMINENTBUSINESSMEN AND COMPANIES...OFFICERS AND NCOS OF THE TURKISHMILITARY...THE TURKISH INTELLIGENCE SERVICE; TURKISH NATIONALPOLICE...." ETC.APRIL, 1992:A ROCKET PROPELLED GRENADE (RPG) WAS FIRED AT A REAR WALL OF THECOMPOUND HOUSING THE AMERICAN CONSULATE IN ISTANBUL. THERE WERE NOINJURIES. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.APRIL, 1992:TWO POLICE OFFICERS WERE SHOT DEAD IN ISTANBUL AS THEY WAITED ON ASTREET CORNER FOR A RIDE. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.APRIL, 1992:A POLICE OFFICER AND A CONSTRUCTION WORKER WERE SHOT DEAD AT A BUSSTOP IN ISTANBUL. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLICMEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>DEVRIMCI SOL </name>
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card_98328.xml
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<name>DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE </name>
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<text>DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE10/28/92GP00029KEY WORDS: DFLP; POPULAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE; PDFLPDESCRIPTION:THE DFLP IS A MARXIST GROUP THAT SPLIT FROM THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THELIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP) IN 1969. THE GROUP IS CURRENTLY LED BY NAYIFHAWATMEH. BELIEVES PALESTINIAN GOALS CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVED THROUGH A POPULARREVOLUTION. IN THE EARLY 1980'S, THE GROUP OCCUPIED A POLITICAL STANCEMIDWAY BETWEEN YASSIR ARAFAT AND THE MORE RADICAL REJECTIONIST GROUPS.ALTHOUGH A MEMBER OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION, THE DFLP DIFFERSWITH KEY ELEMENTS OF ARAFAT'S POLICIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:IN THE 1970'S THE DFLP CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS SMALL SCALE BOMBINGS ANDASSAULTS AND OTHER MORE SPECTACULAR OPERATIONS IN ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIEDTERRITORIES. THE GROUP HAS HISTORICALLY CONCENTRATED ON ATTACKING ISRAELITARGETS, SUCH AS THE 1974 MASSACRE IN MA'ALOT IN WHICH 27 ISRAELIS WEREKILLED AND OVER 100 WOUNDED. SINCE 1988, THE DFLP HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN SMALLSCALE BORDER RAIDS INTO ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:ESTIMATED AT 500.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* SEEK REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN THE ARAB WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN THECONSERVATIVE MONARCHIES, AS A NECESSARY PRECURSOR TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OFPALESTINIAN OBJECTIVES;* ADVOCATE AN INTERNATIONAL STANCE THAT PLACES THE PALESTINIANSTRUGGLE WITHIN A GENERAL WORLD CONTEXT OF LIBERATION IN AFRICA, ASIA, ANDLATIN AMERICA;* REPEATEDLY AFFIRMS ITS "HOSTILITY AND RESISTANCE" TO U.S. POLICYIN THE REGION, ITS SUPPORT FOR THE NON-ALIGNED BLOC, AND ITS SOLIDARITY WITHALL NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS THAT FIGHT AGAINST "IMPERIALISM" ANDRACISM.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE DFLP IS A MARXIST-LENINIST HISTORICALLY PRO-SOVIET GROUP ANDBELIEVES THAT THE PALESTINE NATIONAL GOAL CANNOT BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT AREVOLUTION OF THE WORKING CLASS; ELITE MEMEBRS OF THE MOVEMENT SHOULD NOT BESEPARATED FROM THE MASSES, AND LOWER CLASSES FIRST SHOULD BE EDUCATED IN TRUESOCIALISM TO CARRY ON THE BATTLE.AT THE SPRING, 1977 PALESTINE NATIONAL COUNCIL MEETING, THE DFLP GAVEITS FULL SUPPORT TO THE PALESTINE NATIONAL PROGRAM, SEEKING CREATION OF APALESTINIAN STATE FROM ANY TERRIRTORY LIBERATED FROM ISRAEL.IN MID-1979, THE DFLP REPORTEDLY EXPERIENCED AN UPSURGE IN ITSMEMBERSHIP AND AN ACCOMPANYING INCREASE IN INFLUENCE. ALTHOUGH IT REMAINEDA MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION(PLO), THE DFLP COOPERATED INCREASINGLY WITH ANTI-ARAFAT PALESTINIANEXTREMISTS.DFLP TERRORIST OPERATIIONS HAVE ALWAYS TAKEN PLACE INSIDE OF ISRAEL ORTHE OCCUPIED TERRIRTORIES. TYPICAL ACTS ARE MINOR BOMBINGS AND GRENADEATTACKS, AS WELL AS SPECTACULAR OPERATIONS INTENDED TO SEIZE HOSTAGESAND ATTEMPT TO NEGOTIATE FOR THE RETURN OF ISRAELI-HELD PALESTINIANPRISONERS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYMAY, 1974:TOOK OVER A SCHOOLHOUSE AND MASSACRED ISRAELI HOSTAGES AFTERINFILTRATING USING UNIFORMS RESEMBLING THOSE OF THE ISRAEL DEFENSEFORCES (IDF). MURDERED 27 AND WOUNDED 124.NOVEMBER, 1974:ATTACKED THE TOWN OF BET SHE'AN IN ISRAEL. THREE TERRORISTSBARRICADED THEMSELVES IN A BUILDING CARRYING HAND GRENADES ANDKALASHNIKOVS (AK-47). THEY HAD DEMANDED THE RELEASE OF 15PALESTINIANS.JULY, 1977:IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL TEL AVIV AND JERUSALEM BOMBINGS.JANUARY, 1979:ATTEMPTED TO SEIZE 230 CIVILIANS AS HOSTAGES IN A GUEST HOUSE INMA'ALOT. THREE TERRORISTS, ARMED WITH KALASHNIKOVS AND GRENADES,WERE KILLED BU ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCES (IDF).MARCH, 1979:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR PLANTING BOMBS IN ISRAELI BUSES TOPROTEST PRESIDENT CARTER'S VISIT TO ISRAEL.MARCH, 1982:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A GRENADE ATTACK IN THE GAZA STRIP THATKILLED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER AND WOUNDED THREE OTHERS.FEBRUARY, 1984:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A GRENADE EXPLOSION IN JERUSALEM WHICHWOUNDED TWENTY ONE PERSONS.SEPTEMBER, 1985:ATTACKED AN ISRAELI BUS NEAR HEBRON.MARCH, 1986:SEVERAL DFLP GUERRILLAS, WEARING IDF UNIFORMS, ATTEMPTED TOINFILTRATE FROM LEBANON INTO ISRAEL, BUT WERE INTERCEPTED BY THEIDF.MAY, 1988:THREW MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AT TRADE AND INDUSTRY MINISTER ARIELSHARON'S CAR.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT ANDDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS</text>
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<name>DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE </name>
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card_98101.xml
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<text>DASHMESH10/28/92GP00012KEY WORDS: DASHMESH REGIMENT; TENTH REGIMENT; 10TH REGIMENTPOLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* ESTABLISH KHALISTAN AS AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE;* TARGET INDIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, MODERATE SIKHS, AND HINDURESIDENTS OF THE PUNJAB.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE DASHMESH "TENTH" REGIMENT PROBABLY WAS ORGANIZED UNDER THE AEGISOF SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE. AFTER CONDUCTING A REIGN OF TERROR INTHE PUNJAB IN THE EARLY 1980S, HE WAS KILLED BY THE INDIAN ARMY IN A JUNE1984 ATTACK ON THE SIKH GOLDEN TEMPLE. THE GROUP WAS NAMED AFTER THE SIKHS'REVERED 10TH AND LAST GURU, GOBIND SINGH, WHO IN THE 18TH CENTURY, INADDITION TO GREATLY INFLUENCING THE SIKH RELIGION, FORGED THE SIKHS INTO AWARRIOR CLASS.THE DASHMESH REGIMENT'S FOUNDER IS REPUTED TO HAVE BEEN MAJOR GENERALSHAHEG SINGH, A SIKH OFFICER WITH EXPERIENCE TRAINING IRREGULARS INBANGLADESH, AND WHO WAS SUBSEQUENTLY CASHIERED FROM THE INDIAN ARMY FORCORRUPTION. HOWEVER, SHORTLY BEFORE HIS DEATH IN THE ATTACK ON THE GOLDENTEMPLE, THE GENERAL VEHEMENTLY DISCLAIMED ANY CONNECTION WITH THE DASHMESHREGIMENT OR ANY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SUCH A REGIMENT. SURINDER SINGH GILL, ANORTHODOX SIKH WHO GAVE UP A PRIZED CIVIL SERVICE POSITION TO JOINBHINDRANWALE, PROBABLY WAS THE GROUP'S FIRST LEADER. FOLLOWING THE ASSAULTON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE, DASHMESH GAINED INCREASED COVERT AND POPULAR SUPPORTAND HAS CONTINUED TO CLAIM RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONSTHROUGHOUT INDIA AND THE WORLD. EXAMPLES OF ATTACKS CLAIMED BY DASHMESHARE THE FOLLOWING:IN JUNE 1985 DASHMESH CLAIMED RESPONSIBILTY FOR AN INCIDENT ATTOKYO'S NARITA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WHEN A BOMB DESTINED FORPLACEMENT ON AN AIR INDIA JET LINER EXPLODED PREMATURELY, KILLINGTWO BAGGAGE HANDLERS.DASHMESH ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MIDAIR DESTRUCTIONOF AN AIR INDIA 747 FROM A BOMB PLACED IN THE LUGGAGECOMPARTMENT. ANOTHER TERRORIST GROUP, THE KASHMIR LIBERATIONFRONT ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCEDOCUMENTS</text>
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<name>DASHMESH </name>
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card_97952.xml
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<text>DAL KHALSA10/28/92GP00011KEY WORDS: POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* CREATE AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE IN THE PUNJAB;* TARGET THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT, THE SIKH MODERATE COMMUNITY, AND HINDUSIN GENERAL.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE DAL KHALSA, THE OLDEST OF THE SIKH SEPARATIST GROUPS, WASESTABLISHED WITH THE AVOWED OBJECT OF DEMANDING AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE. ITBECAME INVOLVED IN TERRORISM AFTER THE SIKH INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT TURNEDVIOLENT UNDER SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE IN 1981. THE DAL KHALSA WASBANNED OFFICIALLY BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AFTER ALLEGEDLY PARICIPATING INTHE APRIL 1982 SIKH-HINDU COMMUNAL RIOTING. THE GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITYFOR THE ASSASSINATION OF GENERAL A.S. VAIYDA, CHIEF OF THE INDIAN ARMY STAFFDURING THE 1984 ARMY ASSAULT ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE. THE ASSASSINATION OFVAIYDA TOOK PLACE IN AUGUST, 1986 AND DAL KHALSA CLAIMED THAT HE HAD BEEN ONTHE GROUP'S TARGET LIST SINCE THE TIME OF THE ARMY ATTACK ON THE GOLDENTEMPLE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCEDOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>DAL KHALSA </name>
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card_97538.xml
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<text>CHUKAKU-HA10/28/92GP00028KEY WORDS: NUCLEUS FACTION; MIDDLE CORE FACTION; KANSAI REVOLUTIONARY ARMYDESCRIPTION:ULTRA LEFTIST/RADICAL GROUP WITH ITS ORIGINS IN THE FRAGMENTATION OFTHE JAPANESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN 1957. THE LARGEST DOMESTIC MILITANT GROUP,WITH A POLITICAL ARM, AND A SMALL, COVERT ACTION WING KNOWN AS THE KANSAIREVOLUTIONARY ARMY. THE ORGANIZATION'S FUNDING IS DERIVED FROM MEMBERSHIPDUES, SALES OF ITS NEWSPAPERS, AND FUNDRAISING CAMPAIGNS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:PARTICIPATES IN MASS PROTEST DEMONSTRATIONS, SUPPORTS FARMERS' PROTESTSOF CONSTRUCTION AT NARITA AIRPORT, AMONG OTHER CAUSES; SABOTAGED PART OF THEJAPANESE RAILROAD SYSTEM IN 1985-86; SPORADIC ATTACKS USUALLY INTENDED TOCAUSE PROPERTY DAMAGE THROUGH THE USE OF CRUDE ROCKETS AND INCENDIARYDEVICES. ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS HAVE INCLUDED SMALL SCALE ROCKET ATTACKS AGAINSTU.S. DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY TARGETS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:APPROXIMATELY 3,500 (ESTIMATED 200 DEDICATED OPERATIVES).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:NONE KNOWN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* ABOLISH THE CURRENT CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY;* ABOLISH THE MONARCHY;* TERMINATE THE U.S. - JAPAN SECURITY TREATY AND REMOVE U.S. FORCESFROM JAPAN;* HALT CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOKYO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE CHUKAKU-HA IS THE MOST POWERFUL FACTION OF THE JAPANESE NEW LEFT,OR EXTREME LEFT WING RADICALS, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF APPROXIMATELY 33FACTIONS. OFFICIAL ESTIMATES OF THE STRENGTH OF THE NEW LEFT MOVEMENT INJAPAN ARE IN THE RANGE OF 35,000, INCLUDING SYMPATHIZERS.THE CHUKAKU-HA DEVELOPED AFTER A CONFRONTATION AND SUBSEQUENT SPLITFROM THE KAKUMARU-HA, WHICH HAD BEEN THE FOREMOST ORGANIZER OF THE JAPANESENEW LEFT UNTIL 1983. AT ISSUE BETWEEN THE TWO FACTIONS WAS WHETHER TO PURSUETHE POLICIES OF THE NEW LEFT OR TO CONCENTRATE ON INSTIGATING A MASSSTRUGGLE. THE CHUKAKU-HA OPTED FOR THE LATTER OPERATIONAL PHILOSPHY.THE CHUKAKU-HA BECAME THE MORE ACTIVE FACTION AND ADOPTED TERRORISMAS A TACTIC. THE OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS OF THE GROUP AREIMAGINATIVE AND INCLUDE USE OF TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES, FLAMETHROWERS, ANDMORTARLIKE LAUNCHERS, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS "ROCKETS." DESPITE SUCHTECHNICAL PROFICIENCY, RELATIVELY FEW CASUALTIES HAVE RESULTED FROM THEGROUP'S OPERATIONS.THE OPERATIVES OF CHUKAKU-HA COMPRISE AN EXTREMELY SECRETIVE GROUP,AVOIDING PUBLIC GATHERINGS OR DEMONSTRATIONS. CONTACTS WITH OUTSIDERS ARESEVERELY RESTRICTED.THE GROUP FOCUSES ITS ATTACKS PRIMARILY UPON JAPANESE GOVERNMENTBUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION AT NARITA AIRPORT, OR UPON THE NATIONAL RAILWAYSYSTEM; ALTHOUGH IT HS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A NUMBER OF ATTACKS AGAINSTU.S. TARGETS. PUBLIC STATEMENTS IN THE GROUP'S PERIODICAL "ZENSHIN"("ADVANCE") INDICATE THAT SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS COULD BE TARGETED. THISSHIFT IN TACTICS AND CONTINUING IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY ARE OFGROWING CONCERN TO GOVERNMENT SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS.FUNDS FOR THE GROUP ARE GENERATED FROM CONTRIBUTIONS SOLICITED FROMGENERAL MEMBERSHIP TO SUPPORT THE APPROXIMATELY 200 DEDICATED ACTIVISTS WHOHAVE NO OTHER SOURCE OF INCOME.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJUNE, 1979:BURNED TWO VEHICLES AND CUT COMMUNICATIONS LINES TO TOKYO'S HANEDAAIRPORT WHEN PRESIDENT CARTER ARRIVED.SEPTEMBER, 1984:ATTACKED THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY HEADQUARTERS WITH A TRUCK-MOUNTED FLAME-THROWER AND DETONATED A TIME BOMB NEAR THE EMBASSY OFISRAEL.APRIL, 1985:USED A MORTAR-LIKE WEAPON IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON NARITA ANDHAMEDA AIRPORTS. THERE WERE NO CASUALTIES BUT MAJOR DAMAGE TO ATLEAST ONE BUILDING.NOVEMBER, 1985:STORMED AND SET ABLAZE SEVERAL OF JAPAN'S LARGEST RAILWAYSTATIONS.MARCH, 1986:LAUNCHED PROJECTILES AT THE IMPERIAL PALACE.MAY, 1986:LAUNCHED PROJECTILES AT THE BUILDINGS HOUSING THE ECONOMIC (G-7)SUMMIT MEETING. THE IMPROVISED MISSILES FLEW APPROXIMATELY 3,500METERS.SEPTEMBER, 1986:UNIDENTIFIED ATTACKERS, SUSPECTED OF BEING MEMBERS OF CHUKAKU-HABATTERED A RAILWAY TRADE UNION OFFICIAL TO DEATH AND SERIOUSLYINJURED EIGHT OTHERS IN A SERIES OF ATTACKS IN THEIR HOMES.OCTOBER, 1986:POLICE ARRESTED SEVEN SUSPECTED MEMBERS OF THE GROUP AND DISCOVEREDA BOMB FACTORY IN NORTHERN JAPAN.NOVEMBER, 1986:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR TWO TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES THATEXPLODED AT THE RESIDENCE OF A FORMER EXECUTIVE OF THE AIRPORTPUBLIC CORPORATION.MARCH, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SERIES OF BOMBINGS INTENDED TO STOPCONSTRUCTION COMPANIES INVOLVED WITH EXPANSION WORK AT NARITA.JULY, 1987:TARGETED VEHICLES INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW KANSAIINTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN OSAKA, AND EXPANDING NARITA; USED TIMEDINCENDIARY DEVICES IN THIRTEEN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE SAME DAY.AUGUST, 1987:LAUNCHED FOUR INCENDIARY DEVICES FROM THE BED OF A STOLEN TRUCK INTHE DIRECTION OF THE IMPERIAL PALACE.JANUARY, 1988:FIRED FIVE ROCKET BOMBS TOWARD THE NEW TOKYO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTAT NARITA. THE ROCKETS WERE LAUNCHED FROM A TRUCK PARKED ON ANEMPTY LOT. NO DAMAGE OR INJURIES WERE REPORTED.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>CHUKAKU-HA </name>
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card_97514.xml
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<text>BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY10/28/92GP00027KEY WORDS: ETA; EUSKADI TA ASAKATASUNA; ETA-M; ETA-PMDESCRIPTION:FOUNDED IN THE LATE 1950S WITH THE AIM OF CREATING AN INDEPENDENTHOMELAND IN SPAIN'S BASQUE REGION (PRIMARILY THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OFVIZCAYA, ALAVA, AND GUIPUZCOA). THE ETA HAS A MUTED COMMITMENT TO MARXISM.IN 1974, THE GROUP SPLIT INTO TWO FACTIONS - ETA/POLITICAL MILITARY, ANDETA/MILITARY; THE FORMER HAS BEEN RELATIVELY INACTIVE SINCE LIMITED HOME RULEWAS GRANTED IN 1982.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:CHIEFLY BOMBINGS, KIDNAPPINGS, ASSASSINATIONS OF SPANISH GOVERNMENTTARGETS, AND RECENTLY FOREIGN (FRENCH, U.S.) TARGETS IN SPAIN. HAS ALSOCONDUCTED LIMITED OPERATIONS AGAINST SPANISH BUSINESS AND DIPLOMATIC TARGETSIN ITALY, NETHERLANDS, GERMANY. ETA'S BOMBING ATTACKS ARE LETHAL,SOPHISTICATED, AND INCREASINGLY INDISCRIMINATE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:ETA HAS RECEIVED TRAINING AT VARIOUS TIMES DURING ITS HISTORY INLIBYA, LEBANON, AND NICARAGUA. ETA ALSO HAS REPORTEDLY CLOSE TIESTO THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (PIRA).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT BASQUE NATION THROUGH TERRORISM AGAINSTSPANISH INTERESTS TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN INTO MAKINGDESIRED CONCESSIONS.----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE ETA IS ONE OF THE OLDEST WEST EUROPEAN TERRORIST GROUPS STILLOPERATING. ALTHOUGH THE LEADERSHIP OF ETA GENERALLY ESPOUSES A MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGICAL STANCE, THE PRIMARY MOTIVATION FOR MANY OF ITS MEMBERSIS BASQUE NATIONALISM.THE ETA ACTUALLY IS COMPOSED OF SEVERAL FACTIONS THAT ESTABLISHED ALOOSE ALLIANCE BUT STILL MAINTAIN SEPARATE IDENTITIES. THE MORE AGGRESSIVEFACTION IS KNOWN AS ETA-MILITARY WING (ETA-M). IT ADVOCATES A RELENTLESSCAMPAIGN OF TERRORISM DIRECTED AT THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. ANOTHER FACTION,THE ETA POLITICAL-MILITARY FRONT (ETA-PM), NOW LARGELY INACTIVE, PRACTICEDTERRORISM BUT TRIED TO COMBINE IT WITH GRASS ROOTS POLITICAL AGITATION INORDER TO BROADEN THE BASE OF REVOLUTION.THE ETA REGULARLY TARGETS SPANISH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, MEMBERS OFTHE MILITARY, AND SECURITY AND POLICE FORCES, AS WELL AS MODERATE BASQUESFOR ASSASSINATION. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUSBOMBINGS AGAINST GOVERNMENT FACILITIES AND ECONOMIC TARGETS, INCLUDINGSEASONAL CAMPAIGNS AGAINST TOURIST RESORTS. THE ETA IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLEFOR APPROXIMATELY 700 DEATHS SINCE 1968, AND CAN CLAIM TO BE ONE OF THE MOSTVIOLENT TERRORIST GROUPS IN EUROPE. ETA GENERATES ITS FUNDS THROUGHKIDNAPPINGS, ARMED ROBBERIES, AND THE EXTORTION OF "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES."THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ETA IS QUITE SOPHISTICATED. THEMAJORITY OF ITS MEMBERS (COMMANDOS") ARE ORGANIZED INTO THREE OR FOURMEMBER CELLS. MOST COMMANDOS ARE "LEGAL" - ETA MEMBERS NOT KNOWN TO THEAUTHORITIES - WHO LIVE OPEN LIVES WITHOUT SUSPICION. THEY CARRY OUTOPERATIONS AND THEN DISAPPEAR INTO THEIR ENVIRONMENT. A SMALLER NUMBER OFCOMMANDOS ARE "ILLEGALS," WHOSE INVOLVEMENT IN THE ETA ARE KNOWN TO THEAUTHORITIES AND WHO LIVE AND OPERATE ENTIRELY UNDERGROUND. THERE IS ALSO ALARGE GROUP THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND OTHER SUPPORTNEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE ETA'S INFRASTRUCTURE. RESOURCES FOR A WIDE-RANGINGPROGRAM OF TERRORISM ARE AVAILABLE NOT ONLY IN THE SPANISH BASQUE AREA, BUTIN THE FRENCH BASQUE AREAS ALONG THE BORDER.THE INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS OF ETA ARE QUITE EXTENSIVE. IT HASREPORTED TIES WITH THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (PIRA), WITH WHICHIT SHARES NUMEROUS CHARACTERISTICS. ITS OTHER CONNECTIONS MAY BE BASED UPONCOMMON IDEOLOGICAL (MARXIST) ORIENTATIONS. IN THE PAST ETA MEMBERS HAVETRAINED AT CAMPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. THE GOVERNMENT OF CUBA HAS PROVIDEDSAFEHAVEN AND TRAINING TO ETA. THERE ARE ALSO REPORTS OF ETA MEMBERS INNICARAGUA, SOME OF WHOM HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN ATTACKS AGAINST OPPONENTS OFTHE SANDINISTA GOVERNMENT.POLICE OPERATIONS AGAINST THE ETA HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUS AND OFTENSUCCESSFUL; HOWEVER, ETA SEEMS ABLE TO REBOUND FROM EVEN THE MOSTAMBITIOUS COUNTERTERRORIST OPERATIONS. BECAUSE OF THE LARGE SIZE OF THEGROUP'S SUPPORT BASE AND THE HIGH LEVEL OF NATIONALIST SENTIMENT AMONG THEBASQUES, ETA VIOLENCE IS EXPECTED TO PLAGUE SPAIN FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYDECEMBER, 1973:ASSASSINATED SPANISH PRIME MINISTER LUIS CARRERO BLANCO, HISCHAUFFER, AND A SECURITY OFFICER WITH A REMOTE-CONTROLLEDEXPLOSIVE DEVICE.SEPTEMBER, 1974:BOMBED A CROWDED CAFE NEXT TO A SECURITY HEADQUARTERS IN MADRID.THIRTEEN CIVILIANS WERE KILLED AND SEVENTY WERE WOUNDED.OCTOBER, 1976:ASSASSINATED A SENIOR ADVISER TO KING JUAN CARLOS, HIS DRIVER, ANDTHREE SECURITY GUARDS.MARCH, 1978:DETONATED A POWERFUL BOMB AT THE BILBAO NUCLEAR POWERPLANT, KILLINGTWO AND WOUNDING FOURTEEN.JUNE/JULY, 1979:INITIATED A "TOURIST WAR" IN SPANISH SEASIDE RESORT AREAS.FOURTEEN TIME BOMBS WERE DETONATED, INJURING TWO AND CAUSINGEXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE.NOVEMBER, 1979:KIDNAPPED A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT IN MADRID. THE VICTIM WASRELEASED AFTER THE GOVERNMENT AGREED TO REVIEW AND EXPEDITE CASESAGAINST BASQUE PRISONERS AND TO INVESTIGATE ALLEGATIONS OFTORTURE.FEBRUARY, 1980:FIRED AN ANTI-TANK ROCKET AT THE PRIME MINISTER'S RESIDENCE INMADRID. THE ROCKET MISSED THE BUILDING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES.JANUARY, 1981:KIDNAPPED ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST MEN IN SPAIN, RELEASING HIM AFTER58 DAYS AND PAYMENT OF A RANSOM REPORTED AT $3.29 MILLION.JANUARY, 1982:KIDNAPPED A LEADING INDUSTRIALIST AND HELD HIM FOR A MONTH BEFORERECEIVING A REPORTED RANSOM PAYMENT OF $1.3 MILLION.OCTOBER, 1982:DETONATED NEARLY TWO DOZEN BOMBS AT SEVERAL BANKS IN THEBASQUE PROVINCES.FEBRUARY, 1983:KILLED THREE AND WOUNDED NINE IN THE BOMBING OF A BILBAO BANK THATHAD REFUSED TO PAY "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES."APRIL, 1984:KILLED A RETIRED POLICE OFFICER IN PAMPLONA. A BOOBYTRAP IN THEGETAWAY CAR DETONATED WHILE IT WAS BEING EXAMINED, KILLING TWOPOLICE OFFICERS.DECEMBER, 1984:BOMBED SECTIONS OF THE ROTA-ZARAGOZA MILITARY PETROLEUM PIPELINE.CLAIMED THE ACT WAS AGAINST THE SPANISH MILITARY.JULY, 1985:SHOT AND KILLED SPAIN'S DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE POLICY, SERIOUSLYWOUNDING HIS CHAUFFER - IN MADRID.SEPTEMBER, 1985:DETONATED A CAR BOMB BY REMOTE CONTROL IN MADRID, INJURING TENMEMBERS OF THE CIVIL GUARD. AN AMERICAN BYSTANDER WAS KILLED.FEBRUARY, 1986:MURDERED VICE ADMIRAL CRISTOBOL COLON AND HIS CHAUFFER IN MADRIDIN A MACHINE GUN AND GRENADE ATTACK.JULY, 1986:REMOTE CONTROLLED DETONATION OF A DEVICE HIDDEN IN A PARKED VANIN MADRID. THE 100 POUND DEVICE DETONATED AS A BUS CARRYING CIVILGUARD CADETS WAS PASSING. TEN CADETS WERE KILLED AND SEVERALDOZEN WERE INJURED.JULY, 1986:DETONATED A BOMB IN MADRID, KILLING NINE PEOPLE.JULY, 1986:FIRED A DOZEN ANTI-TANK ROCKETS BY REMOTE CONTROL FROM A HOME MADELAUNCHER AT THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE IN MADRID, INJURING TWOMILITARY OFFICERS. AFTER THE ATTACK, THE CAR TO WHICH THE LAUNCHERWAS ATTACHED EXPLODED, INJURING TEN.OCTOBER, 1986:MURDERED THE GOVERNOR OF GUIPUZCOA PROVINCE BY DETONATING ANEXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT HAD BEEN PLACED ON THE ROOF OF THE VICTIM'SCAR. THE VICTIM'S WIFE AND CHILDREN WERE ALSO KILLED.DECEMBER, 1986:KIDNAPPED A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN AND HELD HIM FOR 69 DAYS BEFORERECEIVING A REPORTED RANSOM PAYMENT OF $1.5 MILLION.JANUARY, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB, DESTROYING A PASSING MILITARY BUS INZARAGOZA, KILLING AN ARMY OFFICER AND THE CIVILIAN DRIVER OF THEBUS. FORTY PERSONS WERE WOUNDED.JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1987:PERPETRATED A SERIES OF ARSON AND BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST FRENCHINTERESTS IN MONDRAGON, BILBAO, AND LASARTE. BELIEVED TO BEIN PROTEST OF FRANCE'S DEPORTATION OF BASQUE GUERRILLAS TO SPAIN.MARCH, 1987:STAGED A SUBMACHINE GUN ATTACK IN VITORIA, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING ANARMY OFFICER.MARCH, 1987:DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE BARCELONAPORT. ONE CIVIL GUARDSMAN WAS KILLED AND FIFTEEN PERSONS WEREINJURED.MARCH/APRIL, 1987:CONTINUED ARSON AND BOMBING ATTACKS AIMED MAINLY AT FRENCH TARGETS.APRIL, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR A BARCELONA CIVIL GUARD BARRACKS, KILLINGONE AND INJURING SEVEN.MAY, 1987:DETONATED THREE CAR BOMBS NEAR THE MADRID HEADQUARTERS OF THESPANISH NAVY, AIR FORCE, AND CIVIL GUARD, KILLING ONE ANDINJURING NINE.JUNE, 1987:IN SAN SEBASTIAN, DETONATED A CAR BOMB AS TWO POLICE VANS PASSED,INJURING SIX.JUNE, 1987:DETONATED TWO EXPLOSIVE DEVICES AT A STATE-OWNED PETRO-CHEMICALPLANT. DAMAGE ESTIMATES VARIED BETWEEN $8 TO $16 MILLION.JUNE, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN A PARKING GARAGE UNDER A SUPERMARKET INBARCELONA, KILLING TWENTY ONE AND INJURING MANY OTHERS.AUGUST, 1987:DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE IN VITORIA AS A NATIONAL POLICEVEHICLE PASSED; TWO PERSONS WERE KILLED AND ONE WAS INJURED.AUGUST, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN EIBAR, INJURING THIRTEEN.SEPTEMBER, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN SAN SEBASTIAN AS TWO NATIONAL POLICE VANSPASSED. ONE POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED AND SIX PEOPLE WERE HURT.DECEMBER, 1987:DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN FRONT OF A SPANISH CIVIL GUARD APARTMENTCOMPLEX, KILLING ELEVEN AND INJURING FORTY.APRIL, 1989:DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE ON A SECONDARY RAILROAD LINEFIFTY MILES SOUTH OF MADRID, CAUSING MINOR DAMAGE AND NOINJURIES.JULY, 1989:MURDERED TWO ARMY OFFICERS IN MADRID.SEPTEMBER, 1989:MURDERED A GOVERNMENT PROSECUTER IN MADRID.SEPTEMBER, 1989:POSTMAN KILLED BY A PARCEL BOMB.JANUARY, 1990:A FRENCH AUTO DEALERSHIP IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF ALAVA IS BOMBED.JANUARY, 1990:A NATIONAL POLICEMAN WAS KILLED BY A BOMB PLACED NEXT TO HISPERSONAL AUTO.FEBRUARY, 1990:AT LEAST THREE LETTER/PARCEL BOMBS WERE SENT BY ETA. ONE SERIOUSLYINJURED THE SENIOR JUDGE OF THE NATIONAL HIGH COURT OF SPAIN, ONEINJURED TWO POSTAL WORKERS, AND A THIRD WAS DISARMED.APRIL, 1990:A MEMBER OF THE CIVIL GUARD WAS SHOT DEAD AS HE RETURNED TO HISHOME FROM WORK.APRIL, 1990:ETA PUBLISHED A COMMUNIQUE IN THE BASQUE LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER"EGIN" STATING THAT IT WOULD ENGAGE IN ATTACKS ON THE SEVILLEWORLD'S FAIR - EXPO 92.JUNE, 1990:A RETIRED SPANISH ARMY COLONEL WAS SHOT DEAD IN SAN SEBASTIAN.JUNE, 1990:A MAN WAS SHOT DEAD IN A CAFE IN A SUBURB OF THE BASQUE CITY OFBILBAO. ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK, APOLOGIZINGTO THE VICTIM'S FAMILY FOR HAVING MURDERED THE WRONG PERSON.JUNE, 1990:A FRENCH AUTO DEALERSHIP IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF VIZCAYA WASBOMBED.JUNE, 1990:AN OFFICE BUILDING IN AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, WAS BOMBED BYETA. THE BUILDING HOUSED THE OFFICES OF IBERIAN AIR, THE SPANISHNATIONAL CARRIER.JULY, 1990:A SPANISH BANK IN AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, WAS BOMBED BY ETA.A DUTCH NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED AN INTERVIEW WITH A BASQUE ACTIVISTWHO CLAIMED THAT ETA BOMBINGS IN HOLLAND WERE INTENDED AS "LESSONS"TO THE DUTCH GOVERNMENT FOR ITS COOPERATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OFSPAIN.AUGUST, 1990:A SERIES OF BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST RAIL LINES THROUGHOUT SPAINTOOK PLACE.SEPTEMBER, 1990:A CAR BOMB DETONATED AT A CIVIL GUARD FACILITY IN BILBAO. ACIVIL GUARDSMAN AND A CIVILIAN WERE KILLED. TWO GUARDSMEN WEREINJURED.SEPTEMBER, 1990:A CAR BOMB DETONATED IN THE CITY OF CARTAGENA OUTSIDE THE LIVINGQUARTERS OF 400 CIVIL GUARD PERSONNEL AND THEIR FAMILIES.SEVENTEEN PERSONS WERE INJURED.NOVEMBER, 1990:TWO POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND TWO WERE SERIOUSLY INJURED WHEN ATRUCK BOMB DETONATED AS THE VICTIMS' VEHICLE PASSED IN A BILBAOSUBURB.FEBRUARY, 1991:ETA WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BOMBING OF A SPANISH NAVY PATROL BOATIN THE PORT OF FUENTTERRABIA.MARCH, 1991:ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A SPANISH CONSTRUCTIONCOMPANY EXECUTIVE IN VALENCIA.APRIL, 1991:A SPANISH POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED, AND HIS WIFE WAS SERIOUSLYINJURED WHEN A CAR BOMB DETONATED UNDER THEIR AUTOMOBILE. TWOBYSTANDERS WERE ALSO INJURED IN THE BOMBING WHICH OCCURED INA SUBURB OF BILBAO.APRIL, 1991:A SEVENTEEN YEAR OLD DAUGHTER OF A NATIONAL POLICE OFFICER WASKILLED IN SAN SEBASTIAN BY A BOMB THAT HAD BEEN PLACED UNDER HERFATHER'S CAR. THE BLAST INJURED THE FATHER AND THREE OTHERCHILDREN. ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.MAY, 1991:NINE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND APPROXIMATELY 50 INJURED IN A TOWN NEARBARCELONA WHEN A CAR BOMB DETONATED. FOUR OF THE DEAD WERECHILDREN.JUNE, 1991:A SPANISH AIR FORCE OFFICER WAS KILLED, AND FOUR CHILDRED WEREINJURED WHEN A BOMB PLANTED UNDER THE OFFICER'S CAR DETONATED.JUNE, 1991:A PRISON OFFICER, TWO INMATES, AND A VISITING FAMILY MEMBER WEREKILLED AND MORE THAN TWENTY PERSONS WERE INJURED WHEN A PARCEL BOMBDETONATED IN A PRISON'S ENTRY CONTROL ROOM.JULY, 1991:ETA ISSUED A WARNING TO FRENCH TRAVEL AGENCIES STATING THAT TOURISMWOULD BE CONSIDERED A LEGITIMATE "MILITARY" TARGET BY ETA.JULY, 1991:A SPANISH TOUR BUS WAS FIREBOMBED IN ROME.AUGUST, 1991:ETA BOMBED RAIL LINES AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT SPAIN.AUGUST, 1991:TWO BOMBS WERE PLANTED OUTSIDE SPANISH TRAVEL AGENCIES IN ROME.BOTH BOMBS WERE DISARMED BY THE POLICE.OCTOBER, 1991:TWO MEMBERS OF THE SPANISH CIVIL GUARD WERE SHOT DEAD IN THECITY OF SAN SEBASTIAN.NOVEMBER, 1991:A BOMB PLANTED IN THE CAR OF A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN BILBAO KILLED THETWO YEAR OLD SON OF THE INTENDED VICTIM. THE CIVIL GUARDSMAN ANDANOTHER CHILD WERE INJURED IN THE ATTACK.DECEMBER, 1991:TWO PLAINCLOTHES SPANISH POLICE OFFICERS WERE SHOT DEAD INBARCELONA.DECEMBER, 1991:THE ETA BOMBED THE LEADING LUXURY HOTEL IN THE SOUTHERN CITYOF SEVILLE, THE SITE OF EXPO 92.JANUARY, 1992:A SPANISH AIR FORCE MAJOR WAS SHOT DEAD IN AN AMBUSH IN BARCELONA.JANUARY, 1992:A FORMER SENATOR AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUSREGIONS WAS ASSASSINATED NEAR THE UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA.JANUARY, 1992:TWO MEMBERS OF A SPANISH MILITARY BAND WERE SHOT DEAD INTHE CENTER OF BARCELONA.FEBRUARY, 1992:FIVE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND AT LEAST SIX WERE INJURED WHEN A BOMBDESTROYED A POLICE VAN IN CENTRAL MADRID.MARCH, 1992:A RETIRED SPANISH ARMY COLONEL WAS KILLED BY A LETTER BOMB THAT HADBEEN SENT TO HIM IN MADRID.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OFDEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY </name>
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card_97246.xml
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<name>ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF ARMENIA </name>
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<text>ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF ARMENIA10/28/92GP00026KEY WORDS: ASALA; ORLY GROUP; THIRD OCTOBER ORGANIZATION; 3RD OCTOBER ORGANIZATION;ASALA - REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT; ASALA-RM; ASALA - MILITANT; ASALA-M.DESCRIPTION:A MARXIST-LENINIST ARMENIAN TERRORIST GROUP FORMED IN 1975 WITH THESTATED INTENTION OF COMPELLING THE GOVERNMENT OF TURKEY TO ACKNOWLEDGEPUBLICLY ITS ALLEGED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DEATHS OF 1.5 MILLION ARMENIANSIN 1915, PAY REPARATIONS, AND CEDE TERRIRTORY FOR AN ARMENIAN HOMELAND. LEDBY HAGOP HAGOPIAN UNTIL HIS ASSASSINATION IN ATHENS IN APRIL, 1988.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:INITIAL BOMBING AND ASSASSINATION ATTACKS WERE DIRECTED AGAINSTTURKISH TARGETS. ASALA LATER ATTACKED FRENCH AND SWISS TARGETS TO FORCE THERELEASE OF IMPRISONED COMRADES. MADE SEVERAL MINOR BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINSTU.S. AIRLINE OFFICES IN WESTERN EUROPE IN EARLY 1980S. BOMBING OF TURKISHAIRLINE COUNTER AT ORLY AIRPORT IN PARIS - SEVEN KILLED AND 55 INJURED - LEDTO A SPLIT IN THE GROUP OVER THE ISSUE OF CAUSING INDISCRIMINATE CASUALTIES.SUFFERING FROM INTERNAL SCHISMS, THE GROUP HAS BEEN RELATIVELY INACTIVE OVERTHE LAST FIVE YEARS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:SEVERAL HUNDRED-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION:LEBANON; EUROPE; UNITED STATES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:HAS RECEIVED AID, INCLUDING TRAINING AND SAFEHAVEN, FROM SYRIA. MAYALSO HAVE RECEIVED SOME AID FROM LIBYA. EXTENSIVE TIES TO RADICALPALESTINIAN GROUPS, INCLUDING THE PFLP, PFLP-GC, AND THE ABU NIDALORGANIZATION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* USE REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE TO FORCE AN END TO THE "EXPLOITATION,REPRESSION, AND TERROR OF TURKISH COLONIALISM" AND THE "IMPERIALISM" OF NATOAND ZIONISM;* ATTACK TURKISH REPRESENTATIVES AND INTERESTS WORLDWIDE, AS WELL ASINTERESTS OF THOSE COUNTRIES THAT SUPPORT TURKEY;* AFFIRM "SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM" AS THE POLITICAL DOCTRINE OF THERECONSTITUTED ARMENIAN HOMELAND;* TRANSFORM "SOVIET" ARMENIA INTO A BASE FOR REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLEAGAINST TURKEY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:ASALA IS A TRANSNATIONAL, ETHNIC TERRORIST ORGANIZATION THAT ESPOUSES AMARXIST-LENINIST POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND SOLIDARITY WITH LEFTIST ANDSEPARATIST MOVEMENTS WORLDWIDE. ITS PRIMARY GOAL IS REESTABLISHING THEHISTORICAL ARMENIAN HOMELAND, AN AREA THAT INCLUDES EASTERN TURKEY, NORTHERNIRAN, AND ARMENIA (OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES). ASALA ALSODEMANDS AN ADMISSION OF GUILT FROM TURKEY FOR THE ALLEGED GENOCIDE OFARMENIANS DURING THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AS WELL AS AN END TO THE DISCRIMINATIONTHEY CLAIM ARMENIANS SUFFER IN TURKEY.TO FURTHER ITS GOALS ASALA HAS COMMITTED A SERIES OF ASSASSINATIONS,BOMBINGS, AND ASSAULTS. ASALA TERRORISM HAS PROGRESSED THROUGH TWO PHASES.DURING THE FIRST PHASE, THE GROUP CARRIED OUT ATTACKS AGAINST TURKISHDIPLOMATIC PERSONNEL AND INSTALLATIONS IN ORDER TO FOCUS ATTENTION ON THE"ARMENIAN QUESTION" AND GAIN SUPPORT AMONG ARMENIANS. IN THE SECOND PHASEASALA EXPANDED ITS OPERATIONS TO INCLUDE ATTACKS AGAINST "IMPERIALIST"TARGETS. THE FIRST OF THESE WERE BOMBINGS IN NOVEMBER, 1979, AGAINST KLM ANDLUFTHANSA OFFICES IN PARIS AND TWA'S OFFICE IN MADRID. IN ADDITION, THEGROUP LAUNCHED ATTACKS AGAINST THE CITIZENS AND PROPERTY OF COUNTRIESHOLDING ASALA MEMBERS IN PRISONS.THE POLICY OF INDISCRIMINATE VIOLENCE AND DISPUTES OVER LEADERSHIPEVENTUALLY CAUSED A SPLIT IN ASALA. FOLLOWING THE JULY, 1983 ASALA BOMBINGOF THE TURKISH AIRLINES TICKET COUNTER AT ORLY AIRPORT, PARIS, THAT KILLEDSEVEN, A DISSIDENT GROUP, ASALA-RM, WAS FORMED. ASALA-RM VIEWEDINDISCRIMINATE "BLIND" TERRORISM AS DETRIMENTAL TO THE ARMENIAN CAUSE ANDFAVORED LIMITNG TERRORIST ATTACKS TO TURKISH TARGETS. ASALA-M CONTINUED TOFAVOR UNRESTRICTED TERRORISM AGAINST TURKISH AS WELL AS "IMPERIALIST"TARGETS.FOLLOWING THE SPLIT, ASALA'S MEMBERS WERE APPARENTLY PREOCCUPIED INAN INTERNAL POWER STRUGGLE, LEADING TO A REDUCTION IN TERRORIST OPERATIONS.ASALA, HOWEVER, WAS REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN AMONG THOSE GROUPS INVOLVED IN ANUMBER OF BOMBINGS IN PARIS IN LATE 1986 THAT KILLED AND INJURED SOME 200.THE ATTACKS WERE CLAIMED BY THE "COMMITTEE FOR SOLIDARITY WITH ARAB ANDMIDDLE EASTERN PRISONERS" AND WERE INTENDED TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OFFRANCE TO RELEASE THREE SUSPECTED TERORORIST PRISONERS, INCLUDING ASALAMEMBER, VAROUJAN GARABEDJIAN.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJANUARY, 1975:BOMBED THE BEIRUT HEADQAURTERS OF THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHESBECAUSE OF ITS ROLE IN ASSISTING ARMENIANS TO EMIGRATE TO OTHERCOUNTRIES.OCTOBER, 1975:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TOAUSTRIA. THE OPERATION WAS ALSO CLAIMED BY THE JUSTICE COMMANDOSOF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE (JCAG).OCTOBER, 1975:CLAIMED RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE MURDERS OF THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TOFRANCE AND HIS CHAUFFER, WHO WERE MACHINE-GUNNED TO DEATH WHILEENROUTE TO THE TURKISH EMBASSY.FEBRUARY, 1976:ASSASSINATED THE FIRST SECRETARY OF THE TURKSIH EMBASSY IN BEIRUT.OCTOBER, 1976:DETONATED TWO BOMBS IN ISTANBUL, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING FOUR.NOVEMBER, 1979:BOMB THE TWA OFFICE IN MADRID.DECEMBER, 1979:BOMBED THE TURKISH AIRLINES OFFICE IN LONDON. IN CLAIMINGRESPONSIBILITY, ASALA EXPRESSED SOLIDARITY WITH THE TERRORISTMOVEMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND.DECEMBER, 1979:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE TURKISH PRESS ATTACHEIN PARIS.MARCH, 1980:BOMBED THE OFFICES HOUSING THE TURKISH AIRLINES AND THE TOURISTBUREAU IN ROME, KILLING TWO PERSONS.JUNE, 1980:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A TURKISH CONSULAREMPLOYEE IN GENEVA.OCTOBER, 1980:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE ALITALIA OFFICE INMADRID.OCTOBER, 1980:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE TURKISH AIRLINESOFFICE IN LONDON.NOVEMBER, 1980:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE SWISSAIR OFFICE INMADRID.JANUARY, 1981:BOMBED THE SWISSAIR OFFICE AND THE SWISS CONSULATE IN MILAN INRETALIATION FOR THE ARREST OF TWO ARMENIAN MILITANTS IN GENEVA.MARCH, 1981:ASSASSINATED THE TURKISH LABOR ATTACHE AND CONSUL FOR RELIGIOUSAFFAIRS IN PARIS.SEPTEMBER, 1981:STORMED THE TURKISH CONSULATE IN PARIS, KILLING A GUARD ANDSERIOUSLY WOUNDING A VICE-CONSUL. THE TERRORISTS HELD 51 PERSONSHOSTAGE FOR FIFTEEN HOURS BEFORE SURRENDERING.JUNE, 1982:ATTEMPTED TO BOMB THE AIR CANADA FREIGHT OFFICE AT LOS ANGELESINTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. POLICE DISARMED THE DEVICE FIFTEENMINUTES BEFORE IT WAS SET TO DETONATE.AUGUST, 1982:ATTACKED ISTANBUL'S ESENBOGA AIRPORT, KILLING SEVEN AND WOUNDINGSEVENTY TWO.JUNE, 1983:CARRIED OUT A GRENADE AND MACHINE GUN ATTACK ON THE ISTANBULBAZAAR, KILLING TWO.JULY, 1983:BOMBED THE TURKISH AIRLINES COUNTER AT ORLY, PARIS, KILLING SEVEN.MARCH, 1984:WOUNDED THE FIRST SECRETARY AND THE DEPUTY MILITARY ATTACHE OFTHE TURKISH EMBASSY IN TEHRAN.JANUARY-MAY, 1986:STAGED FIVE INCIDENTS IN LEBANON, RESULTING IN ONE KIDNAPPING, NINEDEATHS, TWO INJURIES, AND PROPERTY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM BOMBINGSAGAINST "DASHNAG" (RIGHT WING) ARMENIAN POLITICAL PARTY MEMBERS.ASALA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY OR WAS SUSPECTED IN ALL OF THEOPERATIONS.SEPTEMBER, 1986:SUSPECTED OF INVOLVEMENT IN THE PARIS BOMBING CAMPAIGN.OCTOBER, 1987:IN EAST BEIRUT, LEBANON, GUNMEN ATTACKED THREE MEMBERS OF THEFRENCH EMBASSY GUARD FORCE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING ONE. ASALACLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS CARRIED OUT TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OFFRANCE TO RELEASE ASALA PRISONERS HELD IN FRANCE.APRIL, 1988:ASALA LEADER HAGOP HAGOPIAN KILLED IN ATHENS.DECEMBER, 1991:A LONE GUNMAN OPEENED FIRE ON A LIMOSINE IN WHICH THE TURKISHAMBASSADOR TO HUNGARY WAS RIDING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. ACALLER CLAIMING TO REPRESENT ASALA TOOK RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEATTACK.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT ANDDEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF ARMENIA </name>
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card_96917.xml
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<text>ARAB ORGANIZATION 15 MAY10/28/92GP00025KEY WORDS: 15 MAY ORGANIZATION; MAY 15 ORGANIZATION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DESCRIPTION:FORMED IN 1979 FROM THE REMNANTS OF WADDI HADDAD'S POPULAR FRONT FORTHE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP(PFLP-SOG). MAY 15 WASLED BY MUHAMMAD AL-UMARI (AKA ABU IBRAHIM), WHO IS ALSO KNOWN THROUGHOUTMIDDLE EASTERN TERRORISM CIRCLES AS THE "BOMB MAN." THE GROUP WAS NEVER APART OF THE PLO. IT REPORTEDLY DISBANDED IN THE MID-1980S WHEN SEVERAL KEYMEMBERS JOINED COLONEL HAWARI'S SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP OF FATAH.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:MAY 15 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEVERAL BOMBINGS IN THE EARLY TOMID-1980S, INCLUDING HOTEL BOMBINGS IN LONDON (1980), EL AL'S ROME ANDISTANBUL OFFICES (1981), AND THE ISRAELI EMBASSIES IN ATHENS AND VIENNA(1981). ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS INCLUDE A BOMBING ON BOARD A PAN AMERICAN FLIGHTFROM TOKYO TO HONOLULU (AUGUST, 1982), AND AN ATTEMPTED BOMBING OF A PANAMERICAN AIRLINER IN RIO DE JANIERO (AUGUST, 1981). THE ACCUSED BOMBER INAUGUST, 1982 PAN AMERICAN INCIDENT, MUHAMMAD RASHID, IS CURRENTLY IMPRISONEDIN GREECE ON DIFFERENT CHARGES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:50 TO 60 OPERATIVES IN THE EARLY 1980S-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION:BAGHDAD UNTIL 1984. BEFORE DISBANDING, THE GROUP OPERATED PRIMARILYTHE MIDDLE EAST, EUROPE, AND EAST ASIA. ABU IBRAHIM IS REPORTEDLY IN IRAQ.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:PROBABLY RECEIVED LOGISTICAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM IRAQ UNTIL1984.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES* DESTROY ISRAEL* INTIMIDATE MODERATE PALESTINIANS AND OTHER ARABS WHO FAVOR ANEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE.----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:THE ORGANIZATION TAKES ITS NAME FROM THE DATE OF THE FOUNDING OFISRAEL. MAY 15 TRADITIONALLY HAS USED DISTINCTIVE AND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDEXPLOSIVE DEVICES. THE ORGANIZATION FREQUENTLY TARGETTED UNDEFENDED PUBLICAREAS. AIRLINES AND AIRPORTS HAVE BEEN FAVORED TARGETS BECAUSE OF THEIRINTERNATIONAL VISIBILITY. NO OPERATIONS HAVE DEFINITIVELY BEEN ATTRIBUTED TOMAY 15 SINCE THE MID-1980S. SEVERAL RECENT BOMBINGS, HOWEVER, RAISE THEPOSSIBILITY THAT MAY 15 MEMBERS ARE ACTIVE OR HAVE BEEN ABSORBED INTO OTHERTERRORIST GROUPS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYJANUARY, 1980:KILLED A 22 YEAR OLD ARAB STUDENT AND WOUNDED A GERMAN NATIONAL INA BOMBING OF THE MOUNT ROYAL HOTEL IN LONDON.MAY, 1981:DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE OUTSIDE THE ROME OFFICE OF EL ALAIRLINES.AUGUST, 1981:DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE EL AL OFFICE AT LEONARDO DAVINCI AIRPORT IN ROME.AUGUST, 1981:DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE EMBASSY OF ISRAEL IN ATHENS.JANUARY, 1982:KILLED ONE CHILD AND WOUNDED 46 PERSONS IN THE BOMBING OF A JEWISHRESTAURANT IN WEST BERLIN.AUGUST, 1982:KILLED ONE PERSON AND INJURED FOURTEEN WITH A TIME-DELAY EXPLOSIVEDEVICE THAT DETONATED ON A PAN AMERICAN AIRCRAFT SHORTLY BEFORE ITLANDED IN HAWAII.DECEMBER, 1983:ATTEMPTED TO BLOW UP THREE AIRLINERS IN FLIGHT. EXPLOSIVE DEVICESWERE DISCOVERED ABOARD TWO ISRAEL-BOUND FLIGHTS AND A SUITCASE BOMBWAS DISCOVERED PRIOR TO BEING LOADED ABOARD A ROME-NEW YORK FLIGHT.JANUARY, 1984:ATTEMPTED TO BLOW UP AN EL AL FLIGHT FROM TEL AVIV TO ATHENS WITH ASUITCASE BOMB. THE ATTEMPT FAILED DUE TO A TECHNICAL MALFUNCTIONIN THE DEVICE.OCTOBER, 1985:ITALIAN POLICE ARRESTED TWO MEMBERS OF MAY 15 AND SEIZED DEVICESFOR USE IN ATTACKS ON AMERICAN EXPRESS AND THE AMERICAN EMBASSY INROME.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT,DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>ARAB ORGANIZATION 15 MAY </name>
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card_96693.xml
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<text>AL FATAH10/28/92GP00024KEY WORDS: FATAH; FORCE 17; BLACK SEPTEMBER; HAWARI SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP; BSO;AL-ASIFA; THE STORM; BLACK SEPTEMBER ORGANIZATION; FATAH SPECIAL OPERATIONSGROUP; HAWARI GROUP; MARTYRS OF TAL AL ZA'ATAR; AMN ARAISSI.DESCRIPTION:HEADED BY YASSIR ARAFAT, AL FATAH JOINED THE PALESTINE LIBERATIONORGANIZATION (PLO) IN 1968 AND ATTAINED THE LEADERSHIP ROLE IN 1969. ITSCOMMANDERS WERE EXPELLED FROM JORDAN FOLLOWING VIOLENT CONFRONTATIONS WITHGOVERNMENT OF JORDAN FORCES IN 1970-71, BEGINNING WITH THE "BLACK SEPTEMBER"OF 1970. THE ISRAELI INVASION OF LEBANON IN 1982 LED TO THE GROUP'SDISPERSAL TO SEVERAL COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA INCLUDINGTUNISIA, YEMEN, ALGERIA, IRAQ, AND OTHERS. RE-INFILTRATED SOUTHERN LEBANONOVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS. MAINTAINS SEVERAL MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCEWINGS THAT HAVE CARRIED OUT TERRORIST OPERATIONS, INCLUDING FORCE 17 AND THEHAWARI SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP. TWO OF FATAH'S LEADERS, ABU JIHAD AND ABUIYAD, WERE ASSASSINATED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:IN THE SIXTIES AND SEVENTIES, AL FATAH OFFERED TRAINING TO A WIDERANGE OF MIDDLE EASTERN, EUROPEAN, ASIAN AND AFRICAN TERRORIST AND INSURGENTGROUPS. AL-FATAH HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS ACTS OF TERRORISM IN WESTERNEUROPE AS WELL AS AFRICA, ASIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST DURING THE EARLY TOMID 1970S.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:6,000 TO 8,000.----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:CLOSE AND LONGSTANDING POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL TIES TO KUWAIT, SAUDIARABIA, AND OTHER MODERATE STATES. THESE RELATIONS BECAME STRAINEDFOLLOWING ARAFAT'S SUPPORT OF IRAQ DURING THE PERSIAN GULF CRISIS AND WAR(1990-1991). AL FATAH HAS RECEIVED WEAPONS AND TRAINING FROM THE SOVIETUNION AND SEVERAL EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. NORTH KOREA AND THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA HAVE REPORTEDLY SUPPLIED WEAPONS TO AL FATAH.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:* SEEK TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, SECULAR PALESTINIAN STATE;ORIGINALLY COMMITED TO RECAPTURING ALL OF PALESTINE, BUT NOW MAY ACCEPT ASTATE BASED UPON A GAZA AND WEST BANK FORMULATION;* RECOGNIZE THE PLO AS THE SOLE LEGITIMATE REPRESENTATIVE OF THEPALESTINIAN PEOPLE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:FORMED BY PALESTINIAN EXILES IN KUWAIT IN 1957, AL FATAH SURFACED IN1959 AND BEGAN CARRYING OUT RAIDS INTO ISRAEL IN 1965. AFTER THE 1967 SIXDAY WAR, FATAH, THE MILITARY ARM OF THE PLO, GREW RAPIDLY AND ECLIPSED OTHERPALESTINIAN ORGANIZATIONS. IN 1969, FATAH LEADER YASSIR ARAFAT ASSUMED THELEADERSHIP OF THE PLO.THE INCREASE IN FATAH'S POWER AFTER 1967 ALSO CREATED NEW PROBLEMSFOR THE ORGANIZATION; AND IN 1968 ISRAEL INITIATED STRIKES IN RETALIATION FORFATAH OPERATIONS BY ATTACKING FATAH LOCATIONS AND BASES IN JORDAN. FATAH,MEANWHILE, BEGAN TO COMPETE DIRECTLY AGAINST JORDANIAN AUTHORITY IN AREASSUCH THE JORDAN RIVER VALLEY. THESE TENSIONS CULMINATED IN SEPTEMBER, 1970(REFERRED TO AS "BLACK SEPTEMBER" BY PALESTINIAN RADICALS) WHEN JORDANIANFORCES FOUGHT FATAH TO RE-ASSERT GOVERNMENT CONTROL. FATAH-JORDANIANTENSIONS CONTINUED THROUGH 1971 WHEN THE REMAINDER OF FATAH FORCES WEREFORCED TO LEAVE JORDAN. NEARLY ALL FATAH FORCES WERE RE-LOCATED TO LEBANON.FATAH'S STRATEGY OF USING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM CHANGED IN THEWAKE OF THE 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI "YOM KIPPUR" WAR. INCREASED EFFORTS ON THEPART OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER WESTERN NATIONS TO FORGE A PEACE PROCESSIN THE MIDDLE EAST CAUSED ARAFAT TO RECONSIDER HIS STANCE IN THE REGION. INAN EFFORT TO IMPROVE FATAH'S IMAGE WITH THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST,ARAFAT DECIDED TO LIMIT THE EMPLOYMENT OF TERRORIST OPERATIONS TO ISRAEL,LEBANON, AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. FATAH HAS NOT ALWAYS ADHERED TO THISPOLICY, AS ELEMENTS OF FATAH, SUCH AS FORCE 17 AND THE HAWARI ORGANIZATION,HAVE CONDUCTED OPERATIONS AGAINST ISRAELI AND NON-ISRAELI TARGETS OUTSIDE OFISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES.ISRAEL'S 1982 INVASION OF LEBANON (PROVOKED BY THE ABU NIDALORAGNIZATION'S ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THEUNITED KINGDOM) DEALT A SEVERE BLOW TO FATAH. AFTER SUFFERING A TOTALMILITARY DEFEAT IN LEBANON AT THE HANDS OF THE ISRAELIS, FATAH FORCES WEREPERMITTED TO LEAVE BEIRUT EN MASSE. FATAH ESTABLISHED ITS CURRENTHEADQUARTERS IN TUNISIA IN 1982. THE EFFECTS OF THE ISRAELI RAID ON PLOHEADQUARTERS IN TUNIS IN OCTOBER, 1985, PROMPTED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION INTHE FATAH PRESENCE IN TUNIS. TODAY, ONLY A NOMINAL PLO HEADQUARTERS STAFFREMAINS IN TUNIS. THE PRIMARY CONCENTRATIONS OF FATAH PERSONNEL ARE INYEMEN, SUDAN, IRAQ, AND ALGERIA. ALMOST ALL INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITYPERSONNEL STATIONED IN PLO DIPLOMATIC POSTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ARE DRAWNFROM THE RANKS OF FATAH.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYNOTE: MANY OF THE INCIDENTS RELATED BELOW WERE CARRIED OUT AND IN MANY CASESCLAIMED BY COVERT FATAH SURROGATES, SUCH AS BLACK SEPTEMBER, FORCE 17, THEHAWARI GROUP, ETC.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MARCH, 1971:A FIVE MAN FATAH TEAM DESTROYED FUEL TANKS AT THE OIL DOCKFACILITIES IN ROTTERDAM.JULY, 1971:ATTACKED AN ALIA (ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES) OFFICE IN ROME.JULY, 1971:ATTACKED AN ALIA PLANE AT CAIRO.AUGUST, 1971:HIJACKED AN ALIA FLIGHT TO ALGERIA.SEPTEMBER, 1971:ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF AN ALIA FLIGHT FROM BEIRUT TO CAIRO.NOVEMBER, 1971:ASSASSINATED THE JORDANIAN PRIME MINISTER, WASFI EL-TAL, IN CAIRO.CLAIMED BY BLACK SEPTEMBER.DECEMBER, 1971:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITEDKINGDOM IN LONDON.FEBRUARY, 1972:ASSASSINATED FIVE PALESTINIANS AND ONE JORDANIAN IN WEST GERMANY.MARCH, 1972:ATTEMPTED ATTACK AGAINST THE LONDON RESIDENCE OF JORDAN'S KINGHUSSEIN.SEPTEMBER, 1972:EIGHT BLACK SEPTEMBER TERRORISTS SEIZED THE DORMITORY OF ISRAELIATHLETES AT THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE IN MUNICH. WHEN THE INCIDENT WASEVENTUALLY RESOLVED, ELEVEN ISRAELI ATHLETES AND COACHES WERE DEAD,A GERMAN POLICEMAN WAS DEAD, FIVE TERRORISTS HAD BEEN KILLED, ANDTHREE CAPTURED. THE ARRESTED TERRORISTS WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASEDBY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FOLLOWING ALUFTHANSA HIJACKING IN OCTOBER, 1972.SEPTEMBER, 1972:SENT LETTER BOMBS FROM AMSTERDAM TO ISRAEL AND TO ISRAELIEMBASSIES AND CONSULATES IN PARIS, GENEVA, MONTREAL, VIENNA,OTTAWA, BRUSSELS, KINSHASA, BUENOS AIRES, AND WASHINGTON.NOVEMBER, 1972:ASSASSINATED A SYRIAN JOURNALIST IN FRANCE.DECEMBER, 1972:CAPTURED THE ISRAELI EMBASSY IN BANGKOK. TERRORISTS HELD SIXEMPLOYEES HOSTAGE, BUT RELEASED THEM AFTER 19 HOURS.JANUARY, 1973:ATTACKED THE JEWISH AGENCY IN PARIS.MARCH, 1973:OCCUPIED THE SAUDI EMBASSY IN SUDAN. THREE WESTERN DIPLOMATSINCLUDING THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR, THE AMERICAN DEPUTY CHIEF OFMISSION, AND THE BELGIAN CHARGE, WERE MURDERED.SEPTEMBER, 1973:ATTEMPTED MISSILE ATTACK AGAINST AN EL AL AIRCRAFT IN ROME.SEPTEMBER, 1975:SEIZED AND OCCUPIED THE EGYPTIAN EMBASSY IN MADRID. THE TERRORISTSTOOK SIX DIPLOMATS HOSTAGE WHOM THEY THREATENED TO KILL UNLESSEGYPT WITHDREW FROM PEACE TALKS IN GENEVA AND CONDEMNED INTERIMAGREEMENTS WITH ISRAEL. THE TERRORISTS TOOK THEIR HOSTAGES TOALGIERS, WHERE THEY WERE RELEASED.JULY, 1978:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE IRAQI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITEDKINGDOM.AUGUST, 1978:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE IRAQI CONSUL IN KARACHI.APRIL, 1985:THE COASTAL FREIGHTER "ATAVARIUS" WAS INTERCEPETED AND SUNK WHILEATTEMPTING TO INFILTRATE A FATAH RAIDING PARTY INTO ISRAEL.TWENTY RAIDERS WERE KILLED AND EIGHT WERE CAPTURED.SEPTEMBER, 1985:FORCE 17 OPERATIVES SEIZED A PRIVATE PLEASURE BOAT IN LARNACA,CYPRUS, TOOK THREE ISRAELIS ON BOARD HOSTAGE, AND BEFORESURRENDERING, MURDERED THEM.OCTOBER, 1985:FORCE 17 MURDERED TWO ISRAELI MERCHANT SEAMEN IN BARCELONA.FEBRUARY, 1986:FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A BUS BOMBING IN ISRAEL THATWOUNDED SIX.JULY, 1986:FATAH OPERATIVES BELONGING TO THE HAWARI ORGANIZATION WEREARRESTED IN MOROCCO WHILE PLANNING A TERRORIST OPERATION.SEPTEMBER, 1986:AN ISRAELI CITIZEN WAS STABBED TO DEATH IN A MARKET IN GAZA. FORCE17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK.FEBRUARY, 1987:NINE PEOPLE WERE INJURED BY A BOMB ABOARD A BUS ENROUTE TOJERUSALEM FROM HAIFA. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.JULY, 1987:FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A BUS BOMBING IN ISRAEL THATINJURED TWO PEOPLE.JULY, 1987:AN ANTI-ARAFAT CARTOONIST WAS MURDERED IN LONDON. FORCE 17 HASBEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ATTACK.MARCH, 1988:A BUS WAS HIJACKED BETWEEN BEERSHEBA AND DIMONA, ISRAEL. THREEPASSENGERS WERE KILLED BEFORE ISRAELI SECURITY FORCES STORMED THEBUS. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.OCTOBER, 1990:THREE ISRAELIS WERE STABBED TO DEATH AND ONE WAS WOUNDED. PERSONSCLAIMING TO REPRESENT FORCE SEVENTEEN AS WELL AS THE PALESTINIANISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------PLEASE NOTE THAT FURTHER INFORMATION ON FATAH TERRORIST OPERATIONS MAY BEFOUND IN THE PROFILES OF VARIOUS FATAH SURROGATES SUCH AS FORCE 17.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<name>AL FATAH </name>
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card_96487.xml
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<text>ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION10/28/92GP00023KEY WORDS: ANO; FATAH THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; FRC; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY BRIGADES; ARB;BLACK SEPTEMBER; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; BLACK JUNE; ROSM;REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION OF SOCIALIST MUSLIMS; PUNISHMENT; AL-IQTAB;FATAH THE CORRECTIVE MOVEMENT; BLACK SEPTEMBER-BLACK JUNE; MARTYRS OF-----------------------------------------------------------------------------DESCRIPTION:AN INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION LED BY SABRI AL-BANNA (AKA ABUNIDAL "FATHER OF STRUGGLE"). SPLIT FROM FATAH IN 1974. COMPOSED OF VARIOUSFUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES, INCLUDING MILITARY, POLITICAL, ETC.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITIES:THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION IS BELIEVED TO HAVE CARRIED OUT MORE THAN90 TERRORIST OPERATIONS SINCE 1973-74 IN APPROXIMATELY 20 COUNTRIES, KILLINGOR INJURING ALMOST 900 PEOPLE. THE ANO PRIMARILY TARGETS THE UNITED STATES,UNITED KINGDOM, ISRAEL, EUROPEAN NATIONS, JEWS OF ANY NATIONALITY, THE PLO,VARIOUS ARAB NATIONS. THE ANO'S METHODS OF OPERATION INCLUDE ARMED ATTACKSON AIRPORTS, HIJACKINGS, ARMED ATTACKS ON PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES, BOMBINGS,ASSASSINATIONS, AND KIDNAPPINGS. THE GROUP'S ATTACKS ARE NOTED FOR THEIRFEROCITY AND THEIR INTENTIONS OF CAUSING MASSIVE CASUALTIES.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------STRENGTH:SEVERAL HUNDRED PLUS MILITIA IN LEBANON, PLUS AN OVERSEAS SUPPORTSTRUCTURE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION:THE ANO WAS HEADQUARTERED IN IRAQ (1974-83) AND SYRIA (1983-87);CURRENTLY MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN LIBYA WITH A SUBSTANTIAL PRESENCE INLEBANON. THE ANO ALSO MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN ALGERIA AS WELL AS IN OTHERNATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA. SOME ELEMENTS OF THE ANO MAY HAVERELOCATED TO IRAQ FROM LIBYA IN MID-1990. THE GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED ITSABILITY TO OPERATE OVER A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA, INCLUDING THE MIDDLE EAST,EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTERNAL AID:THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE SUPPORT,INCLUDING SAFEHAVEN, TRAINING, LOGISTICAL ASSISTANCE, AND FINANCIAL AIDFROM IRAQ, SYRIA, AND LIBYA. THE GROUP CONTINUES TO RECEIVE SUPPORT FROMLIBYA, IN ADDITION TO CLOSE LOGISTICAL AND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT FOR TERRORISTOPERATIONS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:*PLACE THE "ARMED STRUGGLE" AGAINST THE "ZIONIST ENEMY" AS THE FIRSTPRIORITY OF THE PALESTINE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT;*UNDERMINE EFFORTS TO NEGOTIATE AN ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE BYTERRORIZING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANS AND BY ATTACKING ISRAELI AND JEWISHTARGETS;*THREATEN OR ATTACK "REACTIONARY" REGIMES IN EGYPT, JORDAN, KUWAIT,SAUDI ARABIA, AND THE GULF SHEIKDOMS;*AFFIRM ARAB COMMITMENT TO THE DESTRUCTION OF ISRAEL;*INTIMIDATE THOSE NATIONS CURRENTLY HOLDING ABU NIDAL OPERATIVES INPRISON INTO RELEASING THEM.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND:A REJECTIONIST AND EXTREMELY VIOLENT TERRORIST GROUP, THE ANO OPPOSESALL EFFORTS TOWARD POLITICAL RECONCILIATION OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT.THE GROUP CONTENDS THAT BOTH INTER-ARAB AND INTRA-PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ARENEEDED TO PRECIPITATE AN ALL-EMBRACING ARAB REVOLUTION THAT ALONE CAN LEADTO THE LIBERATION OF "OCCUPIED PALESTINE."THE ANO IS THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUP IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS AREAOF OPERATIONS IS ONE OF THE MOST EXTENSIVE. THE GROUP MADE ITS INITIALAPPEARANCE AFTER THE OCTOBER 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR WHEN YASSIR ARAFATDECIDED TO RESTRICT TERRORIST OPERATIONS TO ISRAELI TARGETS. ABU NIDALDECIDED TO FIGHT ANY EFFORT AT MODERATION BY CONTINUING INTERNATIONALOPERATIONS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS AND BY TARGETING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANSAND MODERATE ARAB STATES. THE RIFT BETWEEN ABU NIDAL AND ARAFAT BECAME SOINTENSE THAT ABU NIDAL WAS TRIED IN ABSENTIA AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BYARAFAT. SINCE ITS FOUNDING, THE ANO HAS ALSO TARGETED THOSE NATIONS HOLDINGITS OPERATIVES AS PRISONERS.AS ABU NIDAL'S FOLLOWING GREW, THE GROUP'S OPERATIONS AGAINSTPALESTINIAN MODERATES ESCALATED. DURING THE FIRST HALF OF 1978, THE ANOASSASSINATED THREE PROMINENT PLO OFFICIALS, WHO WERE ALLIES OF ARAFAT.ALTHOUGH A TEMPORARY RAPPROCHEMENT TOOK PLACE IN 1978, THE ANO CONTINUES TOTARGET MODERATE PALESTINIAN ELEMENTS.DESPITE ITS SUPPORT BY A SUCCESSION OF STATE SPONSORS THE GROUP MAINTAINS ITSOWN POLITICAL AGENDA. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE ANO'S OPERATIONS COINCIDE WITHTHE INTERESTS OF ITS SPONSORS, THE GROUP ALSO CONDUCTS INDEPENDENTOPERATIONS.THE ANO IS FINANCIALLY SOUND AND MAY BE ONE OF THE MOST ECONOMICALLY VIABLEOF ALL TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. THE GROUP IS BELIEVED TO DRAW ONE THIRD OFITS INCOME FROM PATRON STATES, ONE THIRD FROM GRAFT OR BLACKMAIL/EXTORTION,AND ONE THIRD FROM ITS OWN NETWORK OF BUSINESSES AND FRONT ORGANIZATIONS.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGYSEPTEMBER, 1973 - WHILE STILL AFFILIATED WITH FATAH, ABU NIDAL MOUNTED ANOPERATION, SEIZING THE EMBASSY OF SAUDI ARABIA IN PARIS, ANDDEMANDING THE RELEASE OF ABU DAWUD, A FATAH TERRORIST BEING HELDIN JORDAN.OCTOBER, 1974:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FATAH OFFICIAL ABU MAZIM. ABU NIDALWAS SENTENCED TO DEATH IN ABSENTIA BY FATAH FOR THIS ATTEMPT.SEPTEMBER, 1976:ATTACK AND TAKEOVER OF THE SEMIRAMIS HOTEL IN DAMASCUSOCTOBER, 1976:ATTACKS ON SYRIAN EMBASSIES IN ISLAMABAD AND ROME.NOVEMBER, 1976:ATTACK ON THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN AMMAN.DECEMBER, 1976:FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST SYRIAN FORTEIGN MINISTER INDAMASCUS.OCTOBER, 1977:ANOTHER FAILED ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE SYRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER,THIS TIME IN ABU DHABI. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTER OFSTATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS WAS KILLED.AUGUST, 1978:ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE PLO IN PAKISTAN.JULY, 1980:ATTACK ON THE CHILDREN OF A JEWISH SCHOOL IN ANTWERP.JULY, 1980:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE ISRAELI COMMERCIALATTACHE IN BRUSSELS.MAY, 1981:MURDERED A VIENNA CITY COUNCILMAN AND THREATENED TO KILL AUSTRIANCHANCELLOR KREISKY.AUGUST, 1981:MACHINEGUNNED A VIENNA SYNAGOGUE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDINGSEVENTEEN PEOPLE.JUNE, 1982:ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF SHLOMO ARGOV, ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THEUNITED KINGDOM.JUNE, 1982:MURDERED A PLO OFFICIAL IN ROME WITH A CAR BOMB.AUGUST, 1982:ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) CONSUL INBOMBAY.SEPTEMBER, 1982:ASSASSINATED A KUWAITI DIPLOMAT IN MADRID.OCTOBER, 1982:KILLED ONE CHILD AND INJURED TEN PEOPLE IN A GRENADE ANDMACHINE-GUN ATTACK ON A SYNAGOGUE IN ROME.APRIL, 1983:MURDERED PLO OFFICIAL ISSAM SARTAWI AT THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE IN LISBON.OCTOBER, 1983:ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO ITALY IN ROME.OCTOBER, 1983:SEVERELY WOUNDED THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO INDIA IN NEW DELHI.NOVEMBER, 1983:ATTACKED SECURITY GUARDS ASSIGNED TO THE JORDANIAN EMBASSY INATHENS, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING ANOTHER.DECEMBER, 1983:BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE FRENCH CULTURAL CENTER INIZMIR, TURKEY.FEBRUARY, 1984:IMPLICATED IN THE PARIS MURDER OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATESAMBASSADOR TO FRANCE.MARCH, 1984:ASSASSINATED A BRITISH DIPLOMAT IN ATHENS.NOVEMBER, 1984:ASSASSINATED THE BRITISH HIGH COMMISSIONER IN BOMBAY, INDIA.DECEMBER, 1984:MURDERED ARAFAT SUPPORTER ISMAIL DARWISH IN ROME.MARCH, 1985:KIDNAPPED BRITISH JOURNALIST ALEC COLLETT IN BEIRUT; COLLETT WASREPORTED TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED ONE YEAR LATER, BUT INFORMATION ISINCONCLUSIVE.MARCH, 1985:ATTACKED THE ROME OFFICES OF ALIA, THE ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES,WOUNDING THREE PEOPLE. ALSO BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THESIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON ALIA OFFICES IN ATHENS AND NICOSIA.APRIL, 1985:FIRED A ROCKET AT AN ALIA AIRLINER AS IT TOOK OFF FROM ATHENSAIRPORT. ALTHOUGH THE ROCKET DID NOT DETONATE, IT LEFT A HOLE INTHE FUSELAGE.JULY, 1985:BOMBED THE BRITISH AIRWAYS OFFICE IN MADRID, KILLING ONE ANDWOUNDING TWENTY SEVEN. FIVE MINUTES LATER ATTACKED THE MADRIDOFFICES OF ALIA, TWO BLOCKS AWAY, WOUNDING TWO PERSONS.SEPTEMBER, 1985:GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE CAFE DE PARIS IN ROME, WOUNDING THIRTYEIGHT PEOPLE.SEPTEMBER, 1985:HIJACKED AN EGYPTIAN AIRLINER TO MALTA, WHERE SIXTY PEOPLE WEREKILLED DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY EGYPTIAN FORCES.DECEMBER, 1985:ATTACKED THE AIRPORTS AT ROME AND VIENNA, KILLING SIXTEEN ANDWOUNDING SCORES. CLAIMED BY THE CELLS OF THE ARAB FEDAYEEN.SEPTEMBER, 1986:ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT #73 AT KARACHI, KILLINGTWENTY TWO PERSONS.SEPTEMBER, 1986:LESS THAN TWENTY FOUR HOURS AFTER THE KARACHI ATTACK, ANOOPERATIVES ATTACKED THE NEVE SHALOM SYNAGOGUE IN ISTANBUL, KILLINGMORE THAN TWENTY WORSHIPPERS.JULY, 1987:CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A RESTAURANT ON THE WEST BANK OFTHE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES, WOUNDING FIFTEEN.NOVEMBER, 1987:CLAIMED TO HAVE SEIZED A YACHT OFF THE COAST OF ISRAEL AND TAKENITS EIGHT OCCUPANTS HOSTAGE.MARCH, 1988:A LONE GUNMAN ATTACKED AN ALITALIA AIRLINES CREW ABOARD A COMMUTERBUS IN BOMBAY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING THE CREW CAPTAIN.MAY, 1988:IN KHARTOUM, SUDAN, ANO OPERATIVES KILLED EIGHT AND WOUNDEDTWENTY ONE IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON THE ACROPOLE HOTEL AND THESUDAN CLUB.JULY, 1988:FOLLOWING THE PREMATURE DETONATION OF A CAR BOMB AT AN ATHENS PIER,IN WHICH TWO ANO OPERATIVES WERE KILLED, ANO GUNMEN ABOARD THE DAYCRUISE SHIP "CITY OF POROS" ATTACKED THE PASSENGERS, KILLING NINEAND WOUNDING NINETY EIGHT.JANUARY, 1991:ABU IYAD, CONSIDERED THE SECOND MOST SENIOR OFFICIAL OF FATAH AFTERYASSIR ARAFAT; AND ABU HUL, COMMANDER OF THE WESTERN SECTOR FORCESOF FATAH, WERE ASSASSINATED BY AN ABU NIDAL OPERATIVE.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT,DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.</text>
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<text>TAIWAN - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 5 days. AIDStest mandatory for anyone staying over 3 months; U.S. test sometimesaccepted. For business travel, longer stays or other information contactCoordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA), 4201 WisconsinAvenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016-2137 (202/895-1800). Additionaloffices are in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Guam, Honolulu, Houston, KansasCity, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle.Taiwan - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993 Country Description: Taiwan is completing a transition toward democracy and has a strong and well-developed economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Visas for stays of up to two months are issued without charge. For specific visa information, travelers may contact the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA), 4201 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016-2137, telephone (202) 895-1800. CCNAA also has several subordinate offices in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco and Seattle.Medical Facilities: Health facilities in Taiwan are fully adequate for routine medical treatment. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The overall crime rate on Taiwan is low. Residential burglaries and thefts are the predominant types of crimes that affect foreigners, but other more serious street crimes do occasionally occur. Some foreign businesses have also been the victims of criminal extortion attempts. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the American Institute in either Taipei or Kaohsiung. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country or area in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and/or large fines.Registration: Americans who register at the American Institute in Taiwan may obtain updated information on travel and security within Taiwan. The American Institute does not issue U.S. passports directly; passport applications are sent to the American Consulate General in Hong Kong for processing. This takes nearly two weeks. For those persons who must travel immediately, the American Institute can issue a travel letter good for travel to Hong Kong or the U.S., but not for any other destination.Embassy Location: Unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan are conducted through the American Institute in Taiwan whose offices are authorized by law to perform American citizen services. For assistance, U.S. citizen travelers can contact the American Institute at No. 7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road Section 3, Taipei, Taiwan, telephone (886-2) 709-2000; or the American Institute at No. 2 Chung Cheng 3rd Road, 3rd floor, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, telephone (886-7) 224-0154. In case of emergencies after working hours, the duty officer at Taipei can be contacted at (886-2) 709-2013.No. 93-193This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to provide updated information concerning the American Institute of Taiwan at Kaohsiung, to note a general limitations on the issuance of U.S. passports in Taiwan, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan GeographyLocation: East Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, between Japan and the PhilippinesMap references: Asia, Oceania, Southeast AsiaArea: total area: 35,980 km2 land area: 32,260 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and QuemoyLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,448 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and TaiwanClimate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all yearTerrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in westNatural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestosLand use: arable land: 24% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 55% other: 15%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan PeoplePopulation: 21,091,663 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.04 years male: 71.84 years female: 78.39 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Chinese (singular and plural) adjective: ChineseEthnic divisions: Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%Religions: mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%Languages: Madarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 86% male: 93% female: 79%Labor force: 7.9 million by occupation: industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Taiwan local long form: none local short form: T'ai-wanDigraph: TWType: multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989Capital: TaipeiAdministrative divisions: some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un note: Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanizationConstitution: 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revisionLegal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the Revolution)Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); China Social Democratic Party (CSDP); Labor Party (LP)Other political or pressure groups: Taiwan independence movement, various environmental groups note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased representation of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity; advocates of Taiwan independence, both within the DPP and the ruling Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party's traditional stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland China; the aims of the Taiwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation Building THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan GovernmentSuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly Vice President: last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly Legislative Yuan: last held 19 December 1992 (next to be held near the end of 1995); results - KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; seats - (304 total, 161 elected) KMT 96, DPP 50, independents 15 National Assembly: first National Assembly elected in November 1946 with a supplementary election in December 1986; second and present National Assembly elected in December 1991; seats - 403 total, KMT 318, DPP 75, other 10; (next election to be held in 1997)Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive YuanLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: Judicial YuanLeaders: Chief of State: President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990) Head of Government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN Chan (since 23 February 1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh (since 23 February 1993)Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development, APEC, AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOCDiplomatic representation in US: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US citiesUS diplomatic representation: unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan EconomyOverview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $209 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 6.7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $10,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 1.6% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)Exports: $82.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: electrical machinery 18.5%, textiles 14.7%, general machinery and equipment 17.7%, footwear 4.5%, foodstuffs 1.1%, plywood and wood products 1.1% (1992 est.) partners: US 29.1%, Hong Kong 18.7%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.)Imports: $72.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment 15.8%, chemicals 10.0%, crude oil 4.2%, foodstuffs 2.1% (1992 est.) partners: Japan 30.3%, US 21.9%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.)External debt: $620 million (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 6.5% (1992 est.); accounts for more than 40% of GDPElectricity: 18,382,000 kW capacity; 98,500 million kWh produced, 4,718 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum refiningAgriculture: accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, reached 1.4 million metric tons in 1988Illicit drugs: an important heroin transit point; also a major drug money laundering center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan EconomyEconomic aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 millionCurrency: 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 centsExchange rates: New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.125 (1992 est.), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan CommunicationsRailroads: about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprisesHighways: 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed stone or gravel, 575 km graded earthPipelines: petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 kmPorts: Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tungMerchant marine: 223 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761,609 GRT/9,375,677 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 43 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 85 container, 19 oil tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 57 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk, 1 chemical tankerAirports: total: 40 usable: 38 with permanent-surface runways: 36 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 7Telecommunications: best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts; broadcast stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Taiwan Defense ForcesBranches: General Staff, Ministry of National Defense, Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Military Police CommandManpower availability: males age 15-49 6,095,857; fit for military service 4,731,172 (1993 est.); about 184,740 currently reach military age (19) annuallyDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, 5.4% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, between South Africa and ZambiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 390,580 km2 land area: 386,670 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MontanaLand boundaries: total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreementClimate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in eastNatural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metalsLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 62% other: 19%Irrigated land: 2,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollutionNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe PeoplePopulation: 10,837,772 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 38.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 17.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 75.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 42.82 years male: 41.2 years female: 44.49 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.26 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: ZimbabweanEthnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%Languages: English (official), Shona, SindebeleLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 67% male: 74% female: 60%Labor force: 3.1 million by occupation: agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe conventional short form: Zimbabwe former: Southern RhodesiaDigraph: ZIType: parliamentary democracyCapital: HarareAdministrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, MidlandsIndependence: 18 April 1980 (from UK)Constitution: 21 December 1979Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Executive President: last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% Parliament: last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1Executive branch: executive president, 2 vice presidents, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador-designate Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe Government chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 332-7100US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER embassy: 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: [263] (4) 794-521 FAX: [263] (4) 796-488Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe EconomyOverview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in 1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about 10% in 1992.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -10% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $545 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 45% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: at least 35% (1993 est.)Budget: revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91)Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% partners: UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991)Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15% partners: UK 15%, Germany 9%, South Africa 5%, Botswana 5%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1991)External debt: $3.9 billion (March 1993 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 38% of GDPElectricity: 3,650,000 kW capacity; 8,920 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood productsAgriculture: accounts for 13% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 millionCurrency: 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe EconomyExchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 6.3532 (February 1993), 5.1046 (1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe CommunicationsRailroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km electrified)Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earthInland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communicationPipelines: petroleum products 212 kmAirports: total: 485 usable: 403 with permanent-surface runways: 22 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 29Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zimbabwe Defense ForcesBranches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's MilitiaManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,315,461; fit for military service 1,436,671 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)</text>
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<text>ZIMBABWE - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient fundsrequired. Visitors must declare currency upon arrival. For regulationscheck with Embassy of Zimbabwe, 1608 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington,D.C. 20009 (202/332-7100)Zimbabwe - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Zimbabwe is a landlocked southern African country with extensive tourist facilities.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Although no visa is required to enter Zimbabwe, immigration authorities require a firm itinerary, sufficient funds to support the visit, and a return ticket to the United States. Onward tickets to non-U.S. destinations may not suffice. If these requirements are not met, immigration authorities may order departure by the next available flight. Departing air travelers must pay a $20 departure tax. Travelers may obtain further information regarding entry requirements by contacting the Embassy of Zimbabwe, 1608 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 332-7100.Areas of Instability: Land mines along the Mozambique border, which is outside the main tourist areas, make travel to the border area potentially hazardous.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Zimbabwe are limited. Some medicine is in short supply. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Travelers have found supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage to be of use. Zimbabwe is suffering greatly from the AIDS pandemic. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Muggings, purse snatchings and break-ins are an increasing problem in Harare and Bulawayo. Thieves often operate in downtown Harare, especially in crowded areas, and on public transportation. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Shortages: Nationwide electrical blackouts can last hours at a time.In-Country Travel: Intercity bus travel can be dangerous due to overloaded buses, inadequate maintenance, unskilled drivers and occasional cases of drivers operating buses while intoxicated. When driving in cities, individuals generally keep windows rolled up and doors locked. Scheduled air travel is available to several cities and tourist destinations throughout Zimbabwe.Currency Regulations: Currency transactions are strictly regulated. Tourists must declare to Zimbabwe customs all currency and travelers checks with which they enter the country. Failure to declare all currency and travelers checks can mean confiscation of the currency or checks, as well as a fine.Restrictions on Photography: Zimbabwean authorities are extremely sensitive about photographing certain locations and buildings, including government offices, airports, military installations, official residences and embassies.Arrest or Detention: U.S. consular officials are not always granted quick access to Americans detained by Zimbabwean police. U.S. Embassy protests to the Government of Zimbabwe have not improved this situation.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Zimbabwe.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, P.O. Box 3340, in the capital city of Harare. The telephone number is (263-4) 794-521. In emergency situations during non-working hours, a duty officer can be contacted through the Marine Security Guard on duty at the U.S. Embassy.No. 93-297This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to reflect that the Gonarezhou National Park is no longer closed to the public.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, between Zaire and ZimbabweMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 752,610 km2 land area: 740,720 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than TexasLand boundaries: total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settledClimate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountainsNatural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 47% forest and woodland: 27% other: 19%Irrigated land: 320 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertificationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia PeoplePopulation: 8,926,099 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.96% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 46.53 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 83.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.56 years male: 44.97 years female: 46.16 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Zambian(s) adjective: ZambianEthnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%Religions: Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%Languages: English (official) note: about 70 indigenous languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 73% male: 81% female: 65%Labor force: 2.455 million by occupation: agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and services 9% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Zambia conventional short form: Zambia former: Northern RhodesiaDigraph: ZAType: republicCapital: LusakaAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, WesternIndependence: 24 October 1964 (from UK)Constitution: NA August 1991Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)Political parties and leaders: Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; United Democratic Party, Enoch KAVINDELESuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% National Assembly: last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dunstan KAMONA chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-9717 through 9721 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB embassy: corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka telephone: [260-1] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603 FAX: [260-1] 251-578Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia EconomyOverview: The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a chronically depressed level of copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP fell by 2% and in 1992 by 3% more. An annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years, as well as severe drought in the crop year 1991/92.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $550 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 170% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco partners: EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, IndiaImports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures partners: EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, USExternal debt: $7.6 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDPElectricity: 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizerAgriculture: accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 millionCurrency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngweeExchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 178.5714 (August 1992), 61.7284 (1991), 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia CommunicationsRailroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double trackHighways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake TanganyikaPipelines: crude oil 1,724 kmPorts: Mpulungu (lake port)Airports: total: 116 usable: 104 with permanent-surface runways: 13 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 22Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zambia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitaryManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,810,442; fit for military service 949,878 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1% of GDP (1992 est.)</text>
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<text>ZAMBIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa in advance. Visa validup to 6 months, requires $10 fee (no personal checks), 2 application formsand 2 photos. Business visa also requires company letter. Yellow feverand cholera immunizations recommended. Apply Embassy of the Republic ofZambia, 2419 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-9717-21).Zambia - Consular Information SheetDecember 3, 1993Country Description: Zambia is a developing African country. Tourist facilities outside of well-known game parks are not fully developed.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens must have passports and obtain a Zambian visa prior to entering the country. Further entry information can be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Zambia, 2419 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 265-9171.Areas of Instability: Tourist destinations, including national parks located in eastern Zambia, are visited without incident by large numbers of tourists, including Americans. However, visitors' security is uncertain in border areas, especially on the Great East Road along the Mozambique border, the northern border with Zaire, and in the west near Angola.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Cholera and yellow fever are endemic. Malaria is widespread. U.S. medical insurance does not always provide coverage outside the United States. Travelers have found supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage to be useful. Additional information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Crime is prevalent in Zambia. Muggings and petty theft are commonplace, especially in Lusaka on Cairo Road and in other commercial areas. Travel at night is considered particularly risky, both in Lusaka and on roads outside of the city. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: Zambia Airways, the country's national air carrier, has discontinued international air service. Some domestic flights have also been cancelled. The airline has been suspended by the International Air Transport Association for non-payment of bills. The IATA ruling means that other airlines will not honor Zambia Airways tickets or tickets on Zambia Airways stock. This will affect travelers who buy their tickets in Zambia, or who buy their tickets directly from Zambia Airways or who booked on Zambia Airways and need to change air carriers because of a missed connection or cancelled flight. In addition, Zambia Airways has failed to pay some of its maintenance bills. There are concerns that safety standards may be dropping in spite of the company's statements to the contrary. Other public transportation is generally unreliable and unsafe.Travel to military areas and photographing military facilities are prohibited. Photography of any area other than tourist attractions may be challenged by authorities. Wearing of apparel that could be mistaken for military uniform can cause problems for visitors. Foreigners are sometimes detained by Zambian police and security forces for no apparent reason. In arrest cases, Zambian authorities are often slow in informing embassies of their citizens' detention.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy upon arrival in Lusaka may obtain updated information on travel and security in the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at the corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues in the capital city of Lusaka. The mailing address is P.O. Box 31617, Lusaka, Zambia. The telephone number is (260-1) 228-595; the fax number is (260-1) 261-538.No. 93-321This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 28, 1993 to reflect that Zambia Airways has cancelled its international flights, as well as some domestic flights.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire GeographyLocation: Central Africa, between Congo and ZambiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,345,410 km2 land area: 2,267,600 km2 comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of USLand boundaries: total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 kmCoastline: 37 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to OctoberTerrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in eastNatural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 78% other: 15%Irrigated land: 100 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; periodic droughts in southNote: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire PeoplePopulation: 41,345,738 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.2% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 48.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.26 years male: 45.45 years female: 49.12 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Zairian(s) adjective: ZairianEthnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the populationReligions: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10%Languages: French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, TshilubaLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 72% male: 84% female: 61%Labor force: 15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population is of working age) by occupation: agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Zaire conventional short form: Zaire local long form: Republique du Zaire local short form: Zaire former: Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/KinshasaDigraph: CGType: republic with a strong presidential systemCapital: KinshasaAdministrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-KivuIndependence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium)Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April 1990; new constitution to be put to referendum in 1993Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965)Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ a Karl-I-Bond; Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by High Council, the opposition-controlled transition legislature); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition Legislative Council: last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by High Council); results - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; note - MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other partiesExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament; anti-Mobutu opposition claims National Parliament replaced by High CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire Government Head of Government: Interim Prime Minister Faustin BIRINDWA (since 18 March 1993)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador TATANENE Manata chancery: 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 234-7690 or 7691US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Deputy Chief of Mission John YATES embassy: 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa mailing address: APO AE 09828 telephone: [243] (12) 21532, 21628 FAX: [243] (12) 21232 consulate general: Lubumbashi (closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation)Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire EconomyOverview: In 1992, Zaire's formal economy continued to disintegrate. While meaningful economic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire's hyperinflation, the largest government deficit ever, and plunging mineral production have made the country one of the world's poorest. Most formal transactions are conducted in hard currency as indigenous banknotes have lost almost all value, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities. Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and petty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financial obligations to the International Momentary Fund or put in place the financial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for improvement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire's long-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and agricultural resources.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.2 billion (1992, at 1990 exchange rate)National product real growth rate: -6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $235 (1992, at 1990 exchange rate)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35-40% per month (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil partners: US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South AfricaImports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels partners: South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UKExternal debt: $9.2 billion (May 1992 est.)Industrial production: growth grate NA%Electricity: 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamondsAgriculture: cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, bananas, root crops, cornIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumptionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million; except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US assistance was given to Zaire in 1992 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire EconomyCurrency: 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makutaExchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1 - 2,000,000 (January1993), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire CommunicationsRailroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of civil strifeHighways: 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; 97,500 unimproved earthInland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakesPipelines: petroleum products 390 kmPorts: Matadi, Boma, BananaMerchant marine: 1 passenger cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,489 GRT/13,481 DWTAirports: total: 281 usable: 235 with permanent-surface runways: 25 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 73Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Zaire Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, Special Presidential DivisionManpower availability: males age 15-49 8,879,731; fit for military service 4,521,768 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988)</text>
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<text>ZAIRE Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained before arrival.Transit visa for stay up to 8 days, single-entry $45; double-entry $70.Tourist/business visa, valid 1 month $75-120, 2 months $140-180, 3 months$190-220 and 6 months $264-360, requires 3 photos, 3 applications, yellowfever immunization and onward/return ticket. Business visa also requirescompany letter accepting financial responsibility for traveler. Nopersonal checks, send money order and enclose SASE for return of passportby mail. Apply Embassy of the Republic of Zaire, 1800 New Hampshire Ave.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/234-7690/1) or Permanent Mission to theU.N., 747 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017 (212/754-1966).Zaire - Consular Information SheetFebruary 16, 1994Country Description: Zaire is the largest sub-Saharan African country. It has substantial human and natural resources, but for the past several years, the country has suffered a profound political and economic crisis which has resulted in the dramatic deterioration of the physical infrastructure of the country; insecurity and an increase in crime in urban areas (including occasional episodes of looting and murder in Kinshasa's streets); occasional official hostility to U.S. citizens and nationals of European countries; periodic shortages of basic needs such as gasoline; chronic shortages of medicine and supplies for some basic medical care; hyperinflation; corruption; and in some urban areas, malnutrition of the local population to the point of starvation. Tourism facilities are minimal.Entry Requirements: A passport, visa and vaccination certificate showing valid yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required for entry into Zaire. Intending travelers are advised that the government of Zaire announced in 1993 that visas would not be issued to nationals of countries practicing "discriminatory" visa policies toward Zairians. Although the government did not name the countries to which this edict would be applied, it is presumed that Zairian visas will become more difficult for U.S. citizens to obtain. In addition, some travelers are currently obliged to transit the Congo to reach Kinshasa which means a Congo visa may also be necessary. U.S. citizens may not be able to obtain a visa at Zairian embassies in neighboring countries; it is suggested that travelers apply at the Zairian Embassy in Washington well in advance of any planned trip. Visa fees are apt to be high. For entry information, the traveler may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Zaire, 1800 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. The telephone number is (202) 234-7690 or 234-7691. Travelers may also contact Zaire's Permanent Mission to the U.N. at 747 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, telephone (212) 754-1966.Areas of Instability: Although there are several flights each week between Kinshasa and European cities, schedules are often disrupted by security problems in Kinshasa or neighboring Brazzaville. There have been instances of shooting into Kinshasa from Brazzaville and of shell fragments falling on Kinshasa from fighting in Brazzaville. During these occasions, the U.S. Embassy in Kinshasa has alerted U.S. citizens to the precautions to be observed.In September 1991 and January 1993, there were major episodes of military mutiny in Kinshasa, resulting in many deaths and major property theft, damage and destruction. Similar events occurred in late November 1993 in the provincial capital of Kananga. The underlying cause of these mutinies--the inability of the government to pay the military sufficiently to enable them to support themselves and their families--has not been resolved. Civil disturbances, including looting and the possibility of physical harm, can occur without warning in all urban areas of Zaire.Dependents of U.S. Embassy personnel were withdrawn from the country in September 1991 and restrictions on families are still in effect. Zairian security personnel are increasingly suspicious of foreigners and sometimes stop them on the street for proof of immigration status. Some foreigners, especially journalists, have been arrested for contacting members of the Zairian opposition parties.Border control personnel scrutinize passports, visas, and vaccination certificates for any possible irregularity and sometimes seek bribes to perform their official functions. Travelers are requested to be cautious and polite if confronted with these situations and to contact the U.S. Embassy if taken into custody.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are extremely limited. Medicine is in short supply. Doctors and hospitals expect immediate cash payment in full for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Travelers have found supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage to be of use. Specific information on health matters may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: The continued deterioration of Zaire's economy has led to an increase in armed street crime, especially in Kinshasa, where violent crime is commonplace. Vehicle thefts, including hijackings at gunpoint, are on the increase. Burglaries and other crimes also occur. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.In-Country Travel: Most intercity roads are difficult or impassable in the rainy season. When driving in cities, individuals often keep windows rolled up and doors locked. At roadblocks or checkpoints, documents are displayed through closed windows. A government "mining permit" may be required to travel to large areas of the country, regardless of the visitor's purpose in going there. This permit must be obtained before entering the "mining zone."Border Crossings: (Zaire/Congo) - A special exit permit from Zaire's immigration department and a visa from an embassy of the Congo are required to cross the Congo River from Kinshasa to Brazzaville.(Zaire/Central African Republic) - There are three ferry crossing points for overland traffic between Zaire and The Central African Republic. They are located at Bangui, Mobaye and Bangassou. Beginning in the summer of 1993, the crossing points at Bangui and Mobaye have been closed to overland tourist traffic on the direct order of president Mobutu of Zaire for security reasons. The ferry crossing point at Bangassou is not affected and remains open. The ferry serving that crossing point has, however, a history of breaking and can be down for weeks at a time, waiting for someone to pay for repairs. In the event it is not functioning, overland groups will be stranded on either side of the border, unable to use the other working, but restricted, ferry crossing points. Local citizens are not affected by these orders, but may also be temporarily stranded at times.Currency Regulations: The Foreign Exchange Office at N'djili Airport in Kinshasa closed in September 1991. While U.S. dollars and travelers checks can, in theory, be exchanged for local currency (zaires) at banks in Kinshasa, banks often do not have sufficient Zaire cash on hand to make transactions. Visitors may be given an unfavorable rate of exchange, making any daily necessities extremely expensive. Participating in the unofficial, "parallel" money exchanges that flourish in some areas is illegal. Some foreigners have been picked up for infractions of this type and had their money confiscated. Credit cards are accepted at a few major hotels and restaurants. It is illegal to take Zairian currency out of the country.Photography Restrictions: Photography of public buildings and/or military installations is forbidden, including photography of the banks of the Congo River. Offenders can expect to be arrested, held for a minimum of several hours, and fined.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens are asked to register at the U.S. Embassy in Kinshasa and obtain updated information on travel and security within Zaire.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs in the capital city of Kinshasa. The mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 31550, APO AE 09828, and the telephone number is (243-12) 21532 or 21628. The Consular section of the U.S. Embassy is located at Avenue d'Isiro, Mobil Building; the telephone number is (243-12) 21532, extension 2376. The U.S. Embassy has been operating with a severely reduced staff since September 1991. All American staff and their dependents were evacuated from the Consulate General in Lubumbashi in 1991, and have not been permitted to return. The caretaker staff at the Consulate in Lubumbashi cannot provide consular assistance.No. 94-016This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 10, 1993, to provide information concerning the effects of Brazzaville's security situation on Kinshasa. </text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen GeographyLocation: Middle East, along the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, south of Saudi ArabiaMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 527,970 km2 land area: 527,970 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)Land boundaries: total 1,746 km, Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 kmCoastline: 1,906 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm in the North 24 nm in the South continental shelf: 200 m depth in the North 200 nm in the South or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with Oman; a treaty with Oman to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary was ratified in December 1992Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in eastTerrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian PeninsulaNatural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in westLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 7% other: 57%Irrigated land: 3,100 km2 (1989 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen GeographyEnvironment: subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen PeoplePopulation: 10,742,395 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.31% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 15.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 50.94 years male: 49.83 years female: 52.11 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Yemeni(s) adjective: YemeniEthnic divisions: predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in coastal locations; South Asians in southern regions; small European communities in major metropolitan areas; 60,000 (est.) Somali refugees encamped near AdenReligions: Muslim (including Sha'fi, Sunni, and Zaydi Shi'a), Jewish, Christian, HinduLanguages: ArabicLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 38% male: 53% female: 26%Labor force: North: NA by occupation: agriculture and herding 70%, expatriate laborers 30% (est.) South: 477,000 by occupation: agriculture 45.2%, services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6% (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Yemen conventional short form: Yemen local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah local short form: Al YamanDigraph: YMType: republicCapital: SanaaAdministrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz note: there may be a new capital district of San'a'Independence: 22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)Constitution: 16 April 1991Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990)Political parties and leaders: General People's Congress, 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAROther political or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups; Muslim Brotherhood; Islamist parties; pro-Iraqi Ba'thists; NasiristsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held NA (next to be held 27 April 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of the new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members)Executive branch: five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990); Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI; Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-'ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, the former president of South Yemen)Member of: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI chancery: Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 965-4760 or 4761 consulate general: Detroit consulate: San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES embassy: Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa mailing address: P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa or Sanaa, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330 telephone: [967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852 FAX: [967] (2) 251-563Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen EconomyOverview: Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. Former South Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet economic support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade deficits have been compensated for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and by foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million. Economic growth in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment allocation, and import choices.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $775 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 100% (December 1992)Unemployment rate: 30% (December 1992)Budget: revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $908 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and salted fish partners: US, EC countries, South Korea, Saudi ArabiaImports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, chemicals partners: Japan, Saudi Arabia, Australia, EC countries, China, Russia, USExternal debt: $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity: 714,000 kW capacity; 1,224 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cementAgriculture: accounted for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, fish; not self-sufficient in grain THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billionCurrency: Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils note: following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new Yemeni rialExchange rates: Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 30-40 (unofficial) (est.); North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12.1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), 9.7600 (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) note: following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new Yemeni rialFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen CommunicationsHighways: 15,500 km total; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.)Pipelines: crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 kmPorts: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, SalifMerchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 45 usable: 39 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11Telecommunications: since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a national domestic civil telecommunications network; the network consists of microwave radio relay, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti THE WORLD FACTBOOK Yemen Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,060,124; fit for military service 1,172,633; reach military age (14) annually 133,727 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $762 million, 10% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>YEMEN REPUBLIC OF- Passport and visa required. Visa valid 30 days fromdate of issuance for single entry, requires 1 application form and 2photos. For tourist visa need proof of onward/return transportation andemployment and $20 fee. Visitors visa requires letter of invitation and$20 fee. Business visa requires $20, company letter stating purpose oftrip. Payment by money order only and include postage for return ofpassport by registered mail. Entry not granted to passports showingIsraeli or South African visas. Yellow fever and cholera vaccinations andmalaria suppressants recommended. Check information with Embassy of theRepublic Yemen , Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20037 (202/965-4760) or Yemen Mission to the U.N., 866 United NationsPlaza, Rm. 435, New York, NY 10017 (212/355-1730).Yemen - Consular Information SheetMarch 8, 1994Country Description: Yemen is a republic governed by a presidential council, prime minister and cabinet, and a constitutional parliament. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. Yemen is a developing country, and modern tourist facilities, except in the major cities, are not widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Entry to Yemen may be denied to persons with passports showing Israeli or South African visas or entry/exit stamps. A yellow fever vaccination is recommended. Chloroquine-resistant malaria suppressants are recommended for travel to areas outside the city of Sanaa. For more details, the traveler can contact the Embassy of the Republic of Yemen, Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, telephone (202) 965-4760; or the Yemen Mission to the U.N., 866 United Nations Plaza, Room 435, New York, N.Y. 10017, telephone (212) 355-1730.Areas of Instability: Travel in Yemen, particularly to the tribal areas north and east of Sanaa, can be dangerous. Disputes between different tribal groups and between tribal groups and the government have led to violent incidents. These disputes have sometimes led to the kidnapping of Westerners, including Americans. This situation is now exacerbated by the political involvement of rival groups. Yemeni security officials advise against casual travel to rural areas. If travel to these areas is necessary, the risk to personal security may be reduced if such travel is undertaken by air or with an armed escort. In addition, traffic is sometimes hindered by temporary military checkpoints and movements that are a result of political tension between the northern and southern portions of the country.Armed hijackings of vehicles, accompanied in some instances by violence, occur in many parts of the country, including the capital. Urban violence is a growing problem. Foreign embassies and Yemeni government buildings have been the targets of bombs and rockets planted or fired by unknown individuals or groups. These disturbances and violent incidents present a danger to U.S. citizens in Yemen.Medical Facilities: Basic medical care and medicines are available in the principal cities of Yemen, but not necessarily in outlying areas. The altitude of Sanaa (7200 feet) and lack of adequate medical facilities can cause problems for some visitors. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The most serious crime problem affecting travelers to Yemen is the armed, at times violent, hijacking of vehicles. Travelers occasionally have been victims of petty street crime. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Dual Nationality: The government of Yemen may not recognize the U.S. citizenship of persons who are citizens of both Yemen and the United States. This may hinder the ability of U.S. consular officials to assist persons who do not enter Yemen on a U.S. passport. Dual nationals may also be subject to national obligations, such as taxes or military service. Travelers can contact an embassy or consulate of Yemen for further information on possible dual nationality.Photography Restrictions: Specific permission is required for the use of video cameras. Photography of military installations, equipment, or troops is forbidden, and in the past has led to the arrest of U.S. citizens. Such sites are not always obvious; if in doubt, it is useful to ask specific permission. Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Yemen.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Sanaa, Yemen is located at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, P.O. Box 22347. The telephone number is (967-1) 238-843/52. The workweek in Yemen is Saturday through Wednesday.No. 94-028This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated August 31, 1993, to update sections on areas of instability and dual nationality.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK World GeographyMap references: Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 510.072 million km2 land area: 148.94 million km2 water area: 361.132 million km2 comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US note: 70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is landLand boundaries: the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64 km (not counting shared boundaries twice)Coastline: 356,000 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm claimed by most but can vary continental shelf: 200 m depth claimed by most or to the depth of exploitation, others claim 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary exclusive economic zone: 200 nm claimed by most but can vary territorial sea: 12 nm claimed by most but can vary note: boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; 42 nations and other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, ZimbabweClimate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climatesTerrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 metersNatural resources: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to addressLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 1% THE WORLD FACTBOOK World Geography meadows and pastures: 24% forest and woodland: 31% other: 34%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion THE WORLD FACTBOOK World PeoplePopulation: 5,554,552,453 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.6% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62 years male: 60 years female: 64 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) combined: 74% male: 81% female: 67%Labor force: 2.24 billion (1992) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK World GovernmentDigraph: XXAdministrative divisions: 265 sovereign nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entriesLegal system: varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) THE WORLD FACTBOOK World EconomyOverview: Real global output--gross world product (GWP)--rose one-half of 1% in 1992, with results varying widely among regions and countries. Average growth of 1.5% in the GDP of industrialized countries (62% of GWP in 1992) and average growth of 5% in the GDP of less developed countries (30% of GWP) were offset by a further 15-20% drop in the GDP of the former Soviet-East European area (now only 8% of GWP). The United States accounted for 23% of GWP in 1992; the 12-member European Community, which established a single internal market on 1 January 1993, accounted for another 23%, and Japan accounted for 10%. These are the three "economic superpowers" presumably destined to compete for mastery in international markets on into the 21st century. In general, growth in the industrialized countries was sluggish in 1992, with unemployment typically at 7-11%. As for the less developed countries, China, India, and the Four Dragons--South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore--posted good records; however, many other countries, especially in Africa, suffered bitterly from drought, rapid population growth, and civil strife. The continued plunge in production in practically all the former Warsaw Pact economies strained the political and social fabric of these newly independent nations, in particular in Russia. The addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems, the industrialized countries have inadequate resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. (For the specific economic problems of each country, see the individual country entries in this volume.)National product: GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power equivalent - $25.6 trillion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 0.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $4,600 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries: 5% (1992 est.) developing countries: 50% (1992 est.) note: these figures vary widely in individual casesUnemployment rate: developed countries typically 7-11%; developing countries, extensive unemployment and underemployment (1992)Exports: $3.64 trillion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services partners: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countriesImports: $3.82 trillion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services partners: in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countriesExternal debt: $1 trillion for less developed countries (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1992 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK World EconomyElectricity: 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already grim environmental problemsAgriculture: the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last 20 years; the annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in recent years has intensified the consequences of overpopulationEconomic aid: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK World CommunicationsRailroads: 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique linePorts: Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, YokohamaMerchant marine: 23,943 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 397,225,000 GRT/652,025,000 DWT; includes 347 passenger-cargo, 12,581 freighters, 5,473 bulk carriers, and 5,542 tankers (January 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK World Defense ForcesBranches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technologyDefense expenditures: $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.)</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa GeographyLocation: Oceania, 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,860 km2 land area: 2,850 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 403 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October)Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interiorNatural resources: hardwood forests, fishLand use: arable land: 19% permanent crops: 24% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 47% other: 10%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa PeoplePopulation: 199,652 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.37% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 38.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.58 years male: 65.19 years female: 70.08 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.28 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Western Samoan(s) adjective: Western SamoanEthnic divisions: Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%Religions: Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)Languages: Samoan (Polynesian), EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97%Labor force: 38,000 by occupation: agriculture 22,000 (1987 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Independent State of Western Samoa conventional short form: Western SamoaDigraph: WSType: constitutional monarchy under native chiefCapital: ApiaAdministrative divisions: 11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, VaisiganoIndependence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand)Constitution: 1 January 1962Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 1 JunePolitical parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairmanSuffrage: 21 years of age; universal, but only matai (head of family) are able to run for the Legislative AssemblyElections: Legislative Assembly: last held 5 April 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1Executive branch: chief, Executive Council, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) Head of Government: Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988)Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Neroni SLADE chancery: (temporary) suite 510, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: (202) 833-1743US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa Government embassy: address NA, Apia mailing address: P.O. Box 3430, Apia telephone: (685) 21-631 FAX: (685) 22-030Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa EconomyOverview: Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and construction of the first international hotel is under way.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 million (1990)National product real growth rate: -4.5% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $690 (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital expenditures of $41 million (FY92)Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% partners: NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990)Imports: $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% partners: New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6%External debt: $83 million (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDPElectricity: 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishingAgriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 millionCurrency: 1 tala (WS$) = 100 seneExchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.5681 (January 1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990), 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa CommunicationsHighways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; 1,667 km mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earthPorts: ApiaMerchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWTAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Samoa Defense ForcesBranches: Department of Police and PrisonsManpower availability: males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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card_88147.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Sahara GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, along the Atlantic Ocean, between Morocco and MauritaniaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 266,000 km2 land area: 266,000 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than ColoradoLand boundaries: total 2,046 km, Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 kmCoastline: 1,110 kmMaritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issueInternational disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dewTerrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeastNatural resources: phosphates, iron oreLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 0% other: 81%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility; sparse water and arable land THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Sahara PeoplePopulation: 206,629 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.52% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 47.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 19.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 155.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44.88 years male: 43.98 years female: 46.06 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.01 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) adjective: Sahrawian, SahraouianEthnic divisions: Arab, BerberReligions: MuslimLanguages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan ArabicLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 12,000 by occupation: animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Sahara GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Western SaharaDigraph: WIType: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991Capital: noneAdministrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco)Leaders: noneMember of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: noneUS diplomatic representation: none THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Sahara EconomyOverview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $300 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) commodities: phosphates 62% partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accountsImports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) commodities: fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accountsExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989)Industries: phosphate mining, fishing, handicraftsAgriculture: limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forcesEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.034 (January 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988)Fiscal year: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Sahara CommunicationsHighways: 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth roads and tracksPorts: El Aaiun, Ad DakhlaAirports: total: 14 usable: 14 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, troposcatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Western Sahara Defense ForcesBranches: NAManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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card_87982.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank Header The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the rest of the West Bank. THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank GeographyLocation: Middle East, between Jordan and IsraelMap references: Middle EastArea: total area: 5,860 km2 land area: 5,640 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware note: includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. ScopusLand boundaries: total 404 km, Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determinedClimate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild wintersTerrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in eastNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 32% forest and woodland: 1% other: 40%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifersNote: landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank PeoplePopulation: 1,404,114 (July 1993 est.) note: in addition, there are 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 134,000 in East Jerusalem (1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 35.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.93 years male: 68.48 years female: 71.46 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: NA adjective: NAEthnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12%Religions: Muslim 80% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8%Languages: Arabic, Hebrew spoken by Israeli settlers, English widely understoodLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: small industry, commerce, and business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other 23.6% (1984) note: excluding Israeli Jewish settlers THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank GovernmentNote: The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed.Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: West BankDigraph: WG THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank EconomyOverview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: -10% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $1,200 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 15% (1990 est.)Budget: revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) commodities: NA partners: Jordan, IsraelImports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) commodities: NA partners: Jordan, IsraelExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNPElectricity: power supplied by IsraelIndustries: generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and industrial centersAgriculture: accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy productsEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank EconomyExchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank CommunicationsHighways: small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service new settlementsAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK West Bank Defense ForcesBranches: NAManpower availability: males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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card_87680.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna HeaderAffiliation: (overseas territory of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna GeographyLocation: in the South Pacific Ocean, 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New ZealandMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 274 km2 land area: 274 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 isletsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 129 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October)Terrain: volcanic origin; low hillsNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 75%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: both island groups have fringing reefs THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna PeoplePopulation: 14,175 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.15% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -9.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 27.59 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.2 years male: 70.54 years female: 71.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna IslanderEthnic divisions: PolynesianReligions: Roman CatholicLanguages: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)Literacy: all ages can read and write (1969) total population: 50% male: 50% female: 51%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands conventional short form: Wallis and Futuna local long form: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna local short form: Wallis et FutunaDigraph: WFType: overseas territory of FranceCapital: Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea)Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)Independence: none (overseas territory of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French legal systemPolitical parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche (MRG)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Territorial Assembly: last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 French Senate: last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 French National Assembly: last held 21 and 28 March 1992 (next to be held by NA September 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1Executive branch: French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional kings with limited powersLegislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale)Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata UtuLeaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990)Member of: FZ, SPCDiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the US by France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna EconomyOverview: The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $1,500 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1983)Exports: negligible commodities: copra, handicrafts partners: NAImports: $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel partners: France, Australia, New ZealandExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumberAgriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas, and herds of pigs and goatsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $118 millionCurrency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French francFiscal year: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna CommunicationsHighways: 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile FutunaInland waterways: nonePorts: Mata-Utu, LeavaAirports: total: 2 useable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wallis and Futuna Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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card_87354.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km west of Honolulu, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana IslandsMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 6.5 km2 land area: 6.5 km2 comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 19.3 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall IslandsClimate: tropicalTerrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less than 4 metersNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: subject to occasional typhoonsNote: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location for transpacific flights THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 302 US Air Force personnel, civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors; population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during the Vietnam conflict THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Wake IslandDigraph: WQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972Capital: none; administered from Washington, DCIndependence: none (territory of the US)Flag: the US flag is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island EconomyOverview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.Electricity: supplied by US military THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island CommunicationsPorts: none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large shipsAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TVNote: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military and some commercial cargo planes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Wake Island Defense Forces defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<name>Wake Island</name>
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card_87086.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east and southeast of Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 352 km2 land area: 349 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 188 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to NovemberTerrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level landNatural resources: sun, sand, sea, surfLand use: arable land: 15% permanent crops: 6% meadows and pastures: 26% forest and woodland: 6% other: 47%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resourcesNote: important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands PeoplePopulation: 98,130 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.76% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -22.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.29 years male: 73.6 years female: 77.2 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Virgin Islander(s) adjective: Virgin Islander; US citizensEthnic divisions: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14%Religions: Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7%Languages: English (official), Spanish, CreoleLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 45,500 (1988) by occupation: tourism 70% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Virgin Islands of the United States conventional short form: Virgin IslandsDigraph: VQType: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the InteriorCapital: Charlotte AmalieAdministrative divisions: none (territory of the US)Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954Legal system: based on USNational holiday: Transfer Day, 31 March (1917) (from Denmark to US)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVISSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Governor: last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS (independent) 38.5% Senate: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA US House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - Ron DE LUGO reelected as delegate; seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; note - the Virgin Islands elect one representative to the US House of RepresentativesExecutive branch: US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governorLegislative branch: unicameral SenateJudicial branch: US District Court: handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases Territorial Court: handles civil matters up to $50,000, small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and traffic casesLeaders: Chief of State: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) Head of Government: Governor Alexander A. FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek M. HODGE (since 5 January 1987)Member of: ECLAC (associate), IOC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US)Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands EconomyOverview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural sector is small, most food being imported. International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. One of the world's largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion (1987)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $11,000 (1987)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: 3.7% (1992)Budget: revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90)Exports: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: refined petroleum products partners: US, Puerto RicoImports: $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials partners: US, Puerto RicoExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate 12%; accounts for NA% of GDPElectricity: 380,000 kW capacity; 565 million kWh produced, 5,710 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronicsAgriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattleEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 millionCurrency: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands CommunicationsHighways: 856 km totalPorts: Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz BayAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways : 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2 note: international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint CroixTelecommunications: modern telephone system using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite facilities; 58,931 telephones; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV sets in use; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Virgin Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<text>VIRGIN ISLANDS, British - Islands include Anegarda, Jost van Dyke, Tortolaand Virgin Gorda. Proof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID, onward/returnticket and sufficient funds required for tourist stay up to 3 months. AIDStest required for residency or work; U.S. test accepted. Consult BritishEmbassy for further information (202/986-0205).</text>
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card_86872.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Laos and the PhilippinesMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 329,560 km2 land area: 325,360 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New MexicoLand boundaries: total 3,818 km, Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 kmCoastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands)Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam and TaiwanClimate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwestNatural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, forestsLand use: arable land: 22% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 40% other: 35%Irrigated land: 18,300 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam PeoplePopulation: 71,787,608 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.85% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 27.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.92 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 46.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.1 years male: 63.08 years female: 67.25 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: VietnameseEthnic divisions: Vietnamese 85-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, ChamReligions: Buddhist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, ProtestantLanguages: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 88% male: 92% female: 84%Labor force: 32.7 million by occupation: agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam conventional short form: Vietnam local long form: Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam local short form: Viet NamAbbreviation: SRVDigraph: VMType: Communist stateCapital: HanoiAdministrative divisions: 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho, singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lac, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen BaiIndependence: 2 September 1945 (from France)Constitution: NA April 1992Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)Political parties and leaders: only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI, general secretarySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held 19 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1997); results - VCP is the only party; seats - (395 total) VCP or VCP-approved 395Executive branch: president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministersLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi)Judicial branch: Supreme People's CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Le Duc ANH (since 23 September 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); First Deputy Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen KHANH (since NA February 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Tran Duc LUONG (since NA February 1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam GovernmentMember of: ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: noneUS diplomatic representation: noneFlag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam EconomyOverview: Vietnam has made significant progress in recent years moving away from the planned economic model and toward a more effective market-based economic system. Most prices are now fully decontrolled and the Vietnamese currency has been effectively devalued and floated at world market rates. In addition, the scope for private sector activity has been expanded, primarily through decollectivization of the agricultural sector and introduction of laws giving legal recognition to private business. Despite such positive indicators, the country's economic turnaround remains tenuous. Nearly three-quarters of export earnings are generated by only two commodities, rice and crude oil. Meanwhile, industrial production stagnates, burdened by uncompetitive state-owned enterprises the government is unwilling or unable to privatize. Unemployment looms as the most serious problem with over 25% of the workforce without jobs and population growth swelling the ranks of the unemployed yearly.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $16 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 7.4% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $230 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15%-20% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 25% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude oil, ores, seafood partners: Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, TaiwanImports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain partners: Japan, Singapore, ThailandExternal debt: $16.8 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 15% (1992); accounts for 30% of GNPElectricity: 3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oilAgriculture: accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal products 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 billionCurrency: 1 new dong (D) = 100 xuExchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1 - 10,800 (November 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note - 1985-89 figures are end of yearFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam CommunicationsRailroads: 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service after war damageHighways: 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, 26,900 km unimproved earth (est.)Inland waterways: 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draftPipelines: petroleum products 150 kmPorts: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh CityMerchant marine: 99 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 460,712 GRT/739,246 DWT; includes 84 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 oil tanker, 3 bulkAirports: total: 100 usable: 100 with permanent-surface runways: 50 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 20Telecommunications: the inadequacies of the obsolete switching equipment and cable system is a serious constraint on the business sector and on economic growth, and restricts access to the international links that Vietnam has established with most major countries; the telephone system is not generally available for private use (25 telephones for each 10,000 persons); 3 satellite earth stations; broadcast stations - NA AM, 288 FM; 36 (77 repeaters) TV; about 2,500,000 TV receivers and 7,000,000 radio receivers in use (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vietnam Defense ForcesBranches: Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 17,835,536; fit for military service 11,338,880; reach military age (17) annually 771,792 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP</text>
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<text>VIETNAM - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa, valid 30 days,requires application form(s), 2 photos and $90 fee. Allow at least 3 weeksfor processing. (Visas are not being issued in the U.S. at this time. Youmust apply in a country that maintains diplomatic relations with Vietnam.)For other types of travel and more information contact the VietnamesePermanent Mission to the U.N., 20 Waterside Plaza, New York, NY 10010(212/679-3779).Vietnam - Consular Information SheetMarch 21, 1994Country Description: Vietnam is a poor agrarian country ruled by a communist government. Tourist facilities are not well established, but are improving.Entry Requirements: U.S. passports are valid for travel in Vietnam. Visas are required and may be obtained at a Vietnamese Embassy in the city from which a traveler is embarking for Vietnam or from a travel agent organizing travel in Vietnam.Lifting of the Embargo: On February 3, 1994, the United States lifted the trade embargo against Vietnam and authorized new financial, trade and other transactions with Vietnam and Vietnamese nationals. U.S. visitors to Vietnam are no longer subject to spending limitations. Vietnam is now listed under U.S. export controls applicable to Country Group Y and any export controls applicable to Country Group Y would apply to Vietnam. Business representatives must comply with all normal Commerce Department export requirements. For additional information contact:The Bureau of Export Administration U.S. Department of Commerce1400 Pennsylvania AvenueWashington, D.C. 20230Tel. (202) 482-4811Property or assets that were previously frozen as of February 3, 1994, remain frozen until a bilateral agreement between Vietnam and the United States is reached. For more details contact:The Office of Foreign Assets Control U.S. Department of the Treasury1500 Pennsylvania Ave.Washington, D.C. 20220Tel. (202) 622-2410Arrest of Americans: Vietnamese security personnel may place foreign visitors under surveillance. Foreign visitors to Vietnam have been arbitrarily arrested or detained for activities that would not be considered crimes in the U.S. Visitors deemed suspicious may be detained, along with their Vietnamese contacts, relatives, and friends. Involvement in politics, possession of political material or unsanctioned religious activities can result in detention. The Vietnamese authorities do not generally inform the U.S. Government of arrests, nor have they normally provided access to American citizens under detention. Some Americans involved in traffic accidents have not been allowed to leave the country before paying compensation --often determined arbitrarily --to Vietnamese nationals who suffered injuries or property damage.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who were born in Vietnam or are former citizens of Vietnam, and the children of such persons, are generally recognized only as Vietnamese nationals by the government of Vietnam. They may therefore be subject to all Vietnamese laws that impose special obligations upon Vietnamese nationals, such as military service, taxes, etc. Specific questions on dual nationality can be directed to a Vietnamese embassy or consulate abroad, or to the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities do not meet U.S. hygenic standards and frequently lack medicines and supplies. The Vietnamese National Administration of Tourism has created a program to provide emergency medical assistance, including evacuations, to all visitors holding valid tourist visas and traveling in groups. Specific questions regarding health matters can be directed to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful.Information on Crime: Petty crime has recently increased dramatically in Ho Chi Minh City. Pickpocketing attempts are common, particularly on the city's main streets, and assaults have been reported in outlying areas. Some pedicab drivers have reportedly kidnapped passengers and extorted money; it therefore can be risky to hire pedicabs not associated with hotels or other establishments. Other parts of Vietnam are generally safe, though visitors should exercise caution. Lost or stolen passports should be reported to the local police. Obtaining a replacement passport is difficult because a traveler must apply in person at a U.S. consulate outside Vietnam. To obtain replacement passports, U.S. citizens should contact the Consular Section at the U.S. Embassy in Bangkok, located at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok, Thailand, telephone number (66-2) 252-5040, fax number (66-2) 254-1290. Useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad". It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location: The United States does not have diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Currently there is no American consular presence in Vietnam nor does any third country represent U.S. interests in Vietnam. Consequently, the United States government is unable to provide normal consular protective services to U.S citizens.No. 94-033This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued on July 16, 1993, to reflect changes in connection with the U.S. Department of Treasury's lifting of the embargo.</text>
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card_86571.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela GeographyLocation: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Colombia and GuyanaMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 912,050 km2 land area: 882,050 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 kmCoastline: 2,800 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 15 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of VenezuelaClimate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlandsTerrain: Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeastNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamondsLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 39% other: 37%Irrigated land: 2,640 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing industrial pollution in Caracas and MaracaiboNote: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela PeoplePopulation: 20,117,687 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.22% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 28.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.69 years male: 69.76 years female: 75.77 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.14 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Venezuelan(s) adjective: VenezuelanEthnic divisions: mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2%Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%Languages: Spanish (official), Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the remote interiorLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 88% male: 87% female: 90%Labor force: 5.8 million by occupation: services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Venezuela conventional short form: Venezuela local long form: Republica de Venezuela local short form: VenezuelaDigraph: VEType: republicCapital: CaracasAdministrative divisions: 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* ( territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia note: the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islandsIndependence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)Constitution: 23 January 1961Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Jose CURIEL, secretary general (acting); Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI, president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary general; The Radical Cause ( La Causa R), Pablo Medina, secretary generalOther political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS groupsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7%; note - President Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption charges Senate: last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate seats THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela Government Chamber of Deputies: last held 4 December 1992 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - AD 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI 67, MAS 18, other 19Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Interim President Ramon Jose VELASQUEZ (since 5 June 1993); note - President Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption chargesMember of: AG, CARICOM (observer), CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 342-2214 consulates general: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL embassy: Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037 telephone: [58] (2) 285-2222 FAX: [58] (2) 285-0336 consulate: MaracaiboFlag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela EconomyOverview: Petroleum is the backbone of the economy, accounting for 23% of GDP, 70% of central government revenues, and 82% of export earnings in 1992. President PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and the removal of price controls, a free market exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy into confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy recovered part way in 1990 and grew by 10.4% in 1991 and 7.3% in 1992, led by the non-petroleum sector.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $57.8 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 7.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $2,800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 32% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 8.4% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum 82%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic manufactures partners: US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989)Imports: $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment partners: US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989)External debt: $27.1 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 11.9% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 21,130,000 kW capacity; 58,541 million kWh produced, 2,830 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assemblyAgriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meatIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country from Colombia; important money-laundering hubEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $10 millionCurrency: 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela EconomyExchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 80.18 (January 1993), 68.38 (1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 (1990), 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela CommunicationsRailroads: 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately ownedHighways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vesselsPipelines: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 kmPorts: Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto OrdazMerchant marine: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 837,375 GRT/1,344,795 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 19 cargo, 2 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 18 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulkAirports: total: 360 usable: 331 with permanent-surface runways: 133 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 87Telecommunications: modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Venezuela Defense ForcesBranches: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, FAN) includes - Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada), Air Forces (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation or Guardia Nacional)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,192,107; fit for military service 3,769,441; reach military age (18) annually 221,043 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991)</text>
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<text>VENEZUELA - Passport and tourist card required. Tourist card can beobtained from airlines serving Venezuela, no charge, valid 60 days, cannotbe extended. Multiple-entry visa valid up to 1 year, extendable, availablefrom any Venezuelan Consulate, requires $30 fee (money order or companycheck), 1 application form, 1 photo, onward/return ticket, proof ofsufficient funds and certification of employment. For business visa, needletter from company stating purpose of trip, responsibility for traveler,name and address of companies to be visited in Venezuela and $60 fee. Alltravelers must pay departure tax ($12) at airport. Business travelers mustpresent a Declaration of Income Tax in the Ministerio de Hacienda (TreasuryDepartment). For additional information contact the Consular Section ofthe Embassy of Venezuela, 1099 30th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20007(202/342-2214) or the nearest Consulate: CA (415/512-8340), FL(305/577-3834), IL (312/236-9655), LA (504/522-3284), MA (617/266-9355), NY(212/826-1660), PR (809/766-4250) or TX (713/961-5141).Venezuela - Consular Information SheetAugust 11, 1993Country Description: Venezuela is a medium income country. Its tourism, air, and surface transportation infrastructure is well developed. Tourist facilities vary in quality. Scheduled air service and all weather roads, some poorly marked and some congested around urban areas, connect major cities and regions of the country.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa/tourist card are required. Tourist cards can be obtained from airlines serving Venezuela. Visas and current information concerning entry, tax and customs requirements for Venezuela can be obtained from the Venezuelan Embassy at 1099 30th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007, tel. (202) 342-2214 or the nearest consulate in Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, Boston, New York, Houston or San Juan.Areas of Instability: Cross-border violence occurs in remote areas along the Colombian border in Zulia, Tachira, Apure, and Amazonas states. In early 1993 a small plane was hijacked in southern Apure near the Colombian border. The occupants, including an American and a Canadian, were kidnapped, held for ransom and later released.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical care is available from local physicians, some public and most private hospitals and clinics in most major cities. Quality of medical care varies. Malaria is present in some remote areas of the Orinoco region. Cholera is also present in Venezuela. However, visitors who follow proper precautions about food and drink are not usually at risk. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The potential is high for theft of unattended items on beaches, from parked rental cars, and of money and documents by pickpockets on public transportation as well as in and near bus and subway stations. Armed street robberies are frequent, especially in poorer urban neighborhoods and in isolated public parks.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad," available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State's publication "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Other Information: Since the failed coup attempts of 1992, some significant and sometimes violent political demonstrations have continued to take place in urban centers, primarily on or near university campuses. Most tourist destinations remain unaffected. However, Merida, a major tourist destination in the Andes, has traditionally been the scene of frequent student demonstrations. There have been incidents of assault reported in remote areas along the Colombian border in Zulia, Tachira, Apure and Amazonas. The potential for harassment and petty crime is high during public demonstrations. Travelers can obtain information regarding such events by following the local media, and consulting local sources, such as U.S. and Venezuelan business contacts, hotels, tour guides, and travel organizers. The purpose and locations of political demonstrations are usually announced in advance.Random acts of piracy have occurred in coastal waters off Venezuela from the western border with Colombia on the Guajira Peninsula to the Paria Peninsula in eastern Venezuela. Small boats may find the waters around the Los Monjes islands extending from the Guajira and Paraguana peninsulas particularly risky.Driving Information: Driving at night and on winding roads, where vehicles may pass on blind curves and in "no passing" zones, is risky. Frequent stops at national guard and local police road check points are required. Travelers may be asked to show vehicle papers and passports at any time. Cars may also be searched.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs in Venezuela are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Locations/Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Caracas at Avenida Principal De La Floresta and Avenida Francisco De Miranda, telephone (58-2) 285-3111/2222/2475 or the U.S. Consulate in Maracaibo at Edificio Banco Hipotecario Del Zulia (BHZ), Calle 77 Con Avenida 13, telephone (58-61) 84-253/254 may obtain updated information on travel and security within Venezuela.No. 93-237This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1993 to add information on random acts of piracy in coastal waters off Venezuela.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu GeographyLocation: Oceania, 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and AustraliaMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 14,760 km2 land area: 14,760 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut note: includes more than 80 islandsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 2,528 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade windsTerrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plainsNatural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fishLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 1% other: 91%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu PeoplePopulation: 165,876 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 58.8 years male: 57.11 years female: 60.58 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) adjective: Ni-VanuatuEthnic divisions: indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific IslandersReligions: Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%Languages: English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979) total population: 53% male: 57% female: 48%Labor force: NA by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu conventional short form: Vanuatu former: New HebridesDigraph: NHType: republicCapital: Port-VilaAdministrative divisions: 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, TafeaIndependence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK)Constitution: 30 July 1980Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and British systemsNational holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)Political parties and leaders: Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Parliament: last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats - (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom and landJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT KORMAN (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: Vanuatu does not have a mission in WashingtonUS diplomatic representation: the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu GovernmentFlag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu EconomyOverview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1988 est.)National product real growth rate: 6% (1990)National product per capita: $900 (1988 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $90 million; expenditures $103 million, including capital expenditures of $45 million (1989 est.)Exports: $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4% partners: Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, BelgiumImports: $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6% partners: Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8%External debt: $30 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDPElectricity: 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canningAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish; subsistence crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetablesEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $606 millionCurrency: 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimesExchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1 - 120.77 (January 1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990), 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roadsPorts: Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, SantuMerchant marine: 125 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,121,819 GRT/3,193,942 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 16 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 6 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 54 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 31 usable: 31 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Vanuatu Defense ForcesBranches: Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) note: no military forcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>VANUATU - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not requiredfor stay up to 30 days. For further information consult the BritishEmbassy (202/986-0205).Vanuatu - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Vanuatu consists of 80 islands located in a Y-shaped archipelago, 1300 miles northeast of Sydney, Australia. It is an independent parliamentary democracy and member of the British Commonwealth, with a primarily agricultural economy. The capital is Port Vila, located on the island of Efate.Entry Requirements: A passport and an onward/return ticket is required. Visas are not required for stays of up to 30 days. For further information, travelers may consult the British Embassy at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 462-1340 or British consulates in Los Angeles, Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, New York, Cleveland and Houston.Medical facilities: Medical facilities and services are adequate, but limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Additional information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on crime: Major crime is rare in Vanuatu. Petty crimes against property are fairly common. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, or with the U.S. Consul in Honiara, Solomon Islands, may obtain updated information on travel and security in the area.Embassy Location: Because there is no U.S. embassy or other diplomatic post in Vanuatu, Americans seeking assistance may contact the U.S. Embassy in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, which is located on Armit Street. There is also a U.S. Consul resident in Honiara, Solomon Islands. The mailing address is c/o American Embassy, P.O. Box 561, Honiara, Solomon Islands, tel. (677) 23-890.No. 93-196This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued on November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan GeographyLocation: Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and TurkmenistanMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 447,400 km2 land area: 425,400 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 kmCoastline: 0 km note: Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in eastTerrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in westNatural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenumLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 47% forest and woodland: 0% other: 43%Irrigated land: 41,550 km2 (1990)Environment: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural saltsNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan PeoplePopulation: 22,127,946 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.17% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 30.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.36 years male: 65.05 years female: 71.84 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.78 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Uzbek(s) adjective: UzbekEthnic divisions: Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakhs 4.1%, Tartars 2.4% (includes 70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II), Karakalpaks 2.1%, other 7%Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%Languages: Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10%Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 7.941 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan conventional short form: Uzbekistan local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi local short form: none former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: UZType: republicCapital: Tashkent (Toshkent)Administrative divisions: 12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika); Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan* (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm (Urgench), Namangan, Navoi, Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent note: an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% Supreme Soviet: last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40; note - total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next electionExecutive branch: president, prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA); Supreme Soviet Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991)Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV chancery: 200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: (202) 778-0107 FAX: (202) 861-0472US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE embassy: 55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] (3712) 77-14-07Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan EconomyOverview: Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, and bridge cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -10% (1992)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): at least 17% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 0.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil partners: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern EuropeImports: $900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods partners: principally other former Soviet republicsExternal debt: $2 billion (end 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -6%Electricity: 11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textilesAgriculture: cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and livestockIllicit drugs: illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: $950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan EconomyCurrency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan CommunicationsRailroads: 3,460 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 78,400 km total; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth (1990)Pipelines: crude oil 250 km, petroleum products 40 km, natural gas 810 km (1992)Ports: none; landlockedAirports: totol: 265 useable: 74 with permanent-surface runways: 30 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 19Telecommunications: poorly developed; NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent; 1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992); linked by landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts; new satellite ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uzbekistan Defense ForcesBranches: Army, National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,214,075; fit for military service 4,272,398; reach military age (18) annually 218,916 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>UZBEKISTAN - Passport and visa required. Apply Uzbekistan Consulate, 866United Nations Plaza, Suite 326, New York, NY 10017 (212/486-7570).Uzbekistan - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Uzbekistan is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Private travel must be arranged through a travel agency (package tour) which has a relationship with the official tourist board of Uzbekistan, or via an invitation from a private Uzbek citizen. Visitors planning travel outside Tashkent must arrange for an additional visa good for that location. Travelers without a visa cannot register at hotels and will be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. Visas for Uzbekistan are issued by a Russian embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can contact the Russian Embassy, Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place, NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-8907, 8911, 8913, 8918 or the Russian Consulates in San Francisco, New York, or Seattle for specific information on visa requirements.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Uzbekistan is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel. (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Uzbekistan has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has increased especially at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the Department of State's brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Uzbekistan is a cash only economy. Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted.General Standards of Conduct: Uzbekistan is an Islamic nation. Women dress in a conservative fashion, wearing ankle-length dresses with long sleeves, and do not wear trousers in public. Women not in appropriate attire face a great risk of harassment about their dress.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Uzbekistan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is located at 82 Chelanzarskaya, telephone (7-3712) 771-407.No. 93-111This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on entry requirements, general standards of conduct, and on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay GeographyLocation: Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Argentina and BrazilMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 176,220 km2 land area: 173,620 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Washington StateLand boundaries: total 1,564 km, Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 kmCoastline: 660 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute - Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the UruguayClimate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknownTerrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowlandNatural resources: soil, hydropower potential, minor mineralsLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 78% forest and woodland: 4% other: 10%Irrigated land: 1,100 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay PeoplePopulation: 3,175,050 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.75% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 17.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.74 years male: 70.52 years female: 77.11 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.46 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Uruguayan(s) adjective: UruguayanEthnic divisions: white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%Religions: Roman Catholic 66% (less than half adult population attends church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30%Languages: SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 96% male: 97% female: 96%Labor force: 1.355 million (1991 est.) by occupation: government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay conventional short form: Uruguay local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay local short form: UruguayDigraph: UYType: republicCapital: MontevideoAdministrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y TresIndependence: 25 August 1828 (from Brazil)Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1828)Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Secretary General (vacant); Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes PSU, PCU, MLN, MRO, PVP; Uruguayan Socialist Party (PSU), Jose Pedro CARDOSO, and; Communist Party (PCU), Marina ARISMENDI; National Liberation Movement (MLN) or Tupamaros, Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; Oriental Rvolutionary Movement (MRO), Walter ARTOLA; Party for the Victory of the Poor (PVP), Hugo CORES; New Space Coalition consists of PGP, PDC, and Civic Union, Hugo BATALLA; People's Government Party (PGP), Hugo BATALLA, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Carlos VASSALLO, secretary general; Civic Union, Humberto CIGANDASuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20% Chamber of Senators: last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total) Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2 Chamber of Representatives: last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats - (99 total) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay GovernmentLegislative branch: bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives (Camera de Representantes)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990)Member of: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLYCUDDY chancery: 1918 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316 consulates general: Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, consulate: New OrleansUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard C. BROWN embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo mailing address: APO AA 34035 telephone: [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77 FAX: [598] (2) 48-86-11Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay EconomyOverview: Uruguay is a small economy with favorable climate, good soils, and solid hydropower potential. Economic development has been held back by excessive government regulation of economic detail and 50% to 130% inflation. After several years of sluggish growth, real GDP jumped by about 8% in 1992. The rise is attributable mainly to an increase in Argentine demand for Uruguayan exports, particularly agricultural products and electricity. In a major step toward greater regional economic cooperation, Uruguay in 1991 had joined Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur). A referendum in December 1992 overturned key portions of landmark privatization legislation, dealing a serious blow to President LACALLE's broad economic reform plan.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $3,100 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 58% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 9% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $388 million (1991)Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4% partners: Argentina, Brazil, US, GermanyImports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: crude oil, fuels, and lubricants, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, industrial chemicals partners: Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990)External debt: $4.1 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDPElectricity: 2,168,000 kW capacity; 5,960 million kWh produced, 1,900 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wineAgriculture: large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $69 millionCurrency: 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay EconomyExchange rates: new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 3,457.5 (December 1992), 3,026.9 (1992), 2,489 (1991), 1,594 (1990), 805 (1989), 451 (1988), 281 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay CommunicationsRailroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government ownedHighways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earthInland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craftPorts: Montevideo, Punta del Este, ColoniaMerchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 84,797 GRT/132,296 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 2 container, 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 88 usable: 81 with permanent-surface runways: 16 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 14Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uruguay Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force, Grenadier Guards, PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 755,667; fit for military service 613,585 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of GDP (1991 est.)</text>
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<text>URUGUAY - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months.For additional information consult Embassy of Uruguay, 1918 F St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/331-1313-6) or nearest Consulate: CA(213/394-5777), FL (305/358-9350), IL (312/236-3366), LA (504/525-8354) orNY (212/753-8191/2).Uruguay - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Uruguay is a medium-income nation with a developing economy. The quality of facilities for tourism varies according to price and area.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a three-month stay. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Uruguay, travelers can contact the Uruguayan Embassy at 1918 F Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, tel. (202) 331-1313 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, or New York.Medical Facilities: Facilities for medical care are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Street crime including pickpocketing is on the increase. Persons carrying items of value in open display have been victimized by teenage muggers in the downtown area of Montevideo and near the old city and port. While criminals often have weapons at their disposal, to date, foreigners have remained relatively free from assault.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State's publication "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Uruguay for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Registration/Location: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Montevideo at Lauro Muller 1776, telephone (598-2) 23-60-61, may obtain updated information on travel and security within Uruguay.No. 93-156This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States GeographyLocation: North America, between Canada and MexicoMap references: North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 9,372,610 km2 land area: 9,166,600 km2 comparative area: about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of Western Europe note: includes only the 50 states and District of ColumbiaLand boundaries: total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29 km (US naval base at Guantanamo), Mexico 3,326 kmCoastline: 19,924 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake IslandClimate: mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky MountainsTerrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in HawaiiNatural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timberLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 26% THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States Geography forest and woodland: 29% other: 25%Irrigated land: 181,020 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality; agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major impediment to developmentNote: world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States PeoplePopulation: 258,103,721 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.02% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.8 years male: 72.49 years female: 79.29 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: American(s) adjective: AmericanEthnic divisions: white 83.4%, black 12.4%, asian 3.3%, native american 0.8% (1992)Religions: Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989)Languages: English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)Literacy: age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1991) total population: 97.9% male: 97.9% female: 97.9%Labor force: 128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force 126.982 million) (1992) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States GovernmentNames: conventional long form: United States of America conventional short form: United StatesAbbreviation: US or USADigraph: USType: federal republic; strong democratic traditionCapital: Washington, DCAdministrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, WyomingDependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island note: since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986)Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England)Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776)Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significanceSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results - William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1% THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States Government Senate: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - Democratic Party 53%, Republican Party 47%, other NEGL%; seats - (100 total) Democratic Party 57, Republican Party 43 House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 46%, other 2%; seats - (435 total) Democratic Party 258, Republican Party 176, Independent 1Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCFlag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States EconomyOverview: The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $23,400, the largest among major industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output fell by 1%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth picked up to 2.1% in 1992. Unemployment, however, remained at nine million, the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker. Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade deficits.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.951 trillion (1992)National product real growth rate: 2.1% (1992)National product per capita: $23,400 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1992)Unemployment rate: 7% (April 1993)Budget: revenues $1,092 billion; expenditures $1,382 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92)Exports: $442.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products partners: Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989)Imports: $544.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages partners: Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate 1.5% (1992 est.); accounts for NA% of GDPElectricity: 780,000,000 kW capacity; 3,230,000 million kWh produced, 12,690 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons (1990)Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced productionEconomic aid: donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billionCurrency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 centsExchange rates: British pounds: (#) per US$ - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988) Canadian dollars: (Can$) per US$ - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988) French francs: (F) per US$ - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) Italian lire: (Lit) per US$ - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) Japanese yen: (Y) per US$ - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988) German deutsche marks: (DM) per US$ - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States CommunicationsRailroads: 240,000 km of mainline routes, all standard 1.435 meter track, no government ownership (1989)Highways: 7,599,250 km total; 6,230,000 km state-financed roads; 1,369,250 km federally-financed roads (including 71,825 km interstate limited access freeways) (1988)Inland waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.)Pipelines: petroleum 276,000 km (1991), natural gas 331,000 km (1991)Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland, Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, WilmingtonMerchant marine: 385 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,567,000 GRT/19,511,000 DWT; includes 3 passenger-cargo, 36 cargo, 23 bulk, 169 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 13 liquefied gas, 128 intermodal; in addition, there are 219 government-owned vesselsAirports: total: 14,177 usable: 12,417 with permanent-surface runways: 4,820 with runways over 3,659 m: 63 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 325 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2,524Telecommunications: 126,000,000 telephone access lines; 7,557,000 cellular phone subscribers; broadcast stations - 4,987 AM, 4,932 FM, 1,092 TV; about 9,000 TV cable systems; 530,000,000 radio sets and 193,000,000 TV sets in use; 16 satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite ground stations - 45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United States Defense ForcesBranches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), Department of the Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 66.826 million; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $315.5 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom GeographyLocation: Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, between Ireland and FranceMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 244,820 km2 land area: 241,590 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon note: includes Rockall and Shetland IslandsLand boundaries: total 360 km, Ireland 360 kmCoastline: 12,429 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory)Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcastTerrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeastNatural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silicaLand use: arable land: 29% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 48% forest and woodland: 9% other: 14%Irrigated land: 1,570 km2 (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom GeographyEnvironment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal watersNote: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now being linked by tunnel under the English Channel THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom PeoplePopulation: 57,970,200 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.29% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.58 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.5 years male: 73.71 years female: 79.43 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Briton(s), British (collective pl.) adjective: BritishEthnic divisions: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%Religions: Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million, Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish 300,000 (1991 est.) note: the UK does not include a question on religion in its censusLanguages: English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 28.048 million by occupation: services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, government 9.1%, energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom GovernmentNames: conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland conventional short form: United KingdomAbbreviation: UKDigraph: UKType: constitutional monarchyCapital: LondonAdministrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas England: 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire Northern Ireland: 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane Scotland: 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside, Western Isles* Wales: 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South Glamorgan, West GlamorganDependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos IslandsIndependence: 1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established)Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practiceLegal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom GovernmentPolitical parties and leaders: Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry ADAMSOther political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Campaign for Nuclear DisarmamentSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Commons: last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a lower house or House of CommonsJudicial branch: House of LordsLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) Head of Government: Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462-1340 FAX: (202) 898-4255 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, consulates: Dallas, Miami, and SeattleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom Government mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040 telephone: [44] (71) 499-9000 FAX: [44] (71) 409-1637 consulates general: Belfast and EdinburghFlag: blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom EconomyOverview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic; over the past thirteen years the ruling Tories have greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only 25% of the work force and generating 21% of GDP. The economy is emerging out of its 3-year recession with only weak recovery expected in 1993. Unemployment is hovering around 10% of the labor force. The government in 1992 adopted a pro-growth strategy, cutting interest rates sharply and removing the pound from the European exchange rate mechanism. Excess industrial capacity probably will moderate inflation which for the first time in a decade is below the EC average. The major economic policy question for Britain in the 1990s is the terms on which it participates in the financial and economic integration of Europe.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $920.6 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -0.6% (1992)National product per capita: $15,900 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1992)Unemployment rate: 9.8% (1992)Budget: revenues $367.6 billion; expenditures $439.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $32.5 billion (FY92 est.)Exports: $187.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment partners: EC countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.9%Imports: $210.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods partners: EC countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.6%External debt: $16.2 billion (June 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1992 est.)Electricity: 99,000,000 kW capacity; 317,000 million kWh produced, 5,480 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom EconomyIndustries: production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goodsAgriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 metric tons (1987)Illicit drugs: increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European marketEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billionCurrency: 1 British pound (#) = 100 penceExchange rates: British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom CommunicationsRailroads: UK, 16,914 km total; Great Britain's British Railways (BR) operates 16,584 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (including 4,545 km electrified and 12,591 km double or multiple track), several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 330 km 1.600-meter gauge (including 190 km double track)Highways: UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 kmPipelines: crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, natural gas 12,800 kmPorts: London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, SouthamptonMerchant marine: 204 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,819,719 GRT/4,941,785 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 16 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 25 container, 14 roll-on/roll-off, 5 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 65 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger cargoAirports: total: 496 usable: 385 with permanent-surface runways: 249 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 134Telecommunications: technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large international switching centers THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Kingdom Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 14,445,998; fit for military service 12,084,913 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: </text>
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<text>UNITED KINGDOM (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) - Passportrequired. Visa not required for stay up to 6 months. AIDS test requiredfor anyone staying over 6 months and for resident and work visas; U.S.test usually accepted. For additional information consult the ConsularSection of the British Embassy, 19 Observatory Circle, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20008 (202/986-0205) or nearest Consulate General: CA (310/477-3322),GA (404/524-5856), IL (312/346-1810), MA (617/437-7160), NY (212/752-8400),OH (216/621-7674) or TX (713/659-6210).United Kingdom - Consular Information SheetMarch 15, 1994 Country Description: The United Kingdom is a highly developed European nation with a modern economy. Tourist facilities throughout the United Kingdom are highly developed.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Tourists are not required to obtain a visa for stays up to six months. For further information concerning entry requirements travelers can contact the Consular Section of the Embassy of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland at 19 Observatory Circle, in Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: 202-986-0205 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, New York, Cleveland or Dallas.Quarantine Requirements: The United Kingdom has particularly rigorous quarantine restrictions on the importation of pets and livestock. There is a six-month quarantine, for example, on importation of dogs and cats.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The incidence of criminal activity in the United Kingdom is generally low, though many major cities have areas where caution should be exercised. Visitors generally lock vehicles and guard their personal possessions. As in any developed country, the United Kingdom has higher incidents of criminal activity in urban areas than in the countryside. Incidents of violent crimes such as murder, armed robbery, and rape are minimal. Firearms are strictly controlled, making weapons-related offenses far less frequent than in large U.S. metropolitan areas. Large cities in England do have areas where the level of crime is significant.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Terrorist Activities: The United Kingdom is a stable, modern democracy. Civil disorder is virtually nonexistent. The U.S. Embassy, in particular, and London in general, are the sites of frequent demonstrations and marches, which are orderly and well policed. There is, however, a history of terrorist violence related to the political situation in Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. Terrorist bombings and other actions have occurred in various locations within Northern Ireland, around London and in some other British cities, including shopping and tourist sites and airports. While these acts are not targeted at U.S. citizens, U.S. citizens have, in rare instances, been injured.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security in the United Kingdom.U.S. Embassy and Consulate Locations: U.S. Embassy, London: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, tel. (44-71) 499-9000.U.S. Consulate, Edinburgh, Scotland: 3 Regent Terrace, tel. (44-31) 556-8315.U.S. Consulate, Belfast, Northern Ireland: Queen's House, 14 Queen Street, tel. (44-232) 328239, fax (44-232) 248482.U.S. Consulate, Hamilton, Bermuda: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, telephone (809)295-1342.No. 94-031This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 30, 1993, to include airports as sites of possible terrorist activity.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates GeographyLocation: Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi ArabiaMap references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 75,581 km2 land area: 75,581 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MaineLand boundaries: total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 kmCoastline: 1,318 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm assumed for most of country, 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)International disputes: location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the regionClimate: desert; cooler in eastern mountainsTerrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in eastNatural resources: petroleum, natural gasLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98%Irrigated land: 50 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates GeographyNote: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates PeoplePopulation: 2,657,013 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 5.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72 years male: 69.91 years female: 74.2 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Emirian(s) adjective: EmirianEthnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)Religions: Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, UrduLiteracy: age 10 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 68% male: 70% female: 63%Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.) by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5% note: 80% of labor force is foreign THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates GovernmentNames: conventional long form: United Arab Emirates conventional short form: none local long form: Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah local short form: none former: Trucial StatesAbbreviation: UAEDigraph: TCType: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emiratesCapital: Abu DhabiAdministrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al QaywaynIndependence: 2 December 1971 (from UK)Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member emirates; Islamic law remains influentialNational holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)Political parties and leaders: noneOther political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine groups may be activeSuffrage: noneElections: noneExecutive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)Judicial branch: Union Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy Head of Government: Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since 20 November 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates GovernmentMember of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI chancery: Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 338-6500US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William RUGH embassy: Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi telephone: [971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730 FAX: [971] (2) 318441 consulate general: Dubayy (Dubai)Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates EconomyOverview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $13,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1988)Budget: revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993)Exports: $21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates partners: Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, IndiaImports: $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: capital goods, consumer goods, food partners: Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4%External debt: $11 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearlingAgriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89)Currency: 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 filsExchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates CommunicationsHighways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earthPipelines: crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 kmPorts: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, Mina' Saqr, Mina' ZayidMerchant marine: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tankerAirports: total: 37 usable: 34 with permanent-surface runways: 20 with runways over 3,659 m: 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK United Arab Emirates Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach military age (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa must beobtained by relative/sponsor in UAE, and sponsor must meet visitor atairport. Business visas issued only by Embassy, and require company letterand sponsor in UAE to send a fax or telex to Embassy confirming trip.Single-entry visa valid 2 months for stay up to 30 days, $18 fee.Multiple-entry visa (for business only), valid 6 months from date of issuefor maximum stay of 30 days per entry, $225 fee, paid by cash, money orderor certified check. Submit 2 application forms, 2 photo and prepaidenvelope for return of passport by certified/registered mail. AIDS testrequired for work or residence permits; testing must be performed uponarrival; U.S. test not accepted. For further information contact Embassyof the United Arab Emirates, Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20037 (202/338-6500).United Arab Emirates - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven independent emirates, each with its own ruler. The federal government exists as a constitutional republic, headed by a president and council of ministers. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. The United Arab Emirates is a modern, developed country, and tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. In addition, an AIDS test is required for work or residence permits; testing must be performed after arrival. A U.S. AIDS test is not accepted. For further information, travelers can contact the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, telephone (202) 338-6500.Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines are available in the principal cities of the UAE, but not necessarily in outlying areas. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional health information.Information on Crime: Crime is generally not a problem for travelers in the UAE. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug and Crime Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict in the United Arab Emirates and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Crimes of fraud, including passing bad checks and non-payment of bills (including hotel bills) are regarded seriously in the UAE, and can result in imprisonment, in addition to fines. Penalties are generally assessed according to Islamic (Shariah) law. In the case of imprisonment, bail is generally not available to non-residents of the UAE.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Embassy or the Consulate General can obtain updated information on travel and security within the United Arab Emirates. Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, is located on Al-Sudan St., P.O. Box 4009. The telephone number is (971-2) 436-691. The U.S. Consulate General in Dubai is located at the Dubai International Trade Center, P.O. Box 9343. The telephone number is (971-4) 313-115. The workweek in the United Arab Emirates is Saturday through Wednesday.No. 93-227This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to update the telephone number of the U.S. Embassy and to include information on loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and RussiaMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 603,700 km2 land area: 603,700 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries: total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 kmCoastline: 2,782 kmMaritime claims: NAInternational disputes: potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and southern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over former southern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nationClimate: temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the southTerrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme southNatural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timberLand use: arable land: 56% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 0% other: 30%Irrigated land: 26,000 km2 (1990)Environment: air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around Chornobyl' nuclear power plantNote: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest country in Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine PeoplePopulation: 51,821,230 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.87 years male: 65.32 years female: 74.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: UkrainianEthnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, JewishLanguages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, PolishLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 25.277 million by occupation: industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and communication 7%, other 7% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ukraine local long form: none local short form: Ukrayina former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: UPType: republicCapital: Kiev (Kyyiv)Administrative divisions: 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**; Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka, Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka, Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka, Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka, Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka, Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka, Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka, Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'kaIndependence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently being draftedLegal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine, Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman; Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party, Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor RADIONOV, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic ForcesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine GovernmentElections: President: last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%, other 4.17% Supreme Council: last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: president, prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme CouncilJudicial branch: being organizedLeaders: Chief of State: President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); Acting First Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June 1993) and five deputy prime ministersMember of: BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUS chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 333-0606 FAX: (202) 333-0817US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Roman POPADIUK embassy: 10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53 mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] (044) 244-7349 FAX: [7] (044) 244-7350Flag: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine EconomyOverview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterprises while retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies to state production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMA launched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to the agricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises, and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of the problems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutions preclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -13% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) commodities: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat partners: NAImports: $16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) commodities: machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles partners: NAExternal debt: $12 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -9% (1992)Electricity: 55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar)Agriculture: grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beetsIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine EconomyEconomic aid: $NACurrency: Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993Exchange rates: Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine CommunicationsRailroads: 22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earthInland waterways: 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River)Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992)Ports: coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly Zhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv)Merchant marine: 394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes 234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9 short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1 multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 694 useable: 100 with permanent-surface runways: 111 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 81 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 78Telecommunications: international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about 7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as of mid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digital switches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under construction in Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied as of January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switching center on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity) remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operational in Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ukraine Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reach military age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>UKRAINE - Passport and visa required. Visas may be obtained at the UkraineEmbassy in the U.S. (visas limited to 3 days may be obtained at airportsin Ukraine, or at any border crossing point). Visa requires 1 form, 1photo and $30-100 fee, depending upon processing time (company check ormoney order only). AIDS test may be required for anyone staying over 3months. U.S. test is sometimes accepted. For additional informationcontact Embassy of Ukraine, 3350 M St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007(202/333-7507) or the nearest Consulate: IL (312/384-6632) or NY(212/505-1409).Ukraine - Consular Information SheetDecember 15, 1993Country Description: Ukraine is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Although street demonstrations and other disturbances have been rare, they may occur without warning. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. There are currently no restrictions on travel within the Ukraine. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Visas can be obtained in advance from the Embassy of Ukraine, located at 3350 M Street NW, Washington D.C. 20007, tel. (202) 533-0733, or the Ukraine consulates in Chicago and New York. A letter of invitation from a person, company, or organization in Ukraine or a tour company voucher, is currently required to obtain a visa. Travelers who arrive without a visa must obtain one either at the border point or within 24 hours of arrival. Visas valid for 72 hours only are issued at Kiev's Borispil Airport, at the airports of Lviv, Simferopol and Odessa, and at the following border checkpoints: Chop, Uzhgorod, Mostiska, Yalta, and Vadul-Syret. Travelers who cannot obtain visas as they enter Ukraine must apply within 24 hours at a local "Visas, Permits and Passport Department" office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (VVIR). Visas obtained in the Ukraine cost substantially more than visas obtained prior to arrival. The duration of the visa will be determined by the traveler's letter of invitation.Note: Travelers who intend to visit Russia from the Ukraine must have a Russian visa. The Russian Embassy in Ukraine is located at Prospect Kutuzova 8, Kiev, tel. (7-044) 294-6701.Ukraine Energy Crisis: During 1993, living conditions have worsened because of an acute energy crisis. Heating, electricity and hot water have been cut periodically as a conservation measure in many major cities, including Kiev. Because of inadequate heating, temperatures in homes and public facilities may be uncomfortable. Many forms of transportation are sporadic and unreliable. Basic tourist services are affected by these energy cutbacks.Ukraine Registration: All foreigners visiting the Ukraine are required to register their passports with local law enforcement authorities. Visitors who do not register may experience delays when leaving the Ukraine, or difficulty when trying to extend visas. The registration requirement is automatically met when foreigners stay in hotels, or when resident business persons register their businesses, or when students register under established exchange programs. Private visitors must have their hosts, relatives or landlords register their U.S. passport at the local "Visas, Permits and Passport Department" office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (VVIR) office. Foreigners staying three working days or less need not register. A fee of 10 U.S. Dollars or the Ukraine equivalent is usually charged for visa extensions or passport registration.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Ukraine is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. There have been isolated cases of diphtheria, typhoid and cholera in Ukraine. Adequate vaccination protects against these diseases. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel. (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Continued deterioration of Ukraine's economy has led to an increase in street crime. Pickpocketings and muggings occur both day and night, especially against conspicuously dressed tourists. An increase in burglary of foreigners' residences and hotel rooms has been reported. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Ukraine is a cash only economy. Travelers' checks and credit cards are rarely accepted, including for major purchases such as airline tickets. Customs regulations prohibit sending money through the international mail system to Ukraine. Money sent through the mail is subject to confiscation. In Ukraine, changing U.S. dollars for Ukrainian coupons or another currency is legal only at banks, currency exchange desks at hotels, and at licensed exchange booths.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: According to a U.S. Department of Energy analysis, levels of background radiation and radiation found in food items affected by the fallout from the 1986 Chernobyl Accident have decreased significantly with time. Radiation is no longer of any known medical significance to travelers. Tap-water samples submitted in the months following the accident showed no detectable radiation.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within the Ukraine.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Kiev, Ukraine is located at Yuria Kotsubinskoho 10, telephone (7-044) 244-7354.No. 93-328This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to add information on entry and registration requirements, the energy crisis, health conditions, and increased levels of crime.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, between Kenya and ZaireMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 236,040 km2 land area: 199,710 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries: total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeastTerrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountainsNatural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, saltLand use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 9% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 30% other: 13%Irrigated land: 90 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosionNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda PeoplePopulation: 19,344,181 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.69% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 38.4 years male: 38.09 years female: 38.71 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ugandan(s) adjective: UgandanEthnic divisions: African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18%Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 48% male: 62% female: 35%Labor force: 4.5 million (est.) by occupation: agriculture over 80% note: 50% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Uganda conventional short form: UgandaDigraph: UGType: republicCapital: KampalaAdministrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, WesternIndependence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)Constitution: 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revisionLegal system: government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)Political parties and leaders: only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI note: the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting public political activitiesOther political or pressure groups: Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army (UPCDA); Ruwenzori MovementSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Resistance Council: last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 members elected without party affiliationExecutive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Resistance CouncilJudicial branch: Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI chancery: 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: (202) 726-7100 through 7102US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnnie CARSON embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795Flag: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda EconomyOverview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, the economy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, and gradually improving domestic security.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 4% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 41.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: coffee 97%, cotton, tea partners: US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%Imports: $610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food partners: Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%External debt: $1.9 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDPElectricity: 200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cementAgriculture: mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; self-sufficient in food THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 millionCurrency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 centsExchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992), 734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda CommunicationsRailroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single trackHighways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracksInland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake VictoriaMerchant marine: 3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRTAirports: total: 31 usable: 23 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11Telecommunications: fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Uganda Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90)</text>
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<text>UGANDA - Passport required. Immunization certificates for yellow feverand cholera are required (typhoid and malaria suppressants recommended).For business visa and other information contact Embassy of the Republic ofUganda, 5909 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20011 (202/726-7100-02) orPermanent Mission to the U.N. (212/949-0110).Uganda - Consular Information SheetMarch 19, 1994Country Description: Uganda is a developing East African nation. Tourism facilities are adequate in Kampala, but are limited in other areas.Entry Requirements: A passport is required; a visa is not required for U.S. citizens. Evidence of immunization for yellow fever, cholera and typhoid is often requested. Uganda levies a $20 (US) departure tax, payable in cash (dollars or shillings) at Entebbe Airport. Further entry information may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Uganda, 5909 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20011, telephone (202) 726-7100, or the Ugandan Permanent Mission to the United Nations, telephone (212) 949-0110.Areas of Instability: The U.S. Embassy in Kampala issued the following security notice on March 18, 1994, warning U.S. citizens to avoid travel to the following areas: -- A region borderd on the west, by a line from Moyo south to, and including, the part of Murchison Falls National Park located north of the Nile River. On the south, from the northern part of Murchison Falls National Park east to Lira. On the east, from Lira north to the Sudan border. On the north, the Uganda/Sudan border area. We expect the violence previously seen in this area to subside over the next couple of months, but in the meantime, all travel into that area that is not absolutely essential should be postponed.-- Travel into the Karamoja area, especially along the Kenya-Sudan-Uganda border areas should be avoided. Other areas which are unstable include the area between Soroti and Lira and the West Nile Region. This is also a reiteration of the U.S. Embassy's advisory against travel into these areas.--The U.S. Embassy recommends that, for the time being, if travel must be undertaken in the north, it be done by air to the maximum extent possible. At this time, air travel into Moyo, Kitgum, Lira and Gulu is considered safe, but road travel out of these towns is not safe.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Uganda are limited. Medical supplies, equipment and medication are often in short supply or not available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage and medical evacuation provisions has proved useful. Information on health matters may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Incidents of armed vehicle hijackings and armed highway robbery are frequent throughout the country. Although these attacks are often violent, victims are generally injured only if they resist. In Kampala less violent crimes such as pickpocketing, purse snatching and thefts from parked vehicles or vehicles stalled in traffic jams are a common problem. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Highway Travel: Many roads in Uganda are poor, and bandit activity in some areas is both frequent and unpredictable. Highway travel at night is particularly dangerous.Photography Prohibition: Photographing security forces or government installations is prohibited.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section at the U.S. Embassy in Kampala may obtain updated information on travel and security in Uganda.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Parliament Avenue in the capital city of Kampala, P.O. Box 7007; telephone (256-41) 259792/3/5.No. 94-035This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued October 18, 1993, to note that visas are no longer required and to revise the information on Areas of Instability, Medical Facilities, Crime, Highway Travel and Photography.</text>
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card_84310.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tuvalu GeographyLocation: Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific OceanMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 26 km2 land area: 26 km2 comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 24 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atollsNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: severe tropical storms are rare THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tuvalu PeoplePopulation: 9,666 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.74% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.64 years male: 61.27 years female: 63.82 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Tuvaluans(s) adjective: TuvaluanEthnic divisions: Polynesian 96%Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%Languages: Tuvaluan, EnglishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tuvalu GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tuvalu former: Ellice IslandsDigraph: TVType: democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in 1993Capital: FunafutiAdministrative divisions: noneIndependence: 1 October 1978 (from UK)Constitution: 1 October 1978Legal system: NANational holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)Political parties and leaders: noneSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Parliament: last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Palamene)Judicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Toaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)Member of: ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPUDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant)US diplomatic representation: noneFlag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tuvalu EconomyOverview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $530 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) commodities: copra partners: Fiji, Australia, NZImports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) commodities: food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods partners: Fiji, Australia, NZExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: fishing, tourism, copraAgriculture: coconutsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 millionCurrency: 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tuvalu CommunicationsHighways: 8 km gravelPorts: Funafuti, NukufetauMerchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tankerAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; 108 telephones THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tuvalu Defense ForcesBranches: Police ForceManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP</text>
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<text>TUVALU - Passport and onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient fundsrequired. Visitors permit issued on arrival. For further informationconsult British Embassy (202/986-0205).</text>
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card_84170.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands GeographyLocation: in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic and southeast of The BahamasMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 430 km2 land area: 430 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 389 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dryTerrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swampsNatural resources: spiny lobster, conchLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands PeoplePopulation: 13,137 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.97% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.34 years male: 73.41 years female: 77.02 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: none adjective: noneEthnic divisions: AfricanReligions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)Languages: English (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 98% male: 99% female: 98%Labor force: NA by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turks and Caicos IslandsDigraph: TKType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: Grand TurkAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contentsLegal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The BahamasNational holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICKSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Council: last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987) Head of Government: Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDBDiplomatic representation in US: as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by the UKUS diplomatic representation: noneFlag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands EconomyOverview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $5,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: 12% (1992)Budget: revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9 million (1989)Exports: $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987) commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells partners: US, UKImports: $33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84) commodities: foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials partners: US, UKExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial servicesAgriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $110 millionCurrency: US currency is usedExchange rates: US currency is usedFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands CommunicationsHighways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmacPorts: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn HarbourAirports: total: 7 usable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turks and Caicos Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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card_83919.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan GeographyLocation: South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and UzbekistanMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 488,100 km2 land area: 488,100 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 kmCoastline: 0 km note: Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)Maritime claims: landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Iran will have to be negotiatedInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical desertTerrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in westNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, saltLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 69% forest and woodland: 0% other: 28%Irrigated land: 12,450 km2 (1990)Environment: contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methodsNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan PeoplePopulation: 3,914,997 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.04% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.93 years male: 61.4 years female: 68.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: TurkmenEthnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9%Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 1.542 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Turkmenistan conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy local short form: Turkmanistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: TXType: republicCapital: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)Administrative divisions: 5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap (Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat) note: all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-DagIndependence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)Political parties and leaders: ruling party: Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant opposition: Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman ; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan GovernmentElections: President: last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) Majlis: last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced to 50 at next electionExecutive branch: president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV, Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV, Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA)Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTADDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III embassy: Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] 36320 24-49-08Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan EconomyOverview: Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural gas.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -10% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 53% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 15%-20% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets partners: Russia, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports: $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles partners: mostly other than former Soviet UnionExternal debt: $650 million (end 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -17% (1992 est.)Electricity: 2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textilesAgriculture: cotton, fruits, vegetablesIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western EuropeEconomic aid: $280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the manat, but no date set (May 1993) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan EconomyExchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan CommunicationsRailroads: 2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990)Pipelines: crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 kmPorts: inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea)Airports: total: 7 useable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only capability for Turkish broadcasts THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkmenistan Defense ForcesBranches: National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and Air Defense)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>TURKMENISTAN - Passport and visa required. At the time of publication,visa issuances are being handled by the Russian Consulate. The visaprocess must be initiated in Turkmenistan by the sponsoring agency or bythe travel agent involved; no visa request is initiated at the RussianConsulate. Visas are not issued until an approval cable arrives from theMinistry of Foreign Affairs in Turkmenistan to the Russian Consulate.Turkmenistan - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Turkmenistan is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other European countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Without a visa, travelers cannot register at hotels and will be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. Visas for Turkmenistan are issued by a Russian embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can contact the Russian Embassy, Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place, NW, Washington DC 20008, telephone (202) 939-8907, 8911, 8913, 8918 or the Russian Consulates in San Francisco, New York, or Seattle for current information on visa requirements.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Turkmenistan is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel. (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Turkmenistan has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has increased, especially at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure, "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Turkmenistan is a cash only economy. Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Turkmenistan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, is located in the Hotel Jubileniya, telephone (7-3632) 24-49-25.No. 93-108This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Turkmenistan dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_83579.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, between Bulgaria and IranMap references: Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 780,580 km2 land area: 770,760 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than TexasLand boundaries: total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 kmCoastline: 7,200 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean SeaInternational disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates RiversClimate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interiorTerrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron oreLand use: arable land: 30% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 26% other: 28%Irrigated land: 22,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertificationNote: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey PeoplePopulation: 60,897,841 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.41 years male: 68.11 years female: 72.82 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Turk(s) adjective: TurkishEthnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.)Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, ArabicLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 81% male: 90% female: 71%Labor force: 20.7 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% note: about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: TurkiyeDigraph: TUType: republican parliamentary democracyCapital: AnkaraAdministrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, ZonguldakIndependence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)Constitution: 7 November 1982Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)Political parties and leaders: Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALIOther political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: Grand National Assembly: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)Judicial branch: Court of Cassation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)Member of: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 659-8200 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara mailing address: PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (4) 426 54 70 FAX: [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019 consulates general: Istanbul and Izmir consulate: AdanaFlag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey EconomyOverview: After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992. Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially reduce inflation.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 5.9% (1992)National product per capita: $3,670 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992)Unemployment rate: 11.1% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993)Exports: $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2% partners: EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5%Imports: $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21% partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5%External debt: $48.7 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDPElectricity: 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most yearsIllicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrateEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billionCurrency: 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurusExchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey CommunicationsRailroads: 8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)Highways: 320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone) (1988 est.)Inland waterways: about 1,200 kmPipelines: crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 kmPorts: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, IzmirMerchant marine: 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulkAirports: total: 110 usable: 102 with permanent-surface runways: 65 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable THE WORLD FACTBOOK Turkey Defense ForcesBranches: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>TURKEY - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/business stay upto 3 months. For other travel, visa required and must be obtained inadvance. For further information contact Embassy of the Republic ofTurkey, 1714 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/659-0742) ornearest Consulate: CA (213/937-0118), IL (312/263-0644), NY (212/949-0160)or TX (713/622-5849).Turkey - Consular Information SheetFebruary 14, 1994Country Description: Turkey is a moderately developed European nation. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business visits of up to three months. For further information on entry requirements to Turkey, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey at 1714 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036, tel: (202) 659-8200, or the nearest Turkish consulate in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, or New York.Areas of Instability: Urban and rural acts of terrorism have caused injury and loss of life to Turkish government officials and civilians throughout Turkey. While Turkish authorities are actively working to prevent terrorism, there have been terrorist attacks in Istanbul and other Turkish cities over the past two years. Two terrorist incidents in Istanbul in August 1993 were directed specifically against tourists: a grenade was thrown under a tour bus injuring eight persons and a bomb was thrown at a group of tourists as they were sightseeing around the city walls, resulting in six injuries. In June 1993, four bombs allegedly set by the PKK (Kurdistan Worker's Party) exploded in Antalya wounding 26 persons, some of whom were tourists. In July 1993, a hand grenade was found buried on a public beach southeast of Izmir, Turkey. There have been reports of similar incidents occurring in other areas along the Turkish coast. Intermittent terrorist bombings have also occurred in Ankara causing damage to vehicles, property and loss of life. The PKK claimed responsibility for four bombings on buses in January 1994, and as a result, travelers on local intercity buses may be subject to security baggage screening by the Turkish National Police. Terrorists have also targeted the personnel and property of organizations with official and commercial ties to the United States.Eastern Provinces: With the exception of the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, travel to eastern Turkey is hazardous. Terrorist acts by the PKK continue throughout the eastern provinces. These attacks are not only against Turkish police and military installations but also against civilian targets including public ground transportation. While most attacks have been at night, day-time attacks are increasingly frequent. Over the past nine years, several thousand Turkish civilians and security personnel have been killed in terrorist attacks. In 1991, the PKK began kidnapping foreigners in eastern Turkey to generate media attention for their separatist cause. Over the past two years, a number of foreigners, including Americans, have been held by the PKK and eventually released. As recently as October 9, 1993, an American tourist was abducted by the PKK while traveling by bus on the main highway between Erzurum and Erzincan. Due to the tense security situation, the climbing of Mt. Ararat in eastern Turkey is extremely dangerous, even with the required Turkish government permits. In light of the dangerous security conditions for travelers in eastern Turkey, the U.S. military has advised its personnel to avoid all tourist travel to this region. U.S. Embassy and consulate personnel travel to eastern Turkey only for essential U.S. Government business and only with prior approval. In instances where travel to cities in eastern Turkey is essential, air travel is considered safer than other forms of public transportation.Medical Information: Medical facilities are available, but may be limited outside urban areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: There is some crime against tourists, including pickpocketing, purse snatching and mugging. In Istanbul, incidents have been reported of tourists who have been drugged and robbed in nightclubs and bars, usually by other foreigners who speak English and French. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. It provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Public Safety: Travel by road after dark is hazardous throughout Turkey. Road and driving conditions off the main highways and in remote areas are particularly dangerous. In the eastern provinces, the incidence of terrorism poses additional risks for road travelers. Turkish authorities expect travelers to cooperate with travel restrictions and other security measures imposed in the east.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who are also considered to be Turkish citizens may be subject to compulsory military service and other aspects of Turkish law while in Turkey. Those who may be affected can inquire at a Turkish embassy or consulate to determine status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. government efforts to provide protection abroad.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Turkey, the penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are extremely strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Pertinent Information: Unauthorized purchase or removal from Turkey of antiquities or other important cultural artifacts is strictly forbidden. Violation of this law may result in imprisonment. At the time of departure, travelers who purchase such items may be asked to present a receipt from the seller as well as the official museum export certificate required by law.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate may obtain updated information on travel and security in Turkey.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Ankara is located at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, telephone (90-4) 426-5470. There are U.S. Consulates in Istanbul at 104-108 Mesrutiyet Caddesi, Tepebasl, telephone (90-1) 251-3602; and in Adana at Ataturk Caddesi, telephone (90-71) 139-106. There is a Consular Agent in Izmir at the Turkish American Association, Sehit Nevres Boulevard, No. 23, Alsancak, telephone (90-232) 421-3643 or 3644.No. 93-011This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 6, 1993, to add information on bus bombings and security tips for travelers.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily, between Algeria and LibyaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 163,610 km2 land area: 155,360 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than GeorgiaLand boundaries: total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 kmCoastline: 1,148 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria under discussionClimate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in southTerrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the SaharaNatural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, saltLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 4% other: 47%Irrigated land: 2,750 km2 (1989)Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: strategic location in central Mediterranean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia PeoplePopulation: 8,570,868 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 24.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.54 years male: 70.55 years female: 74.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: TunisianEthnic divisions: Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%Languages: Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 65% male: 74% female: 56%Labor force: 2.25 million by occupation: agriculture 32% note: shortage of skilled labor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia conventional short form: Tunisia local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah local short form: TunisDigraph: TSType: republicCapital: TunisAdministrative divisions: 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, ZaghouanIndependence: 20 March 1956 (from France)Constitution: 1 June 1959Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint sessionNational holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political parties are legal, including the Communist PartyOther political or pressure groups: the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawedSuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994); results - Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition Chamber of Deputies: last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD 141Executive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)Leaders: Chief of State: President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia GovernmentMember of: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew from active membership in 1986), OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ismail KHELIL chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: (202) 862-1850US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John T. McCARTHY embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [216] (1) 782-566 FAX: [216] (1) 789-719Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia EconomyOverview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic decline, the economy came back strongly in 1990-92 as a result of good harvests, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. High unemployment has eroded popular support for the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $13.6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,650 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 15.7% (1992)Budget: revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals partners: EC countries 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, former USSR republicsImports: $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods partners: EC countries 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, AlgeriaExternal debt: $7.7 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 1,545,000 kW capacity; 5,096 million kWh produced, 600 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beveragesAgriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1987)Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 millionCurrency: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia EconomyExchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9931 (February 1993), 0.8844 (1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia CommunicationsRailroads: 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter gaugeHighways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earthPipelines: crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 kmPorts: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, ZarzisMerchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 161,661 GRT/221,959 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 6 bulkAirports: total: 29 usable: 26 with permanent-surface runways: 13 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 7 note: a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NATelecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tunisia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reach military age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>TUNISIA - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visas not requiredfor tourist/business stay up to 4 months. For further information consultEmbassy of Tunisia, 1515 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005(202/862-1850) or nearest Consulate: San Francisco (415/922-9222) or NewYork (212/272-6962).Tunisia - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: Tunisia is a presidential republic with a developing economy. Tourist facilities and means of transportation are widely available, but vary in quality depending on price and location.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for a stay of up to four months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Tunisia, travelers may contact the Embassy of Tunisia at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. (202) 862-1850, or the Tunisian Consulate General in New York, telephone (212) 742-6585, or in San Francisco, telephone (415) 922-9222.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Tunisia is available, but limited; specialized care or treatment may not be available. Doctors and hospitals expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage, including medical evacuation, has proved useful. Specific health questions can be addressed to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Tunisia has a moderate crime rate in urban areas. Criminals have targeted tourists for thefts, pickpocketings, and scams, though crimes are usually non-confrontational in nature. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Travelers checks and credit cards are accepted at some establishments in Tunisia, mainly in urban or tourist areas. The Tunisian dinar is not yet a fully convertible currency. Tunisian law prohibits the export or import of Tunisian banknotes or coins. Tourists are expected to make foreign exchange transactions at authorized banks or dealers and to retain receipts for dinars obtained. Under new foreign currency exchange regulations, a tourist can reconvert to foreign currency 30 percent of what has been exchanged into dinars, up to a maximum of $100. Declaring currency upon entering Tunisia and obtaining a receipt for dinars purchased thereafter will facilitate reconverting dinars to U.S. dollars.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are severe in Tunisia, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Security Concerns: Tunisia has open borders with Libya and Algeria. (Please refer to Consular Information Sheets for those countries.) The presence of the headquarters of the Palestinian Liberation Organization in Tunis makes the possibility of terrorism a concern. However, there have been no instances where U.S. citizens or facilities in Tunisia have been subject to terrorist attacks. The government of Tunisia takes many security measures for the benefit of the many tourists who visit Tunisia.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may be enrolled in the Embassy's emergency alert network, and can obtain updated information on travel and security within Tunisia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tunisia is located at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere, in the capital city of Tunis, telephone (216-1) 782-566, fax (216-1) 789-719.No. 93-226This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Tunisia dated January 8, 1993 to update the section on security, to include new Tunisian currency regulations, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad.</text>
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card_83130.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island HeaderAffiliation: (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island GeographyLocation: in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of ReunionMap references: WorldArea: total area: 1 km2 land area: 1 km2 comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 3.7 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and SeychellesClimate: tropicalTerrain: sandyNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (scattered bushes)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: wildlife sanctuaryNote: climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tromelin Island local long form: none local short form: Ile TromelinDigraph: TEType: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in ReunionCapital: none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence: none (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: important meteorological station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tromelin Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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card_82848.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago GeographyLocation: in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the coast of VenezuelaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 5,130 km2 land area: 5,130 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than DelawareLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 362 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountainsNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphaltLand use: arable land: 14% permanent crops: 17% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 44% other: 23%Irrigated land: 220 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago PeoplePopulation: 1,313,738 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.1% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.53 years male: 67.91 years female: 73.22 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) adjective: Trinidadian, TobagonianEthnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%Languages: English (official), Hindi, French, SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 95% male: 97% female: 93%Labor force: 463,900 by occupation: construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago conventional short form: Trinidad and TobagoDigraph: TDType: parliamentary democracyCapital: Port-of-SpainAdministrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, VictoriaIndependence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)Constitution: 31 August 1976Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996); results - PNM 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2Executive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 467-6490 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago Government consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Sally G. COWAL embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain telephone: (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176 FAX: (809) 628-5462Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago EconomyOverview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has begun to emerge from a lengthy depression in the last few years. The economy fell sharply through most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts for 80% of export earnings and almost 20% of GDP. The government, in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed signs of recovery in 1990 and 1991, however, helped along by rising oil prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its export base.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 2.6% (1991)National product per capita: $3,800 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.8% (1991)Unemployment rate: 18.5% (1991)Budget: revenues $1.6 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $158 million (1993 est.)Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) partners: US 49%, CARICOM 12%Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: raw materials and intermediate goods 48%, capital goods 29%, consumer goods 23% (1991) partners: US 39%, Venezuela 14%, UK 7%, CARICOM 5% (1991)External debt: $2.4 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,680 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton textilesAgriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa, sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of food needsIllicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 millionCurrency: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (fixed rate since 1989)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago CommunicationsRailroads: minimal agricultural railroad system near San FernandoHighways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved earthPipelines: crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 kmPorts: Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, ScarboroughMerchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWTAirports: total: 6 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Trinidad and Tobago Defense ForcesBranches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police ServiceManpower availability: males age 15-49 351,183; fit for military service 253,084 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO - Passport required. Visa not required fortourist/business stay up to 3 months. Business visa requires passport andcompany letter. For further information consult Embassy of Trinidad andTobago, 1708 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/467-6490) ornearest Consulate in New York (212/682-7272).Trinidad & Tobago - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Trinidad and Tobago is a developing nation comprised of two islands. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required for travel to Trinidad and Tobago. Visas are not required for tourist or business stays of up to two months. Work permits are required for certain types of compensated and non-compensated employment, including missionary work. The immigration regulations of Trinidad and Tobago have been amended to allow persons entering the country to engage in gainful employment in any trade, profession or occupation without a work permit for a period not exceeding 30 days. For further information concerning entry and customs requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, tel. (202) 467-6490 or the Consulate in New York City.Medical Facilities: Medical care is sometimes limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Birth certificates and/or driver's licenses generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are severe and strictly enforced. Many of the Americans convicted for drug offenses in Trinidad and Tobago were caught taking suitcases or packages containing drugs out of the country. Even if the package or suitcase is being carried for someone else, the traveler is liable for its contents. Convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy, located at 15 Queen's Park West in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad; telephone (809) 622-6371. U.S. citizens may obtain from the U.S. Embassy updated information on travel and security in Trinidad and Tobago.No. 93-155This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_82624.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tonga GeographyLocation: Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 748 km2 land area: 718 km2 comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 419 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic baseNatural resources: fish, fertile soilLand use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 55% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 12% other: 2%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to April); deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tonga PeoplePopulation: 103,949 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -10.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 21.38 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.79 years male: 65.5 years female: 70.24 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Tongan(s) adjective: TonganEthnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)Languages: Tongan, EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 57% male: 60% female: 60%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tonga GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly IslandsDigraph: TNType: hereditary constitutional monarchyCapital: Nuku alofaAdministrative divisions: three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'uIndependence: 4 June 1970 (from UK)Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967Legal system: based on English lawNational holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic Party, leader NASuffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21Elections: Legislative Assembly: last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held 3-4 February 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalistExecutive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in LondonUS diplomatic representation: the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga and makes periodic visitsFlag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tonga EconomyOverview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to offset its trade deficit.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $92 million (FY90)National product real growth rate: 0.4% (FY92 est.)National product per capita: $900 (FY90)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (FY92 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $36.4 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $33.2 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) commodities: coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish partners: Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91)Imports: $68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) commodities: food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, chemicals partners: NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91)External debt: $47.5 million (FY91)Industrial production: growth rate 1.7% (FY90); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourism, fishingAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepperEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 millionCurrency: 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 senitiExchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3996 (January 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tonga CommunicationsHighways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable only in dry weatherPorts: Nukualofa, Neiafu, PangaiMerchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,765 GRT/10,597 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gasAirports: total: 6 usable: 6 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tonga Defense ForcesBranches: Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal Tongan Guard, PoliceManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>TONGA - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not required forstay up to 30 days. For additional information consult the ConsulateGeneral of Tonga, 360 Post St., Suite 604, San Francisco, CA 94108(415/781-0365).Tonga - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Tonga is a stable constitutional monarchy with ties to the United Kingdom. Its agrarian economy is developing, and its tourist industry, although limited, is growing. Tourist facilities are concentrated in and around the main islands of Tongatapu (where the capital Nuku'alofa is located) and Vava'u.Entry Requirements: A passport and onward/return ticket are required. A visa is not required for stays of up to thirty days. For specific information regarding entry requirements, travelers may consult the Consulate General of Tonga, 360 Post Street, Suite 604, San Francisco, California 94108, telephone (415) 781-0365.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Tonga are limited. The cities of Nuku'alofa, and Neiafu have hospitals with emergency and outpatient facilities. Local residents and visitors with serious medical problems are often referred to New Zealand for treatment. Medical practitioners and hospitals usually expect payment upon treatment or prior to release. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information the traveler can contact the international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Tonga has a low crime rate. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy in Fiji can obtain updated information on travel and security in Tonga.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. embassy or consulate in Tonga. For assistance U.S. citizens may contact the U.S. Embassy in Suva, Fiji, telephone (679) 314-466.No. 93-195This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992, to include information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau HeaderAffiliation: (territory of New Zealand) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau GeographyLocation: Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 10 km2 land area: 10 km2 comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 101 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoonsNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau PeoplePopulation: 1,544 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -1.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Tokelauan(s) adjective: TokelauanEthnic divisions: PolynesianReligions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2% note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominantLanguages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), EnglishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: TokelauDigraph: TLType: territory of New ZealandCapital: none; each atoll has its own administrative centerAdministrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970Legal system: British and local statutesNational holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand)Political parties and leaders: NASuffrage: NAElections: NAExecutive branch: British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand), official secretaryLegislative branch: unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atollJudicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New ZealandLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing Council will elect its first head of government in 1993Member of: SPC, WHO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of New Zealand)US diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau EconomyOverview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $800 (1988 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts partners: NZImports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel partners: NZExternal debt: $0Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishingAgriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goatsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 millionCurrency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western SamoaTelecommunications: radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tokelau Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and GhanaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 56,790 km2 land area: 54,390 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries: total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 kmCoastline: 56 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 30 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in northTerrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshesNatural resources: phosphates, limestone, marbleLand use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 28% other: 42%Irrigated land: 70 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo PeoplePopulation: 4,104,657 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.61% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.46 years male: 54.45 years female: 58.53 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: TogoleseEthnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 43% male: 56% female: 31%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 78%, industry 22% note: about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Togo conventional short form: Togo local long form: Republique Togolaise local short form: none former: French TogoDigraph: TOType: republic under transition to multiparty democratic ruleCapital: LomeAdministrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo) note: the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parenthesesIndependence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)Constitution: 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by public referendum September 1992Legal system: French-based court systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; transition regime in place since August 1991Suffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: President: last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition National Assembly: last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to be held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77; interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August 1991Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo GovernmentLegislative branch: National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled to be held in 1993Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) Head of Government: interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-4212 or 4213US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome telephone: [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17 FAX: [228] 21-79-52Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo EconomyOverview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number of economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reform program and has disrupted vital economic activity.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 0% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $400 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 2% (1987)Budget: revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)Exports: $512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee partners: EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)Imports: $583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products partners: EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)External debt: $1.3 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beveragesAgriculture: accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tonsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo EconomyExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo CommunicationsRailroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single trackHighways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roadsInland waterways: 50 km Mono RiverPorts: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)Merchant marine: 2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWTAirports: total: 9 usable: 9 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE THE WORLD FACTBOOK Togo Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>TOGO - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months.Americans travelling in remote areas in Togo occasionally require visas.Yellow fever and cholera vaccinations are required. Check furtherinformation with Embassy of the Republic of Togo, 2208 Mass. Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-4212/3).Togo - Consular Information SheetMarch 15, 1994Country Description: Togo is a small west African nation with a developing economy. Tourism facilities are limited, especially outside the capital city.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. No visa is required for a stay of less than three months. Yellow fever immunizations are required. Further information regarding entry requirements may be obtained at the Embassy of the Republic of Togo, 2208 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.20008. The telephone number is (202) 234-4212.Areas of Instability: Togo's political transition to democracy has been punctuated by periodic outbreaks of violence and general strikes. An attack in Lome by armed Togolese dissidents in early January 1994 resulted in the declaration of a curfew, which is strongly enforced in Lome. Unsettled political conditions are likely to continue.Togo/Ghana Border: The border is officially closed; however, the situation is likely to keep changing. If the border is closed, it may be possible to obtain a pass (laissez-passer) from the Togolese government. The U.S. Embassy's Consular Section can provide current information on border crossing procedures.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Togo are limited under normal conditions and have degraded because of a long general strike, the departure of medical personnel and the closure or reduction of service in clinics and hospitals. Some medicines are available through local pharmacies. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental insurance with specific overseas and emergency medical evacuation coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime, including pickpocketing, has increased. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Togo, the penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Togo.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at the intersection of Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, in the capital city of Lome. The mailing address is B.P. 852, the telephone numbers are (228) 21-29-91/92/93/94.No. 94-030This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 10, 1994, to remove the Travel Warning, to note that a curfew was established and to provide information on the Togo/Ghana border closing.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and CambodiaMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 514,000 km2 land area: 511,770 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of WyomingLand boundaries: total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 kmCoastline: 3,219 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with VietnamClimate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humidTerrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhereNatural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluoriteLand use: arable land: 34% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 30% other: 31%Irrigated land: 42,300 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok areaNote: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand PeoplePopulation: 58,722,437 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.28 years male: 65.05 years female: 71.66 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Thai (singular and plural) adjective: ThaiEthnic divisions: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%Religions: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% (1991)Languages: Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 93% male: 96% female: 90%Labor force: 30.87 million by occupation: agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) 14% (1989 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand conventional short form: ThailandDigraph: THType: constitutional monarchyCapital: BangkokAdministrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, YasothonIndependence: 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)Constitution: 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June 1992Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 military coupNational holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai Party), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREONSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's Party 3, People's Party 1, People's Force Party 0Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand GovernmentLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarndika)Leaders: Chief of State: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) Head of Government: Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992)Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi chancery: 2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-7200 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON embassy: 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok mailing address: APO AP 96546 telephone: [66] (2) 252-5040 FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990 consulate general: Chiang Mai consulates: Songkhla, UdornFlag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand EconomyOverview: Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufactures and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capital domestically. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth government in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue its rapid economic development.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $103 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 4.7% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.)Exports: $32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries products 5.9% (1992) partners: US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%, Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.)Imports: $41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer goods 10.4%, oil 8.2% partners: Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.)External debt: $33.4 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDPElectricity: 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand EconomyIndustries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producerAgriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering centerEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 millionCurrency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satangExchange rates: baht (B) per US$1 - 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand CommunicationsRailroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double trackHighways: 77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988)Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craftPipelines: natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 kmPorts: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si RachaMerchant marine: 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1 passengerAirports: total: 106 usable: 95 with permanent-surface runways: 51 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 28Telecommunications: service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network; 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed THE WORLD FACTBOOK Thailand Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.)</text>
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<text>THAILAND - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not needed forstay up to 15 days if arrive and depart from Don Muang Airport in Bangkok.For longer stays obtain visa in advance. Transit visa, for stay up to 30days, $10 fee; or tourist visa for stay up to 60 days, $15 fee. Forbusiness visa valid up to 90 days, need $20 fee and company letter statingpurpose of visit. Submit 1 application form, 2 photos and postage forreturn of passport by mail. Apply Embassy of Thailand, 2300 Kalorama Rd.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-5052) or nearest Consulate General:CA (213/937-1894), IL (312/236-2447) or NY (212/754-1770).Thailand - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It is a popular travel destination, and tourist facilities and services are available throughout the country.Entry Requirements: Passports and onward/return tickets are required. Visas are not needed for stays of up to 15 days. However, without a visa, entry is permitted only when arriving at international airports in Bangkok, Phuket, or Chiang Mai. For longer stays, or overland entry, travelers can obtain visas in advance from a Thai embassy or consulate. For stays of up to 60 days a tourist visa is required, the fee for which is $15 U.S. dollars. For more current information travelers may contact the Royal Thai Embassy, 2300 Kalorama Rd. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 234-5052 or 483-7200.Medical Facilities: Medical treatment, especially in Bangkok, is good. While the general level of health is good, hepatitis is endemic. The incidence of AIDS is increasing, especially among prostitutes and intravenous drug users. Malaria is a problem in rural border areas, but not in Bangkok or other major tourist destinations. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, tel. (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Petty crimes are common in areas where tourists gather. Many tourists fall victim to gem scams, in which a friendly stranger offers to serve as an informal tour guide. The guide offers to show the tourist where he can buy gems for resale in the U. S. at a huge profit. The gems turn out to be overpriced and money back guarantees are not honored. Some travelers report being robbed after they were drugged in night clubs or in their hotel rooms by bar girls. Armed bandits operate in some remote areas along the Thai borders with Laos, Cambodia, and Burma. The Thai government maintains security forces in these areas to maintain security and to interdict narcotics traffickers. Trekkers have found it prudent to travel only with licensed tour guides in the northern and eastern territories. Lost or stolen U.S. passports should be reported to local police and to the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, " A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Thailand strongly enforces its strict drug laws. Americans convicted of drug trafficking have received long sentences, often in excess of 20 years.Other Information: Heavy traffic is constant in Bangkok. Motorist and pedestrian accidents are common. Thai banks are not yet connected with international ATM systems. Travelers may wish to bring enough travelers checks or have valid credit cards with adequate credit limits. Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy or a U.S. consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 95 Wireless Road in Bangkok. The mailing address is APO AP 96546. The telephone number is (66-2) 252-5040.The U.S. Consulate General in Chiang Mai is located at Vidhyanon Road. The mailing address is Box C, APO AP 96546. The telephone number is (66-53) 252-629.The Consulate in Songkhla is located at 9 Sadao Road. The mailing address is Box S, APO AP 96546. The telephone number is (66-74) 321-441.The U.S. Consulate in Udorn is located at 35/6 Supakitjanya Road. The mailing address is Box UD, APO AP 96546. The telephone number is (66-42) 244-270.No. 93-194This replaces the Consular Information Sheet of November 13, 1992 to add information on crime, international banking and on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and MozambiqueMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 945,090 km2 land area: 886,040 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and ZanzibarLand boundaries: total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 kmCoastline: 1,424 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settledClimate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlandsTerrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, southNatural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickelLand use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 47% other: 7%Irrigated land: 1,530 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania PeoplePopulation: 27,286,363 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.56% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 19.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 110.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44 years male: 42.19 years female: 45.87 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: TanzanianEthnic divisions: mainland: native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes) Asian, European, and Arab 1% Zanzibar: NAReligions: mainland: Christian 40%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 25% Zanzibar: MuslimLanguages: Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education) note: first language of most people is one of the local languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population: 46% male: 62% female: 31%Labor force: 732,200 wage earners by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania GovernmentNames: conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania conventional short form: Tanzania former: United Republic of Tanganyika and ZanzibarDigraph: TZType: republicCapital: Dar es Salaam note: some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990sAdministrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa MagharibiIndependence: 26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union constitution)Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)Political parties and leaders: Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for Constitutional Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher MtikilaSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition National Assembly: last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-6125US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS embassy: 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (51) 66010/13 FAX: [255] (51) 66701Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania EconomyOverview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $260 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (FY90)Exports: $422 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal partners: FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, USImports: $1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs partners: FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, DenmarkExternal debt: $6.44 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDPElectricity: 405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizerAgriculture: accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 millionCurrency: 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 centsExchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987)Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania CommunicationsRailroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km Tazara Railroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 km of 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decadeHighways: 81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake NyasaPipelines: crude oil 982 kmPorts: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland portsMerchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 103 usable: 92 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 40Telecommunications: fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tanzania Defense ForcesBranches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, MilitiaManpower availability: males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>TANZANIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa before departure.Visas for mainland Tanzania are valid for Zanzibar. Tourist visa (valid 6months from date of issuance) for 1 entry up to 30 days, may be extendedafter arrival. Requires 1 application, 1 form and $10.50 fee (no personalchecks). Enclose prepaid envelope for return of passport by certified orregistered mail. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations recommended(required if arriving from infected area) and malarial suppressantsadvised. Allow 1 month for processing. For business visa and otherinformation, consult Embassy of the United Republic of Tanzania, 2139 RSt., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/939-6125) or Tanzanian PermanentMission to the U.N. 205 East 42nd St., 13th Floor, New York, NY 10017(212/972-9160).Tanzania - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Tanzania is a developing East African nation. Tourist facilities are adequate in major cities, but limited in remote areas.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required for entrance into the country. Visas for mainland Tanzania are also valid for Zanzibar. Airport visas may be obtained only in Zanzibar; they are not available at mainland airports. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required if the visitor is arriving from an infected area. Airport officials often require current immunization records from travelers arriving from non-infected areas as well. Further information about entry requirements may be obtained from the Tanzanian Embassy at 2139 R Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-6125 or the Tanzanian Permanent Mission to the U.N. at 205 East 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10017, telephone (212) 972-9160.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Some medicines are in short supply or unavailable. Malaria is endemic in Tanzania and anti-malarial prophylaxes are often utilized. Numerous cases of meningococcal meningitis and cholera have been reported throughout the country. While visitors have not been affected thus far, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta recommend that travelers to Tanzania and other affected countries receive the meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine before entering these countries. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Travelers have found supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage to be of use. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Crime is a concern in both urban and rural areas of Tanzania. Incidents include muggings, vehicle thefts and residential break-ins. Valuables such as passports, travelers checks, cameras and jewelry are particular targets for thieves, and are easily stolen if left in luggage at airline check-ins or in hotel lobbies. Thieves on buses and trains may steal valuables from inattentive riders. Visitors driving in game parks without an experienced driver or game park official accompanying them may be at risk. Muggers and pickpockets often prey on individuals strolling alone on beaches or other isolated areas. Crime and hazardous road conditions make travel by night dangerous.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Photography Restrictions: Photography of military installations is forbidden. Individuals have been detained and/or had their cameras and film confiscated for taking pictures of hospitals, schools, bridges, industrial sites and airports.Air Transport: Air Tanzania has had long-term financial difficulties. Travelers with Air Tanzania tickets cannot rely on the airline to complete scheduled flights. Several private airlines and air charter companies provide reliable transport to most domestic locations.Arrest or Detention of Americans: Tanzanian police and prison officials, especially in rural areas, have consistently failed to inform the U.S. Embassy of the arrest or detention of American citizens.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Tanzania.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road) in the capital city of Dar Es Salaam. The mailing address is P.O. Box 9123, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, and the telephone number is (255-51) 660-10 through 5. Office hours are 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.No. 93-294This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add information on visas, medical facilities and photography restrictions, and to delete restrictions on business travelers with South African visas.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan GeographyLocation: South Asia, between Uzbekistan and ChinaMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 143,100 km2 land area: 142,700 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than WisconsinLand boundaries: total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: boundary with China under dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan's support to Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil warClimate: midlatitude; semiarid to polar in Pamir MountainsTerrain: Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in south or southwestNatural resources: significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungstenLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 0% other: 71%Irrigated land: 6,940 km2 (1990)Environment: NANote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan PeoplePopulation: 5,836,140 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.72% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 63.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.5 years male: 65.66 years female: 71.48 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Tajik(s) adjective: TajikEthnic divisions: Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6%Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5%Languages: Tajik (official)Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 99%Labor force: 1.938 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, other 35% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Respublika i Tojikiston local short form: none former: Tajik Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: TIType: republicCapital: DushanbeAdministrative divisions: 2 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*; Gorno-Badakhshan*; Khatlon, Leninabad (Khudzhand) note: the rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)Independence: 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: as of mid-1993, a new constitution had not been formally approvedLegal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Maksud IKRAMOV, Davia KOUDONAZAROV, Shodmon YUSUPOV; Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Rakhman NABIYEV, Kakhkhor MAKHKAMOV; Islamic Revival Party (IRP), Mullah Mukhamedsharif KHIMATZODA, Daviat USMONOther political or pressure groups: Tajik People's FrontSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, Communist Party 60%; Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth Party and Rastokhoz Party 30% Supreme Soviet: last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 note: in May 1992, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the transitional 80-member Assembly (Majlis) and in November 1992 Emomili RAKHMANOV, chairman of the Assembly, became Chief of StateExecutive branch: president, prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Assembly (Majlis)Judicial branch: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Acting President and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMANOV (since NA November 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdumalik ABULAJANOV (since NA November 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Tukhtaboy GAFAROV (since NA November 1992)Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO embassy: (temporary) #39 Ainii Street, Dushanbe mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] (3772) 24-82-33Flag: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan EconomyOverview: Tajikistan has had the lowest living standards of the CIS republics and now faces the bleakest economic prospects. Agriculture (particularly cotton and fruit growing) is the most important sector, accounting for 38% of employment (1990). Industrial production includes aluminum reduction, hydropower generation, machine tools, refrigerators, and freezers. Throughout 1992 bloody civil disturbances disrupted food imports and several regions became desperately short of basic needs. Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless by the strife. In late 1992, one-third of industry was shut down and the cotton crop was only one-half of that of 1991.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -34% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 35% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $100 million to outside successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports: $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs partners: NAExternal debt: $650 million (end of 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -25% (1992 est.)Electricity: 4,585,000 kW capacity; 16,800 million kWh produced, 2,879 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezersAgriculture: cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, yaksIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western EuropeEconomic aid: $700 million offical and commitments by foreign donors (1992)Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan CommunicationsRailroads: 480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 29,900 km total (1990); 21,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earthPipelines: natural gas 400 km (1992)Airports: total: 58 useable: 30 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 13Telecommunications: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network; telephone density in urban locations is about 100 per 1000 persons; linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - 1 orbita and 2 INTELSAT (TV receive-only; the second INTELSAT earth station provides TV receive-only service from Turkey) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Tajikistan Defense ForcesBranches: Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,313,676; fit for military service 1,079,935; reach military age (18) annually 56,862 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>TAJIKISTAN - Passport and visa required. At the time of publication, visaissuances are being handled by the Russian Consulate. The visa processmust be initiated in Tajikistan by the sponsoring agency or by the travelagent involved; no visa request is initiated at the Russian Consulate.Visas are not issued until an approval cable arrives from the Ministry ofForeign Affairs in Tajikistan to the Russian Consulate.Tajikistan - Travel WarningApril 30, 1993U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Tajikistan. There is fighting in border areas, unsettled conditions in some areas of the countryside, and the potential for terrorist actions in the capital, possibly targeted against Americans. The U.S. Embassy in Dushanbe is providing only emergency consular services. Additional information can be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet on Tajikistan.No. 93-017This replaces the Travel Warning for Tajikistan dated October 24, 1992, to reflect the potential for terrorist actions and to advise that the U.S. Embassy can only provide emergency services.Tajikistan - Consular Information SheetApril 30, 1993Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Tajikistan. There is fighting in border areas, unsettled conditions in some areas of the countryside, and the potential for terrorist actions in the capital, possibly targeted against Americans. The U.S. Embassy in Dushanbe is providing only emergency consular services.Country Description: Tajikistan is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring states. Tourist facilities are not developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. There is a curfew in parts of Tajikistan, including the capital, Dushanbe. In Dushanbe, the 10pm until 6am curfew is strictly enforced by checkpoints staffed by personnel who fire on vehicles that fail to obey orders to stop. These checkpoints operate round-the-clock, and expect adherence to their instructions.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Without a visa, travelers cannot register at hotels and will be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. Visas for Tajikistan are issued by a Russian embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can contact the Russian Embassy, Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-8907, 8911, 8913, 8918 or the Russian Consulates in New York, San Francisco or Seattle for current information on visa requirements.Internal Travel: Travel to, from and within Tajikistan is difficult and unreliable. Currently, the only regular international air travel to and from Dushanbe is a four times weekly connection with Moscow. There are infrequent and irregular charter flights to other destinations. International train connections can be dangerous because of criminals who operate on board. Travelers to Uzbekistan must have an Uzbek visa, which cannot be obtained in Tajikistan.Areas of Instability: Travelers can expect to find checkpoints and periodically, unsettled conditions in all parts of the country, with the possible exception of the northern region of Leninabad which was spared the civil/communal fighting that engulfed most of Tajikistan in 1992. Travel within 25 kilometers of the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border remains tightly controlled and extremely dangerous due to armed clashes.Medical Facilities: There has been a significant deterioration in the medical infrastructure in Tajikistan with many trained personnel having fled the country. There is a general scarcity of medical equipment and medicines. There is a potential for significant disease outbreaks because of massive population displacements and a partial breakdown in immunization activities. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: There have been serious attacks against foreign diplomats and individuals on main thoroughfares, in broad daylight. Cars have been stolen and houses robbed. The disintegration of local economic conditions, widespread unemployment in Tajikistan, and a less than effective police force are in a large part to blame. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S.passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure, "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Tajikistan is a cash-only economy. International banking services are not available. Major credit cards and travelers checks are rarely accepted. Traveling in Tajikistan with large amounts of cash can be dangerous.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who visit or remain in Tajikistan despite the travel warning, can register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy and obtain updated information on travel and security within Tajikistan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, is temporarily located on the fourth floor of the Hotel Independence, (formerly known as the Hotel October), 105A Rudaki Prospect; telephone (7-3772) 248-233. The U.S. Embassy resumed operation in April, but is providing only emergency consular services.No. 93-106This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Tajikistan dated October 7, 1992, to note the resumption of operations at the U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan, to add information on areas of instability and medical facilities, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria GeographyLocation: Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Turkey and LebanonMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 185,180 km2 land area: 184,050 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota note: includes 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territoryLand boundaries: total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 kmCoastline: 193 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 41 nm territorial sea: 35 nmInternational disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October 1976Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coastTerrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in westNatural resources: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsumLand use: arable land: 28% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 46% forest and woodland: 3% other: 20%Irrigated land: 6,700 km2 (1989)Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria PeoplePopulation: 14,338,527 (July 1993 est.) note: in addition, there are at least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.76% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 44.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 43.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.12 years male: 65.07 years female: 67.22 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Syrian(s) adjective: SyrianEthnic divisions: Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%Religions: Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French widely understoodLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 64% male: 78% female: 51%Labor force: 2.951 million (1989) by occupation: miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor (1984) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic conventional short form: Syria local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah local short form: Suriyah former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)Digraph: SYType: republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963Capital: DamascusAdministrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, TartusIndependence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)Constitution: 13 March 1973Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 17 April (1946)Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and Democratic Socialist Union PartyOther political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim BrotherhoodSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote People's Council: last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 electionExecutive branch: president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, State Security CourtsLeaders: Chief of State: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Walid MOUALEM chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-6313US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS embassy: Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus telephone: [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232 FAX: [963] (11) 718687Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria EconomyOverview: Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars from Arab, European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict political controls. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 9% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $2,300 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 5.7% (1989)Budget: revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.)Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990) partners: USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990)Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%, textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990) partners: EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab countries 6% (1990)External debt: $5.3 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity: 3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, petroleumAgriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered land causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria EconomyIllicit drugs: a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf areaEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 billionCurrency: 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piastersExchange rates: Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0 (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991), 11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria CommunicationsRailroads: 1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gaugeHighways: 29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330 km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of the total is paved (1988)Inland waterways: 870 km; minimal economic importancePipelines: crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 kmPorts: Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, JablahMerchant marine: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36 cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulkAirports: total: 104 usable: 100 with permanent-surface runways: 24 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey THE WORLD FACTBOOK Syria Defense ForcesBranches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>SYRIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa in advance. Single-entryvisa valid 6 months or double-entry for 3 months, $15; multiple-entry visavalid 6 months, $30. Submit 2 application forms, 2 photos (signed) and fee(payment must be money order only). Enclose prepaid envelope (with correctpostage) for return of passport by mail. AIDS test required for studentsand others staying over 1 year; U.S. test sometimes accepted. For groupvisas and other information contact Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic,2215 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/232-6313).Syria - Consular Information SheetOctober 5, 1993Country Description: The Syrian Arab Republic has a developing, mixed-sector economy. The ruling Ba'th party espouses a largely secular ideology, but Islamic traditions and beliefs provide a conservative foundation for the country's customs and practices. The constitution refers to Islamic jurisprudence as a principal source of legislation, but the legal system remains influenced by French practice. Tourist facilities are widely available, but vary in quality depending on price and location. The work week in Syria is Saturday through Thursday. The U.S. Embassy is open Sunday through Thursday.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Visas must be obtained prior to arrival in Syria. Travelers who arrive without valid Syrian visas will be denied entry by Syrian immigration officials. According to the Syrian Foreign Ministry, an AIDS test is not required for foreigners prior to arrival in Syria. However, tests are mandatory for foreigners wishing to reside in Syria. A residence permit will not be issued until the absence of the HIV virus has been determined. Foreigners wishing to marry Syrian nationals must also be tested for HIV. Entry to Syria is not granted to persons with passports showing an Israeli visa or entry/exit stamps. For further entry information, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic, 2215 Wyoming Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 232-6313.Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines are available in the principal cities of Syria, but not necessarily in outlying areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Crime is generally not a serious problem for travelers in Syria. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession of even small amounts of illegal drugs for personal use, drug trafficking, or drug smuggling are severe in Syria. In addition to steep fines, convicted offenders can expect jail terms of three years to life for possession or trafficking. Drug smuggling can be punishable by death.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Syria.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Damascus, Syria, is located in Abu Roumaneh, Al-Mansur St. No. 2; P.O. Box 29. The telephone numbers are (963-11) 333-2814, 771-4108, or 333-0788. The fax number is (963-11) 224-7938.No. 93-257This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Syria dated August 31, 1993 to add information on the work week in Syria and the days the U.S. Embassy is open for business, and to note new phone numbers for the U.S. Embassy.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland GeographyLocation: Western Europe, between France and AustriaMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 41,290 km2 land area: 39,770 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New JerseyLand boundaries: total 1,852 km, Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showersTerrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakesNatural resources: hydropower potential, timber, saltLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 26% other: 23%Irrigated land: 250 km2 (1989)Environment: dominated by AlpsNote: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France and northern Italy, contains the highest elevations in Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland PeoplePopulation: 6,986,621 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.83% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.24 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 5.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.99 years male: 74.6 years female: 81.54 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Swiss (singular and plural) adjective: SwissEthnic divisions: total population: German 65% French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6% Swiss nationals: German 74% French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980)Languages: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4% note: these are figures for Swiss nationals only - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1%Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 3.31 million (904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian) by occupation: services 50%, industry and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Swiss Confederation conventional short form: Switzerland local long form: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German) Confederation Suisse (French) Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) local short form: Schweiz (German) Suisse (French) Svizzera (Italian)Digraph: SZType: federal republicCapital: BernAdministrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, ZurichIndependence: 1 August 1291Constitution: 29 May 1874Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)Political parties and leaders: Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA; Liberal Party (LPS), Gilbert COUTAU, presidentSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Council of States: last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, LdU 1, Ticino League 1 National Council: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other 2Executive branch: president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland GovernmentLegislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian - Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German - Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale)Judicial branch: Federal Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Adolf OGI (1993 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice President Otto STICH (term runs concurrently with that of president)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM (coopeating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER chancery: 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 745-7900 FAX: (202) 387-2564 consulates general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN embassy: Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [41] (31) 437-011 FAX: [41] (31) 437-344 branch office: Geneva consulate general: ZurichFlag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland EconomyOverview: Switzerland's economy - one of the most prosperous and stable in the world - is nonetheless undergoing a painful adjustment after both the inflationary boom of the late-1980s and the electorate's rejection late last year of membership in the European Economic Area. Stubborn inflation and a soft economy have afflicted Switzerland. Despite slow growth in 1991-92, the Swiss central bank had been unable to ease monetary policy in the past three years because of the threat to the Swiss franc posed by high German interest rates. As a result, unemployment is forecast to rise from 3% in 1992 to more than 4% in 1993, with inflation moving down from 4% to 3%. The voters' rejection in December 1992 of a referendum on membership in the EEA which was supported by most political, business, and financial leaders has raised doubts that the country can maintain its preeminent prosperity and leadership in commercial banking in the 21st century. Despite these problems, Swiss per capita output, general living standards, education and science, health care, and diet remain unsurpassed in Europe. The country has few natural resources except for the scenic natural beauty that has made it a world leader in tourism. Management-labor relations remain generally harmonious.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $152.3 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -0.6% (1992)National product per capita: $22,300 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 3% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)Exports: $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing partners: Western Europe 64% (EC countries 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%Imports: $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles, construction materials partners: Western Europe 78% (EC countries 71%, other 7%), US 6%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.)Electricity: 17,710,000 kW capacity; 56,000 million kWh produced, 8,200 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instrumentsAgriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient in food; must import fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland EconomyEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billionCurrency: 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimiExchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993), 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland CommunicationsRailroads: 4,418 km total; 3,073 km are government owned and 1,345 km are nongovernment owned; the government network consists of 2,999 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 510 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, and 835 km 1.000-meter gauge, 100% electrifiedHighways: 62,145 km total (all paved); 18,620 km are canton, 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn), 42,468 km are communal roadsInland waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable lakesPipelines: crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 kmPorts: Basel (river port)Merchant marine: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 308,725 GRT/548,244 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 8 bulk, 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 66 usable: 65 with permanent-surface runways: 42 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 18Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system THE WORLD FACTBOOK Switzerland Defense ForcesBranches: Army (Air Force is part of the Army), Frontier Guards, Fortification GuardsManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,852,213; fit for military service 1,590,308; reach military age (20) annually 44,124 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>SWITZERLAND - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/businessstay up to 3 months. For further information contact Embassy ofSwitzerland, 2900 Cathedral Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/745-7900) or nearest Consulate General: CA (310/575-1145 or415/788-2272), GA (404/870-2000), IL (312/915-0061), NY (212/758-2560) orTX (713/650-0000).Switzerland - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Switzerland is a highly developed democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business stays up to three months. For further information on entry requirements travelers can contact the Embassy of Switzerland at 2900 Cathedral Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, tel (202) 745-7900, or the nearest Swiss Consulate General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Switzerland has a low rate of violent crime. However, pickpocketing and purse-snatching do occur during peak tourist periods (such as summer and Christmas) and when major conferences, shows, or exhibits are scheduled in Geneva. Most crime is restricted to specific localities in major cities (areas frequented by drug users, the general vicinity of train and bus stations, and some public parks, for example). Countrywide emergency telephone numbers are: Police 117, Fire 118, and Ambulance 144.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Switzerland, the penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who are considered to also have Swiss citizenship may be subject to compulsory military service and other requirements while in Switzerland. Those who might be affected can inquire at a Swiss embassy or consulate regarding their status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. government efforts to provide protection abroad.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section at the U.S. Embassy in Bern or at the Consulate in Zurich can obtain updated information on travel and security in Switzerland.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Bern is located at Jubilaeumstrasse 93, telephone (41-31) 357-7011, fax (41-31) 357-7221.The Consulate General is located at Zollikerstrasse 141, in Zurich, telephone (41-1) 422-2566, fax (41-1) 383-9814.There is a branch office in Geneva, offering limited consular services located in the Botanic Building, 1-3 Avenue de la Paix, telephone (41-22) 738-7613, fax (41-22) 749-5388.No. 93-105This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information concerning dual U.S./Swiss nationality, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden GeographyLocation: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Norway and FinlandMap references: Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 449,964 km2 land area: 410,928 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 2,205 km, Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 kmCoastline: 3,218 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in northTerrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in westNatural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 64% other: 27%Irrigated land: 1,120 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: water pollution; acid rainNote: strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden PeoplePopulation: 8,730,286 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.58% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 2.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.08 years male: 75.3 years female: 81.02 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Swede(s) adjective: SwedishEthnic divisions: white, Lapp, foreign born or first-generation immigrants 12% (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks)Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% (1987)Languages: Swedish note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 4.552 million by occupation: community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden conventional short form: Sweden local long form: Konungariket Sverige local short form: SverigeDigraph: SWType: constitutional monarchyCapital: StockholmAdministrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands LanIndependence: 6 June 1809 (constitutional monarchy established)Constitution: 1 January 1975Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 JunePolitical parties and leaders: ruling four-party coalition consists of Moderate Party (conservative), Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Gudrun SCHYMAN; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leaderSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Riksdag: last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the voteExecutive branch: monarch, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral parliament (Riksdag)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977) Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Bengt WESTERBERG (since NA)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Carl Henrik LILJEGREN chancery: Suite 1200 and 715, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 944-5600 FAX: (202) 342-1319 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [46] (8) 783-5300 FAX: [46] (8) 661-1964Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden EconomyOverview: Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy that is heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. In the last few years, however, this extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by inflation, growing unemployment, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. Although Prime Minister BILDT'S center-right minority coalition had hoped to charge ahead with free-market-oriented reforms, a skyrocketing budget deficit - almost 13% of GDP in FY94 projections - and record unemployment have forestalled many of the plans. Unemployment in 1993 is forecast at around 7% with another 5% in job training. Continued heavy foreign exchange speculation forced the government to cooperate in late 1992 with the opposition Social Democrats on two crisis packages - one a severe austerity pact and the other a program to spur industrial competitiveness - which basically set economic policy through 1997. In November 1992, Sweden broke its tie to the EC's ECU, and the krona has since depreciated around 2.5% against the dollar. The government hopes the boost in export competitiveness from the depreciation will help lift Sweden out of its 3-year recession. To curb the budget deficit and bolster confidence in the economy, BILDT continues to propose cuts in welfare benefits, subsidies, defense, and foreign aid. Sweden continues to harmonize its economic policies with those of the EC in preparation for concluding its EC membership bid by 1995.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $145.6 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -1.7% (1992)National product per capita: $16,900 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1992)Unemployment rate: 5.3% (1992)Budget: revenues $70.4 billion; expenditures $82.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92)Exports: $56 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products partners: EC 55.8% (Germany 15%, UK 9.7%, Denmark 7.2%, France 5.8%), EFTA 17.4% (Norway 8.4%, Finland 5.1%), US 8.2%, Central and Eastern Europe 2.5% (1992)Imports: $51.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing partners: EC 53.6% (Germany 17.9%, UK 6.3%, Denmark 7.5%, France 4.9%), EFTA (Norway 6.6%, Finland 6%), US 8.4%, Central and Eastern Europe 3% (1992)External debt: $19.5 billion (1992 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden EconomyIndustrial production: growth rate -3.0% (1992)Electricity: 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,500 million kWh produced, 16,560 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehiclesAgriculture: animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes; Sweden is about 50% self-sufficient in most products; farming accounted for 1.2% of GDP and 1.9% of jobs in 1990Illicit drugs: increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states for the European marketEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billionCurrency: 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oreExchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.8812 (December 1992), 5.8238 (1992), 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden CommunicationsRailroads: 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately-owned railways - 511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified) and 371 km 0.891-meter gauge (all electrified)Highways: 97,400 km total; 51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and bargesPipelines: natural gas 84 kmPorts: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous secondary and minor portsMerchant marine: 179 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,473,769 GRT/3,227,366 DWT; includes 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 32 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 4 specialized tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 253 usable: 250 with permanent-surface runways: 139 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 94Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network; parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sweden Defense ForcesBranches: Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,156,720; fit for military service 1,884,121; reach military age (19) annually 57,383 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.7 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93)</text>
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<text>SWEDEN - Valid passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3months. (Period begins when entering Scandinavian area: Finland, Norway,Denmark, Iceland.) For further information check Embassy of Sweden, Suite1200, 600 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 (202/944-5600)or nearest Consulate General: Los Angeles (310/575-3383) or New York(212/751-5900).Sweden - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Sweden is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays up to three months (the 90-day period begins when entering the Nordic area: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland or Finland). For further information concerning entry requirements for Sweden, travelers can contact the Royal Swedish Embassy at 600 New Hampshire Avenue N.W., Suite 1200, Washington, D.C. 20037, tel. (202) 944-5600, or the nearest Swedish Consulate General in Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is widely available, U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Sweden has a low crime rate. Violent crime is rare. Most crimes involve theft of personal property in public areas or burglary of vacant residences. However, travelers, especially those who appear affluent, can become targets of pickpockets and purse snatchers. Over the past year, there have been isolated incidents of violence directed against non- European immigrants. The telephone number for police and other emergency services throughout the country is 90000. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free trip. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are high, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other information: Driving regulations and signs differ from those in the U.S. Moving violations, especially speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol, are strictly enforced, and fines can be severe. Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Sweden.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Stockholm is located at Strandvagen 101, telephone (46-8) 783-5300.No. 93-104This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South AfricaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 17,360 km2 land area: 17,200 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than New JerseyLand boundaries: total 535 km, Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: varies from tropical to near temperateTerrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plainsNatural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talcLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 67% forest and woodland: 6% other: 19%Irrigated land: 620 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosionNote: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland PeoplePopulation: 906,932 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.18% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 95.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 55.94 years male: 51.97 years female: 60.03 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Swazi(s) adjective: SwaziEthnic divisions: African 97%, European 3%Religions: Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40%Languages: English (official; government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 55% male: 57% female: 54%Labor force: 195,000 (over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage earners - many only intermittently) by occupation: agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social service 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21% note: 15,980 employed in South African gold and coal mines (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Swaziland conventional short form: SwazilandDigraph: WZType: monarchy independent member of CommonwealthCapital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, ShiselweniIndependence: 6 September 1968 (from UK)Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally presented to the peopleLegal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)Political parties and leaders: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978Suffrage: noneElections: direct legislative elections rescheduled for June 1993Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of AssemblyJudicial branch: High Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) Head of Government: Prime Minister Obed Mfanyana DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA chancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 362-6683US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS embassy: Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland Government mailing address: P. O. Box 199, Mbabane telephone: [268] 46441 through 46445 FAX: [268] 45959Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland EconomyOverview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $700 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $800 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $342 million; expenditures $410 million, including capital expenditures of $130 million (FY94 est.)Exports: $575 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit partners: South Africa 50% (est.), EC countries, CanadaImports: $730 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, chemicals partners: South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UKExternal debt: $290 million (1990)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989)Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugarAgriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts, cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grainEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 millionCurrency: 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 centsExchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1 -3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the South African rand THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland EconomyFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland CommunicationsRailroads: 297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single trackHighways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earthAirports: total: 23 usable: 21 with permanent-surfaced runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Swaziland Defense ForcesBranches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 197,214; fit for military service 114,097 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22 million, NA% of GDP (FY93/94)</text>
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<text>SWAZILAND - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 60 days.Temporary residence permit available in Mbabane for longer stay. Visitorsmust report to immigration authorities or police station within 48 hoursunless lodging in a hotel. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations requiredif arriving from infected area and anti-malarial treatment recommended.For further information consult Embassy of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 3400International Dr., N.W., Suite 3M, Washington, D.C. (202/362-6683).Swaziland - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Swaziland is a small developing nation in Southern Africa. Facilities for tourism are available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required of tourists planning to stay less than 60 days. Temporary residence permits are issued in Mbabane. For longer stays, visitors must report to immigration authorities or to a police station within 48 hours of arrival, if they are not lodged in a hotel. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required if the visitor is arriving from an infected area. Anti-malarial treatment is recommended. Further information may be obtained from the Embassy of the Kingdom of Swaziland, 3400 International Drive, N.W., Suite 3M, Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 362-6683.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty street crime, primarily theft of money and personal property, occurs with some frequency. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Mbabane may obtain updated information on travel and security in Swaziland.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the Central Bank Building on Warner Street in the capital city of Mbabane. The mailing address is P.O. Box 199, Mbabane, Swaziland. The U.S. Embassy telephone number is (268) 464-41/5; the fax number is (268) 259-59.No. 93-293This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add the U.S. Embassy's fax number and information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Norway) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard GeographyLocation: in the Arctic Ocean where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet, 445 km north of NorwayMap references: Arctic Region, Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 62,049 km2 land area: 62,049 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)Land boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 3,587 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia territorial sea: 4 nmInternational disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and RussiaClimate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the yearTerrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coastsNatural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry)Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: great calving glaciers descend to the seaNote: northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard PeoplePopulation: 3,209 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -2.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanEthnic divisions: Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981)Languages: Russian, NorwegianLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: SvalbardDigraph: SVType: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to NorwayCapital: LongyearbyenIndependence: none (territory of Norway)Legal system: NANational holiday: NALeaders: Chief of State: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) Head of Government: Governor (vacant)Member of: noneFlag: the flag of Norway is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard EconomyOverview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.Budget: revenues $13.3 million; expenditures $13.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 13,860 kWh per capita (1992)Currency: 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oreExchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard CommunicationsPorts: limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent BayAirports: total: 4 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian mainland THE WORLD FACTBOOK Svalbard Defense ForcesNote: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname GeographyLocation: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between French Guiana and GuyanaMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 163,270 km2 land area: 161,470 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than GeorgiaLand boundaries: total 1,707 km, Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 kmCoastline: 386 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)Climate: tropical; moderated by trade windsTerrain: mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swampsNatural resources: timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, goldLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 97% other: 3%Irrigated land: 590 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: mostly tropical rain forest THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname PeoplePopulation: 416,321 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.54% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -4.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.14 years male: 66.65 years female: 71.76 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Surinamer(s) adjective: SurinameseEthnic divisions: Hindustani (East Indian) 37%, Creole (black and mixed) 31%, Javanese 15.3%, Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1%, other 1.1%Religions: Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant 25.2% (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5%Languages: Dutch (official), English widely spoken, Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others, Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri), JavaneseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 95% male: 95% female: 95%Labor force: 104,000 (1984) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Suriname conventional short form: Suriname local long form: Republiek Suriname local short form: Suriname former: Netherlands Guiana Dutch GuianaDigraph: NSType: republicCapital: ParamariboAdministrative divisions: 10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, WanicaIndependence: 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987Legal system: NANational holiday: Independence Day, 25 November (1975)Political parties and leaders: The New Front (NF), leader NA, a coalition of four parties (NPS, VHP, KTPI, SPA); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Ronald VENETIAAN; Party of National Unity and Solidarity (KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DARBY; Democratic Alternative '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of four parties (AF, HPP, Pendawa Lima, BEP) formed in January 1991; Alternative Forum (AF), Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano ALLENDY; Pendawa Lima, Marsha JAMIN; National Democratic Party (NDP), Desire BOUTERSE; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union (PALU), Ir Iwan KROLIS, chairman; National Republic Party (PNR), Robin RAVALESOther political or pressure groups: Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), Ronnie BRUNSWIJK, Johan "Castro" WALLY; Union for Liberation and Democracy, Kofi AFONGPONG; Saramaccaner Bosneger Angula Movement, Carlos MAASSI; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement, Leendert ADAMS; Tucayana Amazonica, Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJOSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) National Assembly: last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 10, DA '91 9, Independent 2 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname GovernmentExecutive branch: president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains significant powerLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Ronald R. VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and Prime Minister Jules R. AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991)Member of: ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT chancery: Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492 consulate general: MiamiUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, Paramaribo mailing address: P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo telephone: [597] 472900, 477881, or 476459 FAX: [597] 410025Flag: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname EconomyOverview: The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for 15% of GDP and about 70% of export earnings. The economy has been in trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world bauxite prices which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that crippled the important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since ebbed and the bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 reflected continued political instability and deterred investment and economic reform. High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market activity, and hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.35 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -2.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $3,300 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 26% (1991)Unemployment rate: 16.5% (1990)Budget: revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.)Exports: $417 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: alumina, aluminum, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas partners: Norway 36%, Netherlands 28%, US 11%, Japan 7%, Brazil 5%, UK 5% (1989)Imports: $514 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods partners: US 41%, Netherlands 24%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Brazil 4% (1989)External debt: $138 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 27% of GDPElectricity: 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 4,920 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, fishingAgriculture: accounts for 10.4% of GDP and 25% of export earnings; paddy rice planted on 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm output; other products - bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of increasing importance; self-sufficient in most foodsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billionCurrency: 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 centsExchange rates: Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate until October 1992), 25.04 (January 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname CommunicationsRailroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single trackHighways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clayInland waterways: 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterwaysPorts: Paramaribo, Moengo, Nicuw NickerieMerchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 containerAirports: total: 46 usable: 39 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Suriname Defense ForcesBranches: National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force element), Civil PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 111,716; fit for military service 66,429 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SURINAME - Passport and visa required. Multiple-entry visa requires 2application forms and 2 photos. Business visa requires letter fromsponsoring company. For return of passport by mail, send $5 for registeredmail or $9.95 for Express Mail. For additional requirements contactEmbassy of the Republic of Suriname, Suite 108, 4301 Conn. Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/244-7488 and 7490) or the Consulate: Miami(305/593-2163).Suriname - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Suriname is a developing nation. Tourist facilities vary depending on price and area. Recently, the government of Suriname and private tourism companies have expanded tourism in the interior by establishing several guest houses and tour packages.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required for travel to Suriname. A business visa requires a letter from the sponsoring company. The Surinamese government has implemented a requirement that visitors exchange a certain amount of money, currently the equivalent of 300 Dutch Guilders (approximately $180.00) at the port of entry, at a rate significantly below the highest prevailing exchange rate. Visitors who fail to comply with this requirement are often temporarily detained, and passports have been held by immigration officials. For further information concerning entry requirements, including up to date information on the exchange requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Republic of Suriname 4301 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Suite 108, Washington, D.C. 20008, Tel: (202) 244-7488 or the Suriname Consulate in Miami.Areas of Instability: While the situation in the countryside is at present stable, there is insufficient police authority over much of the interior of Suriname to offer assistance in an emergency. Unaccompanied travel to the interior, particularly the road to the Afobaka Dam, and the road between Zanderif and Apura, is considered risky. Also, Suriname is currently experiencing a period of heightened tension between its government and its armed forces. Isolated acts of violence, particularly in but not limited to the interior, may occur. Travelers to remote areas of the interior of Suriname should be aware that they may encounter difficulties because of the lack of government authority throughout the interior and inadequate medical facilities in some areas. The ability of the U.S. Embassy to assist in an emergency situation may be hampered by limited transportation and communications in some areas.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited and may not meet U.S. standards. Malaria and other endemic tropical diseases occur more frequently outside the capital. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The rate of violent crime has increased. Burglary and armed robbery are increasingly common in the capital city of Paramaribo. Banditry occurs along routes in the interior of the country where police protection is inadequate.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens should be aware that birth certificates and/or drivers licenses generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Other Information: Travelers to Suriname may experience disruptions in travel plans because of the unreliability of scheduled airline service to and from that country. Suriname Airways (SLM), operating in conjunction with Antillean Airways, serves as the only direct air link between the United States and Suriname. Limited flight schedules and ongoing technical problems commonly result in delays. Additionally, transportation to the interior is unreliable. Interior flights are often delayed, sometimes for days, because of mechanical difficulties, fuel shortages, and runway conditions. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; however, English is widely used, and most tourist arrangements can be made in English.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Suriname, located at Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129 in Paramaribo, telephone [597] 477-881. At the U.S. Embassy, U.S. citizens can obtain updated information on travel and security information in Suriname.No. 93-154This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information regarding entry requirements, crime, travel and on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, along the Red Sea, between Egypt and EthiopiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,505,810 km2 land area: 2.376 million km2 comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of the USLand boundaries: total 7,697 km, Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 kmCoastline: 853 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 km2, the dispute over this area escalated in 1993Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and westNatural resources: small reserves of petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silverLand use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 24% forest and woodland: 20% other: 51%Irrigated land: 18,900 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertificationNote: largest country in Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan PeoplePopulation: 28,730,381 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.38% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 42.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 81.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 53.85 years male: 53 years female: 54.73 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: SudaneseEthnic divisions: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum)Languages: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of Arabization in processLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 27% male: 43% female: 12%Labor force: 6.5 million by occupation: agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6% note: labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan conventional short form: Sudan local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan local short form: As-Sudan former: Anglo-Egyptian SudanDigraph: SUType: military civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 June 1989 coupCapital: KhartoumAdministrative divisions: 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*, Al Istiwa'iyah*, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al Ghazal, Darfur, KurdufanIndependence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)Constitution: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956)Political parties and leaders: none; banned following 30 June 1989 coupOther political or pressure groups: National Islamic Front, Hasan al-TURABISuffrage: noneElections: noneExecutive branch: executive and legislative authority vested in a 10-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July 1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function as advisers note: Lt. Gen. BASHIR's military government is dominated by members of Sudan's National Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed from the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986; front leader Hasan al-TURABI controls Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan GovernmentLegislative branch: appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1 January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national electionsJudicial branch: Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary CourtsLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed (since 9 July 1989)Member of: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador 'Abdalla Ahmad 'ABDALLA chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 338-8565 through 8570 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Donald K. PETTERSON embassy: Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO AE 09829 telephone: 74700 or 74611 FAX: Telex 22619Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan EconomyOverview: Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. Despite subsequent government efforts to implement reforms urged by the IMF and the World Bank, the economy remained stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the incentive to take economic risks. Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production in northern Sudan after two years of drought.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate: 9% (FY92 est.)National product per capita: $184 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 150% (FY92 est.)Unemployment rate: 30% (FY92 est.)Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $315 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) commodities: cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts partners: Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% (FY88)Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles partners: Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)External debt: $15 billion (June 1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 4.8%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY92)Electricity: 610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refiningAgriculture: accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products - cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally self-sufficient in most foods THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 millionCurrency: 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piastersExchange rates: official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 124 (January 1993), 90.1 (March 1992), 5.4288 (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); note - free market rate 155 (January 1993)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan CommunicationsRailroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge plantation lineHighways: 20,703 km total; 2,000 km bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and trackInland waterways: 5,310 km navigablePipelines: refined products 815 kmPorts: Port Sudan, SawakinMerchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-offAirports: total: 68 usable: 56 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 30Telecommunications: large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radio communications, troposcatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations for international traffic - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sudan Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 6,488,864; fit for military service 3,986,084; reach military age (18) annually 301,573 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>SUDAN - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained in advance.Transit visa valid up to 7 days, requires $50 fee (cash or money order),onward/return ticket and visa for next destination, if appropriate.Tourist/business visa for single entry up to 3 months (extendable),requires $50 fee, 1 application form, 1 photo, proof of sufficient fundsfor stay and SASE for return passport. Business visa requires companyletter stating purpose of visit and invitation from Sudanese officials.Malarial suppressants and vaccinations for yellow fever, cholera, andmeningitis recommended. Visas not granted to passports showing Israeli orSouth African visas. Allow 4 weeks for processing. Travelers must declarecurrency upon arrival and departure. Check additional currency regulationsfor stays longer than 2 months. Contact Embassy of the Republic of theSudan, 2210 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/338-8565 to8570) or Consulate General, 210 East 49th St., New York, NY 10017(212/573-6035).Sudan - Travel WarningMarch 3, 1994U.S. citizens are warned against all travel to Sudan because of potential violence within the country. Due to continuing security concerns, the U.S. Department of State has determined that dependents may not accompany employees assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum. Travel anywhere outside the capital city of Khartoum requires the permission of the government of Sudan.No. 94-012This Travel Warning replaces the Travel Warning dated August 21, 1993, to reflect that dependents are no longer allowed to accompany employees to the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum.Sudan - Consular Information SheetMarch 7, 1994Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against all travel to Sudan because of potential violence within the country. Due to continuing security concerns, the U.S. Department of State has determined that dependents may not accompany employees assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum. Travel anywhere outside the capital city of Khartoum requires the permission of the government of Sudan.Country Description: Sudan is a large under-developed country in northeastern Africa. Tourism facilities are minimal.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required to enter Sudan. The Sudanese government recommends that malarial suppressants be taken, and that yellow fever, cholera and meningitis vaccinations be in order. Visas are not granted in passports showing Israeli visas. Further information concerning entry requirements may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan, 2210 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008. The telephone numbers are (202) 338-8565 to 8570. There is also a Sudanese Consulate General at 210 East 49th Street, New York, NY, 10017, telephone (212) 421-2680.Areas of Instability: Travel in all parts of Sudan is considered potentially hazardous. Western interests in Khartoum have been the target several times in recent years of terrorist acts. Civil war persists in southern Sudan in the three provinces of Upper Nile, Bahr El Ghazal and Equatoria. Banditry and incursions by southern Sudanese rebels are common in western Sudan, particularly in Darfur Province along the Chadian and Libyan borders and in southern Kordofan Province.Curfew Rules: The government of Sudan has ordered a curfew with rules that are strictly enforced. Persons who are outside during curfew hours without authorization are subject to arrest. Curfew hours change frequently. The U.S. Embassy's Consular Section, some hotel officials and local police can inform visitors of current curfew hours.Registration with Local Police: Travelers are required to register with police headquarters within three days of arrival. Travelers must obtain police permission before moving to another location in Sudan and must register with police within 24 hours of arrival at the new location. These regulations are strictly enforced. Even with proper documentation, travelers in Sudan have been subjected to delays and detentions by Sudan's security forces, especially when traveling outside Khartoum. Authorities expect roadblocks to be respected.Currency Regulations: Individuals who exchange money at other than an authorized banking institution risk arrest and loss of funds through unscrupulous black marketeers.Photography Restrictions: A permit must be obtained before taking photographs anywhere in Khartoum, as well as in the interior of the country. Photographing military areas, bridges, drainage stations, broadcast stations, public utilities and slum areas or beggars is prohibited.Infrastructure: Disruptions of water and electricity are frequent. Telecommunications are slow and often impossible.Domestic Travel Information: Unforeseen circumstances such as sandstorms and electrical outages may cause flight delays. The Khartoum Airport arrival and departure procedures are lengthy. Passengers usually allow three hours for pre-departure security and other processing at the airport.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who visit or remain in Sudan, despite the warning, may register at the U.S. Embassy and obtain updated information on travel and security.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at Sharia Ali Abdul Latif in the capital city of Khartoum. The mailing address is P.O. Box 699, or APO AE 09829. The telephone numbers are 74700 and 74611. The work week is Sunday through Thursday.No. 94-024This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated August 21, 1993, to note that dependents may not accompany employees to the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum.</text>
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card_79099.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka GeographyLocation: South Asia, 29 km southeast of India across the Palk Strait in the Indian OceanMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 65,610 km2 land area: 64,740 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than West VirginiaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,340 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interiorNatural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clayLand use: arable land: 16% permanent crops: 17% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 37% other: 23%Irrigated land: 5,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosionNote: strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka PeoplePopulation: 17,838,190 (July 1993 est.) note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil separatists in the mid 1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have fled the island; as of late 1992, nearly 115,000 were housed in refugee camps in south India, another 95,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought political asylum in the West; fewer than 10,000 Tamils have been successfully repatriated to Sri LankaPopulation growth rate: 1.11% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.71 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 22.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.51 years male: 68.94 years female: 74.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.13 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Sri Lankan(s) adjective: Sri LankanEthnic divisions: Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1%Religions: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8%Languages: Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18% note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about 10% of the populationLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 88% male: 93% female: 84%Labor force: 6.6 million by occupation: agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka conventional short form: Sri Lanka former: CeylonDigraph: CEType: republicCapital: ColomboAdministrative divisions: 8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, WesternIndependence: 4 February 1948 (from UK)Constitution: 31 August 1978Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)Political parties and leaders: United National Party (UNP), Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA; Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam Democratic Front (EDF), Edward SEBASTIAN PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader NA; Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. DE SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party, K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; Democratic United National Front (DUNF), Lalith ATHULATHMUDALI and Gamini DISSANAYAKE note: the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and CP/BOther political or pressure groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front and several other radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups); Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unionsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%; note - following the assassination of President PREMADASA on 1 May 1993, Prime Minister WIJETUNGA became acting president; on 7 May 1993, he was confirmed by a vote of Parliament to finish out the term of the assassinated president THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka Government Parliament: last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results - UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33Executive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA (since 7 May 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 7 May 1993)Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ananda GURUGE chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-4025 through 4028 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Teresita C. SCHAFFER embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo telephone: [94] (1) 44-80-07 FAX: [94] (1) 43-73-45Flag: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the entire flag and extends between the two panels THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka EconomyOverview: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in 1991-92 as domestic conditions began to improve and conditions for foreign investment brightened.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.75 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $440 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1992)Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $500 million (1992)Exports: $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: textiles and garments, teas, petroleum products, coconuts, rubber, other agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products, graphite partners: US 27.4%, Germany, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, ChinaImports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment partners: Japan, Iran, US 5.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, UKExternal debt: $5.7 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity: 1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothingAgriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice productionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 millionCurrency: 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 centsExchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 46.342 (January 1993), 43.687 (1992), 41.372 (1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka CommunicationsRailroads: 1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no electrification; government ownedHighways: 75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.)Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craftPipelines: crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)Ports: Colombo, TrincomaleeMerchant marine: 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 276,074 GRT/443,266 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 oil tanker, 3 bulkAirports: total: 14 usable: 13 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: very inadequate domestic service, good international service; 114,000 telephones (1982); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sri Lanka Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,779,221; fit for military service 3,730,737; reach military age (18) annually 178,032 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $365 million, 4.7% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>SRI LANKA - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds($15 per day) required. Tourist visa not required for stay up to 90 days.For business or travel on official/diplomatic passport, visa required andmust be obtained in advance. Business visa valid 1 month, requires 1application form, 2 photos, a company letter, a letter from sponsoringagency in Sri Lanka, a copy of an onward/return ticket, and $5 fee.Include $6 postage for return of passport by registered mail. Yellow feverand cholera immunizations needed if arriving from infected area. Forfurther information contact Embassy of the Democratic Socialist Republic ofSri Lanka, 2148 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/483-4025)or nearest Consulate: CA (805/323-8975 and 504/362-3232), HI(808/373-2040), NJ (201/627-7855) or NY (212/986-7040).Sri Lanka - Consular Information SheetAugust 27, 1993Country Description: Sri Lanka has a developing economy. Tourist facilities outside the capital and major tourist areas may be basic.Entry Requirements: A passport and onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds (15 U.S. dollars per day) are required. A tourist visa can be granted at the time of entry into Sri Lanka, and may be valid for a maximum period of 90 days. Business travelers may be granted a landing endorsement at the port of entry for a one month period under certain circumstances. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations are needed if arriving from an infected area. Further information can be obtained by contacting the Embassy of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, 2148 Wyoming Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 483-4025-8, or the Sri Lankan consulate in New York. There are also honorary Sri Lankan consulates in Los Angeles, Honolulu, New Orleans and Newark.Areas of Instability: There is a long-standing armed conflict between the Sri Lankan government and a Tamil extremist group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Fighting between government security forces and the LTTE continues in many parts of the northern and eastern areas of the island. Although there is no direct threat to U.S. citizens in Sri Lanka, there is a general risk of being inadvertently caught up in random acts of violence. Terrorist bombings have occurred, including in or near the capital city of Colombo. Prominent national leaders and senior military personnel have been targets and/or victims of terrorist violence. Areas such as Wilpattu and Galoya National Parks are considered especially unsafe. Travelers who encounter roadblocks staffed by security personnel are expected to follow closely any instructions given.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Malaria is prevalent in many areas outside of Colombo. For further information, the traveler can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime such as purse snatching and pickpocketing is common especially on crowded local transportation. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced in Sri Lanka. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location and Registration: Updated information on travel and security within Sri Lanka is available at the U.S. Embassy, located at 210 Galle Rd., in the capital city of Colombo. The mailing address is P.O. Box 106. The telephone number is (94-1) 448007. U.S. citizens are encouraged to register at the U.S. Embassy upon arrival in Sri Lanka.No. 93-236This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Sri Lanka dated May 19, 1993 to include information about crime on public transportation and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_78781.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spratly Islands GeographyLocation: in the South China Sea, between Vietnam and the PhilippinesMap references: Asia, Southeast AsiaArea: total area: NA km2 but less than 5 km2 land area: less than 5 km2 comparative area: NA note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the South China SeaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 926 kmMaritime claims: NAInternational disputes: all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly claimed the islandClimate: tropicalTerrain: flatNatural resources: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potentialLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefsNote: strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; serious navigational hazard THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spratly Islands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered garrisons THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spratly Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Spratly IslandsDigraph: PG THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spratly Islands EconomyOverview: Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing; proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.Industries: none THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spratly Islands CommunicationsPorts: no natural harborsAirports: total: 4 usable: 4 with permanent-surfaced runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spratly Islands Defense ForcesNote: about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam</text>
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card_78463.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain GeographyLocation: Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Portugal and FranceMap references: Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 504,750 km2 land area: 499,400 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon note: includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la GomeraLand boundaries: total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 kmCoastline: 4,964 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas ChafarinasClimate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coastTerrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in northNatural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropowerLand use: arable land: 31% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 21% forest and woodland: 31% other: 7%Irrigated land: 33,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestation; air pollutionNote: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain PeoplePopulation: 39,207,159 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.24% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 10.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.51 years male: 74.22 years female: 81.04 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: SpanishEthnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic typesReligions: Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%Languages: Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 95% male: 97% female: 93%Labor force: 14.621 million by occupation: services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain conventional short form: Spain local short form: EspanaDigraph: SPType: parliamentary monarchyCapital: MadridAdministrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco note: there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknownIndependence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 12 OctoberPolitical parties and leaders: principal national parties, from right to left: Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) a coalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other small parties, leader NA chief regional parties: Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Juan Maria BANDRES; Basque Socialist Party (PSE); coalition of the PSE, EE, and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS; Euskal Ezkerra (EUE), Xabier GURRUTXAGA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC), leader NA; Aragon Regional Party (PAR), leader NA; Valencian Union (UV), leader NAOther political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university studentsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain GovernmentElections: Senate: last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 Congress of Deputies: last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, IU 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11Executive branch: monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of StateLegislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)Leaders: Chief of State: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991)Member of: AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseley chancery: 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 265-0190 or 0191 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard G. CAPEN, Jr. embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642 telephone: [34] (1) 577-4000 FAX: [34] (1) 577-5735 consulate general: Barcelona consulate: Bilbao THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain GovernmentFlag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain EconomyOverview: Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. Foreign and domestic investments have spurred GDP growth at an annual average of more than 4% in 1986-91. As of 1 January 1993, Spain has wholly liberalized its trade and capital markets to EC standards, including integrating agriculture two years ahead of schedule. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to fight 7% inflation. As a result of this action and the worldwide decline in economic growth, Spain's growth rate declined to 1% in 1992. Spain faces a likely recession in first half 1993. The government expects a recovery in the second half, but this depends on stepped-up growth in Germany and France. The slowdown in growth - along with displacements caused by structural adjustments in preparation for the EC single market - has pushed an already high unemployment rate up to 19%. However, many people listed as unemployed work in the underground economy. If the government can stick to its tough economic policies and push further structural reforms, the economy will emerge stronger at the end of the 1990s.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $514.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1% (1992)National product per capita: $13,200 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 19% (yearend 1992)Budget: revenues $122.9 billion; expenditures $140.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $62 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery partners: EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1991)Imports: $100 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals partners: EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% (1991)External debt: $67.5 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1992 est.)Electricity: 46,600,000 kW capacity; 157,000 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourismAgriculture: accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain EconomyIllicit drugs: key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European marketEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not currently a recipientCurrency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimosExchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain CommunicationsRailroads: 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918 km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track)Highways: 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)Inland waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importancePipelines: crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 kmPorts: Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor portsMerchant marine: 242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,394,175 GRT/4,262,868 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 8 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 12 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 41 oil tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 36 bulkAirports: total: 105 usable: 99 with permanent-surface runways: 60 with runways over 3,659 m: 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links THE WORLD FACTBOOK Spain Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 10,299,960; fit for military service 8,341,046; reach military age (20) annually 338,231 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $9.6 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>SPAIN - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 6months. For additional information check with Embassy of Spain, 2700 15thSt., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/265-0190/1) or nearest ConsulateGeneral: CA (415/922-2995 and 213/658-6050), FL (305/446-5511), IL(312/782-4588), LA (504/525-4951), MA (617/536-2506), NY (212/355-4080), PR(809/758-6090) or TX (713/783-6200).Spain - Consular Information SheetJune 14, 1993Country Description: Spain is a developed and stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is necessary but a visa is not required for tourist stays of up to three months; visitors may subsequently apply for an extension of stay at a Spanish immigration office. For further information concerning entry requirements for Spain, travelers may contact the Embassy of Spain at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20009, tel: (202) 265-0190, or the nearest Spanish consulate in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Spain has a very low rate of violent crime. Nevertheless, minor crimes such as pickpocketing, robbery, and theft from cars are a problem, and are often directed against unwary tourists. Thefts of small items like radios, luggage, cameras, briefcases, and even cigarettes from parked cars are a major problem. The American Embassy in Madrid has issued a notice to U.S. citizens stating that it frequently receives reports of roadside thieves posing as "good samaritans" to persons experiencing car and tire problems. The thieves typically attempt to divert the driver's attention by pointing out a mechanical problem and then steal items from the vehicle while the driver is looking elsewhere. The problem is particularly acute with vehicles rented at Madrid's Barajas Airport. The Embassy notice advises drivers to be extremely cautious about accepting help from anyone other than a uniformed Spanish police officer or Civil Guard. Travelers who accept unofficial assistance are advised to protect their valuables by keeping them in sight or locking them in the vehicle.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. U.S. citizens may refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Spain, penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Terrorist Activities: Civil disorder in Spain is rare. Although a few small terrorist groups, including ETA (Basque separatists) and GRAPO (a Marxist group), are occasionally active, their efforts are primarily directed against police, military, and other Spanish government targets. Americans have not been targets of these attacks.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate may obtain updated information on travel and security within Spain.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Madrid is located at Serrano 75; telephone (34) (1) 577-4000.There are U.S. Consulates in:Barcelona, at Paseo Reina Elisenda 23-25, telephone (34-3) 280-2227; and inBilbao, at Lehendakari Agirre 11-3, telephone (34-4) 475-8300.There are also Consular Agencies in the following locations:Malaga, at Centro Comercial "Las Rampas", Fase 2, Planta 1, Locales 12-G-7 and 12-G-8, Fuengirola, telephone (34-952) 474-891, hours 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.;La Coruna, at Canton Grande 16-17, telephone (34-981) 213-233, hours 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.;Las Palmas, at Frachy y Roca 5-5', No. 13, telephone (34) (928) 222-552, hours 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.;Palma de Mallorca, at Av. Jamime 111, 26 Entresuelo, 2-H-1 (97), telephone (34-971) 725-051, hours 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.;Seville, at Paseo de Las Delicias 7, telephone (34-954) 231-885, hours 8:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. and 2:30 p.m to 4:30 p.m.;Valencia, at Cl. de La Paz 6-5, Local 5, telephone (34-96) 351-6973, hours 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.No. 93-162This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to add information on crime, specifically on thefts targeted at tourists with rented vehicles.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GeographyLocation: in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the south Argentine coast, southeast of the Falkland IslandsMap references: Antarctic RegionArea: total area: 4,066 km2 land area: 4,066 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island note: includes Shag Rocks, Clerke Rocks, Bird IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: NA kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by ArgentinaClimate: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snowTerrain: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active volcanoesNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanismNote: the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous population; there is a small military garrison on South Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands conventional short form: noneDigraph: SXType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison townAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 3 October 1985Legal system: English common lawNational holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)Executive branch: British monarch, commissionerLegislative branch: noneJudicial branch: noneLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands) THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands EconomyOverview: Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK.Budget: revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)Electricity: 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands CommunicationsHighways: NAPorts: Grytviken on South GeorgiaAirports: total: 5 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, at the extreme southern tip of the continentMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,221,040 km2 land area: 1,221,040 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas note: includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward IslandLand boundaries: total 4,973 km, Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 kmCoastline: 2,881 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire areaClimate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nightsTerrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plainNatural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gasLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 65% forest and woodland: 3% other: 21%Irrigated land: 11,280 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measuresNote: Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa PeoplePopulation: 42,792,804 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.63% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 48.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.81 years male: 62.07 years female: 67.63 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: South African(s) adjective: South AfricanEthnic divisions: black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%Religions: Christian (most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks), Hindu (60% of Indians), Muslim 20%Languages: Afrikaans (official), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa, North Sotho, South Sotho, Tswana, and many other vernacular languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 76% male: 78% female: 75%Labor force: 13.4 million economically active (1990) by occupation: services 55%, agriculture 10%, industry 20%, mining 9%, other 6% THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of South Africa conventional short form: South AfricaAbbreviation: RSADigraph: SFType: republicCapital: Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial)Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, QwaQwa)Independence: 31 May 1910 (from UK)Constitution: 3 September 1984Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Republic Day, 31 May (1910)Political parties and leaders: white political parties and leaders: National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative Party (CP), leader NA (official opposition party); Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER; Afrikaner Volksunie (AVU), Andries BEYERS Colored political parties and leaders (see Note): Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); National Party (NP); Democratic Party (DP); Freedom Party Indian political parties and leaders: Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party note: the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were disbanded in May 1991Other political or pressure groups: African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Clarence MAKWETU, presidentSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal, but voting rights are racially basedElections: House of Assembly (whites): last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; note - by February 1992, because of byelections, splits, and defections, changes in number of seats held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 36, DP 28, AVU 5, independent 7 THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa Government House of Representatives (Coloreds): last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - by October 1992 many representatives had changed their allegiance causing the following changes in seating: NP 44, LP 27, DP 6, Freedom Party 1, independents 6, vacant 1 House of Delegates (Indians): last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected) Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of October 1992 is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 8, independents 3 note: tentative agreement to hold national election open to all races for a 400-seat constitutient assembly on 27 April 1994Executive branch: state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the three houses of Parliament)Legislative branch: tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: State President Frederik Willem DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989)Member of: BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO (suspended)Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ chancery: 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-4400 consulates general: Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Princeton N. LYMAN embassy: Thibault House, 225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria telephone: [27] (12) 28-4266 FAX: [27] (12) 21-9278 consulates general: Cape Town, Durban, JohannesburgFlag: actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa EconomyOverview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment and lack of job skills. The main strength of the economy lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. Economic developments in the 1990s will be driven partly by the changing relations among the various ethnic groups. The shrinking economy in recent years has absorbed less than 10% of the more than 300,000 workers entering the labor force annually. Local economists estimate that the economy must grow between 5% and 6% in real terms annually to absorb all of the new entrants.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -2% (1992)National product per capita: $2,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.9% (1992)Unemployment rate: 45% (well over 50% in some homeland areas) (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $28 billion; expenditures $36 billion, including capital expenditures of $3 billion (FY93 est.)Exports: $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: gold 27%, other minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3% partners: Italy, Japan, US, Germany, UK, other EC countries, Hong KongImports: $18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, scientific instruments partners: Germany, Japan, UK, US, ItalyExternal debt: $18 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDPElectricity: 46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, foodstuffsAgriculture: accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep, wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 rand (R) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa EconomyExchange rates: rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa CommunicationsRailroads: 20,638 km route distance total; 20,324 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm gauge; substantial electrification of 1.067 meter gaugeHighways: 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earthPipelines: crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 kmPorts: Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, Walvis BayMerchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4 container, 1 vehicle carrierAirports: total: 899 usable: 713 with permanent-surface runways: 136 with runways over 3,659 m: 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 221Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM, 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK South Africa Defense ForcesBranches: South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical Services), South African Police (SAP)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 10,294,211; fit for military service 6,279,190; reach military age (18) annually 425,477 (1993 est.); obligation for service in Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; black and white volunteers for service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation for white conscripts is one year; figures include the so-called homelands not recognized by the USDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, about 2.5% of GDP (FY93 budget)</text>
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<text>SOUTH AFRICA - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay upto 90 days. Malarial suppressants are recommended. For business travel, avisa and company letter are required. For more information contact:Embassy of South Africa, Attn: Consular Office, 3201 New Mexico Ave.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 (202/966-1650) or nearest Consulate: CA(310/657-9200), IL (312/939-7929), or NY (212/213-4880).South Africa - Consular Information SheetApril 1, 1994 Country Description: Although South Africa is in many respects a developed country, much of its population lives under third world conditions. There are adequate facilities in all urban centers, game parks and areas most commonly visited by tourists.Entry Requirements: While a valid passport is required, a visa is not required for regular passport holders on bona fide holiday, business visits or in transit. Visas are, however, required for extended stays for employment or study, diplomatic and official passport holders. Evidence of a yellow fever vaccination is necessary if arriving from an infected area. For more information, the traveler may contact the Embassy of South Africa, 3201 New Mexico Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, telephone (202) 966-1650, or a South African Consulate in Beverly Hills, Chicago, or New York.Areas of Instability: The political situation in South Africa remains unsettled as the country seeks to make the transition from apartheid to nonracial democracy. U.S. citizens are requested to exercise extreme caution at political gatherings or demonstrations, since some political demonstrations have resulted in clashes with security forces or between political factions, resulting in casualties.President de Klerk declared a state of emergency in Kwazulu/Natal on March 31. Violence is most common in and around Johannesburg and in the provinces of Natal and the Transvaal. Incidents also occur in the Orange Free State and the Cape Province. Particularly dangerous are the volatile election-related or youth demonstrations. The intensity of demonstrations and riots can be expected to increase and spread as the elections, scheduled for late April 1994, draw closer. Right wing extremists have also become a source of violence, with bombings and other incidents.Although foreigners have not yet been specifically targeted in these attacks, some have become caught up in the general disturbance. The areas most frequented by tourists, such as game parks and beaches, are not, as yet, affected. Townships located in the vicinity of Durban, Johannesburg, and Cape Town have been the scenes of violent riots and demonstrations, most with little or no warning. Blacks have been the principal victims of township violence, but non-blacks are also being targeted. The South African government and transitional authorities are taking steps to control the violence, but it is impossible to guarantee security for visiting Americans.Therefore, Americans who visit or who have duties or business in South Africa should exercise extreme caution when traveling, and whenever possible, avoid areas of unrest and political demonstrations. Those Americans who go to South Africa as international observers or who are affiliated with non-governmental groups should follow very carefully the guidance of the Independent Electoral Commission and of those officials in South Africa who are responsible for security and election monitoring. All U.S. citizens are requested to contact the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. consulate for up-to-date information prior to traveling to any township.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are good in urban areas and in the vicinity of game parks and beaches but may be limited elsewhere. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services, but usually accept credit cards in addition to cash. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: There is continuing and significant street crime affecting foreigners, including muggings, pickpocketing and random street violence, particularly in urban areas such as Johannesburg. The South African police and the Automobile Association have warned motorists to avoid the Transkei after a number of shooting incidents in which passengers in vehicles were injured or killed. Due to uncertainty in general, travelers may check with the U.S. Consulates before embarking on trips to the eastern Cape and the homelands. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Travel to "Independent Homelands": Neither the U.S. nor any other country, except South Africa, recognize the so-called independent homelands of Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei and Transkei. The United States faces special difficulties in providing consular assistance in these areas. Homeland officials often fail to notify U.S. Embassy or consulate officials when American citizens have been detained, and routinely deny or restrict access by U.S. consular officials to U.S. citizens under arrest or otherwise in distress. Arriving or departing from a homeland area at night is particularly risky.Bophuthatswana: The U.S. Embassy in Pretoria has restricted U.S. government personnel from traveling to Bophuthatswana because political unrest and civil strikes have resulted in clashes between civilians, government police and soldiers.Ciskei: The U.S. Consulate General in Cape Town has activated its warden system informing U.S. citizens in the Ciskei area to be cautious, avoid public demonstrations, and be aware of any changes in the current political unrest following the March 23 resignation of Head of State Brigadier Oupa Gqozo.Kwazulu/Natal: A state of emergency was declared for this area on March 31. The U.S. Consulate General in Durban has activated its warden system asking U.S. citizens in the urban townships around Durban to keep the Consulate General informed of any changes in the security situation in their particular localities. Americans have also been asked to be especially cautious in these areas.Other Information: An increasing number of American sportsmen, musicians, and other performers have found themselves without cash or resources due to contractual difficulties with agents or promoters. Performers and sports personalities therefore try to ensure that all legal aspects of their employment are settled before they arrive in South Africa. Consular officers can offer only limited assistance in contractual disputes.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy or a U.S. consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security in South Africa.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 877 Pretorius Street in Pretoria. The telephone number is (27-12) 342-1048. There are Consulates General in Johannesburg located at Kine Center, 11th Floor, Commissioner and Kruis Streets, telephone (27-11) 331-1681; in Cape Town at Broadway Industries Center, Heerengracht, Foreshore, telephone (27-21) 214-280; and in Durban at Durban House, 29th Floor, 333 Smith Street, telephone (27-31) 304-4737.Note: The Johannesburg Consular District encompasses all of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. The U.S. Embassy in Pretoria provides limited consular services, while the U.S. Consulate in Johannesburg provides most of the consular services for American citizens in the Pretoria area.No. 94-041This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated March 29, 1994 to add information about the state of emergency in Kwazulu/Natal and areas of instability.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern Indian Ocean, south of the Arabian PeninsulaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 637,660 km2 land area: 627,340 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries: total 2,366 km, Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, Kenya 682 kmCoastline: 3,025 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic SomalisClimate: desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) between monsoonsTerrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in northNatural resources: uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, saltLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 46% forest and woodland: 14% other: 38%Irrigated land: 1,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia PeoplePopulation: 6,514,629 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 41.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 28.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 162.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 32.91 years male: 32.86 years female: 32.95 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Somali(s) adjective: SomaliEthnic divisions: Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800Religions: Sunni MuslimLanguages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 24% male: 36% female: 14%Labor force: 2.2 million (very few are skilled laborers) by occupation: pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30% note: 53% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Somalia former: Somali RepublicDigraph: SOType: noneCapital: MogadishuAdministrative divisions: 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi GalbeedIndependence: 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)Constitution: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979Legal system: NANational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January 1991; formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD BarreOther political or pressure groups: numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for powerSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD was reelected without opposition People's Assembly: last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically elected government will be establishedExecutive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga); non-functioningJudicial branch: Supreme Court (non-functioning)Leaders: Chief of State: Interim President ALI MAHDI Mohamed (since 27 January 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia Government Head of Government: Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991)Member of: ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) chancery: Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 342-1575 consulate general: New York note: Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991US diplomatic representation: the US Embassy in Mogadishu was evacuated and closed indefinitely in January 1991; United States Liaison Office (USLO) opened in December 1992Flag: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia EconomyOverview: One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been devastated by the civil war. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods make up more than half of the population. Crop production generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic market. The small industrial sector is based on the processing of agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Greatly increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a substantial drop in output, with widespread famine.National product: $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins partners: Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)Imports: $NA commodities: petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials partners: US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986)External debt: $1.9 billion (1989)Industrial production: growth rate NA%, accounts for NA% of GDPElectricity: former public power capacity of 75,000 kW is completely shut down by the destruction of the civil war; UN, relief organizations, and foreign military units in Somalia use their own portable power systemsIndustries: a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum refining; probably shut down by the widespread destruction during the civil warAgriculture: dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops - bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; distribution of food disrupted by civil strife; fishing potential largely unexploitedEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia EconomyCurrency: 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 centesimiExchange rates: Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 4,200 (December 1992), 3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7 (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia CommunicationsHighways: 22,500 km total; including 2,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, and 16,800 km improved earth or stabilized soil (1992)Pipelines: crude oil 15 kmPorts: Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Bender Cassim (Boosaaso)Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 69 usable: 48 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 20Telecommunications: the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own private systems (1993) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Somalia Defense ForcesBranches: NAManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,596,380; fit for military service 897,660 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SOMALIA - Passport required. For further information contact Consulate ofthe Somali Democratic Republic in New York (212/688-9410).Somalia - Travel WarningOctober 6, 1993The Department of State warns U.S. citizens to defer all travel to Somalia at this time. The threat to U.S. citizens has greatly intensified. The United States Liaison Office in Mogadishu cannot offer American citizens full consular services and protection. U.S. citizens presently in Somalia who are not affiliated with the U.N. effort are advised to leave Somalia immediately.No. 93-039This replaces the Travel Warning dated September 24, 1993, to advise all U.S. citizens in Somalia that the threat has intensified and to depart immediately.Somalia - Consular Information SheetSeptember 28, 1993Warning: The Department of State warns United States citizens to defer all travel to Somalia at this time. The Department of State has received information that Americans in Somalia might be at risk of being kidnapped by persons associated with Somali warlord Aideed. The United States Liaison Office in Mogadishu has advised all Americans living in Mogadishu to leave Somalia immediately.Entry Requirements: No visas are required for entry into Somalia. There is no functioning Somali Embassy in Washington, D.C.Areas of Instability: Almost the total country of Somalia is in a state of anarchy, although some areas in the north have suffered less from famine and banditry. There is no functioning national government, and no U.S. protective service is available.Medical Information: Anyone entering Somalia must receive immunization against cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever, and obtain a doctor's advice regarding any other immunizations that might be necessary. There are virtually no health facilities or medicines available in Somalia.Information on Crime: Looting, banditry, and all forms of violent crime are common in Somalia. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.Other Information: Electricity, water, food and lodging are unobtainable on a regular basis. Foreigners must bring a supply of bottled water, vitamins, and any personal medications. Lodging is generally located through personal contact with a relief organization or other individuals in Somalia.Registration: U.S. citizens who plan to enter Somalia, despite this warning, may register at U.S. Embassies in Kenya, Djibouti or Ethiopia and obtain updated information on current circumstances in Somalia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu was evacuated on January 5, 1991. The United States government is unable to offer any type of assistance or protection to American citizens in Somalia.No. 93-251This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated September 20, 1993, to advise U. S. citizens in Mogadishu to depart Somalia.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands GeographyLocation: Oceania, just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific OceanMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 28,450 km2 land area: 27,540 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 5,313 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weatherTerrain: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atollsNatural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphatesLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 93% other: 4%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremorsNote: located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands PeoplePopulation: 372,746 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.46% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 39.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 29 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.13 years male: 67.73 years female: 72.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Solomon Islander(s) adjective: Solomon IslanderEthnic divisions: Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%Religions: Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%, United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, other Protestant 5%Languages: Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by 1-2% of population note: 120 indigenous languagesLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 23,448 economically active by occupation: agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%, services 25%, construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%, commerce, transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Solomon Islands former: British Solomon IslandsDigraph: BPType: parliamentary democracyCapital: HoniaraAdministrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Temotu, WesternIndependence: 7 July 1978 (from UK)Constitution: 7 July 1978Legal system: common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 7 July (1978)Political parties and leaders: People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKUSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: National Parliament: last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held 26 May 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, independents 9Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National ParliamentJudicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general since 7 July 1988) Head of Government: Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990)Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant); ambassador traditionally resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands)US diplomatic representation: Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND embassy: Mud Alley, Honiara THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands Government mailing address: American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara telephone: (677) 23890 FAX: (677) 23488Flag: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands EconomyOverview: About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $200 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 6% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $600 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.3% (1991)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $48 million; expenditures $107 million, including capital expenditures of $45 million (1991 est.)Exports: $74.2 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5% partners: Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)Imports: $87.1 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16% partners: Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3% (1985)External debt: $128 million (1988 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDPElectricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: copra, fish (tuna)Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 metric tons was exported (1988)Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $250 millionCurrency: 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 3.1211 (January 1993), 2.9281 (1992), 2.7148 (1991), 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands CommunicationsHighways: about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 private logging and plantation roads of varied constructionPorts: Honiara, Ringi CoveAirports: total: 30 usable: 29 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Solomon Islands Defense ForcesBranches: Police ForceManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SOLOMON ISLANDS - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficientfunds required. Visitors permit issued on arrival for stay up to 2 monthsin 1-year period. For further information consult British Embassy(202/986-0205).Solomon Islands - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: The Solomon Islands form an archipelago in the southwest Pacific about 1200 miles northeast of Australia. The capital is Honiara on the island of Guadalcanal. The Solomon Islands is a parliamentary democracy within the British Commonwealth. Tourism facilities are limited, and outside of Honiara may be of poor quality.Passports, onward/return tickets and proof of sufficient funds are required. Visitors' permits are issued on arrival for stays of up to two months in a one-year period. For further information travelers may consult the British Embassy at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 462-1340 or British consulates in other cities.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are generally adequate. Hospitals and pharmacies are limited to population centers and missions. The incidence of malaria is extremely high. Many visitors begin taking malarial suppressants before arrival. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payments for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters is available from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Major crimes against travelers are not common, though petty crimes against property frequently occur in the capital city, Honiara. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within the area.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Mud Alley in Honiara. The mailing address is P.O. Box 561 Honiara, the Solomon Islands. The telephone number is (677) 23-890. There is a consul/charge d'affaires resident in Honiara who performs consular services for U.S. citizens. The U.S. Ambassador is resident in Port Moresby, New Guinea.No. 93-191This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 23, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and CroatiaMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 20,296 km2 land area: 20,296 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New JerseyLand boundaries: total 999 km, Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 kmCoastline: 32 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic and over some border areas; the border issue is currently under negotiation; small minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern SloveniaClimate: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the eastTerrain: a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the eastNatural resources: lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silverLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 45% other: 23%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to flooding and earthquakes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia PeoplePopulation: 1,967,655 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.23% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74 years male: 70.08 years female: 78.13 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Slovene(s) adjective: SlovenianEthnic divisions: Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%Religions: Roman Catholic 96% (including 2% Uniate), Muslim 1%, other 3%Languages: Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2%Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 786,036 by occupation: agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia conventional short form: Slovenia local long form: Republika Slovenije local short form: SlovenijaDigraph: SIType: emerging democracyCapital: LjubljanaAdministrative divisions: 60 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) Ajdovscina, Brezice, Celje, Cerknica, Crnomelj, Dravograd, Gornja Radgona, Grosuplje, Hrastnik Lasko, Idrija, Ilirska Bistrica, Izola, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kocevje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Lenart, Lendava, Litija, Ljubljana-Bezigrad, Ljubljana-Center, Ljubljana-Moste-Polje, Ljubljana-Siska, Ljubljana-Vic-Rudnik, Ljutomer, Logatec, Maribor, Metlika, Mozirje, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ormoz Pesnica, Piran, Postojna, Ptuj, Radlje Ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne Na Koroskem, Ribnica, Ruse, Sentjur Pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skofja Loka, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje Pri Jelsah, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Velenje, Vrhnika, Zagorje Ob Savi, ZalecIndependence: 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)Constitution: adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: Statehood Day, 25 JunePolitical parties and leaders: Slovene Christian Democratics (SKD), Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal Democratic (LDS), Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social-Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDSS), Joze PUCNIK, chairman; Socialist Party of Slovenia (SSS), Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens of Slovenia (ZS), Dusan PLUT, chairman; National Democratic, Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), Ciril RIBICIC, chairman; United List (former Communists and allies); Slovene National Party, leader NA; Democratic Party, Igor BAVCAR; Slovene People's Party (SLS), Ivan OMAN note: parties have changed as of the December 1992 electionsOther political or pressure groups: noneSuffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universalElections: President: last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Milan KUCAN reelected by direct popular vote State Assembly: last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (total 90) LDS 22, SKD 15, United List (former Communists and allies) 14, Slovene National Party 12, SN 10, Democratic Party 6, ZS 5, SDSS 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia Government State Council: will become operational after next election in 1996; in the election of 6 December 1992 40 members were elected to represent local and socio-economic interestsExecutive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly; consists of the State Assembly and the State Council; note - State Council will become operational after next electionJudicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992)Member of: CE, CEI, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ernest PETRIC chancery: (temporary) 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 828-1650US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador E. Allen WENDT embassy: P.O. Box 254; Cankarjeva 11, 61000 Ljubljana mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [38] (61) 301-427/472 FAX: [38] (61) 301-401Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a blue background at the center, beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia EconomyOverview: Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics, with a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not far below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during its fight for independence from Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the former Yugoslav republics for economic recovery over the next few years. The dissolution of Yugoslavia, however, has led to severe short-term dislocations in production, employment, and trade ties. For example, overall industrial production fell 10% in 1991; particularly hard hit were the iron and steel, machine-building, chemical, and textile industries. Meanwhile, the continued fighting in other former Yugoslavian republics has led to further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an influx of tens of thousands of Croatian and Bosnian refugees. The key program for breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms was established in late 1992. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and its Western business attitudes, but instability in Croatia is a deterrent. Slovenia in absolute terms is a small economy, and a little Western investment would go a long way.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -10% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $10,700 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (September 1992)Unemployment rate: 10% (April 1992)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $4.12 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%, chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and tobacco less than 1% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and ItalyImports: $4.679 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%, chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live animals 6% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, successor states of the former USSR, US, Hungary, Italy, and AustriaExternal debt: $2.5 billionIndustrial production: growth rate -1% per month (1991-92 est.)Electricity: 2,900,000 kW capacity; 10,000 million kWh produced, 5,090 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia EconomyIndustries: ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine toolsAgriculture: dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops - potatoes, hops, hemp, flax; an export surplus in these commodities; Slovenia must import many other agricultural products and has a negative overall trade balance in this sectorIllicit drugs: NAEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 tolar (SIT) = 100 NAExchange rates: tolars (SIT) per US$1 - 112 (June 1993), 28 (January 1992)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia CommunicationsRailroads: 1,200 km, 1.435 m gauge (1991)Highways: 14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravelInland waterways: NAPipelines: crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 kmPorts: coastal - KoperMerchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,784 GRT/596,740 DWT; includes 15 bulk, 7 cargo; all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines except for 1 bulk under Liberian flagAirports: total: 13 useable: 13 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: 130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios; 330,000 TVs THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovenia Defense ForcesBranches: Slovene Defense ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 512,186; fit for military service 410,594; reach military age (19) annually 14,970 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 13.5 billion tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>SLOVENIA - Passport required. Visa not required for stay of up to 90 days.Additional information can be obtained from the Embassy of Slovenia, 130019th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/828-1650).Slovenia - Consular Information SheetSeptember 8, 1993Country Description: Slovenia is a moderately developed European nation, independent since 1991 from Yugoslavia. It is essentially unaffected by the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Tourist facilities are available but may be limited, especially in more rural parts of the country.Entry Requirements: A passport is necessary but a visa is not required for stays of up to three months. Additional information can be obtained from the Embassy of Slovenia at 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, telephone (202) 828-1650 or the Slovenia Consulate in New York.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information about providers is available at the U.S. Embassy. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel. (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crime in Slovenia is rare, but has increased since the onset of civil unrest in the region. As in any country, travelers, especially those who appear affluent, can become targets of pickpockets and purse snatchers, especially at railroad stations and airports. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. They provide useful information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Slovenia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Ljubljana is located at Prazakova 4, telephone (386-61) 310-427, fax (386-61) 301-401.No. 93-242This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to reflect the elimination of a visa requirement and to update information on medical facilities within Slovenia.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, between Hungary and PolandMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 48,845 km2 land area: 48,800 km2 comparative area: about twice the size of New HampshireLand boundaries: total 1,355 km, Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515 km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 90 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved property issues with Czech Republic over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal property; establishment of international border between the Czech Republic and SlovakiaClimate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid wintersTerrain: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the southNatural resources: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; gasLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: severe damage to forests from "acid rain" caused by coal-fired power stationsNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia PeoplePopulation: 5,375,501 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.51% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.47 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.39 years male: 68.18 years female: 76.85 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Slovak(s) adjective: SlovakEthnic divisions: Slovak 85.6%, Hungarian 10.8%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 census figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could reach 500,000 or more), Czech 1.1%, Ruthenian 15,000, Ukrainian 13,000, Moravian 6,000, German 5,000, Polish 3,000Religions: Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%, other 17.5%Languages: Slovak (official), HungarianLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 2.484 million by occupation: industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, communication and other 44.3% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Slovak Republic conventional short form: Slovakia local long form: Slovenska Republika local short form: SlovenskoDigraph: LOType: parliamentary democracyCapital: BratislavaAdministrative divisions: 4 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, VychodoslovenskyIndependence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)Constitution: ratified 3 September 1992; fully effective 1 January 1993Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theoryNational holiday: Slovak National Uprising, August 29 (1944)Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, Vojtech BUGAR; Christian Democratic Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman; Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman; Slovak National Party, Ludovit CERNAK, chairman; Coexistence, Miklos DURAY, chairman; Party of Conservative Democrats, leader NAOther political or pressure groups: Green Party; Democratic Party; Social Democratic Party in Slovakia; Movement for Czech-Slovak Accord; Freedom Party; Slovak Christian Union; Hungarian Civic PartySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Michal KOVAC elected by the National Council National Council: last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1996); results - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia 37%, Party of the Democratic Left 15%, Christian Democratic Movement 9%, Slovak National Party 8%, Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement/Coexistence 7%; seats - (150 total) Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, 74, Party of the Democratic Left 29, Christian Democratic Movement 18, Slovak National Party 15, Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement/Coexistence 14Executive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Council (Narodni Rada)Judicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since NA), Deputy Prime Minister Roman KOVAC (since NA)Member of: BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Dr. Milan ERBAN chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 363-6315 or 6316US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Elect Eleanor SUTTER embassy: Hviczdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: 427 330 861Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with a crest with a white double cross on three blue mountains THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia EconomyOverview: The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from an aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and many raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of communist control of Eastern Europe, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992 in Slovakia, inflation slowed to an estimated 8.7% and the estimated fall in GDP was a more moderate 7%. In 1993 the government anticipates up to a 7% drop in GDP, with the disruptions from the separation from the Czech lands probably accounting for half the decline; inflation, according to government projections, may rise to 15-20% and unemployment may reach 12-15%. The Slovak government is moving ahead less enthusiastically than the Czech government in the further dismantling of the old centrally controlled economic system. Although the governments of Slovakia and the Czech Republic had envisaged retaining the koruna as a common currency at least in the short run, the two countries ended the currency union in February 1993.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $32.1 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $6,100 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.7% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 11.3% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, minerals, and metals; agricultural products partners: Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UKImports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; manufactured goods; raw materials; chemicals; agricultural products partners: Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK, ItalyExternal debt: $1.9 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 6,800,000 kW capacity; 24,000 million kWh produced, 4,550 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia EconomyIndustries: brown coal mining, chemicals, metal-working, consumer appliances, fertilizer, plastics, armamentsAgriculture: largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest productsIllicit drugs: the former Czechoslavakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine (1992)Economic aid: the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)Currency: 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleruExchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia CommunicationsRailroads: 3,669 km total (1990)Highways: 17,650 km total (1990)Inland waterways: NA kmPipelines: natural gas 2,700 km; petroleum products NA kmPorts: maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are Komarno on the Danube and Bratislava on the DanubeMerchant marine: the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with the Czech RepublicAirports: total: 34 usable: 34 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Slovakia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad UnitsManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,407,908; fit for military service 1,082,790; reach military age (18) annually 47,973 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 8.2 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>SLOVAK REPUBLIC - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 30days. For longer stays and other types of travel contact Embassy of theSlovak Republic, 2201 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Suite 380, Washington, D.C.20007 (202/965-5164).Slovak Republic - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: The Slovak Republic, which came into being with the peaceful division of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic on January 1, 1993, is a moderately developed European nation undergoing profound economic and political changes. Tourist facilities are not as developed as those found in western Europe and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other European countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for stays of up to 30 days. At the present time, travelers to the Slovak Republic can obtain entry information at the Embassy of the Slovak Republic at 3900 Spring of Freedom Street N.W., Washington, DC 20008, telephone (202) 363-6315. The Embassy of the Slovak Republic will be relocated in the near future.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available. Some facilities, particularly in remote areas, may be limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: The Slovak Republic has a low rate of violent crime. However, there has been an increase in street crime such as pickpocketing, especially at night near major tourist sites. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. They provide useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and dealing in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Bratislava can obtain updated information on travel and security in the Slovak Republic.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Bratislava is located at Hviezdoslavovo Namesti 4, telephone (42-7) 330-861. The mailing address is box 5630, unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5630.No. 93-101This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 10, 1993, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and IndonesiaMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 632.6 km2 land area: 622.6 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 193 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: two islands in dispute with MalaysiaClimate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserveNatural resources: fish, deepwater portsLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 5% other: 84%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: mostly urban and industrializedNote: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore PeoplePopulation: 2,826,331 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.19% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 17.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.75 years male: 73.07 years female: 78.63 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Singaporean(s) adjective: SingaporeEthnic divisions: Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3%Religions: Buddhist (Chinese), Atheist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist, ConfucianistLanguages: Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 88% male: 93% female: 84%Labor force: 1,485,800 by occupation: financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Singapore conventional short form: SingaporeDigraph: SNType: republic within CommonwealthCapital: SingaporeAdministrative divisions: noneIndependence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore ConstitutionLegal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965)Political parties and leaders: government: People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary general opposition: Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis (BS, Socialist Front), leader NASuffrage: 20 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results - President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition Parliament: last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985) Head of Government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister ONG Teng Cheong (since 2 January 1985)Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador S. R. NATHAN THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore Government chancery: 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 667-7555US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Jon M. HUNTSMAN, Jr. embassy: 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 mailing address: FPO AP 96534 telephone: [65] 338-0251 FAX: [65] 338-4550Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore EconomyOverview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from its entrepot history. The economy appears to have pulled off a soft landing from the 9% growth rate of the late 1980s, registering higher than expected growth in 1992 while stemming inflation. Economic activity slowed early in 1992, primarily as a result of slackened demand in Singapore's export markets. But after bottoming out in the second quarter, the economy picked up in line with a gradual recovery in the United States. The year's best performers were the construction and financial services industries and manufacturers of computer-related components. Rising labor costs continue to be a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, but there are indications that productivity is catching up. Government surpluses and the rate of gross national savings remain high. In technology, per capita output, and labor discipline, Singapore is well on its way toward its goal of becoming a developed country.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $45.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 5.8% (1992)National product per capita: $16,500 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1992)Unemployment rate: 2.7% (June 1992)Budget: revenues $10.4 billion; expenditures $9.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993)Exports: $61.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum products, telecommunications equipment partners: US 21%, Malaysia 13%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Thailand 6%Imports: $66.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs partners: Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 14%, Taiwan 4%External debt: $0 Singapore is a net creditorIndustrial production: growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDPElectricity: 4,860,000 kW capacity; 18,000 million kWh produced, 6,420 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnologyAgriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore EconomyIllicit drugs: transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, and the Third World; also a major money-laundering centerEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billionCurrency: 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore CommunicationsRailroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gaugeHighways: 2,644 km total (1985)Ports: SingaporeMerchant marine: 492 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,763,511 GRT/15,816,384 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 125 cargo, 72 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 165 oil tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 7 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign ownedAirports: total: 10 usable: 10 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Singapore Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 853,440; fit for military service 629,055 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>SINGAPORE - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not requiredfor tourist/business stay up to 2 weeks, extendable to 3 months maximum.AIDS test required for some work visas. U.S. test is not accepted. Foradditional information contact Embassy of Singapore, 3501 Int'l Place,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/537-3100).Singapore - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Singapore is a small, highly developed parliamentary democracy. Tourist facilities are modern and widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and onward/return tickets are required. Visas are not required for tourist/business stays of up to two weeks. For more current information travelers can contact the Embassy of Singapore, 1824 R St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, tel. (202) 667-7555.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities and services are good and widely available in Singapore. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control can be reached at (404) 332-4559 for additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Major crimes against tourists are uncommon. Petty crimes such as pickpocketing do occur in tourist areas. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Singapore has a mandatory death penalty for many narcotics offenses.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617; the mailing address is American Embassy Singapore, FPO AP 96534; telephone (65) 338-0251.No. 93-190This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and LiberiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 71,740 km2 land area: 71,620 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries: total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 kmCoastline: 402 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in eastNatural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromiteLand use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 31% forest and woodland: 29% other: 13%Irrigated land: 340 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil degradation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone PeoplePopulation: 4,510,571 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.61% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 19.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 145 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.87 years male: 43.1 years female: 48.71 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.01 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Sierra Leonean(s) adjective: Sierra LeoneanEthnic divisions: 13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 39%), Creole, European, Lebanese, and Asian 1%Religions: Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30%Languages: English (official; regular use limited to literate minority), Mende principal vernacular in the south, Temne principal vernacular in the north, Krio the language of the re-settled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua francaLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write English, Merde, Temne, or Arabic (1990) total population: 21% male: 31% female: 11%Labor force: 1.369 million (1981 est.) by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.) note: only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working age THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone conventional short form: Sierra LeoneDigraph: SLType: military governmentCapital: FreetownAdministrative divisions: 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)Constitution: 1 October 1991; amended September 1991Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961)Political parties and leaders: status of existing political parties is unknown following 29 April 1992 coupSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party elections sometime within three yearsExecutive branch: National Provisional Ruling CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Capt. Valentine E. M. STRASSER (since 29 April 1992)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 939-9261US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS embassy: Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232] (22) 226-481 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone Government FAX: [232] (22) 225-471Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone EconomyOverview: The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined efforts to institute economic reforms.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate: -1% (FY92 est.)National product per capita: $330 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1992)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $68 million; expenditures $118 million, including capital expenditures of $28 million (FY92 est.)Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) commodities: rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3% partners: US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western EuropeImports: $62 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) commodities: capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light industrial goods partners: US, EC countries, Japan, China, NigeriaExternal debt: $633 million (FY92 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refineryAgriculture: accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages 53,000 metric tonsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone EconomyCurrency: 1 leone (Le) = 100 centsExchange rates: leones (Le) per US$1 - 552.43 (January 1993), 499.44 (1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone CommunicationsRailroads: 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis because the mine at Marampa is closedHighways: 7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), 5,760 km improved earthInland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year roundPorts: Freetown, Pepel, BontheMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWTAirports: total: 11 usable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sierra Leone Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Police, Security ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 983,281; fit for military service 475,855 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.)</text>
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<text>SIERRA LEONE - Passport and visa required. Single-entry visa valid 3months, requires 1 application form, 1 photo, return/onward ticket andproof of financial support from bank or employer. Cholera and yellow feverimmunizations required and malarial suppressants recommended. Adulttravelers (over age 16) must exchange $100 minimum upon arrival and declareother foreign currency on an exchange control form (M), certified andstamped at the port of entry. For further information consult Embassy ofSierra Leone, 1701 19th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/939-9261).Sierra Leone - Consular Information SheetMarch 19, 1994Country Description: Sierra Leone is a developing West African nation. There is an active, highly visible military presence throughout the country. Facilities for tourism are limited. Telephone service is unreliable.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Airport visas are not available upon arrival in Sierra Leone for United States citizens. Visas must, therefore, be obtained in advance from a Sierra Leonean embassy or consulate. Yellow fever immunizations are required. Malaria suppressants are used by most visitors. For current entry information the traveler may contact the Embassy of Sierra Leone, 1701 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 939-9261.Areas of Instability: The U.S. Embassy in Freetown advised U.S. citizens of the following on March 17, 1994:"The security situation in Sierra Leone remains unstable. Only three major European air carriers are currently servicing Lungi Airport, and the ferry service between the airport and Freetown is unreliable. Although the government recaptured Kono district and the town of Kailahun, attacks on military and civilian targets in the Kenema area and in Koribundu south of Bo have increased tensions and generated large numbers of displaced persons. An attack on the missionary hospital at Panguma resulted in the deaths of four expatriates. The highway between Kenema and Bo has been intermittently closed due to attacks on military and civilian vehicles. The area of the country southeast of a line extending from Sefadu to Bo to Bonthe is generally unsafe for travel. As a result of the military activity in the east and south, thousands of displaced people have moved to areas in the northern province. Food and medical supplies are not guaranteed in these areas. There are numerous roadblocks and checkpoints outside Freetown, and travel up-country after dark is particularly dangerous. Americans contemplating travel up-country should check with the U.S. Embassy for current information before commencing such travel."Currency Regulations: Travelers over the age of 16 must exchange a minimum of $100 (U.S. ) upon arrival, and declare other foreign currency on an exchange control form which must be certified and stamped at the port of entry.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities fall far short of U.S. standards. Medicines are in short supply, sterility of equipment is questionable, and treatment is unreliable. Many primary health care workers, especially in rural areas, lack professional training. Instances of misdiagnosis, improper treatment and administration of improper drugs have been reported. Persons with medical conditions that may require treatment or medications are discouraged from traveling to Sierra Leone. International air carriers are reluctant to assist with medical evacuations from Sierra Leone. Private charter evacuations, costing thousands of dollars, may be necessary. Doctors and hospitals often require immediate payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime and theft of wallets and passports are common. Requests for payments at military roadblocks are common. Robberies and burglaries of residences also occur. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Curfew: There is an official nationwide curfew from 2:00 A.M. to 6:00 A.M. Localized changes in the security situation in specific areas can lead, without warning, to imposition of much more stringent curfew hours.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Photography Restrictions: Permission is required to photograph government buildings, airports, bridges or official-looking buildings. Areas forbidding photography are not marked or defined.Dual Nationality: Dual nationals who are bearers of Sierra Leone passports are required to present proof of payment of taxes before being granted departure clearance from Sierra Leone. U.S. consular assistance to persons of dual nationality may be extremely limited.Registration: U.S. citizens may register at the U.S. Embassy, at which time they may obtain updated information on travel and security in Sierra Leone. In the event of civil disorder or national crisis, U.S. citizens are asked to contact the U.S. Embassy.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at the corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens streets in the capital city of Freetown. The telephone number is (232-22) 226-481. U.S. consular services are limited to areas under government control; personnel constraints imposed on the U.S. Embassy limit the assistance which can be provided even in those areas.No. 94-034This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 3, 1993, to revise the paragraph on Areas of Instability.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles GeographyLocation: in the western Indian Ocean northeast of MadagascarMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 455 km2 land area: 455 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 491 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims Tromelin IslandClimate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefsNatural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon treesLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 18% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 18% other: 60%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles PeoplePopulation: 71,494 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.88% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 22.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.26 years male: 65.56 years female: 73.07 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Seychellois (singular and plural) adjective: SeychellesEthnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%Languages: English (official), French (official), CreoleLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 58% male: 56% female: 60%Labor force: 27,700 (1985) by occupation: industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985) note: 57% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles conventional short form: SeychellesDigraph: SEType: republicCapital: VictoriaAdministrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, TakamakaIndependence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)Constitution: 5 June 1979 note: new constitution now being drafted by multiparty conference, to take effect in mid-1993Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and customary lawNational holiday: Liberation Day, 5 June (1977) (anniversary of coup)Political parties and leaders: ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL; Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUISOther political or pressure groups: trade unions; Roman Catholic ChurchSuffrage: 17 years of age; universalElections: note: presidential and legislative elections are scheduled to be held once the new, multiparty consititution is ratified later this year President: last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - President France Albert RENE reelected without opposition People's Assembly: last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held mid-1993); results - SPPF was the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23Executive branch: president, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple)Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO chancery: (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 687-9766US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY embassy: 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria mailing address: Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, or Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE 09815-2501 telephone: (248) 25256 FAX: (248) 25189Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles EconomyOverview: In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $350 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -4.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $5,200 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.8% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: 9% (1987)Budget: revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital expenditures of $32 million (1989)Exports: $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports) partners: France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)Imports: $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products partners: UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, Yemen 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% (1987)External debt: $189 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity: 30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverageAgriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna fishing under wayEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 millionCurrency: 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 centsExchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2545 (January 1993), 5.1220 (1992), 5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles CommunicationsHighways: 260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earthPorts: VictoriaMerchant marine: 1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWTAirports: total: 14 usable: 14 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Seychelles Defense ForcesBranches: Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection Unit, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 18,982; fit for military service 9,710 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>SEYCHELLES - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient fundsrequired. Visa issued upon arrival for stay up to 1 month, no charge,extendable up to 1 year. Consult Permanent Mission of Seychelles to theU.N., 820 Second Ave., Suite 203, New York, NY 10017 (212/687-9766) forfurther information.Seychelles - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Seychelles is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa. The principal island of Mahe has a population of about 50,000. The two other islands, with significant permanent populations, are Praslin and La Digue. Facilities for tourism are generally well developed.Entry Requirements: With a passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds for the required visit, a visa to enter Seychelles can be issued to the visitor upon arrival and is valid for a stay of one month. There is no charge. The visa may be extended for a period of up to one year. For further information, the traveler may consult the Permanent Mission of Seychelles to the United Nations, 820 Second Avenue, Suite 203, New York, N.Y. 10017. The telephone number is (212) 922-9177.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Seychelles are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Seychelles has a healthy, although hot, humid climate. There is no malaria or rabies in Seychelles, although there are occasional outbreaks of dengue fever. This rarely affects tourists. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime occurs, although violent crime against tourists is considered to be rare. Travelers who keep valuables in hotel safes and who close and lock hotel windows at night, even while the room is occupied, are less likely to be at risk. It is dangerous, particularly for women, to swim alone at isolated beaches. Boats left unlocked while in Victoria Harbor may be targeted by thieves.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Import Prohibitions: Firearms and spearfishing equipment cannot be imported into Seychelles. Fruits and vegetables cannot be imported by casual travelers. Dogs must undergo a minimum quarantine of six months, which is strictly enforced, before being allowed entry into Seychelles.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Victoria may obtain updated information on travel and security in Seychelles and vicinity.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on the fourth floor of Victoria House, in the capital city of Victoria. The mailing address from the United States is Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE 09815. The international mailing address is Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria Mahe, Seychelles. The telephone number is (248) 25256.No. 93-291This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to provide information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro HeaderNote: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and BulgariaMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 102,350 km2 land area: 102,136 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 making it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724 km2 making it slightly larger than ConnecticutLand boundaries: total 2,234 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 kmCoastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the former Yugoslavia by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian RepublicClimate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inlandTerrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake ScutariNatural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chromeLand use: arable land: 30% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 25% other: 20%Irrigated land: NA km2 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro GeographyEnvironment: coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dumped into the Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakesNote: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro PeoplePopulation: 10,699,539 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: NA%Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and MontenegrinEthnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Srbija-Crna GoraDigraph: SRType: republicCapital: BelgradeAdministrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*Independence: 11 April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)Constitution: 27 April 1992Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC; Democratic Party (DS), Dragoljub MICUNOVIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojislav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSSCG), Momir BULATOVIC; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKIOther political or pressure groups: Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universalElections: President: Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 Chamber of Republics: last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) Chamber of Citizens: last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DSSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of Republics and a lower house or Chamber of DeputiesJudicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since NA December 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March 1993), Lovre KOVILJKO (since NA March 1993)Diplomatic representation in US: US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the USUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: address NA, Belgrade mailing address: American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070 telephone: [38] (11) 645-655 FAX: [38] (11) 645-221Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro EconomyOverview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military strife. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $27-37 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $2,500-$3,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81% (1991)Unemployment rate: 25%-40% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the successor states of the former USSR, East European countries, USImports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the successor states of the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, USExternal debt: $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)Industrial production: growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro EconomyElectricity: 8,850,000 kW capacity; 42,000 million kWh produced, 3,950 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticalsAgriculture: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and riceIllicit drugs: NAEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 parasExchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro CommunicationsRailroads: NAHighways: 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earthInland waterways: NA kmPipelines: crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 kmPorts: coastal - Bar; inland - BelgradeMerchant marine: Montenegro: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 620,455 GRT/1,024,227 DWT; includes 17 cargo, 5 container, 17 bulk, 1 passenger ship; note - most under Maltese flag except 2 bulk under Panamian flag Serbia: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT; includes 2 bulk, 2 conbination tanker/ore carrier; note - all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesAirports: total: 48 useable: 48 with permanent-surface runways: 16 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 9Telecommunications: 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Serbia and Montenegro Defense ForcesBranches: People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil DefenseManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,700,485; fit for military service 2,178,128; reach military age (19) annually 83,783 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 245 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO - Passport required. For further information checkwith the Embassy of the Former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia &Montenegro), 2410 California St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/462-6566) Attention: U.S. citizens need a Treasury Dept. license inorder to engage in any commercial transactions within Serbia & Montenegro.Before planning any travel to Serbia & Montenegro, U.S. citizens shouldcontact the Licensing Division, Office of Foreign Assets Control,Department of the Treasury, 1331 G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220(202/622-2480).Serbia & Montenegro - Travel WarningMarch 7, 1994The U.S. Department of State warns U.S. citizens not to travel to Serbia and Montenegro because of the potential for rapid changes in the security situation there, and the threat of potential repercussions from the ongoing conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina.No. 94-011This replaces the Travel Warning dated February 11, 1994 to reflect the termination of ordered departure status for U.S. Embassy dependents from Belgrade.Serbia & Montenegro - Consular Information SheetMarch 7, 1994Warning: The U.S. Department of State warns U.S. citizens not to travel to Serbia and Montenegro because of the potential for rapid changes in the security situation there, and the threat of potential repercussions from the ongoing conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Country Description: The former Yugoslav republics of Serbia and Montenegro are currently under stringent United Nations economic sanctions and all international commercial air links have been cut. As a result, there may be long delays at the border when entering the country by car or bus. Internal air travel remains possible, but schedules are unreliable. Trains continue to operate, but are often overbooked, unreliable, and unsafe. There have been incidents of assaults and robberies on the trains. Travelers should be aware that essential supplies, including basic food items and medicines, often are unavailable, and that travelers checks and credit cards are not valid. Rapid changes in the value of local currency occur as hyperinflation continues and travelers may experience power outages and heating irregularities. Although automobile travel is generally possible, there is a shortage of spare parts and gasoline, and it is wise to make certain that sufficient fuel is available before undertaking such travel. Auto travel after dark on many roads is hazardous because of the presence of slow, poorly marked vehicles, horse-drawn carts, and worn or nonexistent median lines and shoulder markings. In addition traffic signs may be poorly marked and new signs are likely to be written in the cyrillic alphabet in some areas of Serbia. The road between Zagreb and Belgrade is closed and it is impossible to enter Croatia from Serbia or Montenegro.There are checkpoints throughout the country which are manned generally by policemen (militia), but occasionally by undisciplined, untrained reserve militia groups. Travelers are expected to provide identification and cooperate fully at these checkpoints. Travelers are prohibited from photographing police, buildings under police or military guard, border crossings, demonstrations, riots, and military personnel, convoys, maneuvers and bases. There are marked areas where all photography is prohibited.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens require a passport and visa. Visas normally are not granted at the border. The "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY), which claims to be the successor state to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, is not fully recognized by the United States. The FRY maintains an office at 2410 California Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 462-6566, which travelers can contact for updated entry requirements. U.S. travelers overseas can check with the nearest FRY consular office.Areas of Instability: U.S. Embassy personnel may not enter the following areas without prior U.S. government permission: the border areas with Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Sandzak region, and Kosovo.The Border with Croatia: Sporadic violence, which can become intense, continues in areas of Croatia along this boundary.The Border with Bosnia-Herzegovina: The ongoing war in Bosnia-Herzegovina makes this area very dangerous. The danger is especially acute in the Drina River valley of both Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia.Sandzak Region: Heightened ethnic tensions and sporadic acts of violence (particularly near the border with Bosnia-Herzegovina), as well as the presence in some areas of paramilitary forces, makes travel to this region of Serbia and Montenegro potentially dangerous. Travel in the border regions may be especially perilous.Kosovo: Ethnic tensions are especially acute in this southern Serbian province (called Kosovo Metohija by Serbian authorities). Demonstrations, sometimes violent, can occur without warning. In recent months, there have been several armed attacks on Serbian police, resulting in death and injury. Security forces are at a high state of alert and police check points are widespread. Travelers are routinely subject to police search and interrogation.Danube River: There have been recent incidents of both cargo and passenger ships on the Danube transiting Serbia being delayed for several days by purported private organizations protesting U.N. sanctions. Persons traveling on the Danube through Serbia should be prepared for delays and alterations to their plans.The remainder of Serbia and Montenegro: While this area is generally calm, in some areas, for example Vojvodina, tensions are high as a result of bombings, other acts of intimidation and threats by armed paramilitary groups. The potential for violent incidents exists and will probably increase as a result of the political situation and worsening economic conditions. For example, a bomb was detonated in front of the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade in March 1993 causing some damage.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Many medicines and basic medical supplies as well as X-ray film often are unavailable. Hospitals usually require payment in hard-currency for all services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. While travelers have found that supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful, they may be forced to pay first and then seek reimbursement. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers' hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: There is a continuing trend toward lawlessness and disorder. Murder has increased dramatically with many incidents in broad daylight and some at popular public places. Crime has increased markedly in the cities, particularly near railroad and bus stations and on trains. The possession of firearms has proliferated greatly and it is estimated that 20 percent of the citizens are now armed. Effective police protection is almost non-existent.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. They provide useful information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Commercial Regulations: United Nations economic sanctions on Serbia and Montenegro, enforced by the United States, prohibit imports, exports and all other commercial transactions. Humanitarian transactions require waivers from the U.N. Security Council's Yugoslavia Sanctions Committee. Further information regarding waivers can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Treasury. Travel is permitted for personal, non-commercial reasons only. Travel into or out of Serbia and Montenegro by air, as well as the use of credit cards is prohibited. Travelers' checks and personal checks are not accepted locally and their use is prohibited. The only medium of exchange is hard currency, for example, U.S. dollars or German marks. It is illegal to exchange currency at other than official banks and institutions. For further information, travelers can contact the Office of Foreign Assets Control at the U.S. Treasury Department in Washington, D.C.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: In compliance with a U.N. resolution mandating the reduction of U.S. Embassy staffs, the Department of State reduced the size of its mission in Belgrade. Assistance to U.S. citizens may therefore be limited.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade can obtain updated information on travel and security in Serbia and Montenegro. The Embassy will attempt to contact U.S. citizens who have registered if the situation worsens.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Belgrade is located at Kneza Milosa 50, telephone (381-11) 645-655. The after hours telephone number is (381-11) 646-481. The Consular Section fax number is (381-11) 644-053. The alternate fax number is (381-11) 645-221.No. 94-027This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 17, 1994, to reflect the termination of ordered departure status for U.S. Embassy dependents from Belgrade.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and MauritaniaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 196,190 km2 land area: 192,000 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than South DakotaLand boundaries: total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 kmCoastline: 531 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with MauritaniaClimate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan windTerrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeastNatural resources: fish, phosphates, iron oreLand use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 31% other: 12%Irrigated land: 1,800 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: The Gambia is almost an enclave THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal PeoplePopulation: 8,463,225 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.1% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.01 years male: 54.59 years female: 57.48 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: SenegaleseEthnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic)Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, MandingoLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 38% male: 52% female: 25%Labor force: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners) by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60% note: 52% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Senegal conventional short form: Senegal local long form: Republique du Senegal local short form: SenegalDigraph: SGType: republic under multiparty democratic ruleCapital: DakarAdministrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, ZiguinchorIndependence: 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)Constitution: 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential partiesOther political or pressure groups: students; teachers; labor; Muslim BrotherhoodsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57% National Assembly: last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA May 1993); results - PS 71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-0540 or 0541US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert J. KOTT embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar telephone: [221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24 FAX: [221] 22-29-91Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal EconomyOverview: The agricultural sector accounts for about 12% of GDP and provides employment for about 80% of the labor force. About 40% of the total cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Another principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about 23% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1990. Mining is dominated by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.2% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $780 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)Exports: $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: manufactures 30%, fish products 23%, peanuts 12%, petroleum products 16%, phosphates 9% partners: France, other EC members, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, IndiaImports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, capital goods 14% partners: France, other EC, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Algeria, China, JapanExternal debt: $2.9 billion (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity: 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, building materialsAgriculture: major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990Illicit drugs: increasingly active as a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Europe and North AmericaEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal EconomyExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June; in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal CommunicationsRailroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar to ThiesHighways: 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earthInland waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the SaloumPorts: Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, ZiguinchorMerchant marine: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWTAirports: total: 25 usable: 19 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 15Telecommunications: above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Senegal Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,882,551; fit for military service 983,137; reach military age (18) annually 91,747 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>SENEGAL - Passport required. Visa not needed for stay up to 90 days.U.S. citizens need onward/return ticket and yellow fever vaccination. Forfurther information contact Embassy of the Republic of Senegal, 2112Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-0540).Senegal - Consular Information SheetFebruary 18, 1994Country Description: Senegal is a developing West African country. Facilities for tourists are widely available although of varying quality.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required for stays of less than 90 days. However, a visa is required if traveling to Senegal from Mauritania, regardless of length of stay. U.S. citizens need onward/return tickets. For further information, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Senegal, 2112 Wyoming Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20008, telephone (202) 234-0540.Areas of Instability: Although the political situation in the Casamance area of southern Senegal has now stabilized, there remains a sizable contingent of Government of Senegal Security Forces in the area. Reports suggest road conditions in the Casamance are poor, and driving can be extremely hazardous. The U.S. Embassy recommends that nighttime driving be avoided and that travel be on the major routes only. Air and surface travel between Mauritania and Senegal resumed in April 1992; however, surface travel is restricted to several designated border crossing points.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited, particularly in areas outside the capital, Dakar. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Additional information may be obtained through the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime in Senegal poses moderate risks for visitors. Most reported incidents involve pickpockets, purse snatchers and street scam artists. Wallets, jewelry and other valuables are subject to thievery, especially during times of international meetings or events which draw large crowds. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Strict laws regarding possession or transportation of drugs are enforced.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Senegal.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Avenue Jean XXIII in the capital city of Dakar. The mailing address is B.P. 49, and the telephone number is (221) 23-42-96.No. 94-017This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993 to revise the paragraph on areas of instability.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia GeographyLocation: Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian GulfMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,960,582 km2 land area: 1,960,582 km2 comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of the USLand boundaries: total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 kmCoastline: 2,640 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi ArabiaClimate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperatureTerrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desertNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copperLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 1% other: 59%Irrigated land: 4,350 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertificationNote: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia PeoplePopulation: 17,615,310 (July 1993 est.) note: the population figure is consistent with a 3.3% growth rate; a 1992 census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459Population growth rate: 3.3% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 38.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.32 years male: 65.71 years female: 69.01 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Saudi(s) adjective: Saudi or Saudi ArabianEthnic divisions: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%Religions: Muslim 100%Languages: ArabicLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 62% male: 73% female: 48%Labor force: 5 million by occupation: government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia conventional short form: Saudi Arabia local long form: Al Mamlakah al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah local short form: Al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyahDigraph: SAType: monarchyCapital: RiyadhAdministrative divisions: 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, TabukIndependence: 23 September 1932 (unification)Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)Political parties and leaders: none allowedSuffrage: noneElections: noneExecutive branch: monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: noneJudicial branch: Supreme Council of JusticeLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister 'ABDALLAH bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 342-3800 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia Government consulates general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: Telex 406866 consulates general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia EconomyOverview: The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional Islamic values. Four million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $111 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $6,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $45.1 billion; expenditures $52.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports: $48.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 92% partners: US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%Imports: $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: food stuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, chemical products, textiles partners: US 21%, UK 13%, Japan 12%, Germany 8%, France 6%External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 28,554,000 kW capacity; 63,000 million kWh produced, 3,690 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plasticsAgriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in foodIllicit drugs: death penalty for traffickersEconomic aid: donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)Currency: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalasExchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia CommunicationsRailroads: 1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double trackedHighways: 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earthPipelines: crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, includes natural gas liquids 1,600 kmPorts: Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al SinaiyahMerchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 860,818 GRT/1,219,345 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 23 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulkAirports: total: 213 usable: 193 with permanent-surface runways: 71 with runways over 3,659 m: 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 36 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 107Telecommunications: modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saudi Arabia Defense ForcesBranches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 5,650,492; fit for military service 3,128,620; reach military age (17) annually 140,283 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)</text>
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<text>SAUDI ARABIA - Passport and visa required. (Tourist visas are notavailable for travel to Saudi Arabia.) Transit visa valid 24 hours forstay in airport, need onward/return ticket. Business visa requires $15fee (money order only), 1 application form, 1 photo, company letter statingpurpose of visit, invitation from Foreign Ministry in Saudi Arabia and SASEfor return of passport by mail. Meningitis and cholera vaccinations arehighly recommended. Medical report, including AIDS test, required forwork permits; U.S. test accepted. For details and requirements for familyvisits, contact The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, 601 New Hampshire Ave.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 (202/342-3800) or nearest Consulate General:Los Angeles (213/208-6566), New York (212/752-2740) or Houston(713/785-5577).Saudi Arabia - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: Saudi Arabia is a traditional monarchy, governed by the Al-Saud family in consultation with a Council of Ministers appointed by the king. Islamic law is the basis of the authority of the monarchy, and provides the conservative foundation of the country's customs and practices. Saudi Arabia has a modern and well-developed infrastructure and tourist facilities are widely available, although the country does not issue visas for tourism. The workweek in Saudi Arabia is Saturday through Wednesday.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Tourist visas are not available for travel to Saudi Arabia. Visas are required for persons on vessels calling at the port of Jeddah. Visitors must have a business or personal sponsor. Residents in Saudi Arabia generally must surrender their passports, and the passports of family members, to the Saudi sponsor while in the kingdom, and are required to get an exit/reentry visa each time they leave Saudi Arabia. Visitors to Saudi Arabia generally obtain meningitis and cholera vaccinations prior to arrival. A medical report is required to obtain a work and residence permit. This includes a medical certification stating that the individual is free of AIDS. Temporary visitors need not present an AIDS-free certification. For further information on entry requirements, travelers may contact the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, 601 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, telephone (202) 333-4595, or a Saudi Arabian Consulate General in Los Angeles (telephone 213-208-6566), New York (telephone 212-752-2740) or Houston (telephone 713-785-5577).Exit Permission: Residents in Saudi Arabia may not depart the country without obtaining an exit permit, which requires the approval of their Saudi sponsor. U.S. consular officials are not able to sponsor an exit permit for a U.S. citizen under any circumstances. A woman married to a Muslim must have her husband's permission for herself and her children to depart the country, even if they are U.S. citizens.Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines are available in several hospitals and health centers in Saudi Arabia. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional health information.Information on Crime: Crime is generally not a problem for travelers in Saudi Arabia. However, private Saudi citizens who perceive that conservative standards of conduct are not being observed by a foreigner may harass, pursue, or assault the person. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate.Useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." General information about travel to Saudi Arabia can be found in the Department of State publication "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." Both pamphlets are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Alcohol and Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for the import, manufacture, possession and consumption of alcohol or illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Saudi officials make no exceptions. The penalty for drug trafficking in Saudi Arabia can be death.Business Disputes: Prior to the execution of a final contract, some business persons and contract employees of Saudi companies have obtained an independent translation of the Arabic-language contract, to ensure a full understanding of all terms, limits and agreements. Settlement of disputes depends on the type of agreement and the agency involved. If the Saudi party in a business dispute files a complaint with the Saudi authorities, Saudi law permits barring the exit of the foreign party from the country until the dispute is settled. U.S. consular officers can provide lists of local attorneys to help U.S. citizens settle business disputes, but ultimate responsibility for the resolution of disputes through the Saudi legal system lies with the parties involved.General Standards of Conduct: Islam pervades all aspects of life in Saudi Arabia. It is the official religion of the country, and observance of any other religion is forbidden. Non-Muslim religious services and articles such as crosses and Bibles are illegal. Travel to Mecca and Medina, the cities where the two holy mosques of Islam are located, is forbidden to non-Muslims.The norms for public behavior in Saudi Arabia are extremely conservative. The Saudi Embassy in Washington advises women to dress in a conservative fashion, wearing ankle-length dresses with long sleeves, and not to wear trousers in public. In many areas of Saudi Arabia, particularly Riyadh and the central part of the kingdom, the Saudi religious police, known as mutawwa, pressure women to wear a full-length black covering known as an abaya and to cover their heads. The result is that most women in these areas wear the abaya and carry a headscarf to avoid harassment. Arab-American women, especially Muslims, face a greater risk of harassment than non-Muslims about their dress.Men and women who are beyond childhood years may not mingle in public, unless they are family members. Women are not allowed to drive vehicles or ride bicycles on public roads. In public, dancing, music, and movies are forbidden. Recently, women who are not accompanied by a close male relative (i.e., husband, brother, son) have not been permitted to enter restaurants, particularly fast-food outlets. In addition, many restaurants no longer have a "family section" in which women are permitted to eat. These restrictions are not always posted, and in a few cases women violating this policy have been arrested by the mutawwa.To ensure that conservative standards of conduct are observed, Saudi religious police (mutawwa) have harassed, accosted or arrested foreigners, including U.S. citizens, for perceived dress code or other infractions. While most incidents have resulted only in inconvenience or embarrassment, the potential exists for an individual to be physically harmed or deported. U.S. citizens who are involved in an incident with the mutawwa may report the incident to the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh or the U.S. Consulate General in Jeddah or Dhahran.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy or the U.S. Consulates General may obtain updated information on travel and security within Saudi Arabia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is located at Collector Road M, Riyadh Diplomatic Quarter. The mailing address is P.O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693, or AMEMB, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307. The Embassy telephone number is (966-1) 488-3800, fax(966-1) 488-7360. The Consulate General in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, is located between Aramco Headquarters and Dhahran International Airport. The mailing address is P.O. Box 81, Dhahran Airport 31932, or Unit 66803, APO AE 09858-6803. The telephone number is (966-3) 891-3200, fax (966-3) 891-8332. The Consulate General in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is located on Palestine Road, Ruwais. The mailing address is P.O. Box 149, or Unit 62112, APO AE 09811-2112. The telephone number is (966-2) 667-0080, fax (966-2) 669-3074.No. 93-224This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Saudi Arabia dated January 8, 1993, to include more information on crime, entry requirements, drug penalties, and general standards of conduct and to add information on reporting a lost or stolen passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe GeographyLocation: Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon straddling the equatorMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 960 km2 land area: 960 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 209 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)Terrain: volcanic, mountainousNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 75% other: 3%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: deforestation; soil erosion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe PeoplePopulation: 133,225 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.63% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.02 years male: 61.19 years female: 64.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Sao Tomean(s) adjective: Sao TomeanEthnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)Religions: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages: Portuguese (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 57% male: 73% female: 42%Labor force: 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe local short form: Sao Tome e PrincipeDigraph: TPType: republicCapital: Sao TomeAdministrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao TomeIndependence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution: 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)Political parties and leaders: Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA; other small partiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty presidential election National People's Assembly: last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty election in Sao Tome and PrincipeExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO chancery: (temporary) 801 Second Avenue, Suite 603, New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 697-4211US diplomatic representation: ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islandsFlag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe EconomyOverview: The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation with the International Development Association and Western lenders.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.4 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $315 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989)Exports: $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil partners: Germany, Netherlands, ChinaImports: $24.5 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% partners: Portugal, Germany, Angola, ChinaExternal debt: $163.6 million (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1986)Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processingAgriculture: dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meatEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe EconomyCurrency: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimosExchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1 - 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe CommunicationsHighways: 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repairPorts: Sao Tome, Santo AntonioMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWTAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways : 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Sao Tome and Principe Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 31,326; fit for military service 16,507 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visafor visit up to 2 weeks, requires 2 application forms, 2 photos and yellowfever immunization card, letter stating purpose of travel and $15 fee(money orders only). Company letter is required for a business visa.Enclose prepaid envelope or postage for return of passport by certified orspecial delivery mail. Apply Permanent Mission of Sao Tome and Principe tothe U.N., 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New York, NY 10168(212/697-4211).Sao Tome and Principe - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Sao Tome and Principe is a developing island nation off the west coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are not widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. There is no charge for tourist or business visas for visits of up to two weeks. (This period of time may be extended.) Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be submitted. Further entry information may be obtained from the Permanent Mission of Sao Tome and Principe, 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504, New York, N.Y. 10017, telephone (212) 697-4211.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Sao Tome and Principe are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Some crime occurs. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U. S. State Department pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.U.S. Representation: There is no U.S. Embassy in Sao Tome and Principe. U.S. citizens in Sao Tome and Principe needing assistance may contact the U.S. Embassy in Libreville, Gabon, located on the Boulevard de la Mer. The mailing address is B.P. 4000, Libreville, Gabon. The telephone is (241) 762-003/4 or 743-492.No. 93-289This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to provide information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, an enclave in central ItalyMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 60 km2 land area: 60 km2 comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 39 km, Italy 39 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summersTerrain: rugged mountainsNatural resources: building stoneLand use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 83%Irrigated land: NAEnvironment: dominated by the AppeninesNote: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino PeoplePopulation: 23,855 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.01% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 6.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81.18 years male: 77.09 years female: 85.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) adjective: SammarineseEthnic divisions: Sammarinese, ItalianReligions: Roman CatholicLanguages: ItalianLiteracy: age 14 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 95%Labor force: 4,300 (est.) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of San Marino conventional short form: San Marino local long form: Repubblica di San Marino local short form: San MarinoDigraph: SMType: republicCapital: San MarinoAdministrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, SerravalleIndependence: 301 AD (by tradition)Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitutionLegal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 SeptemberPolitical parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINISuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Great and General Council: last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of state for internal affairsLegislative branch: unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)Leaders: Co-Chiefs of State: Captain Regent Patricia BUSIGNANI and Captain Regent Salvatore TONELLI (for the period 1 April - 30 September 1993) Head of Government: Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)Member of: CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: honorary consulates general: Washington and New York honorary consulate: DetroitUS diplomatic representation: no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San MarinoFlag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty) THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino EconomyOverview: The tourist industry contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 over 3.1 million tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were Italians. The key industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to northern Italy.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $465 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $20,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 3% (1991)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $300 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufacturesImports: see exportsExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforceElectricity: supplied by ItalyIndustries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourismAgriculture: employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for food importsEconomic aid: NACurrency: Italian currency is used; note - also mints its own coinsExchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino CommunicationsHighways: 104 kmTelecommunications: automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities THE WORLD FACTBOOK San Marino Defense ForcesBranches: public security or police forceManpower availability: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an armyDefense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SAN MARINO - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 3months. For additional information contact the nearest Honorary Consulateof the Republic of San Marino: Washington (1899 L St., N.W., Suite 500,Washington, D.C. 20036, 202/223-3517), Detroit (313/528-1190) or New York(516/242-2212).</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 340 km2 land area: 340 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 84 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint VincentNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 38% permanent crops: 12% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 41% other: 3%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threatNote: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PeoplePopulation: 114,562 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.76% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.72 years male: 70.21 years female: 73.28 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) adjective: Saint Vincentian or VincentianEthnic divisions: black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib IndianReligions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages: English, French patoisLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 96%Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesDigraph: VCType: constitutional monarchyCapital: KingstownAdministrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint PatrickIndependence: 27 October 1979 (from UK)Constitution: 27 October 1979Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUELSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 15Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 September 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE chancery: 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GovernmentFlag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines EconomyOverview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high unemployment rate of 35%-40% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $171 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 35%-40% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.)Exports: $65.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets partners: UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%Imports: $110.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels partners: US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15%External debt: $50.9 million (1989)Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDPElectricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 555 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starchAgriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locallyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines CommunicationsHighways: 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved (est.)Ports: KingstownMerchant marine: 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 oil tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 6 usable: 6 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES - Proof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID, andonward/return ticket and/or proof of sufficient funds required for touriststay up to 6 months. For more information consult the Embassy of SaintVincent and the Grenadines, 1717 Mass. Ave., N.W., Suite 102, Washington,D.C. 20036 (202/462-7806 or 7846) or Consulate, 801 Second Ave., 21stFloor, New York, NY 10017 (212/687-4490).St. Vincent & the Grenadines - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: St. Vincent and the Grenadines is a developing island nation. Tourism facilities are available but in some instances are not highly developed.Entry Requirements: For stays of up to six months, U.S. citizens may enter St. Vincent and the Grenadines without a passport, but must carry an original document proving U.S. citizenship, photo identification, and a return/onward ticket and/or proof of sufficient funds. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Suite 102, Washington, D.C. 20036, tel: (202) 462-7806 or the consulate in New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs. Objects have also been stolen from yachts in the Grenadines. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: The United States does not maintain an embassy in St. Vincent and the Grenadines; American citizens requiring assistance may contact the U.S. Embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados; telephone (809) 436-4950; the Consular Section is located in the American Life Insurance Company (ALICO) Building, Cheapside, Bridgetown; telephone (809) 431-0225. U.S. citizens may obtain from that embassy updated information on travel and security in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.No. 93-153This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon HeaderAffiliation: (territorial collectivity of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon GeographyLocation: in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada)Map references: North AmericaArea: total area: 242 km2 land area: 242 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groupsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 120 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and FranceClimate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windyTerrain: mostly barren rockNatural resources: fish, deepwater portsLand use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 4% other: 83%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: vegetation scanty THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon PeoplePopulation: 6,652 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.79% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.44 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 12.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.19 years male: 73.56 years female: 77.16 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: FrenchEthnic divisions: Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)Religions: Roman Catholic 98%Languages: FrenchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99%Labor force: 2,850 (1988) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon local short form: Saint-Pierre et MiquelonDigraph: SBType: territorial collectivity of FranceCapital: Saint-PierreAdministrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French lawNational holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 JulyPolitical parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNONSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: French President: last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% French Senate: last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 French National Assembly: last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) number of seats by party NA; note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the French National Assembly who are voting members General Council: last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the RepublicLegislative branch: unicameral General CouncilJudicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)Leaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Commissioner of the Republic Kamel KHRISSATE (since NA); President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon GovernmentMember of: FZDiplomatic representation in US: as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in the US by FranceUS diplomatic representation: none (territorial collectivity of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon EconomyOverview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada and France.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $9,500 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: 9.6% (1990)Budget: revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989)Exports: $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts partners: US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, PortugalImports: $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials partners: Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UKExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,840 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourismAgriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of 20,500 metric tons (1989)Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 millionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon CommunicationsHighways: 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985)Ports: Saint PierreAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic satellite system THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Pierre and Miquelon Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text>ST. PIERRE - Proof of U.S. citizenship and photo ID required for visit upto 3 months. For specific information consult Embassy of France(202/944-6000).</text>
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<name>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</name>
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card_74353.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 620 km2 land area: 610 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 158 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to AugustTerrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleysNatural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potentialLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 13% other: 54%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia PeoplePopulation: 144,337 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.52% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 23.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.26 years male: 66.98 years female: 71.69 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Saint Lucian(s) adjective: Saint LucianEthnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%Languages: English (official), French patoisLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980) total population: 67% male: 65% female: 69%Labor force: 43,800 by occupation: agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint LuciaDigraph: STType: parliamentary democracyCapital: CastriesAdministrative divisions: 11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux FortIndependence: 22 February 1979 (from UK)Constitution: 22 February 1979Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)Political parties and leaders: United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUMSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP 6Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) Head of Government: Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS chancery: Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037 telephone: (202) 463-7378 or 7379 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia GovernmentFlag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia EconomyOverview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural sector is dominated by banana production, which is subject to periodic droughts and/or tropical storms.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $250 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $1,650 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (1991)Unemployment rate: 16% (1988)Budget: revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.)Exports: $105 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: bananas 58%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil partners: UK 56%, US 22%,CARICOM 19%Imports: $267 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and live animals, chemicals, fuels partners: US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%External debt: $65.7 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDPElectricity: 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processingAgriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist industryEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $120 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia CommunicationsHighways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improvedPorts: Castries, Vieux FortAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439: 1Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Lucia Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SAINT LUCIA - Passport (or proof of U.S. citizenship and photo ID) andreturn/onward ticket required for stay up to 6 months. For additionalinformation contact Embassy of Saint Lucia, 2100 M St., N.W., Suite 309,Washington, D.C. 20037 (202/463-7378/9) or Permanent Mission to the U.N.,820 Second St., 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017 (212/697-9360).St. Lucia - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: St. Lucia is a developing island nation. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: For stays of up to six months, U. S. citizens may enter St. Lucia without a passport, but must carry an original document proving U.S. citizenship, photo identification, and a return/onward ticket. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of St. Lucia, 2100 M Street N.W., Suite 309, Washington, D.C. 20037, tel: (202) 463-7378 or the permanent mission to the United Nations in New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and heavy fines.Embassy Location/Registration: The United States does not maintain an embassy in St. Lucia. U.S. citizens requiring assistance can contact the U.S. Embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados; telephone (809) 436-4950. The Consular Section of the Embassy is located in the American Life Insurance Company (ALICO) Building, Cheapside, Bridgetown, telephone (809) 431-0225. U.S. citizens may obtain from that embassy updated information on travel and security within the area.No. 93-152This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1993 to add information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_74021.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 269 km2 land area: 269 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 135 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiorsNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 22% permanent crops: 17% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 17% other: 41%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis PeoplePopulation: 40,407 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.59% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 23.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.72 years male: 62.78 years female: 68.85 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s) adjective: Kittsian, NevisianEthnic divisions: black AfricanReligions: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman CatholicLanguages: EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98%Labor force: 20,000 (1981) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis former: Federation of Saint Christopher and NevisDigraph: SCType: constitutional monarchyCapital: BasseterreAdministrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto PointIndependence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)Constitution: 19 September 1983Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORYSuffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: House of Assembly: last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim Aubrey Eric HART chancery: Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 833-3550US diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint John's (Antigua and Barbuda)Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis EconomyOverview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1991)National product real growth rate: 6.8% (1991)National product per capita: $3,500 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.2% (1991)Unemployment rate: 12.2% (1990)Budget: revenues $85.7 million; expenditures $85.8 million, including capital expenditures of $42.4 million (1993)Exports: $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps partners: US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)Imports: $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels partners: US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)External debt: $37.2 million (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, beveragesAgriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food importedIllicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the USEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis CommunicationsRailroads: 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcaneHighways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earthPorts: Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)Airports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS - Proof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID andonward/return ticket required for stay up to 6 months. AIDS test requiredfor work permit, residency or student visas; U.S. test is accepted. Forfurther information consult Embassy of St. Kitts and Nevis, 2501 M St.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 (202/833-3550) or Permanent Mission to theU.N., 414 East 75th St., Fifth Floor, New York, NY 10021 (212/535-1234).St. Kitts & Nevis - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: St. Kitts and Nevis is a developing island nation. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: For stays of up to six months, U.S. citizens need proof of U.S. citizenship, photo identification, and a return/onward ticket. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of St. Kitts and Nevis, 2100 M Street N.W., Suite 608, Washington, D.C. 20037, tel: (202) 833-3550 or the permanent mission to the United Nations in New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance specifically covering overseas problems has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs but is unusual. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: The United States does not maintain an embassy in St. Kitts and Nevis. American citizens requiring assistance can contact the U.S. Embassy in St. John's, Antigua; telephone (809) 462-3505. U.S. citizens may obtain from the U.S. Embassy in Antigua updated information on travel and security in the area.No. 93-151This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_73842.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena GeographyLocation: in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South America and AfricaMap references: AfricaArea: total area: 410 km2 land area: 410 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da CunhaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 60 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade windsTerrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plainsNatural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns, no mineralsLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 3% other: 83%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: very few perennial streamsNote: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown anywhere else in the world THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena PeoplePopulation: 6,720 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 9.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 38.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.43 years male: 72.36 years female: 76.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Saint Helenian(s) adjective: Saint HelenianEthnic divisions: NAReligions: Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman CatholicLanguages: EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987) total population: 98% male: 97% female: 98%Labor force: 2,516 by occupation: professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial, administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint HelenaDigraph: SHType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: JamestownAdministrative divisions: 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha*Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 1 January 1989Legal system: NANational holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second Saturday in June)Political parties and leaders: Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party note: both political parties inactive since 1976Suffrage: NAElections: Legislative Council: last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: British monarch, governor commander-in-chief, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA)Member of: ICFTUDiplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena EconomyOverview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the raising of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment overseas.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): -1.1% (1986)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1984)Exports: $23,900 (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts partners: South Africa, UKImports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts partners: UK, South AfricaExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishingAgriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing on Tristan da CunhaEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $198 millionCurrency: 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 penceExchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British poundFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Saint Helena CommunicationsHighways: 87 km paved roads and 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da CunhaPorts: Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)Airports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda GeographyLocation: Central Africa, between Tanzania and ZaireMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 26,340 km2 land area: 24,950 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MarylandLand boundaries: total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possibleTerrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in westNatural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropowerLand use: arable land: 29% permanent crops: 11% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 10% other: 32%Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughtsNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda PeoplePopulation: 8,139,272 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 41.23 years male: 40.2 years female: 42.28 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: RwandanEthnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%Languages: Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial centersLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 64% female: 37%Labor force: 3.6 million by occupation: agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2% note: 49% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: RwandaDigraph: RWType: republic; presidential system note: a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalitionCapital: KigaliAdministrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, RuhengeriIndependence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)Constitution: 18 June 1991Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)Political parties and leaders: Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and Socialist Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean NTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registeredOther political or pressure groups: since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA)Suffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: President: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected National Development Council: last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda GovernmentJudicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)Leaders: Chief of State: President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) Head of Government: Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 232-2882US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 75601 through 75603 FAX: [250] 72128Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda EconomyOverview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampened prospects for economic improvement.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $290 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $350 million; expenditures $453.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1992 est.)Exports: $66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum partners: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, USImports: $259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material partners: US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, JapanExternal debt: $911 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity: 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettesAgriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and the US $25 million in support of this programCurrency: 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 146.34 (January 1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda CommunicationsHighways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 km unimprovedInland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craftAirports: total: 8 usable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE THE WORLD FACTBOOK Rwanda Defense ForcesBranches: Army (including Air Wing), GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,675,160; fit for military service 853,467 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)</text>
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<text>RWANDA - Passport and visa required. Multiple-entry visa for stay up to 3months requires, $20 fee, 2 application forms, 2 photos and immunizationsfor yellow fever. Exact date of entry into Rwanda required withapplication. Include prepaid envelope or postage for return of passport bycertified mail. Apply at one of the following: Embassy of the Republic ofRwanda, 1714 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009(202/232-2882), Permanent Mission of Rwanda to the U.N., 124 East 39thStreet, New York, NY 10016 (212/696-0644/45/46) or the Consulate General inChicago (708/205-1188) or Denver (303-321-2400).Rwanda - Travel WarningFebruary 23, 1994The Department of State warns U.S. citizens to defer all travel to Rwanda. In the wake of the assassination of two Rwandan political leaders, there have been ethnically and politically motivated killings, houseburnings, barricades and stoning of vehicles in Kigali, as well as in other areas of the country.No. 94-007Rwanda - Consular Information SheetFebruary 28, 1994Warning: The Department of State warns U.S. citizens to defer all travel to Rwanda. In the wake of the assassination of two Rwandan political leaders, there have been ethnically and politically motivated killings, houseburnings, barricades and stoning of vehicles in Kigali, as well as in other areas of the country.Country Description: Rwanda is a central/east African country with a developing economy. Tourist facilities are limited except in the capital city of Kigali and in accessible game parks.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Visas can be obtained from any Rwandan embassy or consulate. A $15 fee is required for a multiple-entry visa with a stay of up to three months; two application forms, two photos and evidence of yellow fever immunization also must be presented. Further information on entry requirements can be obtained at the Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882.Areas of Instability: The Rwandan government and a rebel force composed of Rwandan exiles from Uganda signed a peace accord on August 4, 1993, ending nearly three years of armed conflict in the north of the country. Although the fighting has stopped, the former belligerents still maintain defensive positions in Ruhengeri and Byumba prefectures, with a demilitarized zone between the two forces. The 300,000 persons displaced from the areas controlled by the rebel force continue to live in camps that straddle the main roads to the north; their protests have occasionally disrupted traffic along these routes. Outbreaks of violence between political parties and ethnic groups have abated. All five habituated groups of Rwanda's famed mountain gorillas are currently accessible, but the northern half of the Akagera Game Park remains closed.Terrorist Activities: Several acts of terrorism have been committed using anti-personnel and anti-vehicle mines. Bombs, including timed explosives, have been placed in minibuses used for public transportation, hotels, a night club, the Central Post Office and market places. These attacks have not been directed at American citizens or installations; however, the unpredictable nature and location of the attacks place all visitors to Rwanda at risk.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Medicine is often in short supply. Because of the high incidence of HIV infection, the country's blood supply must be considered unsafe. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Questions on health matters can be referred to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Armed robberies and attacks on residents of the capital city of Kigali are common. Guns, machetes and hand grenades are used. Petty street crime is on the rise. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel to the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Curfew: A curfew is in effect in the northern prefectures of Ruhengeri, Byumba and Gisenyi, where the Volcano National Park is located. Additional curfews are occasionally declared in areas affected by fighting, ethnic violence, or conflict between rival political groups. Roadblocks and checkpoints controlled by the military, although decreased in number, can still be found on some routes outside Kigali and in the northern prefectures affected by the curfew.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking of illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect fines and lengthy jail sentences.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Rwanda.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Rwanda is located in the capital city of Kigali at Boulevard de la Revolution, B.P. 28. The telephone number is (250) 75601/2/3.No. 94-021This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued October 18, 1993, to add the Travel Warning.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia GeographyLocation: Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific OceanMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 17,075,200 km2 land area: 16,995,800 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the USLand boundaries: total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 kmCoastline: 37,653 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nationClimate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coastTerrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regionsNatural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resourcesLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia Geography other: NA% note: agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land areaIrrigated land: 61,590 km2 (1990)Environment: despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both inland waterways and sea coastsNote: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia PeoplePopulation: 149,300,359 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.21% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.69 years male: 63.59 years female: 74.04 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Russian(s) adjective: RussianEthnic divisions: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, otherLanguages: Russian, otherLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 75 million (1993 est.) by occupation: production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Russian Federation conventional short form: Russia local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya local short form: Rossiya former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist RepublicDigraph: RSType: federationCapital: MoscowAdministrative divisions: 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol' note: the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be addedIndependence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being draftedLegal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, June 12 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia GovernmentPolitical parties and leaders: proreformers: Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union of Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic Russia Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; Economic Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party, Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV; Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY; Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party, Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILIN moderate reformers: All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), Nikolay TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member Civic Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV antireformers: Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; Russian Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; Russian Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People, Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working Russia Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - Constitutional Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forces of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV, Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian National Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN, Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party, Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEVOther political or pressure groups: Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmenSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA% Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election held before parties were formed Supreme Soviet: last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected from Congress of People's DeputiesExecutive branch: president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration, Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of RepublicsLegislative branch: unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); Vice President Aleksandr Vladimirovich RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991); Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Ruslan KHASBULATOV (28 October 1991) Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since NA December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers Vladimir SHUMEYKO (since 9 June 1992), Oleg LOBW (since NA April 1993), Oleg SOSKOVETS (since NA April 1993)Member of: BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN chancery: 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 628-7551 and 8548 consulates general: New York and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow mailing address: APO AE 09721 telephone: [7] (095) 252-2450 through 2459 FAX: [7] (095) 255-9965 consulates: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), VladivostokFlag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia Economy THE WORLD FACTBOOK Russia EconomyOverview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in 1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely reflecting government efforts to restructure the economy, shortages of essential imports caused by the breakdown in former Bloc and interstate trade, and reduced demand following the freeing of prices in January. The actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk, vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth; and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row, foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet re</text>
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<text>RUSSIA - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa, no charge, requires 1application form, 3 photos, confirmation from tourist agency in theCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and processing fee (visaprocessing fee is $20 for 2 weeks, $30 for one week, and $60 for three daysprocessing time). Business visa requires 1 application, 3 photos, andletter of invitation from a CIS company. Multiple-entry business visa $120plus processing fee. Fee paid by money order or company check only. AIDStest required for anyone staying over 3 months; U.S. test accepted. Foradditional information contact the Consular Section of the Embassy ofRussia, 1825 Phelps Pl., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/939-8907, 8911or 8913) or the nearest Consulate General: San Francisco (415/202-9800) orSeattle (206/728-1910).Russia - Consular Information SheetOctober 19, 1993Country Description: Russia is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. Street demonstrations and other disturbances related to political events may occur without warning. Tourist facilities are not highly developed and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, can be erratic and may be disrupted by fuel shortages, overcrowding of flights and other problems.Entry Information: A passport and a visa are required. Without a visa, travelers cannot register at hotels and will be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. U.S. citizens can contact the Russian Embassy, Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place, NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-8907, 8911, 8913, 8918 or the Russian Consulates in New York, San Francisco or Seattle for current information on visa requirements.Areas of Instability: The situation in Moscow has returned to normal following the events of early October and people are going about their business as usual. Americans no longer need to defer travel to Moscow.The political situation remains unsettled in Russia's north Caucasus area, which is located in southern Russia along its border with Georgia. The regions of the Ingush Republic and the North Ossetian Republic have experienced sporadic armed violence and have a state of emergency and curfew in effect.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Russia is limited. The U.S. Embassy and Consulates maintain lists of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Continued deterioration of Russia's economy has led to an increase in street crime. Pickpocketings and muggings occur both day and night, especially against conspicuously dressed Westerners. Most crimes occur in Moscow and St. Petersburg, in areas frequented by foreigners and at train and metro stations. Many victims have been seriously assaulted during the course of a robbery. Passengers on the train between Moscow and St. Petersburg are frequently targeted by thieves.Passengers in taxis have also been victims of armed robbery. An increase in burglary of foreigners' residences and hotel rooms has been reported. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Travelers checks and credit cards are not widely accepted in Russia. In Moscow, American Express travelers checks may be cashed for dollars or rubles during regular business hours at the American Express office or at the Dialog Bank located in the Radisson Hotel. In St. Petersburg, American Express travelers checks may be cashed for rubles at the American Express office located in the Grand Hotel Europe or for dollars at the Promstroy Bank across the street.Customs Regulations: Russian customs law requires the payment of a 600 percent duty on all items which have a value greater than 300 rubles (currently about 50 cents). Items of cultural significance (e.g. antiques, art, rugs) may be taken out of Russia only with the prior written approval of the Ministry of Culture. It is illegal to take out of the country caviar, cocoa or coffee purchased in Russia. Failure to follow the customs regulations may result in the confiscation of the property in question.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulates may obtain updated information on travel and security within Russia.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Moscow is located at Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, telephone (7-095) 252-2450. After hours a duty officer may be reached by calling (7-095) 252-1898 or (7-095) 255-5123.The U.S. Consulate General in St. Petersburg is located at Ulitsa Furshtadskaya 15, telephone (7-812) 275-1701. After hours a duty officer may be reached by calling (7-812) 274-8692.The U.S. Consulate General in Vladivostok is located at 12 Mordovtseva, telephone (7-4232) 258-458 or 266-734.No. 93-300This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 3, 1993, to reflect the cancellation of the curfew in Moscow and the removal of the notice for Americans to defer travel to Moscow.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between Bulgaria and the UkraineMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 237,500 km2 land area: 230,340 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries: total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 kmCoastline: 225 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstormsTerrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian AlpsNatural resources: petroleum (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, saltLand use: arable land: 43% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 28% other: 7%Irrigated land: 34,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides; air pollution in southNote: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania PeoplePopulation: 23,172,362 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.02% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 21.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.25 years male: 68.32 years female: 74.34 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Romanian(s) adjective: RomanianEthnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%Religions: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate), Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%Languages: Romanian, Hungarian, GermanLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population: 98% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 10,945,700 by occupation: industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: RomaniaDigraph: ROType: republicCapital: BucharestAdministrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, VranceaIndependence: 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)Constitution: 8 December 1991Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revisedNational holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)Political parties and leaders: National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratic National Salvation Front (DNSF), Oliviu GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR note: there are dozens of smaller parties; although the Communist Party has ceased to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the Socialist Labor Party, have been formedOther political or pressure groups: various human right and professional associationsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6% Senate: last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%, CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 39%; seats - (143 total) DFSN 49, CDR 34, FSN 18, PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania Government House of Deputies: last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%, CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 38.5%; seats - (341 total) DFSN 117, CDR 82, FSN 43, PUNR 30, UDMR 27, PRM 16, PSM 13, other 13Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992)Member of: BIS, BSEC, CCC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Aurel-Dragos MUNTEANU chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-4747, 6634, 5693 FAX: (202) 232-4748US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John R. DAVIS, Jr. embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest mailing address: AmConGen (Buch), Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5260 telephone: [40] (0) 10-40-40 FAX: [40] (0) 12-03-95Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania EconomyOverview: Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed a 17% drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of inputs and a severe drought in 1991 contributed to a poor harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and an obsolete distribution system. The new government has instituted moderate land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and it has liberalized private agricultural output. Private enterprises form an increasingly important portion of the economy largely in services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Little progress on large scale privatization has been made since a law providing for the privatization of large state firms was passed in August 1991. Most of the large state firms have been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares and assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. The new government continues to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. In 1992 the economy muddled along toward the new, more open system, yet output and living standards continued to fall.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $63.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -15% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $2,700 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 200% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 9% (January 1993)Budget: revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.)Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%, manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989) partners: USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)Imports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%, agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%, other 6.5% (1989) partners: Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)External debt: $3 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate -17% (1991 est.); accounts for 48% of GDPElectricity: 22,500,000 kW capacity; 59,000 million kWh produced, 2,540 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania EconomyIndustries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production and refiningAgriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapesIllicit drugs: transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid: donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89)Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 baniExchange rates: lei (L) per US$1 - 470.10 (January 1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania CommunicationsRailroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned (1987)Highways: 72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985)Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km (1992)Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, OrsovaMerchant marine: 249 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,882,727 GRT/4,463,879 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 170 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 15 oil tanker, 51 bulkAirports: total: 158 usable: 158 with permanent-surface runways: 27 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26Telecommunications: poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Romania Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil DefenseManpower availability: males age 15-49 5,846,332; fit for military service 4,942,746; reach military age (20) annually 185,714 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>ROMANIA - Passport and visa required. Transit and tourist visa may beobtained at border in Romania or from the Romanian Embassy or Consulatebefore departure. Transit visa for stay up to 4 days, single-entry $21 ordouble-entry $31. Tourist/business visa, single-entry valid 6 months forstay up to 60 days, $31 (multiple-entry $68). No application or photosneeded. Provide SASE for return of passport by mail. Allow 1 to 3 daysfor processing. For additional information consult Embassy of Romania,1607 23rd St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/232-4747-9) or theConsulate General, New York (212/682-9120, 9121, 9122).Romania - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Romania has undergone profound political and economic changes since the 1989 revolution and is in a period of economic transition. Most tourist facilities, while being upgraded, have not yet reached western European standards.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Transit and tourist visas may be obtained on arrival at Romanian border points or the international airport in Bucharest. Prior to departure, travelers can obtain a visa from the Romanian Embassy at 1607 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 232-4747 or the Romanian Consulate in New York, telephone (212) 682-9120. Additional information concerning entry requirements can be obtained from the Romanian Embassy or Consulate.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Romania is limited. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crimes against tourists (robbery, mugging, pickpocketing, and confidence scams perpetrated by black-market money changers) are a growing problem in Romania. Presently thefts are most likely to occur on trains and at railroad stations. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government printing office, Washington, D.C. 20402. They provide information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Currency Information: Credit cards and traveler's checks are of limited utility in Romania.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or sale of illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Adoptions: Updated information about both Romanian adoption law and American visa requirements is available from the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest. In addition, an information packet on Romanian adoptions is available by writing the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3444.Other Information: Customs regulations prohibit the export of some items from Romania. At the time of departure, tourists may need all receipts for presentation to customs authorities. Person who participate in or photograph demonstrations risk arrest.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Romania.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Bucharest, Romania, is located at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9; telephone (40-1) 312-4042.Consular services for U.S. citizens are located one block from the U.S. Embassy at the corner of Strada Batistei and Strada Snagov. The telephone number is the same. The Consular Section fax number is (40-1) 211-3360.No. 93-098This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to give the new telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest, to add information on crime in Romania, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion HeaderAffiliation: (overseas department of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of MadagascarMap references: WorldArea: total area: 2,510 km2 land area: 2,500 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 201 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to AprilTerrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coastNatural resources: fish, arable landLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 35% other: 39%Irrigated land: 60 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: periodic devastating cyclones THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion PeoplePopulation: 639,622 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.68 years male: 70.61 years female: 76.91 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Reunionese (singular and plural) adjective: ReunioneseEthnic divisions: French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, IndianReligions: Roman Catholic 94%Languages: French (official), Creole widely usedLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 69% male: 67% female: 74%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981) note: 63% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Department of Reunion conventional short form: Reunion local long form: none local short form: Ile de la ReunionDigraph: REType: overseas department of FranceCapital: Saint-DenisAdministrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)Independence: none (overseas department of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French lawNational holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small partiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: General Council: last held 22 March 1991 (next to be held March 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) Regional Council: last held 28 March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1998); results - UDF 25.6%, PRC 17.9%, PS 10.5%, Independent 30.7%, other 15.3%; seats - (45 total) Independent 17, UDF 14, PRC 9, PS 5 French Senate: last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1 French National Assembly: last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the French National Assembly who are voting membersExecutive branch: French president, commissioner of the RepublicLegislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional CouncilJudicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)Leaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion Government Head of Government: Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since NA July 1991)Member of: FZDiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in the US by FranceFlag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion EconomyOverview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion (1987 est.)National product real growth rate: 9% (1987 est.)National product per capita: $6,000 (1987 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1988)Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991)Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986)Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1% partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, ItalyImports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, ItalyExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDPElectricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 1,230 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft itemsAgriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $14.8 billionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion EconomyExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion CommunicationsHighways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earthPorts: Pointe des GaletsAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runway 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Reunion Defense ForcesBranches: French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 167,925; fit for military service 86,764; reach military age (18) annually 5,975 (1993 est.)Note: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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card_72543.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar GeographyLocation: Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between Iran and Saudi ArabiaMap references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 11,000 km2 land area: 11,000 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than ConnecticutLand boundaries: total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 kmCoastline: 563 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary with BahrainClimate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summerTerrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravelNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 0% other: 95%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilitiesNote: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar PeoplePopulation: 499,115 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 19.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 12.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.25 years male: 69.73 years female: 74.68 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Qatari(s) adjective: QatariEthnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%Religions: Muslim 95%Languages: Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second languageLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) total population: 76% male: 77% female: 72%Labor force: 104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar GovernmentNames: conventional long form: State of Qatar conventional short form: Qatar local long form: Dawlat Qatar local short form: QatarDigraph: QAType: traditional monarchyCapital: DohaAdministrative divisions: there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm SalalIndependence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal mattersNational holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)Political parties and leaders: noneSuffrage: noneElections: Advisory Council: constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats - (30 total)Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)Judicial branch: Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman bin Sa'ud ALTHANI chancery: Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 338-0111 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH embassy: 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha mailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Doha telephone: (0974) 864701 through 864703 FAX: (0974) 861669Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar EconomyOverview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $17,000, comparable to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is becoming increasingly important.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $17,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $440 million (FY92 est.)Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers partners: Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4%Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals partners: France 13%, Japan 12%, UK 11%, Germany 9%External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oilElectricity: 1,596,000 kW capacity; 4,818 million kWh produced, 9,655 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel (rolls reinforcing bars for concrete construction), cementAgriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural area is small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food importedEconomic aid: donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88)Currency: 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhamsExchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar CommunicationsHighways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.)Pipelines: crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 kmPorts: Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul IslandMerchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 390,072 GRT/593,508 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 4 container, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 4 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Qatar Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Public SecurityManpower availability: males age 15-49 214,977; fit for military service 113,514; reach military age (18) annually 3,578 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP</text>
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<text>QATAR - Passport and visa required. Single-entry visa $33; multiple-entryvisa, valid 3-6 months for $60 fee or 12 months for $115 fee; transit visa$6. Visas require No Objection Certificate from Qatar Ministry ofInterior, 2 application forms, 2 photos and SASE for return of passport bymail. Business visa must be obtained through sponsor in Qatar. AIDS testrequired for work and student visas; U.S. test accepted if within 3 monthsof visit. For specific information contact Embassy of the State of Qatar,Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037(202/338-0111).Qatar - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: Qatar is a traditional emirate, governed by the Al-Thani family in consultation with a Council of Ministers and a legislative Advisory Council. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. Qatar is a modern, developed country, and tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Visitors must have a business or personal sponsor. For further entry information, travelers can contact the Embassy of the State of Qatar, Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, telephone (202) 338-0111.Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines are available in several hospitals and health centers in Qatar. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Crime is generally not a problem for travelers in Qatar. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict in Qatar and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Qatar.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran, in Doha, Qatar (opposite the TV station), P.O. Box 2399. The telephone number is (974) 864-701/702/703. The workweek in Qatar is Saturday through Wednesday.No. 93-223This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_72427.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico HeaderAffiliation: (commonwealth associated with the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico GeographyLocation: in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands groupMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 9,104 km2 land area: 8,959 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 501 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areasNatural resources: some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oilLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 9% meadows and pastures: 41% forest and woodland: 20% other: 22%Irrigated land: 390 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in northNote: important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico PeoplePopulation: 3,797,082 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.13% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 16.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.84 years male: 70.25 years female: 77.61 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Puerto Rican(s) adjective: Puerto RicanEthnic divisions: HispanicReligions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15%Languages: Spanish (official), English widely understoodLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 89% male: 90% female: 88%Labor force: 1.17 million (1992) by occupation: government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%, communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico conventional short form: Puerto RicoDigraph: QRType: commonwealth associated with the USCapital: San JuanAdministrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78 municipalitiesIndependence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952Legal system: based on Spanish civil codeNational holiday: US Independence Day, 4 July (1776)Political parties and leaders: National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknownOther political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular ResistanceSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential electionsElections: Governor: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - Pedro ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4% Senate: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats by party NA US House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US House of Representatives, Carlos Romero BARCELO House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats by party NAExecutive branch: US president, US vice president, governorLegislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) Head of Government: Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993)Member of: CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US: none (commonwealth associated with the US)Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico EconomyOverview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of nearly 3 million tourists in 1989.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22.8 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 2.2% (FY90)National product per capita: $6,200 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (October 1990-91)Unemployment rate: 17% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $258 million (FY89)Exports: 20.4 billion (1990) commodities: pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments partners: US 87.8% (1990)Imports: 16.2 billion (1990) commodities: chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products partners: US 66.6% (1990)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate 1.2% (FY92)Electricity: 5,040,000 kW capacity; 16,100 million kWh produced, 4,260 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: manufacturing accounts for 55.5 % of GDP: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourismAgriculture: accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992)Economic aid: noneCurrency: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico CommunicationsRailroads: 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroadsHighways: 13,762 km paved (1982)Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, AreciboAirports: total: 30 usable: 23 with permanent-surface runways: 19 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity submarine cable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital telephone system with about 1 million lines; cellular telephone service; broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television available with US programs (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Puerto Rico Defense ForcesBranches: paramilitary National Guard, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 830,133; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)Note: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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card_71961.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean west of SpainMap references: Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 92,080 km2 land area: 91,640 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana note: includes Azores and Madeira IslandsLand boundaries: total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 kmCoastline: 1,793 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with IndonesiaClimate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in southTerrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in southNatural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marbleLand use: arable land: 32% permanent crops: 6% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 40% other: 16%Irrigated land: 6,340 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakesNote: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal PeoplePopulation: 10,486,140 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.89 years male: 71.43 years female: 78.56 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Portuguese (singular and plural) adjective: PortugueseEthnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%Languages: PortugueseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 85% male: 89% female: 82%Labor force: 4,605,700 by occupation: services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Portuguese Republic conventional short form: Portugal local long form: Republica Portuguesa local short form: PortugalDigraph: POType: republicCapital: LisbonAdministrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, ViseuDependent areas: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 20 December 1999)Independence: 1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 JunePolitical parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Pedro CANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Carlos CARVALHAS; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Manuel MONTEIRO; National Solidarity Party, Manuel SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3% Assembly of the Republic: last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17, Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) Head of Government: Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)Member of: AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI chancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 328-8610 consulates general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco consulates: Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Everett Ellis BRIGGS embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon mailing address: PSC 83, APO AE 09726 telephone: [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880 FAX: [351] (1) 726-9109 consulate: Ponta Delgada (Azores)Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal EconomyOverview: Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major privatization program. As of 1 January 1993, Lisbon has fully liberalized its capital markets and most trade markets. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies to counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991 and 1992. Growth probably will remain depressed in 1993, but should pick up again in 1994.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $93.7 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.1% (1992)National product per capita: $9,000 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1992)Unemployment rate: 5% (1992)Budget: revenues $27.3 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.5 billion (1991)Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances partners: EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1991)Imports: $26.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, petroleum, textiles partners: EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries 12.9%, US 3.4%External debt: $16.9 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDPElectricity: 6,624,000 kW capacity; 26,400 million kWh produced, 2,520 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourismAgriculture: accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy productsIllicit drugs: increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European marketEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal EconomyCurrency: 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 145.51 (January 1993), 135.00 (1992), 144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal CommunicationsRailroads: 3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately ownedHighways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacityPipelines: crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 kmPorts: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, SinesMerchant marine: 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 634,072 GRT/1,130,515 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 21 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 2 liquified gas; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few yearsAirports: total: 64 usable: 62 with permanent-surface runways: 36 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11Telecommunications: generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and microwave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores THE WORLD FACTBOOK Portugal Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,696,325; fit for military service 2,188,041; reach military age (20) annually 88,735 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>PORTUGAL - (Includes travel to the Azores and Madeira Islands.) Passportrequired. Visa not required for visit up to 60 days (extendable). Fortravel with pets and other information consult nearest Consulate:Washington., D.C. (202/332-3007, CA (415/346-3400), MA (617/536-8740 and508/997-6151), NJ (201/622-7300), NY (212/246-4580) or RI (401/272-2003).Portugal - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Portugal is a moderately developed and stable democracy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist stays up to sixty days. For further information concerning entry requirements for Portugal, travelers can contact the Embassy of Portugal at 2125 Kalorama Road N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 328-8610, or the nearest Portuguese Consulate in Boston, New Bedford, Providence, New York, Newark, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Portugal has a low but increasing rate of violent crime. Travelers, especially those who appear to be affluent, may become targets of pickpockets and purse snatchers. Automobile break-ins, particularly from rental cars, and car thefts are common. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are high. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and heavy fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within Portugal.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Portugal is located on Avenida das Forcas Armadas in Lisbon; telephone (351-1) 726-6600, 726-6659, 726-8670, or 726-8880. A Consulate is located in the Azores, on the island of San Miguel, in Ponta Delgada. The address is Avenida D. Henrique, tel: (351-96) 22216/7/8/9. There is also a Consular Agency located in Funchal, Madeira, on Avenida Luis de Camoes, telephone (351-091) 743-429. It is open from 10:00 A.M. to 12:00 noon.No. 93-097This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add the address of the Consular Agent in Madeira, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland GeographyLocation: Central Europe, between Germany and BelarusMap references: Asia, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 312,680 km2 land area: 304,510 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than New MexicoLand boundaries: total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km, Ukraine 428 kmCoastline: 491 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowersTerrain: mostly flat plain; mountains along southern borderNatural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, saltLand use: arable land: 46% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 13% forest and woodland: 28% other: 12%Irrigated land: 1,000 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and water pollution in southNote: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland PeoplePopulation: 38,519,486 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.2 years male: 68.14 years female: 76.51 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Pole(s) adjective: PolishEthnic divisions: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5% (1990 est.)Religions: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and other 5%Languages: PolishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population: 98% male: 99% female: 98%Labor force: 15.609 million by occupation: industry and construction 34.4%, agriculture 27.3%, trade, transport, and communications 16.1%, government and other 22.2% (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Poland conventional short form: Poland local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska local short form: PolskaDigraph: PLType: democratic stateCapital: WarsawAdministrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona GoraIndependence: 11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)Constitution: interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992 replacing the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; new democratic Constitution being draftedLegal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)Political parties and leaders: post-Solidarity parties: Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party, Alexander HALL non-Communist, non-Solidarity: Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Polish Economic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski Communist origin or linked: Social Democracy (SDRP, party of Poland), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants' Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAKOther political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist programSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland GovernmentElections: president: first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% Senat: last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); seats - (100 total) post-Solidarity bloc: UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, PC 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, other local candidates 11; non-Communist, non-Solidarity: KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1, local candidates 5 Communist origin or linked: PSL 8, SLD 4 Sejm: last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); seats - (460 total) post-Solidarity bloc: UD 62, ZCHN 49, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4, PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1 non-Communist, non-Solidarity: KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2, SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1, Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants 1, Party X 3 Communist origin or linked: SLD 60, PSL 48Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992)Member of: BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009 telephone: (202) 234-3800 through 3802 FAX: (202) 328-6271 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr. embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 25402, or APO AE 09213-5010 telephone: [48] (2) 628-3041 FAX: [48] (2) 628-8298 consulates general: Krakow, PoznanFlag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland EconomyOverview: Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy - with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy. On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 44% in 1992. Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994. The private sector accounted for 29% of industrial production and nearly half of nonagricultural output in 1992. Production fell in state enterprises, however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing in 1989 to 13.6% in December 1992. Poland fell out of compliance with its IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to strikes in the coal, auto, copper, and railway sectors in 1992. Large state enterprises in the coal, steel, and defense sectors plan to halve employment over the next decade, and the government expects unemployment to reach 3 million (16%) in 1993. A shortfall in tax revenues caused the budget deficit to reach 6% of GDP in 1992, but industrial production began a slow, uneven upturn. In 1993, the government will struggle to win legislative approval for faster privatization and to keep the budget deficit within IMF-approved limits.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $167.6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 2% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $4,400 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 44% (1992)Unemployment rate: 13.6% (December 1992)Budget: revenues $17.5 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (1992 est.)Exports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery 22%, metals 16%, chemicals 12%, fuels and power 11%, food 10% (1991) partners: Germany 28.0%, former USSR 11.7%, UK 8.8%, Switzerland 5.5% (1991)Imports: $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery 38%, fuels and power 20%, chemicals 13%, food 10%, light industry 6% (1991) partners: Germany 17.4%, former USSR 25.6%, Italy 5.3%, Austria 5.2% (1991)External debt: $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994, if Poland adheres to its IMF programIndustrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland EconomyElectricity: 31,530,000 kW capacity; 137,000 million kWh produced, 3,570 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textilesAgriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 billion (1954-89); the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and credit guarantees to PolandCurrency: 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszyExchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 15,879 (January 1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland CommunicationsRailroads: 26,250 km total; 23,857 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge, 1,996 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,510 km electrified; government owned (1991)Highways: 360,629 km total (excluding farm, factory and forest roads); 220 km limited access expressways, 45,257 km main highways, 128,775 km regional roads, 186,377 urban or village roads (local traffic); 220,000 km are paved (including all main and regional highways) (1988)Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991)Pipelines: natural gas 4,600 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1992)Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the VistulaMerchant marine: 209 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,747,631 GRT/3,992,053 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 76 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 101 bulk, 1 passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registryAirports: total: 163 usable: 163 with permanent-surface runways: 100 with runway over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 51 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 95Telecommunications: severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave; phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.6 million telephone subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (1991); broadcast stations - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik THE WORLD FACTBOOK Poland Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 9,914,128; fit for military service 7,774,499; reach military age (19) annually 304,956 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 30.8 trillion zlotych, 1.8% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>POLAND - Passport (must be valid at least 12 months past date of entry)required. Visa not required for stay up to 90 days. Visitors mustregister at hotel or with local authorities within 48 hours after arrival.Check with the Embassy of the Republic of Poland (Consular Division), 2224Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/232-4517) or nearestConsulate General: Chicago, IL, 1530 Lakeshore Dr., 60610(312/337-8816), Los Angeles, CA, 3460 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200, 90010(213/365-7900) or New York, NY, 233 Madison Ave., 10016 (212/889-8360).Poland - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Poland is a moderately developed European nation working to build a new political system and a market economy. Tourist facilities are not highly developed in all areas, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other European countries can be difficult to find.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for stays up to 90 days. Visitors must register at a hotel or with local authorities within 48 hours of arrival. An AIDS test is required for student visas; U.S. test results are accepted. Further information on entry requirements may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Poland, Consular Section at 2224 Wyoming Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 232-4517 or 4528 or the nearest Polish consulate in Chicago, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical care is available in Poland, but generally does not meet western standards. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crime rates in Poland vary. Warsaw and other major cities, including Krakow, Poznan, Wroclaw and Gdansk are troubled by incidents of crime against residents and foreign visitors. Organized groups of thieves and pickpockets appear to be operating in the train stations, and on trains, trams, and buses in Warsaw, Krakow, Poznan, and other major cities. Recently, a number of thefts have occurred on the overnight train from Budapest to Krakow after crossing the Polish border. Passengers sleeping in closed compartments have been robbed. In Warsaw, car thefts and break-ins, street crime, and residential burglaries are increasingly prevalent.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. They provide information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Currency Information: Outside Warsaw, it may be difficult to cash travelers checks or obtain cash advances on credit cards.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and heavy fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within Poland.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Warsaw is located at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, tel. (48-2) 628-3041; fax 625-7290.There are also U.S. Consulates in Krakow, at Ulica Stolarska 9, tel. (48-12) 221-400; fax 218-292; and in Poznan, at Ulica Chopina 4, tel: (48-61) 529-586; fax 530-053.No. 93-096This replaces the consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to give additional information on crime in Poland and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands GeographyLocation: in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Peru and New ZealandMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 47 km2 land area: 47 km2 comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 51 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffsNatural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fishLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands PeoplePopulation: 52 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Pitcairn Islander(s) adjective: Pitcairn IslanderEthnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutineersReligions: Seventh-Day Adventist 100%Languages: English (official), Tahitian/English dialectLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands conventional short form: Pitcairn IslandsDigraph: PCType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: AdamstownAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964Legal system: local island by-lawsNational holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June (1989) (second Saturday in June)Political parties and leaders: NAOther political or pressure groups: NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universal with three years residencyElections: Island Council: last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrateLegislative branch: unicameral Island CouncilJudicial branch: Island CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990) Head of Government: Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since NA)Member of: SPCDiplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands EconomyOverview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY87 est.)Exports: $NA commodities: fruits, vegetables, curios partners: NAImports: $NA commodities: fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs partners: NAExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: postage stamp sales, handicraftsAgriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and vegetables grown; must import grain productsEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: 6.4 km dirt roadsPorts: Bounty BayAirports: noneTelecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pitcairn Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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card_71422.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, between Indonesia and ChinaMap references: Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 300,000 km2 land area: 298,170 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than ArizonaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 36,289 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines continental shelf: to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadthInternational disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of SabahClimate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlandsNatural resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copperLand use: arable land: 26% permanent crops: 11% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 40% other: 19%Irrigated land: 16,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines PeoplePopulation: 68,464,368 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.97% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 27.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.03 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 51.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.13 years male: 62.59 years female: 67.79 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Filipino(s) adjective: PhilippineEthnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%Religions: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%Languages: Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 90%Labor force: 24.12 million by occupation: agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines conventional short form: Philippines local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas local short form: PilipinasDigraph: RPType: republicCapital: ManilaAdministrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del SurIndependence: 4 July 1946 (from US)Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipinas, Laban), Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National Union of Christian Democrats (Lakas ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas Tao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, President of the Republic, Raul MANGLAPUS, Jose de VENECIA, secretary general; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA; People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; Nacionalista Party (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, presidentSuffrage: 15 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines GovernmentElections: President: last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality Senate: last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5, Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1, Independent 1 House of Representatives: last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total) LDP 87, NPC 45, Lakas-NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, Independent 3Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Fidel Valdes RAMOS (since 30 June 1992); Vice President Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June 1992)Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Raul RABE chancery: 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 483-1414 consulates general: Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and SeattleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'affaires Donald WESTMORE embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila mailing address: APO AP 96440 telephone: [63] (2) 521-7116 FAX: [63] (2) 522-4361 consulate general: CebuFlag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines EconomyOverview: Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy remained the same in 1992 as in 1991. Drought and power supply problems hampered production, while inadequate revenues prevented government pump priming. Despite a flat GDP performance, GNP mustered a small 0.6% expansion, attributable to inflows of workers' remittances combined with smaller foreign interest payments. A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly power generations equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic data processors, contributed to a 20.5% import growth in 1992. Exports rose 11%, led by earnings from the Philippines' two leading manufactures - electronics and garments.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.1 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 0.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $860 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.9% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 9.8% (1992 est.)Budget: $11.0 billion; expenditures $12.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $9.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: electronics, textiles, coconut oil, copper partners: US 39%, EC, Japan, ASEANImports: $14.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: raw materials 45%, capital goods 26%, petroleum products 18% partners: US, Japan, Taiwan, Saudi ArabiaExternal debt: $29.8 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1992 est.); accounts for 34% of GDPElectricity: 7,850,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishingAgriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and about 45% of labor force; major crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos; animal products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annuallyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 millionCurrency: 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.817 (April 1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines CommunicationsRailroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)Highways: 157,450 km total (1988); 22,400 km paved; 85,050 km gravel, crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vesselsPipelines: petroleum products 357 kmPorts: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic BayMerchant marine: 562 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,282,936 GRT/13,772,023 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo, 27 refrigerated cargo, 25 vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 38 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 249 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are principally in Japan and GermanyAirports: total: 270 usable: 238 with permanent-surface runways: 73 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 57Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Philippines Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 17,188,695; fit for military service 12,144,278; reach military age (20) annually 716,881 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991)</text>
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<text>PHILIPPINES - Passport and onward/return ticket required. For entry byManila International Airport, visa not required for transit/tourist stay upto 21 days. Visa required for longer stay, maximum of 59 days, 1application form, 1 photo, no charge. Company letter needed for businessvisa. AIDS test required for permanent residency; U.S. test accepted. Formore information contact the Embassy of the Philippines, 1600 Mass. Ave.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/467-9300) or nearest Consulate General:CA (213/387-5321 and 415/433-6666), HI (808/595-6316), IL (312/332-6458),NY (212/764-1330), TX (713/621-8609) or WA (206/441-1640).Philippines - Consular Information SheetFebruary 14, 1994Country Description: The Philippines is a developing democratic republic. Tourist facilities are available within the population centers and main tourist sites.Entry Requirements: Passports and onward/return tickets are required for entry through the international airports in Manila or Cebu. A visa is not required for transit/tourist stays of up to 21 days. Current information concerning specific requirements is available through the Embassy of the Philippines, 1671 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036; telephone: (202) 467-9300, or Philippine consulates general in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Honolulu, Chicago, New York, Houston, or Seattle.Areas of Instability: In Northern Luzon, the presence of New People's Army (NPA) guerrillas and armed bandits makes travel in the provinces of Abra, Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao and Mountain province (including Sagada and Bontoc) potentially dangerous. NPA units are also active in Southern Luzon and travel is potentially dangerous in Quezon province, and the Bicol region, except Catanduanes.In the Visayas regions, travel in rural areas of Panay Island is not safe. In urban and tourist areas, continuing criminal activities are a threat after dark. Ongoing criminal and insurgent activity make travel to Samar Island and the interior mountainous regions of Negros Island dangerous at any time.In the Mindanao region, continuing crime, insurgency, and sectarian violence make travel to and within the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Basilan, Zamboanga City, and Cotabato City dangerous. (The ARMM consists of the provinces of Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Maguindanao, and Lanao del Sur.) Basilan Island was the site of the kidnapping of an American religious worker in 1992 and a Spanish priest in 1993. In 1992, several American and Australian missionaries were kidnapped in Sulu. Also in Sulu, two Spanish nuns and an American linguist were kidnapped in 1993. While all those kidnap victims eventually escaped or were released, travelers should be aware of the danger and observe particular security precautions. In addition, the cities of Davao and General Santos have recently been the scene of sporadic indiscriminate bombings of churches and mosques and other violence which warrant heightened security precautions. Communist NPA guerrillas continue to operate in the provinces of Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur, making these areas dangerous. Although Filipino Christians and Muslims have been the primary victims of this cycle of violence, the safety of American citizens resident in the areas noted above -- especially religious workers -- is at increased risk. American citizens who anticipate travel to these regions may obtain more detailed information from the U.S. Embassy in Manila or the U.S. Consulate in Cebu.Security Threats: There are continuing security threats to U.S. citizens in the Philippines. Short-term tourists and business visitors to the Philippines, especially those who remain in major urban areas or tourist sites, face substantially less risk from politically motivated terrorism than do long-term residents or U.S. officials. Those who are considered to be at greatest risk include U.S. Government employees, active duty and retired military personnel, and resident Americans associated with organizations identified with the U.S. Several Americans, primarily military personnel, have been murdered by elements of the NPA. An American businessman, a long-time resident in the Philippines, was kidnapped in January 1992 and held for two months until released through police action.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical care is available in major cities, but is limited in more remote areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful whenever insurance claims are made. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control at (404)332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Crime is of serious concern in the Philippines. Homicides, kidnapping, other crimes of violence, con games, pickpocketing and credit card theft are common. Foreign tourists are often victims of petty crimes. Travel by public conveyance as well as private vehicles may be risky; travel off the national highways and paved roads, especially at night, is particularly dangerous. Lost or stolen U.S. passports abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Volcano Eruptions: The June 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo deposited large amounts of volcanic ash in a wide area around the volcano [located sixty miles northwest of Manila]. The principal danger now comes from "lahars", or mudflows, which can inundate low-lying areas and wash away bridges. These conditions will persist for several years, especially during the rainy season (May to November). The Mt. Mayon volcano in Albay Province (220 miles southeast of Manila) erupted in early 1993 producing ash and vigorous lava fountaining. The Government of the Philippines declared a 10 kilometer danger zone around the volcano and evacuated residents from the area. A civil aviation warning is in effect and commercial flights to Legaspi City have been canceled.Registration: U.S. citizens living in or visiting the Philippines can register with the U.S. Embassy in Manila or the U.S. Consulate in Cebu and obtain updated information on travel and security in the Philippines. Information for Americans contemplating road travel within the Philippines is also available at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate. A recorded message of the embassy's latest travel information may be heard by telephoning (63-2) 521-9261.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Manila is located at 1201 Roxas Boulevard; telephone: (63-2) 521-7116. The U.S. Consulate is located in Cebu on the 3rd Floor, PCI Bank, Gorordo Avenue, Lahug; telephone: (63-32) 311-261.No. 94-014This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated July 9, 1993, to add information concerning increased threats to security in Mindanao.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru GeographyLocation: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and EcuadorMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,285,220 km2 land area: 1.28 million km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than AlaskaLand boundaries: total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 kmCoastline: 2,414 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in disputeClimate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in westTerrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potashLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 21% forest and woodland: 55% other: 21%Irrigated land: 12,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in LimaNote: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru PeoplePopulation: 23,210,352 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.17 years male: 63.02 years female: 67.44 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: PeruvianEthnic divisions: Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%Religions: Roman CatholicLanguages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), AymaraLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 85% male: 92% female: 29%Labor force: 8 million (1992) by occupation: government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Peru conventional short form: Peru local long form: Republica del Peru local short form: PeruDigraph: PEType: republicCapital: LimaAdministrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali note: the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with the departmental structureIndependence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect the following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replacedLegal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)Political parties and leaders: New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; Democratic Coordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLEROther political or pressure groups: leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned); Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY (imprisoned) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru GovernmentSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% Democratic Constituent Congress: last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) New Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent Moralization Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, Democratic Coordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participateExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders: Chief of State: President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992)Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ricardo LUNA chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 833-9860 through 9869) consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAW embassy: corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima mailing address: P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031 telephone: [51] (14) 33-8000 FAX: [51] (14) 31-6682Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru EconomyOverview: The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival of growth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public and private resources being devoted to strengthening internal security.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -2.8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,100 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 56.7% (1992)Unemployment rate: 15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.)Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined silver, coffee, cotton partners: EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991)Imports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals partners: US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991)External debt: $21 billion (December 1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDPElectricity: 5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug marketEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 millionCurrency: 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavosExchange rates: nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru CommunicationsRailroads: 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways: 69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago TiticacaPipelines: crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 kmPorts: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, TalaraMerchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk; note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used commerciallyAirports: total: 228 usable: 199 with permanent-surface runways: 37 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 46Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Peru Defense ForcesBranches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reach military age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)</text>
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<text>PERU - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 90days, extendable after arrival. Tourists may need onward/return ticket.For official/diplomatic passport and other travel, visa required and mustbe obtained in advance. Business visa requires company letter statingpurpose of trip and $27 fee. For further information contact Embassy ofPeru, 1700 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/833-9860-9) ornearest Consulate: CA (213/383-9896 and 415/362-5185), FL (305/374-1407),IL (312/853-6173), NY (212/644-2850), PR (809/763-0679) or TX(713/781-5000).Peru - Travel WarningMay 27, 1993Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against all travel to Peru until further notice. With the exception of certain tourist areas, terrorist violence continues to affect a large part of the country.No. 93-020This extends the Travel Warning for Peru dated March 19, 1993.Peru - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Peru until further notice. With the exception of certain tourist areas, terrorist violence continues to affect a large part of the country.Country Description: Peru has a developing economy. Tourist facilities outside major cities and tourist areas may not be adequate.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a one-month stay. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Peru, travelers can contact the Peruvian Embassy at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 833-9860, or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Chicago, Newark, New York, Houston, or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Medical care does not meet U.S. standards. Cholera is present in Peru. However, visitors who follow proper precautions about food and drink are not generally at risk. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some instances, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For further information, the traveler can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Terrorist Activities: With the exception of certain tourist areas (Arequipa, Cuzco, Ica, Iquitos, Paracas, Puerto Maldonado, Puno, and Trujillo), many parts of the country are designated as "emergency zones" (i.e. areas governed by martial law). These zones are extremely dangerous because of terrorist and criminal activities. Despite the arrest of their key leadership in 1992, two insurgent organizations, Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) continue to carry out bombings and other terrorist attacks against a range of targets in Peru, principally Peruvian nationals, government installations, and banks, but also against U.S. as well as other foreign interests.The city of Lima is located in Lima Department, a designated emergency zone. Bombings and terrorist incidents have been frequent in the city, and violent crime is common.U.S. citizens who travel to designated emergency zones outside Lima are subjecting themselves to extraordinary risk. These zones are extremely dangerous regions where both terrorism and violent crime are common. Overland travel to or through the emergency zones outside the capital city of Lima is particularly dangerous.Emergency Zones: The following areas have been designated as emergency zones by the Peruvian government: Apurimac Department, Ayacucho Department, Huanacavelica Department, Huanuco Department, Junin Department, Lima Department (except the city of Lima), Pasco Department, San Martin Department, Ucayali Department (except for air travel to the city of Pucallpa), the La Convencion and Calco provinces within the Cuzco Department, and the Ucayali and Alto Amazonas provinces within the Loreto Department.Crime Information: Street crime such as pickpocketing and armed robbery, in or near hotels and residences, is very common. Foreigners carrying cash are identifiable targets for thieves. Robberies are a serious problem in the tourist cities of Cuzco and Iquitos.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State publication "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Peru for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Adoptions: Peruvian adoptions take a minimum of 90 days to complete. However, most cases take significantly longer. Corruption surrounding the adoption process is widespread and judicial strikes and delays are common. Recent judicial changes coupled with a growing concern on the part of the Peruvian government regarding allegations of abuses has caused increasing uncertainty for adopting parents. The Peruvian Embassy in Washington, D.C. encourages prospective adopting parents to consult its staff for information on the adoption process. Because of the dangerous conditions existing in the emergency zones, it is unsafe for prospective adopting parents to travel to an emergency zone in search of a child for adoption or to obtain documentation. Updated information on Peruvian adoption proceedings and U.S. immigrant visa requirements is available from the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. Additional information is available by writing the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3712.Embassy Location/Registration: Upon arrival U.S. citizens are requested to register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Lima at Grimaldo del Solar 346, Miraflores, telephone (51-14) 44-3621 or 44-3121 to obtain the latest travel and security information within Peru.The U.S. Embassy is located at the corner of Avenidas Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Espana, telephone (51-14) 33-8000.There is also a consular agency in Cuzco at Avenida Tullumayo 125, telephone (51-84) 23-3541.No. 93-150This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Peru dated March 19, 1993 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay GeographyLocation: Central South America, between Argentina and BrazilMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 406,750 km2 land area: 397,300 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana) has not been determinedClimate: varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far westTerrain: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhereNatural resources: hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestoneLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 35% other: 5%Irrigated land: 670 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)Note: landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay PeoplePopulation: 5,070,856 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 32.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.58 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.98 years male: 71.42 years female: 74.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Paraguayan(s) adjective: ParaguayanEthnic divisions: mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5%Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominationsLanguages: Spanish (official), GuaraniLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 90% male: 92% female: 88%Labor force: 1.641 million (1992 est.) by occupation: agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay conventional short form: Paraguay local long form: Republica del Paraguay local short form: ParaguayDigraph: PAType: republicCapital: AsuncionAdministrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San PedroIndependence: 14 May 1811 (from Spain)Constitution: 25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was promulgated on 20 June 1992Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Blas N. RIQUELME, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Domingo LAINO; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEUEDO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo Caballero VARGASOther political or pressure groups: Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic ChurchSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60Elections: President: last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held 9 May 1993); results - Gen. RODRIGUEZ 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4% Chamber of Senators: last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF 1 Chamber of Deputies: last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, PDC 1, other 2Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of StateLegislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)Member of: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ chancery: 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-6960 through 6962 consulates general: New Orleans and New York consulate: HoustonUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Jon David GLASSMAN embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion mailing address: C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001 telephone: [595] (21) 213-715 FAX: [595] (21) 213-728Flag: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay EconomyOverview: Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run, the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic reforms.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 10% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $487 million (1991)Exports: $719 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products partners: EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6%Imports: $1.33 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10% partners: Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%External debt: $1.2 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity: 5,257,000 kW capacity; 16,200 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay EconomyIndustries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, constructionAgriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits, vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of timber; self-sufficient in most foodsIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and EuropeEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billionCurrency: 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimosExchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,637.6 (January 1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay CommunicationsRailroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earthInland waterways: 3,100 kmPorts: Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del EsteMerchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 2 oil tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commerciallyAirports: total: 862 usable: 719 with permanent-surface runways: 7 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 64Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paraguay Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,210,171; fit for military service 879,601; reach military age (17) annually 51,361 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.)</text>
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<text>PARAGUAY - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/business stayup to 90 days (extendable). AIDS test required for resident visas. U.S.test sometimes accepted. For additional information consult Embassy ofParaguay, 2400 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/483-6960).Paraguay - Consular Information SheetSeptember 23, 1993Country Description: Paraguay is a medium income nation with a developing economy. Tourist facilities are good in Asuncion, poor in major cities, and almost nonexistent in remote areas.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a three-month stay. Minors (under 20) traveling alone, with one parent or with a third party must present written authorization from the absent parent(s) or legal guardian, specifically granting permission to travel alone, with one parent or with a third party. This authorization must be notarized, authenticated by the Paraguayan embassy or consulate, and translated into Spanish. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Paraguay, travelers can contact the Paraguayan Embassy at 2400 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 483-6960 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami or New York.Medical Facilities: Facilities for medical care are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's International Travelers' Hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Burglaries, larcenies, and car thefts are common. Street crime such as pickpocketing and muggings is on the rise, occurring especially during the evening hours. Some thieves are armed with guns or knives. There have been incidents of pilferage from checked airline baggage. Travelers have found it prudent to put valuables in their carry-on luggage.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad", which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State publication, "Tips for travelers to Central and South America."Drug penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Paraguay for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Adoptions: Due to serious problems in the international adoption process in Paraguay, including recent unpredictability in the issuance of final decrees and uncertainty over case processing and prospects for proposed adoption legislation, the U.S. Embassy strongly urges prospective adopting parents to postpone any commitment to a Paraguayan prospective child until such time as the situation at juvenile court is clarified. American citizens who have secured court dates with the judge handling their international adoption petition, should be aware that prospective parents' stay in Asuncion is often a prolonged one. Updated information on Paraguayan adoption proceedings and U.S. immigrant visa requirements is available from the consular section of the U.S. Embassy. Additional information is available by writing the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3712.Embassy Location/Registration: Americans who register with the consular section of the U.S. Embassy in Asuncion at 1776 Mariscal Lopez Avenue, telephone: (595-21) 213-715, may obtain updated information on travel and security within Paraguay.No. 93-247This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated may 27, 1993 to update information on international adoptions in Paraguay.</text>
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card_70651.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paracel Islands GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way between Vietnam and the PhilippinesMap references: AsiaArea: total area: NA km2 land area: NA km2 comparative area: NALand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 518 kmMaritime claims: NAInternational disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and VietnamClimate: tropicalTerrain: NANatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: subject to typhoons THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paracel Islands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinese garrisons THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paracel Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Paracel IslandsDigraph: PF THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paracel Islands EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paracel Islands CommunicationsPorts: small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently under expansionAirports: 1 on Woody Island THE WORLD FACTBOOK Paracel Islands Defense ForcesNote: occupied by China</text>
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card_70369.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and the Solomon IslandsMap references: Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 461,690 km2 land area: 451,710 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 820 km, Indonesia 820 kmCoastline: 5,152 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variationTerrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothillsNatural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potentialLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 71% other: 28%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos; frequent earthquakesNote: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea PeoplePopulation: 4,100,714 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.02 years male: 55.19 years female: 56.88 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Papua New Guinean(s) adjective: Papua New GuineanEthnic divisions: Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, PolynesianReligions: Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant sects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34%Languages: English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region note: 715 indigenous languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 52% male: 65% female: 38%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guinea conventional short form: Papua New GuineaDigraph: PPType: parliamentary democracyCapital: Port MoresbyAdministrative divisions: 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New BritainIndependence: 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration)Constitution: 16 September 1975Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)Political parties and leaders: Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMISSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Parliament: last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties is fluid)Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, National Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992)Member of: ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea Government chancery: 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 745-3680US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND embassy: Armit Street, Port Moresby mailing address: P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553 telephone: [675] 211-455 or 594, 654 FAX: [675] 213-423Flag: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea EconomyOverview: Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. Robust growth in 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large new gold mine helped the advance.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 8.5% (1992)National product per capita: $850 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1992-93)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $1.33 billion; expenditures $1.49 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: gold, copper ore, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster partners: FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, USImports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods partners: Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UKExternal debt: $2.2 billion (April 1991)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 21% of GDPElectricity: 400,000 kW capacity; 1,600 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourismAgriculture: one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban centersEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 millionCurrency: 1 kina (K) = 100 toeaExchange rates: kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0065 (January 1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991), 1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 10,940 kmPorts: Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, RabaulMerchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,523 GRT/24,774 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk, 1 containerAirports: total: 504 usable: 457 with permanent-surface runways: 18 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 39Telecommunications: services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; more than 70,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Papua New Guinea Defense ForcesBranches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,046,929; fit for military service 582,685 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficientfunds required. Tourist visa not required for a stay of up to 30 days.Business visa requires 2 application forms, 2 photos, company letter,bio-data and $10.25 fee (single entry ) or $154.00 (multiple entry).AIDS test required for work and residency permits; U.S. test accepted. Forlonger stays and further information contact Embassy of Papua New Guinea,Suite 300, 1615 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009(202/745-3680).</text>
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card_70034.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama GeographyLocation: extreme southern Central America, between Colombia and Costa RicaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 78,200 km2 land area: 75,990 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries: total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 kmCoastline: 2,490 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hillsNatural resources: copper, mahogany forests, shrimpLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 54% other: 23%Irrigated land: 320 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: dense tropical forest in east and northwestNote: strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama PeoplePopulation: 2,579,047 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.98% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.56 years male: 71.99 years female: 77.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Panamanian(s) adjective: PanamanianEthnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white 10%, Indian 6%Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%Languages: Spanish (official), English 14% note: many Panamanians bilingualLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 88% male: 88% female: 88%Labor force: 921,000 (1992 est.) by occupation: government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and fishing 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing and mining 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications 6.2%, finance, insurance, and real estate 4.3% note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Panama conventional short form: Panama local long form: Republica de Panama local short form: PanamaDigraph: PMType: centralized republicCapital: PanamaAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, VeraguasIndependence: 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November 1821)Constitution: 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1903)Political parties and leaders: government alliance: Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ; Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA), Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER other parties: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Nestor Tomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Doctrinaire Panamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement, Ruben BLADES; Renovacion Civilista, Manuel BURGOS; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), Tomas HERRERA; National Integration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA; National Unity Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; Independent Democratic Union Party (UDI), leader NA; Popular Nationalist Party (PNP), leader NAOther political or pressure groups: National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life; Chamber of Commerce; Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama (CTRP)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held May 1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of the total votes cast THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama Government Legislative Assembly: last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) progovernment parties: PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4 opposition parties: PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superior courts, 3 courts of appealLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989); First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December 1992); Second Vice President (vacant)Member of: AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime FORD chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-1407; note: the status of the consulates general and consulates has not yet been determinedUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Deane R. HINTON embassy: Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 mailing address: Box E, APO AA 34002 telephone: (507) 27-1777 FAX: (507) 27-1713Flag: divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama EconomyOverview: GDP expanded by roughly 8% in 1992, following growth of 9.3% in 1991. The economy thus continues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ouster of Manuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustment program has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passive administration. Public investment has been limited as the administration has kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and economic reform are the two major issues the government must face in 1993-94.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $2,400 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.8% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 15% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $200 million (1992 est.)Exports: $486 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2% partners: US 38%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1992 est.)Imports: $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods, chemicals partners: US 36%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1992 est.)External debt: $5.2 billion (year-end 1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDPElectricity: 1,584,000 kW capacity; 4,360 billion kWh produced, 1,720 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing, cement and other construction material, sugar millingAgriculture: accounts for 10.5% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops - bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food grain, vegetablesIllicit drugs: major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering centerEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4 millionCurrency: 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimosExchange rates: balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama CommunicationsRailroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama CanalPipelines: crude oil 130 kmPorts: Cristobal, Balboa, Bahia Las MinasMerchant marine: 3,244 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 51,353,963 GRT/82,138,537 DWT; includes 22 passenger, 26 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,091 cargo, 246 refrigerated cargo, 196 container, 63 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 121 vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 5 multifunction large-load carrier, 403 oil tanker, 180 chemical tanker, 26 combination ore/oil, 121 liquefied gas, 9 specialized tanker, 688 bulk, 34 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign owners are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and Taiwan 5%; (China owns at least 131 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 3, Cuba 4, Cyprus 6, and Russia 16)Airports: total: 112 usable: 104 with permanent-surface runways: 39 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 15Telecommunications: domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Panama Defense ForcesBranches: the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December 1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces, under the new name of Panamanian Public Forces (PPF) and worked to assert civilian control over them; the PPF is divided into the National Police, Maritime Service, and National Air Service; the Judicial Technical Police serve under the Attorney General; the Council of Public Security and National Defense under Menalco SOLIS in the Office of the President is analogous to the US National Security Council; the Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is attached to the presidencyManpower availability: males age 15-49 671,059; fit for military service 461,471 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: expenditures for the Panamanian Public Forces for internal security amounted to $104.7 million, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>PANAMA - Passport, tourist card or visa and onward/return ticket required.Tourist card valid 30 days, available from airline serving Panama for $5fee. For longer stays and additionall information contact Embassy ofPanama, 2862 McGill Terrace, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/483-1407).Panama - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Panama has a developing economy. Outside the Panama City area, tourist facilities vary in quality.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens may enter Panama with a passport or with proof of birth in the United States, (e.g. a certified copy of a U.S. birth certificate), an official picture I.D., (e.g. driver's license) and a tourist card purchased for $5.00 from an airline serving Panama. Naturalized U.S. citizens without U.S. passports are required to present naturalization certificates in addition to a picture I.D. U.S. citizens with U.S. passports may either purchase a tourist card from the airline or obtain a tourist visa for no fee from a Panamanian embassy or consulate. Further information can be obtained from the Embassy of Panama, 2862 McGill Terrace N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 483-1407.Areas of Instability: U.S. citizen missionaries were kidnapped from an Indian village in the Darien jungle area bordering Colombia in early 1993. There is no Panamanian police presence in much of the Darien area, which is known to be frequented by Colombian guerrillas, smugglers and illegal aliens. Travel south of Yaviza to the Colombia border is only possible by foot and is risky for individual travelers or small groups. Occasional flare-ups of armed violence continue to occur in metropolitan areas of Panama. In addition, there have been occasional and random bombings in public places.Medical Facilities: Although Panama City has some very good medical facilities, medical facilities outside the capital are limited. Cholera is present in Panama. Travelers who follow proper precautions are not generally at risk, however. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: There is a high incidence of crime in the Panama City and Colon areas. The Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy regularly receives reports from American tourists and business persons who have been victims of crimes ranging from armed robberies to muggings, purse-snatchings, and petty theft. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication, as well as others, such as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America," are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402. While in Panama, it is also helpful to monitor U.S. Southern Command Network (SCN) television or radio stations for current information and advisories.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Panama for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Panama may obtain updated information on travel and security within Panama.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Panama is located on Panama Bay in Panama City, at Balboa Avenue and 38th street, across from the Balboa Statue. The mailing address is Unit 0945, Apartado 6959 Panama 5, Republic of Panama, or APO AA 34002. The telephone number is (507) 27-17-77.There is also a Consular Agency on Panama's Atlantic side in Cristobal, Colon Province at the Panama Agencies Building, Terminal & Pedro Prestan streets, Cristobal, telephone (507) 41-2440/2478. Office hours are Monday through Friday 9:00 - 12:00 p.m. and 1:00 - 3:00 p.m.No. 93-148This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to note the kidnapping of missionaries in the Darien region and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almost halfway between Hawaii and American SamoaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 11.9 km2 land area: 11.9 km2 comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 14.5 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: equatorial, hot, and very rainyTerrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 metersNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 100% other: 0%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Palmyra AtollDigraph: LQType: unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the InteriorCapital: none; administered from Washington, DC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll CommunicationsPorts: the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built during the war are unserviceable and overgrownAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Palmyra Atoll Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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card_69420.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan GeographyLocation: South Asia, along the Arabian Sea, between India and AfghanistanMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 803,940 km2 land area: 778,720 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 6,774 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 kmCoastline: 1,046 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: status of Kashmir with India; border question with Afghanistan (Durand Line); water-sharing problems (Wular Barrage) over the Indus with upstream riparian IndiaClimate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in northTerrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in westNatural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestoneLand use: arable land: 26% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 4% other: 64%Irrigated land: 162,200 km2 (1989)Environment: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water loggingNote: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan PeoplePopulation: 125,213,732 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.87% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 42.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 103.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.11 years male: 56.54 years female: 57.72 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Pakistani(s) adjective: PakistaniEthnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendents)Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%Languages: Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 35% male: 47% female: 21%Labor force: 28.9 million by occupation: agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%, extensive export of labor (1987 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan conventional short form: Pakistan former: West PakistanDigraph: PKType: republicCapital: IslamabadAdministrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern AreasIndependence: 14 August 1947 (from UK)Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December 1985Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic)Political parties and leaders: government: Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Mian Nawaz SHARIF; Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazl-ur-REHMAN and Sami-ul-HAQ; Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI KHAN; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Niazi, Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP), Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI opposition: Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO and Nusrat BHUTTO; Pakistan Muslim League-Chattha (PML-C), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED; National People's Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI (formerly the PNP); Tehrik-i-Istiqlal (TI), Air Marshal (Ret.) Mohammad ASGHAR KHAN; Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqah-i-Jafaria (TNFJ), Agha Hamid Ali MUSAVI; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Noorani (JUP-Noorani), Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; Mohajir Quami Mahaz-Haqiqi (MQM-H), Afaq AHMEDOther political or pressure groups: military remains important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influentialSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results - Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial assemblies THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan Government Senate: last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) PML 52, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, PNP 2 (name later chaged to NPP), JI 2, JUP 2, JUI 2, PKMAP 1, independent 1 National Assembly: last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) number of seats by party NA; note - President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed the National Assembly on 18 April 1993; it was reestablished, however, on 26 May 1993 by the Supreme Court, which ruled the dismissal order unconstitutionalExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN (since 13 December 1988) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990); note - President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed Prime Minister SHARIF on 18 April 1993, but he was reinstated by the Supreme Court on 26 May 1993Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) chancery: 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-6200 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John MONJO embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE 09812-2000 telephone: [92] (51) 826161 through 79 FAX: [92] (51) 822004 consulates general: Karachi, Lahore consulate: PeshawarFlag: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan EconomyOverview: Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large military establishment. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has helped the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and domestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF government denationalized several state-owned firms and attracted some foreign investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living standards because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate of growth, population would double in 25 years.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $48.3 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate: 6.4% (FY92 est.)National product per capita: $410 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (FY91)Unemployment rate: 10% (FY91 est.)Budget: revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY93 est.)Exports: $6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92) commodities: cotton, textiles, clothing, rice partners: EC 35%, US 11%, Japan 8% (FY91)Imports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92) commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals partners: EC 29%, Japan 13%, US 12% (FY91)External debt: $16.5 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNPElectricity: 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,000 million kWh produced, 350 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products, shrimpAgriculture: 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grainIllicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success; largest producer of Southwest Asian heroin THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan EconomyEconomic aid: (including Bangladesh prior to 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billionCurrency: 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisaExchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 25.904 (January 1993), 25.083 (1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan CommunicationsRailroads: 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; all government owned (1985)Highways: 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985)Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987)Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin QasimMerchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,916 GRT/530,855 DWT; includes 3 passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 bulkAirports: total: 111 usable: 104 with permanent-surface runways: 75 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 42Telecommunications: the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government and business use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system for international traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relay and satellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pakistan Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 28,657,084; fit for military service 17,585,542; reach military age (17) annually 1,337,352 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 6% of GNP (FY91/92)</text>
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<text>PAKISTAN - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained beforearrival. Tourist visa requires 1 application form, 1 photo and proof ofonward/return transportation. Validity depends on length of visit (minimum3 months), multiple entries, no charge. Need letter from company forbusiness visa. Include prepaid envelope for return of passport byregistered mail. AIDS test required for stays over 1 year. Forapplications and inquiries in Washington area, contact Consular Section ofthe Embassy of Pakistan, 2315 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/939-6295). All other areas apply to Consulate General, 12 East 65thSt., New York, NY 10021 (212/879-5800).Pakistan - Consular Information SheetJune 15, 1993Country Description: Pakistan is a developing country with a parliamentary democracy. Tourist facilities are available in the principal population centers of the country.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. The visa must be obtained from a Pakistani embassy or consulate before arrival at the point of entry. Information on entry requirements can be obtained from the Embassy of Pakistan, 2315 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20008, telephone (202) 939-6200. Travelers may also contact the Pakistani Consulate General, 12 East 65th St., New York, NY 10021, telephone (212) 879-5800.Areas of Instability: Rallies, demonstrations and processions occur from time to time throughout Pakistan on very short notice, and have occasionally taken on an anti-American or anti-Western character. The potential exists for U.S. citizens to be injured during such events.Travel in the Northwest Frontier Province: Because of dangerous security conditions affecting foreigners, particularly Americans, in the Khyber Agency, U.S. government officials and their dependents are currently prohibited from traveling overland through the tribal areas to the Khyber Pass. Substantial areas within the Northwest Frontier are designated tribal areas, outside the normal jurisdiction of government law enforcement authorities. Travel within these areas is particularly hazardous. Tribal feuds or conflicts between smuggling factions may involve foreigners. Even in the settled areas, ethnic, political, or sectarian violence may target foreigners. Car hijackings and the abduction of foreigners are occasionally reported from the tribal areas. If visitors must enter the tribal areas, a permit must be obtained from the Home Department, which may require that an armed escort accompany the visitor.Travel in Sindh Province: While Karachi has not recently experienced ethnic violence, the potential for it remains. In the areas near Hyderabad, there have been recurring outbreaks of ethnic and sectarian violence which have been characterized by random bombings, shootings and mass demonstrations. Recent incidents have resulted in several deaths and the unofficial imposition of curfews. There have also been numerous incidents of kidnapping for ransom. In rural Sindh Province, the security situation is hazardous, especially in regard to overland travel. Foreigners have occasionally been kidnapped, and in one incident, the foreign kidnap victim was killed in a subsequent gunfight between police and bandits. The Pakistan government has recommended that travelers limit their movements in Sindh Province to the city of Karachi. If visitors must go into the interior of Sindh Province, the Pakistan government requests that travelers inform police authorities well in advance of the trip so that necessary police security arrangements can be made.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical care is available in major cities in Pakistan, but may be limited in rural areas. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate payment in cash for treatment. Supplemental health insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved to be useful. Additional information on health problems can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's International travelers hotline at [404]332-4559.Information on Crime: In Karachi, armed robberies are common, and drivers resisting the theft of their motor vehicles are often shot. In addition, petty crime, especially theft of personal property, is common throughout Pakistan. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad or the Consulates General in Karachi, Lahore or Peshawar may obtain updated information on travel and security in Pakistan. Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Islamabad, Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, telephone - 826 161. The Consular Section is located separately in the USAID building, 18 Sixth Avenue, Ramna 5.In Karachi, the Consulate General is located at 8 Abdullah Haroon Road, telephone 568-5170.In Lahore, the U.S. Consulate General is located on Sharah-E-Abdul Hamid Bin Badees (50 Empress Road), New Simla Hills, telephone 636-5530.In Peshawar, the U.S. Consulate is located at 11 Hospital Road, Peshawar Cantonment, telephone 279-801, 279-802, 279-803.No. 93-165This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 12, 1993 to advise that U.S. government officials and their dependents are prohibited from traveling in the Khyber Pass area of the Northwest Frontier because of dangerous security conditions.</text>
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card_69300.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Ocean GeographyLocation: body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Asia/AustraliaMap references: Asia, North America, Oceania, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 165.384 million km2 comparative area: about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world note: includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodiesCoastline: 135,663 kmInternational disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)Climate: the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land mass back to the oceanTerrain: surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the northern Pacific sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the world's deepest, the 10,924 meter Marianas TrenchNatural resources: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fishEnvironment: endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Ocean GeographyNote: the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Ocean GovernmentDigraph: ZN THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Ocean EconomyOverview: The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings.Industries: fishing, oil and gas production THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Ocean CommunicationsPorts: Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)Telecommunications: several submarine cables with network nodal points on Guam and Hawaii</text>
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card_68916.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) HeaderAffiliation: (UN trusteeship administered by the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 850 km southeast of the PhilippinesMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 458 km2 land area: 458 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,519 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: wet season May to November; hot and humidTerrain: about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefsNatural resources: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed mineralsLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chainNote: includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) PeoplePopulation: 16,071 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 22.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 25.07 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.01 years male: 69.14 years female: 73.02 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Palauan(s) adjective: PalauanEthnic divisions: Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian racesReligions: Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and Latter-Day Saints), Modekngei religion (one-third of the population observes this religion which is indigenous to Palau)Languages: English (official in all of Palau's 16 states), Sonsorolese (official in the state of Sonsoral), Angaur and Japanese (in the state of Anguar), Tobi (in the state of Tobi), Palauan (in the other 13 states)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 92% male: 93% female: 91%Labor force: NA by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands conventional short form: none note: may change to Republic of Palau after independence; the native form of Palau is Belau and is sometimes used incorrectly in English and other languagesDigraph: NQType: UN trusteeship administered by the US note: constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, which was never approved in a series of UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; administrative authority resides in the Department of the Interior and is exercised by the Assistant Secretary for Territorial and International Affairs through the Palau Office, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16 December 1990)Capital: Koror note: a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern BabelthuapAdministrative divisions: there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 16 states: Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, TobiIndependence: the last polity remaining under the US-administered UN trusteeship following the departure of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas from the trusteeship; administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of InteriorConstitution: 1 January 1981Legal system: based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary lawsNational holiday: Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - Kuniwo NAKAMURA 50.7%, Johnson TORIBIONG 49.3% Senate: last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA House of Delegates: last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: national president, national vice president THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) GovernmentLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of DelegatesJudicial branch: Supreme Court, National Court, Court of Common PleasLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Kuniwo NAKAMURA (since 1 January 1993), Vice-President Tommy E. REMENGESAU Jr. (since 1 January 1993)Member of: ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer)Diplomatic representation in US: administrative officer: Charles UONG, address: Palau Liaison Office, 444 North Capitol St., N.W., Suite 308, Washington, DC 20001US diplomatic representation: director: US Liaison Officer Lloyd W. MOSS liaison office: US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, Koror mailing address: P.O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940 telephone: (680) 488-2920; (680) 488-2911Flag: light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly to the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) EconomyOverview: The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on financial assistance from the US.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million (1986) note: GDP numbers reflect US spendingNational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $2,260 (1986)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: 20% (1986)Budget: revenues $6.0 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986)Exports: $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986) commodities: NA partners: US, JapanImports: $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986) commodities: NA partners: USExternal debt: about $100 million (1989)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and agricultureAgriculture: subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoesEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 millionCurrency: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) CommunicationsHighways: 22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991)Ports: KororAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes into effect</text>
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<text>Palau - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: The Republic of Palau is a constitutional democracy administered by the United States as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands since July 18, 1947, pursuant to a trusteeship agreement approved by the United Nations. It has a developing agrarian economy. Tourist facilities are available only on a limited basis.Entry Requirements: Proof of U.S. citizenship and an onward/return ticket are required for stays of up to 30 days. Extensions are available in Palau for a $50 fee. Further specific information is available through the Office of the Palau Representative, 444 North Capitol Street, Suite 208, Washington, D.C. 20001, telephone (202) 624-7793.Medical Facilities: Health facilities in the Republic of Palau are adequate for routine medical care, but limited in availability and quality. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved useful. The international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The crime rate in the Republic of Palau is low. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Penalties: Firearms of any kind are strictly prohibited in Palau. The penalty for possession of a firearm is up to fifteen years imprisonment.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Liaison office can obtain updated information on travel and security within the area. U.S. Liaison Office Locations: The U.S. Liaison Office in the Republic of Palau is located c/o P.O. Box 6028 in Koror, telephone (680) 488-2920.No. 93-187This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992, to include information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman GeographyLocation: Middle East, along the Arabian Sea, between Yemen and the United Arab EmiratesMap references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 212,460 km2 land area: 212,460 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than KansasLand boundaries: total 1,374 km, Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 kmCoastline: 2,092 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: to be defined exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far north; a treaty with Yemen to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary was ratified in December 1992Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far southTerrain: vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and southNatural resources: petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gasLand use: arable land: less than 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 0% other: 93%Irrigated land: 410 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse natural freshwater resourcesNote: strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman PeoplePopulation: 1,643,579 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.46% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 40.56 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 38.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.32 years male: 65.47 years female: 69.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.58 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Omani(s) adjective: OmaniEthnic divisions: Arab, Balochi, Zanzibari, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi)Religions: Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, HinduLanguages: Arabic (official), English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialectsLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 430,000 by occupation: agriculture 40% (est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman conventional short form: Oman local long form: Saltanat Uman local short form: UmanDigraph: MUType: absolute monarchy with residual UK influenceCapital: MuscatAdministrative divisions: there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); Musqat, Musandam, ZufarIndependence: 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)Constitution: noneLegal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 18 NovemberPolitical parties and leaders: noneOther political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in YemenSuffrage: noneElections: elections scheduled for October 1992Executive branch: sultan, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court systemLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa'id Al Sa'id (since 23 July 1970)Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI chancery: 2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 387-1980 through 1982US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David DUNFORD THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman Government embassy: address NA, Muscat mailing address: P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat telephone: [968] 698-989 FAX: [968] 604-316Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman EconomyOverview: Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. Petroleum accounts for more than 85% of export earnings, about 80% of government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate of extraction. Agriculture is carried on at a subsistence level and the general population depends on imported food.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10.2 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 7.4% (1991)National product per capita: $6,670 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1991)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $4.1 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $1 billion (1991)Exports: $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum 87%, reexports, fish, processed copper, textiles partners: UAE 30%, Japan 27%, South Korea 10%, Singapore 5%Imports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b, 1991) commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants partners: Japan 20%, UAE 19%, UK 19%, US 7%External debt: $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sectorElectricity: 1,142,400 kW capacity; 5,100 million kWh produced, 3,200 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, cement, copperAgriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 40% of the labor force (including fishing); less than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tonsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 millionCurrency: 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baizaExchange rates: Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman CommunicationsHighways: 26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable trackPipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 kmPorts: Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut, Mina' al FahlMerchant marine: 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWTAirports: total: 138 usable: 130 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 74Telecommunications: modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications stations; limited coaxial cable; 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, and 8 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Oman Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 370,548; fit for military service 210,544; reach military age (14) annually 20,810 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, 16% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>OMAN - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visas for single-entryissued for stay up to 3 weeks. Requires $21 fee, 1 application form, 1photo and cholera immunization if arriving from infected area. AIDS testrequired for work permits. U.S test not accepted. Allow 1 week to 10 daysfor processing. For transit and road travel check Embassy of theSultanate of Oman, 2535 Belmont Rd., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/387-1980-2).Oman - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: Oman is a monarchy which has developed rapidly in the last twenty years. The economy is largely dependent on the production and export of oil. Tourist facilities are available in the capital area of Muscat and in Salalah and are being expanded elsewhere in the country.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required for entry into Oman. Evidence of yellow fever immunization is required if the traveler enters from an infected area. For more details on entry requirements, the traveler can contact the Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, 2342 Massachusettes Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 387-1980/2.Medical Facilities: Adequate care and medicines are available in Oman. Emergency treatment is available at government-run hospitals, and there are many private clinics. Doctors and hospitals expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Information on health matters can also be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at tel. (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: The incidence of street crime is low in Oman and violent crimes are very rare. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict in Oman and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Customs: Travelers entering Oman may not carry with them or in accompanied baggage any firearms, ammunition, liquor, or pornography; all are subject to seizure if found. Unaccompanied baggage and shipments of household goods are also subject to inspection. Books, video tapes, and audio tapes may be reviewed prior to being released to the owner. A copy of the packing list is required to clear effects through customs.Dress Codes: Islamic ideals provide the conservative foundation of Oman's customs, laws and practices. Foreign visitors are expected to remain sensitive to the Islamic culture, and not dress in a revealing or provocative style. This includes wearing of sleeveless shirts and blouses, halter tops and shorts. Athletic clothing is worn in public only when the wearer is obviously engaged in athletic activity. Western bathing attire is the norm at hotel pools and beaches, however.Importation of Pets: Pets entering Oman require an import permit from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Department of Animal Health, before shipment. Forms may be obtained from the Ministry by one's sponsor and must be submitted with a copy of the pet's rabies vaccination record and a health certificate. Vaccination against rabies is required no less than one month and no more than six months before the travel date. There are additional vaccination requirements for dogs and cats less than 30 days old. A second health certificate dated 48 hours before the pet travels is also a requirement. Pets may be subjected to a six month quarantine, although this is usually not required when importing the pet from a rabies-free country. Pets must be manifested as cargo on an airway bill when transported by air.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Oman.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Oman is located on Safaraat Street, Al-Khawair, in the capital city of Muscat. The mailing address is P.O. Box 202, Code 115, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The telephone number is (968) 698-989 and (968) 699-049 after 4:00 PM local time. The workweek in Oman is Saturday through Wednesday.No. 93-222This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to update the U.S. Embassy mailing address, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway GeographyLocation: Northern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of SwedenMap references: Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 324,220 km2 land area: 307,860 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New MexicoLand boundaries: total 2,515 km, Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 kmCoastline: 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km)Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 10 nm continental shelf: to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 4 nmInternational disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the Interntional Court of Justice; maritime boundary dispute with Russia over portion of Barents SeaClimate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coastTerrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in northNatural resources: petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropowerLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 27% other: 70%Irrigated land: 950 km2 (1989)Environment: air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land boundary with Russia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway GeographyNote: about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much indented coastline THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway PeoplePopulation: 4,297,436 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.41% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.16 years male: 73.79 years female: 80.73 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Norwegian(s) adjective: NorwegianEthnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Lapps 20,000Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 87.8% (state church), other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980)Languages: Norwegian (official) note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minoritiesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 2.004 million (1992) by occupation: services 39.1%, commerce 17.6%, mining, oil, and manufacturing 16.0%, banking and financial services 7.6%, transportation and communications 7.8%, construction 6.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway conventional short form: Norway local long form: Kongeriket Norge local short form: NorgeDigraph: NOType: constitutional monarchyCapital: OsloAdministrative divisions: 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, VestfoldDependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, SvalbardIndependence: 26 October 1905 (from Sweden)Constitution: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)Political parties and leaders: Labor Party, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative Party, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; Center Party, Anne ENGER LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's Party, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK; Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Ingre IVERSEN; Progress Party, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Storting: last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results - Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower Chamber (Odelsting)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hoyesterett)Leaders: Chief of State: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990)Member of: AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kjeld VIBE chancery: 2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 333-6000 FAX: (202) 337-0870 consulates general: Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco consulate: MiamiUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707 telephone: [47] (2) 44-85-50 FAX: [47] (2) 43-07-77Flag: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway EconomyOverview: Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises) and extensively subsidizes agriculture, fishing, and areas with sparse resources. Norway also maintains an extensive welfare system that helps propel public sector expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of raw materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations. The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil sector to keep its economy afloat. Although one of the government's main priorities is to reduce this dependency, this situation is not likely to improve for years to come. The government also hopes to reduce unemployment and strengthen and diversify the economy through tax reform and a series of expansionary budgets. The budget deficit is expected to hit a record 8% of GDP because of welfare spending and bail-outs of the banking system. Unemployment continues at record levels of over 10% - including those in job programs - because of the weakness of the economy outside the oil sector. Overall economic growth is expected to be around 2% in 1993 while inflation is likely to rise slightly to 4%. Oslo, a member of the European Free Trade Area, has applied for EC membership and continues to deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European Economic Area (EEA) - which creates an EC/EFTA market with free movement of capital, goods, services, and labor - to take effect in late 1993 and its EC bid.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $76.1 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 2.9% (1992)National product per capita: $17,700 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1992)Unemployment rate: 5.9% (excluding people in job-training programs) (1992)Budget: revenues $50.6 billion; expenditures $57.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $35.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 37.8%, metals and products 10.7%, natural gas 7.3%, fish 6.6%, chemicals 6.3%, ships 5.4% partners: EC 67%, Nordic countries 18.2%, developing countries 7.9%, US 5.1%, Japan 1.6% (1992)Imports: $26.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing, ships partners: EC 48.7%, Nordic countries 26.8%, developing countries 9.3%, US 8.6%, Japan 6.3% (1992)External debt: $6.5 billion (1992 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway EconomyIndustrial production: growth rate 7.3% (1992)Electricity: 26,900,000 kW capacity; 111,000 million kWh produced, 25,850 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishingAgriculture: accounts for 2.6% of GDP and 5.5% of labor force; among world's top 10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989Illicit drugs: increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states for the European marketEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billionCurrency: 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 reExchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway CommunicationsRailroads: 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km otherHighways: 79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earthInland waterways: 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximumPipelines: refined products 53 kmPorts: Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, TrondheimMerchant marine: 829 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,312,412 GRT/38,532,109 DWT; includes 13 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 106 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 15 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 23 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 174 oil tanker, 91 chemical tanker, 82 liquefied gas, 25 combination ore/oil, 201 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - the government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now registered with the NISAirports: total: 103 usable: 102 with permanent-surface runways: 63 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 16Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters) TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and domestic systems THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norway Defense ForcesBranches: Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,120,744; fit for military service 934,968; reach military age (20) annually 31,903 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>NORWAY - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months.(Period begins when entering Scandinavian area: Finland, Sweden, Denmark,Iceland.) For further information contact Royal Norwegian Embassy, 272034th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/333-6000) or nearest ConsulateGeneral: CA (415/986-0766 to 7168 and 213/933-7717), MN (612/332-3338), NY(212/421-7333) or TX (713/521-2900).Norway - Consular Information SheetMarch 23, 1994Country Description: Norway is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays up to three months (the 90-day period begins when entering the Nordic area: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland). For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Royal Norwegian Embassy at 2720 34th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, Tel (202) 333-6000, or the nearest Norwegian Consulate General in Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical care is widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers' hotline, Tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Norway has a low crime rate. Violent crime is rare. Most crimes involve burglary or theft of personal property in public areas. Weapons are rarely used. Persons who appear affluent can become targets of pickpockets and purse snatchers. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Mandatory jail sentences are also routine for any alcohol abuse while driving.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Norway.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Oslo is located near the Royal Palace at Drammensveien 18; Telephone (47) 22-44-85-50.No. 94-037This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 30, 1993, to delete information on the 1994 Winter Olympic Games in Norway and to change the Embassy 's phone number.</text>
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<name>Norway</name>
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card_68223.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands HeaderAffiliation: (commonwealth in political union with the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the PhilippinesMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 477 km2 land area: 477 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and TinianLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,482 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to OctoberTerrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Okso' Takpochao on Saipan)Natural resources: arable land, fishLand use: arable land: 5% on Saipan permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons (most during August through November)Note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands PeoplePopulation: 48,581 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.04% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.43 years male: 65.53 years female: 69.48 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.69 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: NA adjective: NAEthnic divisions: Chamorro, Carolinians and other Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, KoreanReligions: Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found)Languages: English, Chamorro, Carolinian note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at homeLiteracy: age NA and over can read and write (1980) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 96%Labor force: 7,476 total indigenous labor force, 2,699 unemployed; 21,188 foreign workers (1990) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands conventional short form: Northern Mariana IslandsDigraph: CQType: commonwealth in political union with the US; self-governing with locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature; federal funds to the Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of Territorial and International AffairsCapital: SaipanAdministrative divisions: noneIndependence: none (commonwealth in political union with the US)Constitution: Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 and the constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana IslandsLegal system: based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxationNational holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Governor Lorenzo GUERRERO; Democratic Party, Carlos SHODA, chairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential electionsElections: Governor: last held in NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor Senate: last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republicans 6, Democrats 3 House of Representatives: last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) Republicans 10, Democrats 6, Independent 2 US House of Representatives: the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it has an elected official "resident representative" located in Washington, DC; seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA)Executive branch: US president; governor, lieutenant governorLegislative branch: bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Commonwealth Supreme Court, Superior Court, Federal District CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands Government Head of Government: Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990)Member of: ESCAP (associate), SPCFlag: blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands EconomyOverview: The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. The rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitled the islands to $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special programs. A rapidly growing major source of income is the tourist industry, which now employs about 50% of the work force. Japanese tourists predominate. The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale, mostly handicrafts and light manufacturing.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $541 million (1992) note: GNP numbers reflect US spendingNational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $11,500 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5-7.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $147.0 million; expenditures $127.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)Exports: $263.4 million (f.o.b. 1991 est.) commodities: manufactured goods, garments, bread, pastries, concrete blocks, light iron work partners: NAImports: $392.4 million (c.i.f. 1991 est.) commodities: food, construction, equipment, materials partners: NAExternal debt: $0Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourism, construction, light industry, handicraftsAgriculture: coconuts, fruits, cattle, vegetablesEconomic aid: noneCurrency: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: 381.5 km total; 134.5 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local (1991)Inland waterways: nonePorts: Saipan, TinianAirports: total: 6 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV, 2 cable TV stations; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Northern Mariana Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<name>Northern Mariana Islands</name>
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card_68050.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Australia) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island GeographyLocation: Oceania, 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific OceanMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 34.6 km2 land area: 34.6 km2 comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 32 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: volcanic formation with mostly rolling plainsNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 0% other: 75%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoons (especially May to July) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island PeoplePopulation: 2,665 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.69% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Norfolk Islander(s) adjective: Norfolk Islander(s)Ethnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New ZealanderReligions: Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986)Languages: English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient TahitianLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of Norfolk Island conventional short form: Norfolk IslandDigraph: NFType: territory of AustraliaCapital: Kingston (administrative center); Burnt Pine (commercial center)Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)Independence: none (territory of Australia)Constitution: Norfolk Island Act of 1957Legal system: wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act of 1979; Supreme CourtNational holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856)Political parties and leaders: NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Assembly: last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NAExecutive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator A. G. KERR (since NA 1990), who is appointed by the Governor General of Australia Head of Government: Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia)US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)Flag: three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island EconomyOverview: The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production of beef, poultry, and eggs.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of $400,000 (FY89)Exports: $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86) commodities: postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small quantities of avocados partners: Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, EuropeImports: $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86) commodities: NA partners: Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, EuropeExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourismAgriculture: Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, cattle, poultryEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island CommunicationsHighways: 80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral surfacedPorts: none; loading jetties at Kingston and CascadeAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways : 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Norfolk Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Australia</text>
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<text>NORFOLK ISLAND - Passport and visa required. Visa issued upon arrival forvisit up to 30 days, extendable, requires confirmed accommodations andonward/return ticket. Australian transit visa must also be obtained inadvance for travel to Norfolk Island. For both visas consult AustralianEmbassy (202/797-3000).</text>
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<name>Norfolk Island</name>
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card_67758.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue HeaderAffiliation: (free association with New Zealand) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue GeographyLocation: Oceania, 460 km east of Tonga in the South Pacific OceanMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 260 km2 land area: 260 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 64 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; modified by southeast trade windsTerrain: steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateauNatural resources: fish, arable landLand use: arable land: 61% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 19% other: 12%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoonsNote: one of world's largest coral islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue PeoplePopulation: 1,977 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -3.66% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Niuean(s) adjective: NiueanEthnic divisions: Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)Religions: Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) 75% - a Protestant church closely related to the London Missionary Society, Morman 10%, other 15% (mostly Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist)Languages: Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, EnglishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 1,000 (1981 est.) by occupation: most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: NiueDigraph: NEType: self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairsCapital: AlofiAdministrative divisions: noneIndependence: 19 October 1974 (became a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand on 19 October 1974)Constitution: 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)Legal system: English common lawNational holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty)Political parties and leaders: Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIANSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Assembly: last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5Executive branch: British monarch, premier, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative AssemblyJudicial branch: Appeal Court of New Zealand, High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand Representative John SPRINGFORD (since NA 1974) Head of Government: Acting Premier Young VIVIAN (since the death of Sir Robert R. REX on 12 December 1992)Member of: ESCAP (associate), SPARTECA, SPC, SPFDiplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)Flag: yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue EconomyOverview: The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $1,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1984)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.)Exports: $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985) commodities: canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts partners: NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, AustraliaImports: $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985) commodities: food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs partners: NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, USExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourist, handicrafts, coconut productsAgriculture: coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattleEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62 millionCurrency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue CommunicationsHighways: 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roadsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niue Defense ForcesBranches: Police ForceNote: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand</text>
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<text>NIUE - Passport, onward/return ticket and confirmed hotel accommodationsrequired. Visa not required for stay up to 30 days. For additionalinformation consult Embassy of New Zealand (202/328-4800).</text>
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card_67522.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Benin and CameroonMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 923,770 km2 land area: 910,770 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 4,047 km, Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 kmCoastline: 853 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 30 nmInternational disputes: demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet convenedClimate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in northTerrain: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in northNatural resources: petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural gasLand use: arable land: 31% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 15% other: 28%Irrigated land: 8,650 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria PeoplePopulation: 95,060,430 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.13% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.85 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 77.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.7 years male: 53.54 years female: 55.88 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.43 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Nigerian(s) adjective: NigerianEthnic divisions: north: Hausa and Fulani southwest: Yoruba southeast: Ibos non-Africans 27,000 note: Hausa and Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibos together make up 65% of populationReligions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, FulaniLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 51% male: 62% female: 40%Labor force: 42.844 million by occupation: agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15% note: 49% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria conventional short form: NigeriaDigraph: NIType: military government since 31 December 1983; plans to turn over power to elected civilians in August 1993Capital: Abuja note: on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja; many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion of facilities in AbujaAdministrative divisions: 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, YobeIndependence: 1 October 1960 (from UK)Constitution: 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960)Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SDP), Alhaji Baba Gana KINGIBE, chairman; National Republican Convention (NRC), Chief Tom IKIMI, chairman note: these are the only two political parties, and they were established by the government in 1989Suffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for June 1993 Senate: last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (total 84) SDP 47, NRC 37 House of Representatives: last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (total 577) SDP 310, NRC 267Executive branch: president, vice-president, cabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA (since 27 August 1985); Vice-President Admiral (Ret.) Augustus AIKHOMU (since 30 August 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria GovernmentMember of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE chancery: 2201 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 822-1500 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William L. SWING embassy: 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos mailing address: P. O. Box 554, Lagos telephone: [234] (1) 610097 FAX: [234] (1) 610257 branch office: Abuja consulate general: KadunaFlag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria EconomyOverview: Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor with a $300 per capita GDP. In 1991-92 massive government spending, much of it to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an 18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment funds and endemic corruption. Living standards remain below the level of the early 1980s oil boom.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 28% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $9 billion; expenditures $10.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: oil 95%, cocoa, rubber partners: EC countries 43%, US 41%Imports: $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials partners: EC countries 70%, US 16%External debt: $33.4 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 5.5% (1991); accounts for 8.5% of GDPElectricity: 4,740,000 kW capacity; 8,300 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries - palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics, steelAgriculture: accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria EconomyIllicit drugs: passenger and cargo air hub for West Africa facilitates Nigeria's position as a major transit country for heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit route for cocaine from South America intended for West European and North American markets (some of that cocaine is also consumed in Nigeria)Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billionCurrency: 1 naira (N) = 100 koboExchange rates: naira (N) per US$1 - 19.661 (December 1992), 17.298 (1992), 9.909 (1991), 8.038 (1990), 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria CommunicationsRailroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gaugeHighways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unimprovedInland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeksPipelines: crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 kmPorts: Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, SapeleMerchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 bulkAirports: total: 76 usable: 63 with permanent-surface runways: 34 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 23Telecommunications: above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in progress; radio relay microwave and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 AM, 17 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nigeria Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, paramilitary Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 21,790,956; fit for military service 12,447,547; reach military age (18) annually 1,297,790 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $172 million, about 1% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>NIGERIA - Passport and visa required. Visa, no charge, valid for oneentry within 12 months, requires 1 photo, yellow fever vaccination, proofof onward/return transportation, and for tourism a letter of invitation isrequired. Business visa requires letter from counterpart in Nigeria andletter of introduction from U.S. company. For further information contactEmbassy of the Republic of Nigeria, 2201 M St., N.W., Washington, D.C.20037 (202/822-1500 or 1522) or the Consulate General in New York(212/715-7200).Nigeria - Consular Information SheetSeptember 14, 1993Country Description: Nigeria, with limited facilities for tourism, poses considerable risks for travelers. Violent crime is acute (see the section on "Information on Crime and Criminal Violence"). Business scams that target foreigners are also a pervasive problem, and persons contemplating business deals are requested to check with the U.S. Department of Commerce or the U.S. Embassy in Lagos before going to Nigeria or making financial commitments (see the section on "Commercial Fraud").Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required of U.S. citizens and all other foreigners. Airport visas are not available. Promises of entry into Nigeria without a visa are credible indicators of a fraudulent commercial scheme in which the perpetrators seek to exploit the foreign traveler's illegal presence in Nigeria with threats of extortion or bodily harm. Furthermore, U.S. citizens cannot legally depart Nigeria unless they can prove, by presenting their visas, that they entered Nigeria legally. Evidence of yellow fever and cholera vaccinations are also required. Current information on entry requirements can be obtained at the Embassy of the Republic of Nigeria, 2201 M Street, N.W., in Washington, D.C. 20037, telephone (202) 822-1500, or at the Nigerian Consulate General in New York.Information on Crime and Criminal Violence: Violent crime affecting foreigners is an extremely serious problem, especially in Lagos and the southern half of the country. Visitors, as well as resident Americans, report increasingly widespread armed muggings, assault, burglary, carjackings, and extortion, often involving violence. Carjackings, roadblock robberies and armed break-ins occur often, with victims sometimes shot by assailants for no apparent reason. Law enforcement authorities usually respond slowly, if at all, to crimes, and provide little or no investigative support to victims. Pickpockets and confidence artists, some posing as local immigration and other government officials, are especially common at Murtala Muhammad Airport. There have been many reports of extortion by law enforcement and immigration officials at Nigeria's airports. Upon arrival in Nigeria, U.S. citizens are requested to register at the U.S. Embassy in Lagos or the U.S. Consulate in Kaduna, where they may obtain current information and advice on minimizing risks.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Commercial Fraud: A continuing problem of the past few years is the commercial scam or sting that targets foreigners, including a significant number of U.S. citizens. These scams could involve U.S. citizens in illegal activity, resulting in extortion or bodily harm. The scams generally involve either outright money transfers or lucrative sales or contracts purporting to involve large sums of money and promises of large commissions for up-front payments. Alleged contracts frequently invoke the authority of a ministry or office of the Nigerian government and may even cite the support of a Nigerian government official by name. The ability of U.S. Embassy officers to extricate Americans from unlawful business deals is extremely limited. Nigerian police do not always inform the U.S. Embassy of an American citizen in distress. The Department of Commerce has issued advisories to the U.S. business community on doing business in Nigeria. Both the Department of Commerce and the U.S. Embassy in Lagos can provide business travelers with further details.The Department of State has issued a brochure for business travelers to Nigeria; single copies are available at no charge from the Overseas Citizens Services, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Please enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope.Airport Safety: Due to a lack of effective security measures, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation has ordered that direct air services between the U.S. and the Murtala Muhammad Airport in Lagos be suspended. U.S. travelers may wish to check with their travel agents or the airlines for alternate routing. The section "Information on Crime and Criminal Violence" provides information concerning crime at airports.Areas of Instability: In the region of Wukari (local government area of Taraba State) near the Benue State border (approximately 150 miles southeast of the city of Jos), there are reports of numerous deaths resulting from violent clashes between local groups over long-standing land disputes. Travelers have been stopped and attacked at random. Information on current conditions in that region may be obtained from the U.S. Embassy at Lagos, the Consulate General at Kaduna and/or local Nigerian government authorities.Civil Unrest: Nigeria experiences civil unrest and violence from time to time. The causes and locations vary. Locations where outbreaks of violence have occurred include the Lagos area and parts of the State of Kaduna. There has been recent labor unrest in various parts of the country and flare-ups in various local markets. Although U.S. citizens are not specifically targeted and were not involved in these recent disturbances, they and their vehicles could be inadvertently caught up in a demonstration or riot. Medical Facilities: A variety of diseases pose a serious health threat. The public is not always informed in a timely manner about outbreaks of typhoid, cholera and yellow fever. Malaria, including cerebral malaria, and hepatitis are endemic. Medical facilities are limited; not all medicines are available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Photography Restrictions: Permission is required to take photographs of government buildings, airports, bridges or official-looking buildings. Permission may be obtained from Nigerian security personnel.Currency Regulations: Credit cards are rarely accepted in Nigeria. It is often necessary to bring travelers checks or currency in a sufficient amount to cover the period of a planned visit. Interbank transfers are frequently difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Those arrested may face prolonged detention before trial, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Lagos or at the U.S. Consulate General in Kaduna may obtain updated information on travel and security in Nigeria.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 2 Eleke Crescent, Victoria Island in Lagos, the largest city in Nigeria. The telephone number is (234-1) 261-0050. There is a U.S. Consulate General in Kaduna at 9 Maska Road, telephone (234-62) 235-990, 235-991 or 235-992.No. 93-244This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated July 1, 1993, to cancel the Travel Warning and to advise of the suspension of direct air services between the U.S. and Nigeria.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger GeographyLocation: Western Africa, between Algeria and NigeriaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1.267 million km2 land area: 1,266,700 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 5,697 km, Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with NigerClimate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme southTerrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in northNatural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphatesLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 2% other: 88%Irrigated land: 320 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosionNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger PeoplePopulation: 8,337,352 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.49% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 57.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 22.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 112.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44.15 years male: 42.6 years female: 45.75 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Nigerien(s) adjective: NigerienEthnic divisions: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 4,000 French expatriatesReligions: Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and ChristiansLanguages: French (official), Hausa, DjermaLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 28% male: 40% female: 17%Labor force: 2.5 million wage earners (1982) by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4% note: 51% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Niger conventional short form: Niger local long form: Republique du Niger local short form: NigerDigraph: NGType: transition government as of November 1991, appointed by national reform conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected government in March 1993Capital: NiameyAdministrative divisions: 7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, ZinderIndependence: 3 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic Reform ConferenceLegal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Republic Day, 18 December (1958)Political parties and leaders: National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tandja MAMADOU; Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA; Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; other parties formingSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the presidency is now a largely ceremonial position National Assembly: last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a transitional government and an agenda for multiparty electionsExecutive branch: president (ceremonial), prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel)Leaders: Chief of State: President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post since national conference (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since NA November 1991)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Adamou SEYDOU chancery: 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-4224 through 4227US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD embassy: Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey mailing address: B. P. 11201, Niamey telephone: [227] 72-26-61 through 64 FAX: [227] 73-31-67Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger EconomyOverview: About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising, activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany, Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.9% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $290 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $193 million; expenditures $355 million, including capital expenditures of $106 million (1991 est.)Exports: $294 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: uranium ore 60%, livestock products 20%, cowpeas, onions partners: France 77%, Nigeria 8%, Cote d'Ivoire, ItalyImports: $346 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic equipment, cereals, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, foodstuffs partners: Germany 26%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, France 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 2%External debt: $1.2 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -2.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDPElectricity: 105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a few other small light industries; uranium mining began in 1971Agriculture: accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops - cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought yearsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger EconomyExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger CommunicationsHighways: 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 km earthen, 23,000 km tracksInland waterways: Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December through MarchAirports: total: 28 usable: 26 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 13Telecommunications: small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned THE WORLD FACTBOOK Niger Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police, Republican GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,784,966; fit for military service 961,593; reach military age (18) annually 87,222 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>NIGER - Passport and visa required. Visa valid between 7 and 12 months(from date of issuance), depending on type/category of travelers. Requires3 application forms, 3 photos, yellow fever vaccination (choleravaccination is recommended, but not required), proof of onward/returntransportation, letter of invitation and $56.07 fee. For furtherinformation and fees contact Embassy of the Republic of Niger, 2204 R St.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/483-4224).Niger - Consular Information SheetNovember 10, 1993Country Description: Niger is a developing, inland African nation whose northern area includes a part of the Sahara Desert. Tourism facilities are minimal, particularly outside of Niamey.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required to enter Niger. Visas are valid for a period of one week to three months from the date of issuance, depending on the type of visa and category of traveler. Although yellow fever and cholera vaccinations are not required for visa issuance, they are required for entry into Niger. Travelers may obtain further entry information from the Embassy of the Republic of Niger, 2204 R Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 483-4224.Areas of Instability: Although the government of Niger in July reopened the border to tourists wishing to enter Niger from Algeria, travel remains dangerous in the northern areas of the country. Travel north of the central city of Tahoua, including the districts of Tchin-Tabaraden, Arlit, and Agadez is especially dangerous. These and other areas bordering Mali and Algeria remain sites of banditry and violent attacks.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are minimal in Niger, particularly outside the city of Niamey. Some medicines are in short supply. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Travelers have found supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage to be of use. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Armed bandits operate in desert areas of northern Niger. Several persons, including at least one foreigner, have been killed. The streets of Niamey are unsafe for walking at any time. Thieves and pickpockets are especially active in tourist areas. Robberies may occur anywhere in the city, day or night.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Dress Restrictions: There have been incidents of groups of men assaulting women who are, or appear to be, African, and who are wearing garments other than the traditional ankle-length wrap known as "pagnes." Although U.S. citizens are not specific targets, one U.S. citizen was among those assaulted.Photography Restrictions: Tourists are free to take pictures anywhere in Niger, except near military installations, radio and television stations, the Presidency Building, and the airport.Currency Regulations: There are no laws restricting currency transactions in Niger. Local currency (the CFA Franc) or foreign currency, up to the equivalent of $4,000 U.S. dollars, can be taken into or out of Niger without violating local law.Telephone Service: International telephone service to and from Niger is sporadic and expensive. Callers will occasionally find that it can take hours to make a connection. In addition to delays, telefaxes are often garbled due to poor line quality.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the U.S. Embassy in Niamey may obtain updated information on travel and security in Niger.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Rue Des Ambassades in the capital city of Niamey. The mailing address is B.P. 11201. The telephone number is (227) 72-26-61 through 72-26-64. The fax number is (227) 73-31-67.No. 93-311This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993, to inform that the border between Niger and Algeria has been reopened.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua GeographyLocation: Central America, between Costa Rica and HondurasMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South AmericaArea: total area: 129,494 km2 land area: 120,254 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New York StateLand boundaries: total 1,231 km, Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 kmCoastline: 910 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain) continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; International Court of Justice (ICJ) referred the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be requiredClimate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlandsTerrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoesNatural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fishLand use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 43% forest and woodland: 35% other: 12%Irrigated land: 850 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua PeoplePopulation: 3,987,240 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.74% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 54.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.5 years male: 60.7 years female: 66.41 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.48 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Nicaraguan(s) adjective: NicaraguanEthnic divisions: mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5%Languages: Spanish (official) note: English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coastLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 57% male: 57% female: 57%Labor force: 1.086 million by occupation: service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua conventional short form: Nicaragua local long form: Republica de Nicaragua local short form: NicaraguaDigraph: NUType: republicCapital: ManaguaAdministrative divisions: 17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS)Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)Constitution: January 1987Legal system: civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative actsNational holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)Political parties and leaders: ruling coalition: National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 10-party alliance - moderate parties: National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS Lacayo, president; Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto SOMARRIBA, Arnold ALEMAN; Christian Democratic Union (UDC), Luis Humberto GUZMAN, Agustin JARQUIN, Azucena FERREY, Roger MIRANDA, Francisco MAYORGA; National Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; National Action Party (PAN), Duilio BALTODANO; NOU - hardline parties: Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO,Virgilio GODOY Reyes; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo POTOY, Alfredo CESAR Aguirre, secretary general; Conservative Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; Communist Party of Nicaragua (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO Perez; Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Adolfo GARCIA Esquivel opposition parties: Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER; Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua GovernmentOther political or pressure groups: National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST); Farm Workers Association (ATC); Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD); National Union of Employees (UNE); National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN); Union of Journalists of Nicaragua (UPN); Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations (CONAPRO); and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS); Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A); Independent General Confederation of Labor (CGT-I); and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groupsSuffrage: 16 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 40.8%, other 4.5% National Assembly: last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 42, FSLN 39, PSC 1, MUR 1, "Centrist" (Dissident UNO) 9Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President Virgilio GODOY Reyes (since 25 April 1990)Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto MAYORGA (since January 1993) chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 939-6570US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Ronald GODARD embassy: Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., Managua mailing address: APO AA 34021 telephone: [505] (2) 666010 or 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 through 34 FAX: [505] (2) 666046 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua GovernmentFlag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua EconomyOverview: Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign trade and abolished price controls on most goods. In early 1993, fewer than 50% of the agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista economic policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural commodities, largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989 and 4% in 1990, and remained about even in 1991-92. The agricultural sector employs 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of export earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in 1990, and remained flat in 1991-92; output still is below pre-1979 levels. External debt is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In 1992 the inflation rate was 8%, down sharply from the 766% of 1991.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 0.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $425 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1992)Unemployment rate: 13% underemployment 50% (1991)Budget: revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (1991)Exports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals partners: OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10%Imports: $720 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing partners: Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15% (1990 est.)External debt: $10 billion (December 1991)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 25% of GDPElectricity: 434,000 kW capacity; 1,118 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwearAgriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: minor transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billionCurrency: 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavosExchange rates: cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 6 (10 January 1993), 25,000,000 (March 1992), 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987); note - new gold cordoba issued in 1992Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua CommunicationsRailroads: 373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect with mainline)Highways: 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 kmInland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakesPipelines: crude oil 56 kmPorts: Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, RamaMerchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWTAirports: total: 226 usable: 151 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12Telecommunications: low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nicaragua Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 911,397; fit for military service 561,448; reach military age (18) annually 44,226 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 2.7% of GDP (1992 budget)</text>
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<text>NICARAGUA - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Check furtherinformation with Embassy of Nicaragua, 1627 New Hampshire Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/939-6531 to 34).Nicaragua - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Nicaragua has a developing economy. Its tourist industry is not highly developed.Entry Requirements: U. S. citizens need a passport, an onward/return ticket, and sufficient funds ($200 minimum) to enter Nicaragua. Passports must be valid six months beyond duration of stay. For further information, travelers can contact the Embassy of Nicaragua at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, tel. (202) 387-4371.Areas of Instability: Occasional flare-ups of armed violence continue throughout Nicaragua and to a greater extent in the northern parts of the country. Incidents involving armed bandits operating in the country have increased. Travel by road between Nicaragua and Honduras, even on main roads, is potentially dangerous. Because of land mines in certain rural areas, it can be hazardous to venture off main roads. Travelers have experienced harassment at border crossings, especially when crossing the Gulf of Fonseca by ferry between Potosi, Nicaragua, and La Union, El Salvador. Road travel after dark is hazardous in all areas of the country. Many vehicles operate without lights or are abandoned on main highways.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, the traveler can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crime is on the increase in Nicaragua. Many thefts occur on crowded buses. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication, as well as others, such as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America," are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Most hotels and restaurants do not accept either credit cards or travelers checks, but travelers checks may be exchanged for local currency at authorized exchange facilities (casas de cambio). U.S. dollars are not always available. The three largest hotels in Managua exchange currency and accept payment by certain credit cards or travelers checks.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Nicaragua for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy during their visit may obtain current information on travel and security within Nicaragua.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua is located at Kilometer 4 1/2 Carretera Sur in Managua; telephone (505-2) 66-6010.No. 93-147This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand GeographyLocation: Oceania, southeast of Australia in the South Pacific OceanMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 268,680 km2 land area: 268,670 km2 comparative area: about the size of Colorado note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec IslandsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 15,134 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)Climate: temperate with sharp regional contrastsTerrain: predominately mountainous with some large coastal plainsNatural resources: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestoneLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 53% forest and woodland: 38% other: 7%Irrigated land: 2,800 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: earthquakes are common, though usually not severe THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand PeoplePopulation: 3,368,774 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.61% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.11 years male: 72.46 years female: 79.95 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.07 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: New Zealander(s) adjective: New ZealandEthnic divisions: European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2%Religions: Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986)Languages: English (official), MaoriLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 1,603,500 (June 1991) by occupation: services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary production 9.3% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: New ZealandAbbreviation: NZDigraph: NZType: parliamentary democracyCapital: WellingtonAdministrative divisions: 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, Hawke's Bay, Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton, Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*, Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*, Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei, Whangaroa, WoodvilleDependent areas: Cook Islands, Niue, TokelauIndependence: 26 September 1907 (from UK)Constitution: no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enactedLegal system: based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty)Political parties and leaders: National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON; Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS note: the New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition called the Alliance Party, Jim ANDERTON, president, in September 1991; the Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand GovernmentElections: House of Representatives: last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - NP 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29, NLP 1Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament)Judicial branch: High Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990)Member of: ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM (cooperating country), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN chancery: 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 328-4800 consulates general: Los Angeles and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, FPO AP 96531-1001 telephone: [64] (4) 722-068 FAX: [64] (4) 723-537 consulate general: AucklandFlag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand EconomyOverview: Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth would boost real incomes, broaden and deepen the technological capabilities of the industrial sector, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is down from double-digit levels, but growth was sluggish in 1988-91, and unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May 1991. In 1992, growth picked up to 3%, a sign that the new economic approach is beginning to pay off.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $49.8 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 3% (1992)National product per capita: $14,900 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.2% (1991)Unemployment rate: 10.1% (September 1992)Budget: revenues $14.0 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $3.65 billion (f.o.b., FY92) commodities: wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, forestry products partners: EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea 3.1%Imports: $3.99 billion (f.o.b., FY92) commodities: petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment partners: Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0%External debt: $38.5 billion (September 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDPElectricity: 8,000,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 9,250 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, miningAgriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; livestock predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; surplus producer of farm products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988Economic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 millionCurrency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand EconomyExchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand CommunicationsRailroads: 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km electrified; over 99% government ownedHighways: 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stoneInland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to transportationPipelines: natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate (liquified petroleum gas - LPG) 150 kmPorts: Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, TaurangaMerchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulkAirports: total: 120 usable: 120 with permanent-surface runways: 33 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 42Telecommunications: excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Zealand Defense ForcesBranches: New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 878,028; fit for military service 741,104; reach military age (20) annually 29,319 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY90/91)</text>
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<text>NEW ZEALAND - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/businessstay up to 3 months, must have onward/return ticket, visa for nextdestination and proof of sufficient funds. For additional informationcontact Embassy of New Zealand, 37 Observatory Circle, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20008 (202/328-4800) or the Consulate General, Los Angeles(213/477-8241).New Zealand - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: New Zealand is a highly developed stable parliamentary democracy which recognizes the British monarch as sovereign. It has a modern economy and tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist/business stays of up to three months, and visitors must have onward/return tickets and a visa for the next destination. Proof of sufficient funds may also be required with prearranged accommodations. Specific information is available through the Embassy of New Zealand, 37 Observatory Circle, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 328-4800 or the Consulate General of New Zealand in Los Angeles, telephone (213) 477-8241.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control on (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Crime in New Zealand is comparatively low but has increased in recent years. Foreign visitors, including those from the U.S., are seldom victims of crime. The most prevalent incidents is occasional theft or attempted theft. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in New Zealand is located at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington, telephone (64-4) 472-2068. The U.S. Consulate General in Auckland is located on the 4th floor, Yorkshire General Building, Corner of Shortland and O'Connell Streets, telephone (64-9) 303-2724. The U.S. Consular Agent in Christchurch may be reached c/o Price Waterhouse Center, 119 Armagh Street, tel. (64-3) 379-0040.No. 93-185This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia GeographyLocation: in the South Pacific Ocean, 1,750 km east of AustraliaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 19,060 km2 land area: 18,760 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than New JerseyLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 2,254 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humidTerrain: coastal plains with interior mountainsNatural resources: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copperLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 14% forest and woodland: 51% other: 35%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: typhoons most frequent from November to March THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia PeoplePopulation: 178,056 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.83% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 22.7 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.22 years male: 69.92 years female: 76.7 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: New Caledonian(s) adjective: New CaledonianEthnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%Religions: Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%Languages: French, 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 91% male: 91% female: 90%Labor force: 50,469 foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies conventional short form: New Caledonia local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances local short form: Nouvelle-CaledonieDigraph: NCType: overseas territory of France since 1956Capital: NoumeaAdministrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named Iles Loyaute, Nord, and SudIndependence: none (overseas territory of France; a referendum on independence will be held in 1998)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; formerly under French lawNational holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: white-dominated Rassemblement pour la Caledonie dans la Republique (RPCR), conservative, Jacques LAFLEUR - affiliated to France's Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR); Melanesian proindependence Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS), Paul NEAOUTYINE; Melanesian moderate Kanak Socialist Liberation (LKS), Nidoish NAISSELINE; National Front (FN), extreme right, Guy GEORGE; Caledonie Demain (CD), right-wing, Bernard MARANT; Union Oceanienne (UO), conservative, Michel HEMA; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak (FULK), proindependence, UREGEI; Union Caledonian (UC), Francois BURCKSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: French Senate: last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held September 2001); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1 French National Assembly: last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results - RPR 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 Territorial Assembly: last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULKExecutive branch: French president, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial AssemblyJudicial branch: Court of Appeal THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991)Member of: ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMODiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are represented in the US by FranceUS diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia EconomyOverview: New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts for about 25% of imports.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1988)National product per capita: $6,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1989)Unemployment rate: 16% (1989)Budget: revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1985)Exports: $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: nickel metal 87%, nickel ore partners: France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4%Imports: $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment partners: France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: nickel mining and smeltingAgriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beefIllicit drugs: illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for some familiesEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4,185 millionCurrency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French francFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia CommunicationsHighways: 6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987)Ports: Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, ThioAirports: total: 29 usable: 27 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: 32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK New Caledonia Defense ForcesBranches: Gendarmerie, Police ForceNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands Antilles HeaderAffiliation: (part of the Dutch realm) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands Antilles GeographyLocation: two island groups - Curacas and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean Sea are about 70 km north of Venezuela near Aruba and the rest of the country is about 800 km to the northeast about one-third of the way between Antigua and Barbuda and Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 960 km2 land area: 960 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin)Land boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 364 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade windsTerrain: generally hilly, volcanic interiorsNatural resources: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)Land use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 92%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands Antilles PeoplePopulation: 184,990 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.4% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 17.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.73 years male: 73.55 years female: 78.03 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Netherlands Antillean(s) adjective: Netherlands AntilleanEthnic divisions: mixed African 85%, Carib Indian, European, Latin, OrientalReligions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages: Dutch (official), Papiamento a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predominates, English widely spoken, SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 94% male: 94% female: 93%Labor force: 89,000 by occupation: government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands Antilles GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles local long form: none local short form: Nederlandse AntillenDigraph: NAType: part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954Capital: WillemstadAdministrative divisions: none (part of the Dutch realm)Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm)Constitution: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amendedLegal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influenceNational holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)Political parties and leaders: political parties are indigenous to each island Bonaire: Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN Curacao: National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; Demo</text>
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<text>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES - Islands include Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Statia, St.Maarten. Passport or proof of U.S. citizenship required. Visa notrequired for stay up to 14 days, extendable to 90 days after arrival.Tourists may be asked to show onward/return ticket or proof of sufficientfunds for stay. Departure tax $10 when leaving Bonaire and Curacao, $4 inStatia, $10 in St. Maarten. For further information consult Embassy of theNetherlands (202/244-5300), or nearest Consulate General: CA(213/380-3440), IL (312/856-0110), NY (212/246-1429) or TX (713/622-8000).Netherlands Antilles & Aruba - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba are autonomous parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Antilles include the islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius (also known as Statia), and St. Maarten (Dutch side). Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport or proof of U.S. citizenship is required. A visa is not required for a stay of up to 14 days, extendible to 90 days after arrival. Tourists may be asked to show an onward/return ticket or proof of sufficient funds for their stay. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can consult the Embassy of the Netherlands, 4200 Linnean Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 244-5300, or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York or Houston.Medical Facilities: Medical care is generally good, but may be limited in more remote areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate payment in cash or by credit card (American Express, Visa, Mastercard or Discover) for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or consulate. A birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences, possibly in a very overcrowded prison, and fines.Consulate Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the consular section of the U.S. Consulate General serving the islands of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, located at J.B. Gorsiraweg #1, Willemstad, Curacao; telephone (599-9) 613-066. U.S. citizens may obtain from the Consulate General updated information on travel and security in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.No. 93-146This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text>NETHERLANDS - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/businessvisit up to 90 days. Tourists may be asked to show onward/return ticket orproof of sufficient funds for stay. For further information contactEmbassy of the Netherlands, 4200 Linnean Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20008 (202/244-5300) or nearest Consulate General: CA (213/380-3440), IL(312/856-0110), NY (212/246-1429) or TX (713/622-8000).Netherlands - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: The Netherlands is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business stays up to 90 days. For further information concerning entry requirements for the Netherlands, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Netherlands at 4200 Linnean Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel (202) 328-4800, or the nearest Dutch Consulate General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, or New York.Customs: Dutch Customs officials are very strict regarding the importation of items made from animals or plants protected under the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species, for example, clothing made of animal fur or skin. Travelers who are concerned that they may be traveling to the Netherlands with such items should contact the Embassy of the Netherlands or the nearest Dutch Consulate General.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The Netherlands has a low crime rate. Nevertheless, crime does occur in city centers. Visitors to Amsterdam can become targets of pickpockets, bag snatchers, and thefts from autos in and around the central train station and in the adult entertainment district.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. The Netherlands enforces strict penalties for drug possession and trafficking when significant quantities or hard drugs are involved.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in the Netherlands.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in the Netherlands is located in The Hague, at Lange Voorhout 102; telephone (31-70) 310-9209. There is also a Consulate General in Amsterdam at Museumplein 19, telephone (31-20) 575-5309, and after hours emergency telephone (31-20) 310-9209.No. 93-094This replaces the Consular Information Sheet of October 7, 1992, to provide information on Dutch customs regulations, to give the new phone numbers for the U.S. Consulate in Amsterdam, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands GeographyLocation: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and GermanyMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 37,330 km2 land area: 33,920 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of New JerseyLand boundaries: total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 kmCoastline: 451 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild wintersTerrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeastNatural resources: natural gas, petroleum, fertile soilLand use: arable land: 26% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 32% forest and woodland: 9% other: 32%Irrigated land: 5,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: without an extensive system of dikes and dams, nearly one-half of the total area would be inundated by sea waterNote: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, Schelde) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands PeoplePopulation: 15,274,942 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.63% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.81 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.55 years male: 74.48 years female: 80.78 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.59 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) adjective: DutchEthnic divisions: Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988)Religions: Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988)Languages: DutchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 5.3 million by occupation: services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government 15.9%, agriculture 5.8% (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands conventional short form: Netherlands local long form: Koninkrijk de Nederlanden local short form: NederlandDigraph: NLType: constitutional monarchyCapital: Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of governmentAdministrative divisions: 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-HollandDependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands AntillesIndependence: 1579 (from Spain)Constitution: 17 February 1983Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; Liberal (VVD), Frederick BOLKSTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a host of minor partiesOther political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch Peace Council (IKV)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: First Chamber: last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by party NA Second Chamber: last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held in May 1994); results - CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of MinistersLegislative branch: bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)Leaders: Chief of State: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April 1967) Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 2 November 1989)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 244-5300 FAX: (202) 362-3430 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands), New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. GEWECKE embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715 telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209 FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688 consulate general: AmsterdamFlag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands EconomyOverview: This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing industry. Unemployment and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most serious economic problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will reflect the course of European economic integration.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $259.8 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.6% (1992)National product per capita: $17,200 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 5.3% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $109.9 billion; expenditures $122.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $128.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing partners: EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), US 4% (1991)Imports: $117.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation equipment, crude oil, food products partners: EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991)External debt: $0Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDPElectricity: 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,500 million kWh produced, 4,200 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronicsAgriculture: accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and oilsIllicit drugs: transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugsEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands EconomyCurrency: 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 centsExchange rates: Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.8167 (January 1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands CommunicationsRailroads: 2,828 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS) (includes 1,957 km electrified and 1,800 km double track)Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access, divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stoneInland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or largerPipelines: crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 kmPorts: coastal - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 portsMerchant marine: 344 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,762,000 GRT/3,675,649 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 193 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 26 container, 13 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 11 multifunction large-load carrier, 23 oil tanker, 22 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 6 bulk, 4 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered on the captive Netherlands Antilles registerAirports: total: 28 usable: 28 with permanent-surface runways: 20 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 6Telecommunications: highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay microwave links; 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, 12 (39 repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 communication satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone system THE WORLD FACTBOOK Netherlands Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal ConstabularyManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,183,167; fit for military service 3,677,445; reach military age (20) annually 104,263 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.8 billion, 3% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal GeographyLocation: South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and IndiaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 140,800 km2 land area: 136,800 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than ArkansasLand boundaries: total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in southTerrain: Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in northNatural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron oreLand use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 13% forest and woodland: 33% other: 37%Irrigated land: 9,430 km2 (1989)Environment: contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollutionNote: landlocked; strategic location between China and India THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal PeoplePopulation: 20,535,466 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.43% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 37.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 13.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 85.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 51.98 years male: 51.84 years female: 52.12 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Nepalese (singular and plural) adjective: NepaleseEthnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, SherpasReligions: Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981) note: only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu and Buddhist groupsLanguages: Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 26% male: 38% female: 13%Labor force: 8.5 million (1991 est.) by occupation: agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2% note: severe lack of skilled labor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepal conventional short form: NepalDigraph: NPType: parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991Capital: KathmanduAdministrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, SetiIndependence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)Constitution: 9 November 1990Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)Political parties and leaders: ruling party: Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Party president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH center: the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, Gayendra Narayan SINGH Communist: Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; Democratic Party, leader NA note: the two factions of the NDP announced a merger in late 1991Other political or pressure groups: numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groupsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%, CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats - (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracy system for the first time in 32 yearsExecutive branch: monarch, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a lower house or House of Representatives THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)Leaders: Chief of State: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971) Head of Government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991)Member of: AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 667-4550 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH embassy: Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890 FAX: [977] (1) 419963Flag: red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal EconomyOverview: Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign exchange earnings in FY91. Apart from agricultural land and forests, exploitable natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of 2.6%. More than 40% of the population is undernourished partly because of poor distribution. The top 10% of the population receives 47% of total income, the bottom 20% less than 5% of the total. Since May 1991, the government has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by eliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order to simplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has been cutting public expenditures by reducing subsides, privatizing state industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade and investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, and its remoteness.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (FY92)National product real growth rate: 3.1% (FY92)National product per capita: $170 (FY92)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (November 1992)Unemployment rate: 5% (1987); underemployment estimated at 25-40%Budget: revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $672.0 million, including capital expenditures of $396 million (FY92 est.)Exports: $313 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) but does not include unrecorded border trade with India commodities: carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain partners: US, Germany, India, UKImports: $751 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) commodities: petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% partners: India, Singapore, Japan, GermanyExternal debt: $2 billion (FY92 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDPElectricity: 300,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet, cement, and brick production; tourismAgriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in food, particularly in drought years THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal EconomyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets; probable transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the WestEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286 millionCurrency: 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisaExchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 43.200 (January 1993), 42.742 (1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988)Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal CommunicationsRailroads: 52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government ownedHighways: 7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone; also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracksAirports: total: 37 usable: 37 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000 telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nepal Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,849,109; fit for military service 2,517,385; reach military age (17) annually 234,060 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY91/92)</text>
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<text>NEPAL - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa for stay up to 30 daysextendable to 3 months. Single-entry visa $40, double $70 and multiple$100 (postal money order), requires 1 application form and 1 photo. Forother types of travel obtain visa in advance. For additional informationcontact Royal Nepalese Embassy, 2131 Leroy Pl., N.W., Washington, D.C.20008 (202/667-4550) or Consulate General in New York (212/370-4188).Nepal - Consular Information SheetMarch 23, 1994Country Description: Nepal is a developing country with extensive facilities for tourists; facilities vary in quality according to price and location.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. A tourist visa for a stay of up to 30 days is issued at Kathmandu Airport upon arrival. The fee for the tourist visa varies with the number of entries requested. Visas can be extended in Kathmandu for stays of up to three months. Penalties for overstaying a visa may include fines and imprisonment. Travelers can obtain additional information by contacting the Royal Nepalese Embassy at 2131 Leroy Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 657-4550 or the Consulate General in New York at telephone (212) 370-4188.Medical Facilities: Medical care is extremely limited. Any serious illness may require evacuation to the nearest adequate medical facility (usually Bangkok). Doctors and hospitals expect immediate cash payment for health services. In general, U.S. medical insurance is not valid in Nepal. Supplemental health insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment and evacuation to the nearest adequate medical facility is useful. Additional information on health problems can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at [404] 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime, especially theft of personal property, is common. While acts of violent crime in Nepal are rare, several attacks against lone foreign trekkers have been reported. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the countries in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Kathmandu can obtain updated information on travel and security in Nepal.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Nepal is located at Pani Pokhari in Kathmandu, telephone - (977-1) 411179, 412718, 411613 or 413890.No. 94-036This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated September 28, 1993, to revise information on Nepalese visa requirements and delete information concerning areas of instability.</text>
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card_65488.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island GeographyLocation: in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo (Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and JamaicaMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 5.2 km2 land area: 5.2 km2 comparative area: about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 8 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by HaitiClimate: marine, tropicalTerrain: raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)Natural resources: guanoLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 0% other: 90%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactusNote: strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Navassa IslandDigraph: BQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast GuardCapital: none; administered from Washington, DC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only THE WORLD FACTBOOK Navassa Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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card_65088.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nauru GeographyLocation: Oceania, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New GuineaMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 21 km2 land area: 21 km2 comparative area: about one-tenth the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 30 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in centerNatural resources: phosphatesLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: only 53 km south of EquatorNote: Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nauru PeoplePopulation: 9,882 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.42% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.68 years male: 64.3 years female: 69.18 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Nauruan(s) adjective: NauruanEthnic divisions: Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%Religions: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)Languages: Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposesLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nauru GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Nauru conventional short form: Nauru former: Pleasant IslandDigraph: NRType: republicCapital: no official capital; government offices in YarenAdministrative divisions: 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, YarenIndependence: 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK)Constitution: 29 January 1968Legal system: own Acts of Parliament and British common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 31 January (1968)Political parties and leaders: noneSuffrage: 20 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament Parliament: last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989)Member of: AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPUDiplomatic representation in US: there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam)US diplomatic representation: the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to NauruFlag: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nauru EconomyOverview: Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually. Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $10,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: 0%Budget: revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.)Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: phosphates partners: Australia, NZImports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery partners: Australia, UK, NZ, JapanExternal debt: $33.3 millionIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: phosphate mining, financial services, coconut productsAgriculture: coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food and waterEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 millionCurrency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nauru CommunicationsRailroads: 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing facilities on the southwest coastHighways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earthPorts: NauruMerchant marine: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWTAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: adequate local and international radio communications provided via Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Nauru Defense ForcesBranches: Directorate of the Nauru Police Force note: no regular armed forcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NADefense expenditures: $NA - no formal defense structure</text>
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<text>NAURU - Passport, visa, onward/return ticket and sponsorship from aresident in Nauru required. For more information contact Consulate of theRepublic of Nauru in Guam, P.O. Box Am, Agana, Guam 96910 (671/649-8300).Nauru - Consular Information SheetJuly 16, 1993Country Description: Nauru is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government. Its economy is based on the export of phosphates. Tourist facilities are available on a limited basis. Yaren, the capital, has an international airport.Entry Requirements: Passports, visas, and onward/return tickets are required. Further specific information is available from the Consulate of the Republic of Nauru, first floor, ADA Professional Building, Marine Drive, in Agana, Guam. The telephone number is (011-671) 649-8300, with the mailing address P.O. Box A.M., Agana, Guam, 96910.Medical Facilities: Health care facilities in the Republic of Nauru are adequate for routine medical problems. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved to be useful to travelers. The international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control, telephone number (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The crime rate in the Republic of Nauru is low. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy in Suva, Fiji can obtain up-to-date information on travel and security in Nauru.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. embassy or other diplomatic post in Nauru. Assistance for U.S. citizens is available at the U.S. Embassy in Fiji located at 31 Loftus Street in the capital city of Suva. The telephone number is (679) 314-466.No. 93-206This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated July 9, 1993, noting that assistance to U.S. citizens in Nauru is available at the U.S. Embassy in Suva, Fiji.</text>
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card_64880.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and South AfricaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 824,290 km2 land area: 823,290 km2 comparative area: slightly more than half the size of AlaskaLand boundaries: total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, Zambia 233 kmCoastline: 1,489 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti RiverClimate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erraticTerrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in eastNatural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron oreLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 64% forest and woodland: 22% other: 13%Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertificationNote: Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia PeoplePopulation: 1,541,321 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.46% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.2 years male: 58.57 years female: 63.91 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Namibian(s) adjective: NamibianEthnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribeReligions: ChristianLanguages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1960) total population: 38% male: 45% female: 31%Labor force: 500,000 by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Namibia conventional short form: NamibiaDigraph: WAType: republicCapital: WindhoekAdministrative divisions: 13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena, Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa note: the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, WindhoekIndependence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitutionNational holiday: Independence Day, 21 March (1990)Political parties and leaders: South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia (DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKOROOther political or pressure groups: NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National Assembly) National Assembly: last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 National Council: last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998); seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and a lower house or National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990)Member of: ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC 20043) telephone: (202) 986-0540US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEY embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek mailing address: P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000 telephone: [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680 FAX: [264] (61) 229-792Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia EconomyOverview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 2% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1992) in urban areaUnemployment rate: 25-35% (1992)Budget: revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital expenditures of $144 million (FY 92)Exports: $1.184 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins partners: Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, JapanImports: $1.238 billion (f.o.b., 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia Economy commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment partners: South Africa, Germany, US, SwitzerlandExternal debt: about $220 million (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including miningElectricity: 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, diamond, uranium)Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $47.2 millionCurrency: 1 South African rand (R) = 100 centsExchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia CommunicationsRailroads: 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single trackHighways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracksPorts: Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa)Airports: total: 137 usable: 112 with permanent-surface runways: 21 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 62Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Namibia Defense ForcesBranches: National Defense Force (Army), PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 324,599; fit for military service 192,381 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92)</text>
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<text>NAMIBIA - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient fundsrequired. Visa not required for tourist or business stay up to 90 days.Consult Embassy of Namibia, 1605 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20009 (202/986-0540) for further information on entry requirements.Namibia - Consular Information SheetDecember 8, 1993Country Description: Namibia is a southern African country with a moderately developed economy. Facilities for tourism are available.Entry Requirements: A passport, an onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds are required for entrance into Namibia. A visa is not required for tourist or business visits; however, visitors must be processed through immigration at a legal port of entry within 24 hours if the actual point of entry is not staffed by an immigration official. The following airports are considered legal ports of entry for the purpose of complying with this requirement: Windhoek International, Eros Suburban, Keetmanshoop, Oranjemund, Ross Pinah, Ondangwa, Oshakati, Grootfontein, Mpacha, Rundu, and Rooikop. Travelers can obtain further information from the Embassy of Namibia at 1605 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 986-0540, or from the Permanent Mission of Namibia to the U.N. at 135 E. 36th St., New York, NY 10016, telephone (212) 685-2003, fax (212) 685-1561.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are relatively modern, especially in the city of Windhoek. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Some petty crime occurs. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Windhoek can obtain updated information on travel and security in Namibia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 14 Lossen Street in the capital city of Windhoek. The mailing address is Private Bag 12029, Windhoek 9000, Namibia. The telephone number is (264-61) 22-1601, and the fax number is (264-61) 22-9792.No. 93-323This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993, to update the entry requirement that travelers who enter without immigration inspection must report to immigration within 24 hours of arrival.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa and Tanzania opposite the island of MadagascarMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 801,590 km2 land area: 784,090 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 kmCoastline: 2,470 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical to subtropicalTerrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in westNatural resources: coal, titaniumLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 20% other: 20%Irrigated land: 1,150 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique PeoplePopulation: 16,341,777 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 6.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.03 years male: 46.22 years female: 49.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mozambican(s) adjective: MozambicanEthnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 33% male: 45% female: 21%Labor force: NA by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique conventional short form: Mozambique local long form: Republica Popular de Mocambique local short form: MocambiqueDigraph: MZType: republicCapital: MaputoAdministrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, ZambeziaIndependence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution: 30 November 1990Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR; FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system note: the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), have already emergedSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly electionsExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 293-7146US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr. embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo telephone: [258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50 FAX: [258] (1) 49-01-14Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique EconomyOverview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civil strife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3% in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 0.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $115 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.)Budget: revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% partners: US, Western Europe, Germany, JapanImports: $899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum partners: US, Western Europe, USSRExternal debt: $5.4 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.)Electricity: 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobaccoAgriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 millionCurrency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique EconomyExchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47 (1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique CommunicationsRailroads: 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to closure because of insurgencyHighways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earthInland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routesPipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 kmPorts: Maputo, Beira, NacalaMerchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWTAirports: total: 194 usable: 131 with permanent-surface runways: 25 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mozambique Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, MilitiaManpower availability: males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>MOZAMBIQUE - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained in advance.Entry visa valid 30 days from date of issuance, requires 2 applicationforms, 2 photos, immunization for yellow fever and cholera, $20 fee andletter (from company or individual) giving detailed itinerary. Visitorsmay have to exchange $25 at point of entry and declare all foreigncurrency. Apply Embassy of the PeopleΓÇÖs Republic of Mozambique, Suite 570,1990 M St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/293-7146).Mozambique - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Mozambique, a less developed country in southern Africa, ended a 17-year civil war in October 1992 with the signing of a peace agreement between the Government and the rival rebel group. United Nations peacekeepers are presently located along major transportation arteries in the country. Facilities for tourism are severely limited outside of Maputo. Travel by road outside of the major urban areas is possible; however, road conditions vary greatly.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Visas must be obtained in advance from a Mozambique embassy or consulate. Visa fees are not standardized and vary depending on place of application. Visitors must exchange $25.00 at the point of entry and declare all foreign currency. Visitors must carry passports with them at all times during their stay. Further information regarding entry into the country may be obtained at the Mozambique Embassy, Suite 570, 1990 M Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 293-7146.Areas of Instability: Though a peace accord is in place, there are continuing reports of acts of banditry throughout the country.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are minimal. Many medicines are unavailable. Maputo's special clinic, which requires payment in hard currency, can provide general, non-emergency services. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Economic conditions in the country, spotty police protection, and years of war have caused an increase in violent and armed robberies, break-ins, and auto thefts. Victims, including members of the foreign community, have been killed. Traveling alone or at night is particularly risky.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported to the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Information: Currency can be converted at locations authorized by the Mozambican government. Currency conversions on the black market are illegal and very risky. Credit cards are not widely accepted in Mozambique. A small number of merchants prefer to be paid in U.S. dollars.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 193 Avenida Kenneth Kaunda in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. The Embassy telephone number is (258-1) 49-27-97. The after-hours telephone number, for use in emergencies, is (258-1) 90-00-71.No. 93-285This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992 to correct the U.S. Embassy's phone number.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western SaharaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 446,550 km2 land area: 446,300 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 kmCoastline: 1,835 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas ChafarinasClimate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interiorTerrain: mostly mountains with rich coastal plainsNatural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, saltLand use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 28% forest and woodland: 12% other: 41%Irrigated land: 12,650 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; desertificationNote: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco PeoplePopulation: 27,955,090 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.16% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.5 years male: 65.7 years female: 69.4 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: MoroccanEthnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacyLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 61% female: 38%Labor force: 7.4 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco conventional short form: Morocco local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah local short form: Al MaghribDigraph: MOType: constitutional monarchyCapital: RabatAdministrative divisions: 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, TiznitIndependence: 2 March 1956 (from France)Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised in September 1992Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme CourtNational holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne)Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN), Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATASuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: Chamber of Representatives: last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but postponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco GovernmentMember of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: (202) 462-7979 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat mailing address: P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (7) 76-22-65 FAX: [212] (7) 76-56-61 consulate general: CasablancaFlag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco EconomyOverview: The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped real GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain severe long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program to privatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cut back agricultural output in 1992.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 0% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,060 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 19% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992)Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17% partners: EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2%Imports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% partners: EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2%External debt: $20 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990)Electricity: 2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000 metric tons in 1987Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe.Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional $123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco CommunicationsRailroads: 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km electrified)Highways: 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, and unimproved earthPipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 kmPorts: Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and MelillaMerchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2 container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passengerAirports: total: 73 usable: 65 with permanent-surface runways: 26 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco THE WORLD FACTBOOK Morocco Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reach military age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget)</text>
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<text>MOROCCO - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months,extendable. For additional information consult Embassy of Morocco, 160121st St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/462-7979 to 7982) or ConsulateGeneral in New York (212/213-9644).Morocco - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with a developing economy. Tourist facilities and means of transportation are widely available, but may vary in quality depending on price and location.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for a stay of up to 90 days. For further information concerning entry requirements for Morocco, travelers may contact the Embassy of Morocco at 1601 21st St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 462-7979 to 82, or the Moroccan Consulate General in New York, telephone (212) 758-2625.Areas of Instability: The sparsely-settled western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) was long the site of armed conflict between the Polisario Front and Morocco on the issue of independence versus Moroccan sovereignty. Although a ceasefire is presently in place, several violations have occurred and the area cannot be considered safe. There are reports of thousands of unexploded mines in the western Sahara and in areas of Mauritania adjacent to the western Sahara border. Exploding mines are occasionally reported, and have caused death and injury. Transit to the western Sahara remains restricted; persons planning to travel in the region may obtain information on clearance requirements from the Moroccan Embassy.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Morocco is available, although not all facilities meet high quality standards and specialized care or treatment may not be available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Specific health questions may be addressed to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline telephone (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Morocco has a moderately high crime rate in urban areas. Criminals have targeted tourists for assaults, muggings, thefts, pickpocketings, and scams of all types. Commonly-reported crimes include falsifying credit-card vouchers, and shipping inferior rugs as a substitute for the rugs purchased by the traveler. Some travelers have been befriended by persons of various nationalities who have offered the travelers food, drink, or cigarettes which are drugged. Harassment of tourists by unemployed Moroccans trying to be "guides" is a common problem. Prudent travelers hire only official tour guides through hotels and travel agencies. Traveling alone in the Rif mountain area is risky.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Travelers checks and credit cards are accepted at some establishments in Morocco, mainly in urban areas.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate General can obtain updated information on travel and security within Morocco.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Rabat is located at 2 Avenue de Marrakech in the capital city of Rabat, telephone (212-7) 76-22-65. The American Consulate General in Casablanca is located at 8 Boulevard Moulay Youssef, telephone (212-2) 26-45-50.No. 93-221This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Morocco issued January 8, 1993, to add information concerning unexploded mines in Western Sahara, crime, and reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 100 km2 land area: 100 km2 comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 40 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variationTerrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowlandNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 40% other: 30%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to severe hurricanes from June to NovemberNote: located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat PeoplePopulation: 12,661 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.76 years male: 74 years female: 77.56 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: MontserratianEthnic divisions: black, EuropeansReligions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominationsLanguages: EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97%Labor force: 5,100 by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: MontserratDigraph: MHType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: PlymouthAdministrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint PeterIndependence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 1 January 1960Legal system: English common law and statute lawNational holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLESuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Council: last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1Executive branch: monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David TAYLOR (since NA 1990) Head of Government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCLDiplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat EconomyOverview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 13.5% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $5,800 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1991)Unemployment rate: 3% (1987)Budget: revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988)Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle partners: NAImports: $31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials partners: NAExternal debt: $2.05 million (1987)Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity: 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliancesAgriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock productsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat CommunicationsHighways: 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earthPorts: PlymouthAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Montserrat Defense ForcesBranches: Police ForceNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia GeographyLocation: East Central Asia, between China and RussiaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1.565 million km2 land area: 1.565 million km2 comparative area: slightly larger than AlaskaLand boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeastNatural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, goldLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 79% forest and woodland: 10% other: 10%Irrigated land: 770 km2 (1989)Environment: harsh and ruggedNote: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia PeoplePopulation: 2,367,054 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.62% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.77 years male: 63.53 years female: 68.13 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: MongolianEthnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regimeLanguages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, ChineseLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer MongoliaDigraph: MGType: republicCapital: UlaanbaatarAdministrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, UvsIndependence: 13 March 1921 (from China)Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party, Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP), Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party, Mongolian Workers PartySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) State Great Hural: first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1 note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia GovernmentExecutive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral State Great HuralJudicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courtsLeaders: Chief of State: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA)Member of: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV chancery: NA telephone: (301) 983-1962 FAX: (301) 983-2025US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606 FAX: Telex 080079253 AMEMB MHFlag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia EconomyOverview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally planned economy through privatization and price reform.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -15% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 325% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)Budget: deficit of $67 million (1991)Exports: $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals partners: USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%Imports: $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%External debt: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSRIndustrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.)Electricity: 1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia EconomyEconomic aid: about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongosExchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia CommunicationsRailroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)Airports: total: 81 usable: 31 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: fewer than 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12Telecommunications: 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at least 1 earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mongolia Defense ForcesBranches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>MONGOLIA - Passport and visa required. Transit visa for stay up to 48hours requires onward ticket, visa for next destination and $15 fee ($30for double transit). Tourist visa for up to 90 days requires confirmationfrom Mongolian Travel Agency (Zhuulchin) and $25 fee. Business visarequires letter from company stating purpose of trip and invitation fromMongolian organization and $25 fee (multiple-entry $50). Submit 1application form, 2 photos, itinerary and prepaid envelope for return ofpassport by certified or special delivery mail. AIDS test required forstudents and anyone staying longer than 3 months; U.S. test accepted. Foradditional information contact Embassy of Mongolia, 2833 M Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20007 (202/333-7117) or the UN Mission of Mongolia, 6 East77th St., New York, NY 10021 (212/861-9460).Mongolia - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Mongolia is a country undergoing substantial political and economic changes. In June 1993 it held democratic elections for the third time since the resignation of the former government in 1990. Tourist facilities and services are not widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required, as is an invitation from a Mongolian host. Multiple-entry visas can only be obtained in Ulaanbaatar with the sponsorship of a Mongolian organization. Transit visas for stays of 48 hours or less require an onward ticket, a visa for the next destination and a fee of $15. Foreign travelers to Mongolia are required to register within ten days of their arrival with the police at the Citizens' Information and Registration Center, even if staying less than ten days. Visitors who fail to register may be stopped at departure, denied exit, and fined at least $25. A tourist visa for up to 90 days requires confirmation from the Mongolian Travel Agency Zhuulchin, or from a private Mongolian travel agency, and a $25 fee. For more current information on visa issuance and fees and registration requirements, the traveler may contact the Embassy of Mongolia at 2833 M Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 333-7117.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Mongolia are limited and some medicine is unavailable. Plague, while relatively rare, is endemic to Mongolia from August to October, and affected areas of the country may be quarantined for limited periods during that time. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific coverage abroad, including provision for medical evacuation, has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, tel. (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Mongolia, and especially the capital Ulaanbaatar, is suffering from a dramatic rise in crime. Petty thefts, such as pickpocketing, are common. Areas such as the Ulaanbaatar local market and the state-run department store deserve special caution from travelers. In addition to theft, there have been reports of more violent assaults on foreigners. As the economic situation continues to deteriorate, there is little possibility that the level of crime will decrease or that the Mongolian police will be able to deal effectively with the situation. Thefts continue aboard international trains between Mongolia and Russia. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Mongolia, penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Currency Regulations: Either U.S. dollars or American Express Travelers Checks are widely accepted. Thomas Cook Travelers Checks in U.S. dollars can also reportedly be used. The American Express card is acceptable in a few locations. Cash advances against credit cards are not obtainable, and there are no international banks.Winter Power Shortages: Severe fuel shortages and problems with the central heating and electrical systems cause seriously reduced heating levels and power outages in Ulaanbaatar and the cities of Darhan and Erdenet during the winter months of November through April. Smaller towns in the countryside reportedly have no heat or electricity at all during these months. The U.S. Embassy advises all Americans resident in Mongolia to be prepared to evacuate in case of complete energy systems failure.Delay in Arrival of Checked Baggage: Passengers arriving in Ulaanbaatar by plane from Beijing routinely encounter prolonged delays ranging from overnight to four days in the delivery of their checked luggage. Travelers who include warm clothing and other essentials in carry-on baggage decrease the inconvenience experienced while waiting for their luggage.Accommodations: Hotels are few in number and are often fully booked.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel, security and health problems within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road, Ulaanbaatar. The telephone numbers are (976-1) 329-095 and 329-606.No. 93-182This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 12, 1993, to add information concerning registration at the U.S. Embassy, crime in Mongolia, and the need to report the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco GeographyLocation: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near the border with ItalyMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1.9 km2 land area: 1.9 km2 comparative area: about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 4.4 km, France 4.4 kmCoastline: 4.1 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summersTerrain: hilly, rugged, rockyNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: almost entirely urbanNote: second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco PeoplePopulation: 31,008 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.93% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.5 years male: 73.7 years female: 81.49 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) adjective: Monacan or MonegasqueEthnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%Languages: French (official), English, Italian, MonegasqueLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: MonacoDigraph: MNType: constitutional monarchyCapital: MonacoAdministrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-CarloIndependence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)Constitution: 17 December 1962Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 19 NovemberPolitical parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); Monaco Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)Suffrage: 25 years of age; universalElections: National Council: last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Council (Conseil National)Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) Head of Government: Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA)Member of: ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPODiplomatic representation in US: honorary consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) honorary consulates: Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and WashingtonUS diplomatic representation: no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco GovernmentFlag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco EconomyOverview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $16,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NEGL%Budget: revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with FranceImports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs union with FranceExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from FranceAgriculture: NAEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco CommunicationsRailroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gaugeHighways: none; city streetsPorts: MonacoMerchant marine: 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWTAirports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runwaysTelecommunications: served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no communication satellite earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Monaco Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text>MONACO - Passport required. Visa not required for visit up to 3 months.For further information consult French Embassy (202/944-6000) or nearestHonorary Consulate of the Principality of Monaco: CA (213/655-8970 or415/362-5050), IL (312/642-1242), LA (504/522-5700), NY (212/759-5227) orPR (809/721-4215).Monaco - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Monaco is a constitutional monarchy and a highly developed European nation. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist visits of up to three months. For further information on entry requirements for Monaco, travelers can contact the Embassy of France at 4101 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007, or the nearest Honorary Consulate of Monaco in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Medical care is available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Monaco has a low crime rate. During the summer tourist season, pickpocketing, theft of unattended baggage, and theft from vehicles with foreign, out-of-town, or rental licenses can occur. Popular tourist attractions such as museums, monuments, restaurants, hotels, beaches, and on trains and subways are often areas where criminals operate.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Monaco, the penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the U.S. Consulate General in Marseille, France or the U.S. Consular Agent in Nice, France can obtain updated information on travel and security in Monaco.U.S. Representation: There is no U.S. Embassy or Consulate in Monaco. For assistance, U.S. citizens can contact the U.S. Consulate General in Marseille, France, tel: (33) 91-54-92-00, FAX (33) 91-55-09-47, or the U.S. Consular Agent in Nice, France, tel: (33) 93-88-89-55, fax (33) 93-87-07-38.No. 93-093This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add specific information on crime in Monaco and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_63468.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and RomaniaMap references: Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 33,700 km2 land area: 33,700 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of HawaiiLand boundaries: total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSRClimate: mild winters, warm summersTerrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black SeaNatural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsumLand use: arable land: 50% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 0% other: 41%Irrigated land: 2,920 km2 (1990)Environment: heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive erosion from poor farming methodsNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova PeoplePopulation: 4,455,645 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.4% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 16.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.92 years male: 64.49 years female: 71.53 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: MoldovanEthnic divisions: Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures) note: internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester region and Gagauz Turks in the southReligions: Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) (1991) note: almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic population are not churchgoersLanguages: Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language, RussianLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 99%Labor force: 2.095 million by occupation: agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova local long form: Republica Moldoveneasca local short form: none former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; MoldaviaDigraph: MDType: republicCapital: Chisinau (Kishinev)Administrative divisions: previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, larger districts at some future pointIndependence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during the past few yearsLegal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documentsNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 August 1991Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Ivrie ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian Democratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; The Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for Greater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great MovementSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote Parliament: last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70; Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seats filled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova GovernmentExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) Head of Legislature: Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); Prime Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992)Member of: BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts as representative to US) chancery: NA telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: 7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94 FAX: 7-0422-23-34-94Flag: same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova EconomyOverview: Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on other former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the other republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalized private ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects are dimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, the political problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republics and Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauz regions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the second consecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture. The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -26% (1992)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: 100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals (1991) partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, RomaniaImports: 100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer durables partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, RomaniaExternal debt: $100 million (1993 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -22% (1992)Electricity: 3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova EconomyAgriculture: Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%)Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million (1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31 millionCurrency: plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retaining Russian ruble as currencyExchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova CommunicationsRailroads: 1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990)Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992)Ports: none; landlockedAirports: total: 26 useable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, with a density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applications for telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the international gateway switch in Moscow THE WORLD FACTBOOK Moldova Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach military age (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>MOLDOVA - Passport and visa required. Visas issued at authorized entrypoints at the airport or along the Romanian border. Moldova does notcurrently maintain an Embassy in the United States.Moldova - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Moldova is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Moldovan visas can be issued only at the Moldovan Embassy in Bucharest, Romania, or authorized entry points at the airport or along the Romanian border. Visas for onward travel to Ukraine or Russia are difficult to obtain in Chisinau. Moldova does not yet have an Embassy in the United States.Areas of Instability: The potential for armed violence continues in the Dniester Region.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Moldova is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Moldova has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has increased especially at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Moldova is a cash only economy. Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Moldova. Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Chisinau, Moldova, is located at Strada Alexei Mateevici 103; telephone (373-2) 23-37-72. After hours telephone (373-2) 22-14-58.No. 93-092This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to provide new telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Moldova, to update entry requirements, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_62993.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands GeographyLocation: located in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and TokyoMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 5.2 km2 land area: 5.2 km2 comparative area: about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC note: includes Eastern Island and Sand IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 15 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly windsTerrain: low, nearly levelNatural resources: fish, wildlifeLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: coral atollNote: closed to the public THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Midway IslandsDigraph: MQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within the State of HawaiiCapital: none; administered from Washington, DCFlag: the US flag is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands EconomyOverview: The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.Electricity: supplied by US Military THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands CommunicationsHighways: 32 km totalPipelines: 7.8 kmPorts: Sand IslandAirports: total: 3 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Midway Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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card_62466.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of GeographyLocation: Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and IndonesiaMap references: Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 702 km2 land area: 702 km2 comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and KosraeLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 6,112 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damageTerrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and TrukNatural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed mineralsLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling 607 islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of PeoplePopulation: 117,588 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.37% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 28.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.45 years male: 65.49 years female: 69.44 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.04 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Micronesian(s) adjective: Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, YapeseEthnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groupsReligions: Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith)Languages: English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, KosreanLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 85%Labor force: NA by occupation: two-thirds are government employees note: 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia conventional short form: none former: Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)Abbreviation: FSMDigraph: FMType: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei) note: a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valleyAdministrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), YapIndependence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)Constitution: 10 May 1979Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary lawsNational holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)Political parties and leaders: no formal partiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA Congress: last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total)Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral CongressJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since 21 May 1991)Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, ICAO, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU chancery: 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of Government telephone: (202) 223-4383US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL embassy: address NA, Kolonia mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 telephone: 691-320-2187 FAX: 691-320-2186Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of EconomyOverview: Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.) note: GNP numbers reflect US spendingNational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $1,500 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital expenditures of $20 million (1988)Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: copra partners: NAImports: $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: NA partners: NAExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and pearlsAgriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickensEconomic aid: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001Currency: US currency is usedExchange rates: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of CommunicationsHighways: 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roadsPorts: Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae)Airports: total: 6 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Micronesia, Federated States of Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<text>MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF (Kosrae, Yap, Ponape, and Truk) - Proof ofcitizenship, proof of sufficient funds, and onward/return ticket requiredfor tourist visit up to 6 months, extendable (up to 12 months from date ofentry) after arrival in Micronesia. Entry permit may be needed for othertypes of travel; obtain forms from airline. Departure fee $5 (U.S.).Health certificate may be required if traveling from infected area.Typhoid and tetanus immunizations are recommended. AIDS test required ifstaying over 1 year. U.S. test is accepted. For further informationcontact Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia, 1725 N St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/223-4383) or nearest Consulate: Hawaii(808/836-4775) or Guam (671/646-9154).Micronesia - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: The Federated States of Micronesia (including the islands of Pohnpei, Kosrae, Truk, and Yap) is a constitutional democracy in free association with the United States. Its economy is developing, and tourist facilities are available.Entry Requirements: Proof of U.S. citizenship and identity are required for a tourist visit of up to one year. Further information concerning specific requirements is available through the Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia, 1725 N Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 223-4383.Medical Facilities: Health facilities in the Federated States of Micronesia are adequate for routine medical problems, but are limited in range and quality. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. The international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The crime rate in the Federated States of Micronesia is low. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the law, and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and a fine.Registration Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Kolonia has no official street address, but is located in the lower Pics area across from the Agriculture Station. The mailing address is P.O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941. The telephone number is (691) 320-2187.No. 93-181This replaces without change the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992, to include information or reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico GeographyLocation: Central America, between Guatemala and the USMap references: North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,972,550 km2 land area: 1,923,040 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 kmCoastline: 9,330 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims Clipperton Island (French possession)Climate: varies from tropical to desertTerrain: high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desertNatural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timberLand use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 24% other: 24%Irrigated land: 51,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico borderNote: strategic location on southern border of US THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico PeoplePopulation: 90,419,606 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.97% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 27.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.55 years male: 68.99 years female: 76.3 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mexican(s) adjective: MexicanEthnic divisions: mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1%Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%Languages: Spanish, various Mayan dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 87% male: 90% female: 85%Labor force: 26.2 million (1990) by occupation: services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, mining and quarrying 1.5% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico GovernmentNames: conventional long form: United Mexican States conventional short form: Mexico local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos local short form: MexicoDigraph: MXType: federal republic operating under a centralized governmentCapital: MexicoAdministrative divisions: 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, ZacatecasIndependence: 16 September 1810 (from Spain)Constitution: 5 February 1917Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)Political parties and leaders: (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Fernando Ortiz Arana; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Roberto ROBLES Garnica; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas; Democratic Forum Party (PFD), Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Ecologist Party (PEM), Jorge GONZALEZ TorresOther political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE); Federation of Unions Provding Goods and Services (FESEBES)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)Elections: President: last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held August 1994); results - Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National Democratic Front (FDN) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico Government Senate: last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) PRI 62, PRD 1, PAN 1 Chamber of Deputies: last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988)Member of: AG (observer), CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinez chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: (202) 728-1600 consulates general: Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulates: Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Detroit, Fresno (California), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, SeattleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr. embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F. mailing address: P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087 telephone: [52] (5) 211-0042 FAX: [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373 consulates general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana consulates: Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, Nuevo LaredoFlag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico EconomyOverview: Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial facilities (notably oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. Growth in national output, however, has recovered, rising from 1.4% in 1988 to 4% in 1990 and 3.6% in 1991 and coming in at 2.6% in 1992. The US is Mexico's major trading partner, accounting for almost three-quarters of its exports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic agencies, has been implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster growth. For example, it has privatized more than two-thirds of its state-owned companies (parastatals), including banks. In 1991-92 the government conducted negotiations with the US and Canada on a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was still being discussed by the three countries in early 1993. In January 1993, Mexico replaced its old peso with a new peso, at the rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso. Notwithstanding the palpable improvements in economic performance in the early 1990s, Mexico faces substantial problems for the remainder of the decade - e.g., rapid population growth, unemployment, and serious pollution, particularly in Mexico City.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.6% (1992)National product per capita: $3,600 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.9% (1992)Unemployment rate: 14%-17% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $58.9 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.5 billion (1991); figures do not include state-owned companiesExports: $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, consumer electronics partners: US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.)Imports: $48.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts partners: US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992)External debt: $104 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDPElectricity: 27,000,000 kW capacity; 120,725 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico EconomyIndustries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourismAgriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons among top 20 nations (1987)Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South AmericaEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $110 millionCurrency: 1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavosExchange rates: market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.100 (January 1993), 3,198 (November 1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 (1988); note - the new pesos replaced the old pesos on 1 January 1993; 1 new pesos = 1,000 old pesosFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico CommunicationsRailroads: 24,500 km totalHighways: 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 km unimproved earth roadsInland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canalsPipelines: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 kmPorts: Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan, VeracruzMerchant marine: 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 858,162 GRT/1,278,488 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 31 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 5 containerAirports: total: 1,841 usable: 1,478 with permanent-surface runways: 200 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 273Telecommunications: highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links; privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mexico Defense ForcesBranches: National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 22,201,567; fit for military service 16,205,926; reach military age (18) annually 1,049,729 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>MEXICO - Passport and visa not required of U.S. citizens fortourist/transit stay up to 90 days. Tourist card is required. Touristcard valid 3 months for single entry up to 180 days, no charge, requiresproof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID and proof of sufficient funds. Touristcards may be obtained in advance from Consulate, Tourism Office, and mostairlines serving Mexico upon arrival. Departure tax $10 is paid atairport. Notarized consent from parent(s) required for children travellingalone, with one parent or in someone elseΓÇÖs custody. (This permit is notnecessary when a minor is in possession of a valid passport.) For othertypes of travel and details, check Embassy of MexicoΓÇÖs Consular Section,2827 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20009-4260 (202/736-1000) or nearestConsulate General: CA (213/351-6800, 415/392-5554 and 619/231-8414), CO(303/830-6702), FL (305/441-8780), IL (312/855-1380), LA (504/522-3596), NY(212/689-0456), PR (809/764-0258) or TX (214/522-9741, 713/463-9426,512/227-9145 and 915/533-3644).Mexico - Consular Information SheetJune 1, 1993Country Description: Mexico has a rapidly developing economy. Luxury accommodations in major cities and resorts are widely available. Tourist facilities in more remote areas may be limited.Entry Requirements: Proof of citizenship is required for entry by U.S. citizens. A passport and visa are not required for a tourist/transit stay of up to 180 days. A tourist card issued by Mexican consulates and most airlines serving Mexico is required. Minors traveling without a valid passport require notarized consent from parent(s) if traveling alone, with one parent, or in someone else's custody. Import regulations issued by the government of Mexico on December 1, 1992 limit the value of goods brought into Mexico by American citizens arriving by air or sea to $300 per person. Persons entering by land are limited to $50 per person. A number of other travel-related items may also be brought in duty-free. Merchandise exceeding the duty free limit should be declared at the time of entry. Amounts exceeding the duty-free limit are subject to tax at the rate of 32.8 percent. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Mexico at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, telephone (202) 728-1600, or any of the Mexican consulates in major U.S. cities.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical care can be found in all major cities. Care in more remote areas is limited. Cholera is present in Mexico. Travelers in the usual tourist areas of Mexico should not encounter difficulties if they follow simple rules of hygiene, such as eating in clean restaurants, drinking only boiled/bottled/chlorinated water, eating only cooked seafood or fish, making sure that all fruits and vegetables are properly disinfected, and frequently washing their hands. Air pollution in Mexico City is severe, especially from December to May. Air pollution plus Mexico City's high altitude create a medical risk for the elderly and persons with high blood pressure, anemia, and respiratory or cardiac problems. Health facilities in Mexico City are excellent. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the U.S. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance with specific coverage abroad has proved helpful. For additional health information, travelers may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Street crime is common, especially in urban areas. Persons driving on some Mexican roads, particularly in isolated regions have at times been targets for robbery by bandits who operate primarily after dark. Criminals sometimes represent themselves as Mexican police or other local officials. Any U.S. citizen victims of crime in Mexico are encouraged to report the incident to the nearest U.S. consular office. Consular officers will ensure that Mexican authorities are made aware of the situation, and will seek to ensure that appropriate assistance is provided to the victim.The U.S. Embassy advises its personnel not to travel on Mexican highways after dark. Highway 15 in the state of Sinaloa is a particularly dangerous area where a number of criminal assaults and murders have occurred, during the day and at night. Express Highway 1 (limited access) in Sinaloa has been a particular target. Many robbers in Sinaloa initially present themselves as police officers. Travelers should be aware that there are numerous customs and immigration checkpoints inside Mexico and that all travelers must stop at each checkpoint.The city of Culiacan, Sinaloa and its immediate area have been averaging 1.5 violent deaths per day during the last nine months.Driving Information: U.S. citizens planning to drive in Mexico may do so on a current U.S. driver's license. U.S. or Mexican insurance is required.All vehicular traffic is restricted in Mexico City in order to reduce air pollution. The restriction is based on the last digit of the vehicle license plate. (There is no specific provision regarding license plates with letters only).-Monday: No driving if license plate ends with 5 or 6.-Tuesday: No driving if license plate ends with 7 or 8.-Wednesday: No driving if license plate ends with 3 or 4.-Thursday: No driving if license plate ends with 1 or 2.-Friday: No driving if license plate ends with 9 or 0. Also, no driving of vehicles with temporary license plates or any other plate that does not conform with the above.-Saturday and Sunday: All vehicles may be driven.Traveling in Baja: Heavy rains in January 1993 severely damaged five bridges in Baja California. Road conditions are difficult and travelers can become stranded. Temporary repairs made roads passable by March, but complete bridge repairs will take longer. For current Mexican road conditions between Ensenada and El Rosario, Mexico, travelers can contact the nearest Mexican consulate or tourism office or the U.S. Consulate General in Tijuana. Tijuana Consulate hours are 8:00 am to 4:30 pm PST.Bringing Vehicles into Mexico: The government of Mexico strictly regulates the entry of vehicles into Mexico. These regulations were revised on March 31, 1993. The most important changes in the regulations are the following:-entry and exit points must be from the same border crossing port of entry.-the owner is more likely to avoid legal difficulties with local authorities if the owner of an imported vehicle is present in the vehicle at all times the vehicle is in operation.Because of the complexity of the regulations, travelers are advised to contact the nearest Mexican consulate in the U.S. for specific, detailed information prior to departing the U.S. Bonding companies may ask travelers to leave original documents such as passports, the car title or social security cards. U.S. citizens who choose to use the services of bonding companies should not leave their U.S. passports with those companies because passports are U.S. government property.Drug and Firearms Penalties: Penalties for drug and firearm offenses are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines. Sentences for possession of drugs in Mexico can be as long as 25 years plus fines. Just as in the U.S., purchase of controlled medication requires a doctor's prescription. The Mexican list of controlled medication differs from the U.S. list, and Mexican public health laws concerning controlled medication are unclear. Possession of excessive amounts of a psychotropic drug such as valium can result in arrest if the authorities suspect abuse. A permit from a Mexican consulate in the U.S. is required in order to import firearms or ammunition into Mexico, whether or not the firearm is legally registered in the U.S. Sentences for possession of firearms in Mexico can be as long as 30 years. Some Mexican cities have ordinances prohibiting the possession of knives or anything that might be construed as a weapon. Travelers should check with the nearest Mexican consulate before traveling to Mexico with firearms or to purchase medication.Dual Citizenship: U.S. citizens who are also considered to be Mexican citizens could be subject to compulsory military service and other aspects of Mexican law while in Mexico. Those who may be affected can inquire at the Mexican Embassy or a consulate to determine status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. government efforts to provide protection in Mexico.Other Information: American citizen travelers are subject to Mexican laws while in Mexico and enjoy no special consideration as American citizens. Many American travelers to Mexico become involved in time-share or other real property purchases. Travelers should be aware that Mexican laws and practices regarding real estate are markedly different from those in the U.S. Travelers wishing to obtain competent legal advice may obtain a list of local attorneys from the U.S. Embassy or nearest consulate in Mexico.Tips for Travelers: The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government printing office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The Department of State pamphlet "Tips for Travelers to Mexico" is also available from the same address.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy or a consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within Mexico.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy is located in Mexico City at Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, telephone (52-5) 211-0042. There are also U.S. Consulates General in:Ciudad Juarez at Avenida Lopez Mateos 924-N, telephone (52-16)134048; Guadalajara at Progreso 175, telephone (52-36) 25-2998; Monterrey at Avenida Constitucion 411 Poniente 64000 Monterrey, telephone (52-83) 45-2120; and in Tijuana at Tapachula 96, telephone (52-66) 817400. There are U.S. Consulates in: Hermosillo at Ave. Monterrey 141, telephone (52-62)172375;Matamoros at Ave. Primera 2002, telephone (52-891) 6-72-70;Merida at Paseo Montejo 453, telephone (52-99) 25-6366; and inNuevo Laredo at Calle Allende 3330, Col. Jardin, telephone (52-871) 4-0512. There are Consular Agencies in:Puerto Vallarta at Parian Del Puente Local 12-A, telephone (52-322) 3-0074;Acapulco at Hotel Club Del Sol, telephone (52-748) 5-7207/5-6600;Cancun at Avenida Nader #40, Edificio Marruecos, 3rd floor office #31, tel. (52-98) 84-24-11;San Luis Potosi at Francisco De P. Mariel 102, Desp. One, telephone (52-481) 2-1528; Durango at Castaneda 533 Nte., telephone (52-181)1-2217; Oaxaca at Alcala 201, telephone (52-951) 4-3054;San Miguel de Allende at Dr. Hernandez Macias #72, telephone (52-465) 2-2357/2-0068;Tampico at Ave. Hidalgo #2000 local 4, telephone (52-12)13-2217;and in Veracruz at Victimas del 25 de Junio #388, telephone (52-29) 31-5821.Consular Agencies will open soon in Cabo San Lucas and Mazatlan.No. 93-145This Consular Information Sheet replaces the one issued February 2, 1993 to update information on crime, drug penalties, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte HeaderAffiliation: (territorial collectivity of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the northern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Madagascar and MozambiqueMap references: AfricaArea: total area: 375 km2 land area: 375 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 185.2 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by ComorosClimate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)Terrain: generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravinesNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to cyclones during rainy seasonNote: part of Comoro Archipelago THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte PeoplePopulation: 89,983 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 49.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.35 years male: 55.23 years female: 59.55 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mahorais (singular and plural) adjective: MahoranEthnic divisions: NAReligions: Muslim 99%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)Languages: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), FrenchLiteracy: total population: NA male: NA female: NALabor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte conventional short form: MayotteDigraph: MFType: territorial collectivity of FranceCapital: MamoutzouAdministrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French lawNational holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: General Council: last held March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 12, RPR 5 French Senate: last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1 French National Assembly: last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1Executive branch: government commissionerLegislative branch: unicameral General Council (Conseil General)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)Leaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976)Member of: FZDiplomatic representation in US: as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented in the US by FranceFlag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte EconomyOverview: Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1985)Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: ylang-ylang, vanilla partners: France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9%Imports: $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour partners: France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capitaIndustries: newly created lobster and shrimp industryAgriculture: most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $402 millionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte CommunicationsHighways: 42 km total; 18 km bituminousPorts: DzaoudziAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanet-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mayotte Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 900 km east of MadagascarMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,860 km2 land area: 1,850 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and RodriguesLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 177 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims French-administered Tromelin IslandClimate: tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateauNatural resources: arable land, fishLand use: arable land: 54% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 31% other: 7%Irrigated land: 170 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius PeoplePopulation: 1,106,516 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.95% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 19.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.24 years male: 66.34 years female: 74.3 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.23 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mauritian(s) adjective: MauritianEthnic divisions: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%Religions: Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim 16.6%, other 3.1%Languages: English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, BojpooriLiteracy: age 13 and over can read and write (1962) total population: 61% male: 72% female: 50%Labor force: 335,000 by occupation: government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%, other 22% note: 43% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius conventional short form: MauritiusDigraph: MPType: parliamentary democracyCapital: Port LouisAdministrative divisions: 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, SavanneIndependence: 12 March 1968 (from UK)Constitution: 12 March 1968Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areasNational holiday: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)Political parties and leaders: government coalition: Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO opposition: Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), X. DUVALOther political or pressure groups: various labor unionsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Assembly: last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992); Vice President Robin Dranooth GHURBURRON (since 1 July 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING chancery: Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 244-1491 or 1492US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador vacant embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis mailing address: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis telephone: [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767 FAX: [230] 208-9534Flag: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius EconomyOverview: The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real growth and low unemployment.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (FY91 est.)National product real growth rate: 6.1% (FY91 est.)National product per capita: $2,300 (FY91 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (FY91)Unemployment rate: 2.4% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital expenditures of $111 million (FY90)Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% partners: EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15%Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum products 8%, chemicals 7% partners: EC, US, South Africa, JapanExternal debt: $869 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDPElectricity: 235,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourismAgriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net food importer, especially rice and fishIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug tradeEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 millionCurrency: 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 centsExchange rates: Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 16.982 (January 1993), 15.563 (1992), 15.652 (1991), 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius EconomyFiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius CommunicationsHighways: 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earthPorts: Port LouisMerchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 103,328 GRT/163,142 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulkAirports: total: 5 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: small system with good service utilizing primarily microwave radio relay; new microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritius Defense ForcesBranches: National Police Force (including the paramilitary Special Mobile Force (SMF), Special Support Units (SSU), and National Coast GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 312,056; fit for military service 159,408 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89)</text>
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<text>MAURITIUS - Passport, sufficient funds for stay and onward/return ticketrequired. Visa not required for tourist/business stay up to 3 months.AIDS test required for permanent residence and work permits. U.S. testsometimes accepted. For further information consult Embassy of Mauritius,Suite 441, 4301 Conn. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/244-1491/2)or Honorary Consulate in Los Angeles (818/788-3720).Mauritius - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: The Republic of Mauritius is a developing nation with a stable government and growing economy. Facilities for tourism are largely available. Although the spoken languages are French and Creole, English is the official language.Entry Requirements: A passport, an onward/return ticket and evidence of sufficient funds are required for entrance to Mauritius. U.S. citizens do not need visas for a stay of three months or less for business or tourism. Further information can be obtained from the Embassy of Mauritius, Suite 441, 4301 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 244-1491/2. Honorary Consulates are located in Los Angeles, telephone (818) 788-3720, and in Atlanta, telephone (404) 892-8733.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available, but more limited than in the United States. Doctors and private clinics require cash or credit card payment for health care services. Public hospitals provide limited facilities. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime is common in Mauritius. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. The death penalty applies for illegal importation of drugs.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Port Louis may obtain updated information on travel and security in Mauritius. The U.S. Embassy in Port Louis also provides consular services for U.S. citizens in Comoros. (The U.S. Embassy in Moroni, Comoros closed September 27, 1993.)Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at Rogers House (Fourth Floor) on John F. Kennedy Street in the capital city of Port Louis. The telephone numbers are (230) 208-9764 through 9769, 208-2347 and 208-2354; fax (230) 208-9534.No. 93-284This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to provide updated telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Mauritius.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, along the North Atlantic Ocean, between Western Sahara and SenegalMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,030,700 km2 land area: 1,030,400 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than three times the size of New MexicoLand boundaries: total 5,074 km, Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 kmCoastline: 754 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: boundary with SenegalClimate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dustyTerrain: mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hillsNatural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphateLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 38% forest and woodland: 5% other: 56%Irrigated land: 120 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania PeoplePopulation: 2,124,792 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.14% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 47.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.59 years male: 44.81 years female: 50.48 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mauritanian(s) adjective: MauritanianEthnic divisions: mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%Religions: Muslim 100%Languages: Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official)Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 34% male: 47% female: 21%Labor force: 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980) by occupation: agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10% note: 53% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania conventional short form: Mauritania local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah local short form: MuritaniyahDigraph: MRType: republicCapital: NouakchottAdministrative divisions: 12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza note: there may be a new capital district of NouakchottIndependence: 28 November 1960 (from France)Constitution: 12 July 1991Legal system: three-tier system: Islamic (Shari'a) courts, special courts, state security courts (in the process of being eliminated)National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November (1960)Political parties and leaders: legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based; emerging parties include Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA; Union of Democratic Forces - New Era (UFD/NE), headed by Ahmed Ould DADDAH; Assembly for Democracy and Unity (RDU), Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA; Popular Social and Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; Mauritanian Party for Renewal (PMR), Hameida BOUCHRAYA; National Avant-Garde Party (PAN), Khattry Ould JIDDOU; Mauritanian Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould SIDI BADIOther political or pressure groups: Mauritanian Workers Union (UTM)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held January 1992 (next to be held January 1998); results - President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid 'Ahmed TAYA elected Senate: last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (one-third of the seats up for re-election in 1994) National Assembly: last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held March 1997)Executive branch: presidentLegislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or Senate (Majlis al-Shuyukh) and a lower house or National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-5700US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN embassy: address NA, Nouakchott mailing address: B. P. 222, Nouakchott telephone: [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63 FAX: [222] (2) 525-89Flag: green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania EconomyOverview: A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's support of SADDAM Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $555 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.2% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 20% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.)Exports: $447 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal partners: EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Cote d'Ivoire 3%Imports: $385 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods partners: EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3%External debt: $1.9 billion (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 33% of GDPElectricity: 190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsumAgriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops - dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large food deficit in years of drought THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 millionCurrency: 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoumsExchange rates: ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 116.990 (February 1993), 87.082 (1992), 81.946 (1991), 80.609 (1990), 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania CommunicationsRailroads: 690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by government mining companyHighways: 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracksInland waterways: mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal RiverPorts: Nouadhibou, NouakchottMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWTAirports: total: 29 usable: 29 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 16Telecommunications: poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radio communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 ARABSAT, with six planned THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mauritania Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National Police, Presidential GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 452,008; fit for military service 220,717 (1993 est.); conscription law not implementedDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>MAURITANIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa before arrival. Visavalid 3 months, requires $10 fee (money order only), 2 application forms, 4photos, yellow fever and cholera immunizations and proof of onward/returntransportation. Business travelers must have proof of sufficient funds(bank statement) or letter from sponsoring company. For furtherinformation contact Embassy of the Republic of Mauritania, 2129 Leroy Pl.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/232-5700/01) or Permanent Mission to theU.N., 211 East 43rd Street, Suite 2000, New York, NY 10017 (212/986-7963).Mauritania - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Mauritania is a developing country in northwestern Africa. It is a Muslim country with a conservative dress code. Women are expected to wear garments with sleeves, to have dress lengths that cover the knee and to not wear shorts.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens need a passport and a visa. Evidence of yellow fever immunization and proof of sufficient funds are required. Further information on entry requirements can be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Mauritania, 2129 Leroy Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 232-5700, or from the Mauritanian Permanent Mission to the U.N., 6100 Third Avenue, 37th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10016, telephone (212) 737-7780.Civil Disorder: Incidents of civil disorder occurred in Mauritania following both the January 1992 presidential elections and the government's decision in October 1992 to devaluate the Mauritanian currency. Both incidents were short-lived, however, and the situation is calm at present.Areas of Instability: Surface travel between Mauritania and the former Western Sahara is dangerous, because of the continuing conflict between Morocco and the Polisario movement. Although a ceasefire is presently in place, several violations have occurred, and the area cannot be considered safe. Travelers are at risk of being caught up in hostilities between Morocco and the Polisario movement. There are reports of thousands of unexploded mines in the Western Sahara and in areas of Mauritania adjacent to the Western Sahara border. Exploding mines are occasionally reported and have caused death and injury. Surface travel between Mali and Mauritania is dangerous due to a series of violent incidents related to ethnic conflict, cattle rustling, and the proliferation of weapons. It is not possible to get a Malian visa in Mauritania. Both surface and air travel between Mauritania and Senegal resumed in April 1992; however, surface travel is restricted to several designated border crossing-points, and the likelihood of recurring violence is great.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Mauritania are limited. Medicines are difficult to obtain. Cash payments must be made directly to doctors and hospitals in most cases. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime occurs. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. State Department pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Local currency may not be imported or exported. Credit cards, other than American Express, are not accepted in Mauritania. American Express cards can only be used at a few hotels in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Mauritania. Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of Nouakchott between the Presidency Building and the Spanish Embassy. The postal address is B.P. 222, Nouakchott, Mauritania. The phone number is (222-2) 526-60, and the fax number is (222-2) 515-92.No. 93-283This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated March 12, 1993, to provide information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport. </text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique HeaderAffiliation: (overseas department of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique GeographyLocation: in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of VenezuelaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South AmericaArea: total area: 1,100 km2 land area: 1,060 km2 comparative area: slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 290 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October)Terrain: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcanoNatural resources: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable landLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 8% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 26% other: 26%Irrigated land: 60 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an average of one major natural disaster every five years THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique PeoplePopulation: 387,656 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.21% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.82 years male: 74.68 years female: 81.01 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.94 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Martiniquais (singular and plural) adjective: MartiniquaisEthnic divisions: African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%Languages: French, Creole patoisLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 93% male: 92% female: 93%Labor force: 100,000 by occupation: service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, agriculture 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Department of Martinique conventional short form: Martinique local long form: Departement de la Martinique local short form: MartiniqueDigraph: MBType: overseas department of FranceCapital: Fort-de-FranceAdministrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)Independence: none (overseas department of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French legal systemNational holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union for a Martinique of Progress (UMP); Martinique Progressive Party (PPM); Socialist Federation of Martinique (FSM); Martinique Communist Party (PCM); Martinique Patriots (PM); Union for French Democracy (UDF)Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc PULVAR; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and PeasantsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: French Senate: last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1 French National Assembly: last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1 General Council: last held in 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by party NA; note - a leftist coalition obtained a one-seat margin Regional Assembly: last held on NA March 1992 (next to be held by March 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) UMP 16Executive branch: government commissionerLegislative branch: unicameral General CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988)Member of: FZ, WCLDiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented in the US by FranceUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON embassy: Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, Fort-de-France mailing address: B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206 telephone: [596] 63-13-03Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique EconomyOverview: The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. Agriculture accounts for about 10% of GDP and the small industrial sector for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. Banana workers launched protests late in 1992 because of falling banana prices and fears of greater competition in the European market from other producers.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1988)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $6,000 (1988)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1990)Unemployment rate: 32.1% (1990)Budget: revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)Exports: $196 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples partners: France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987)Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods partners: France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,580 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourismAgriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, sugarcane for rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetablesEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique CommunicationsHighways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earthPorts: Fort-de-FranceAirports: total: 2 useable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland microwave radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Martinique Defense ForcesBranches: French Forces, GendarmerieNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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card_61066.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands GeographyLocation: Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New GuineaMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 181.3 km2 land area: 181.3 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC note: includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and KwajaleinLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 370.4 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims US territory of Wake IslandClimate: wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon beltTerrain: low coral limestone and sand islandsNatural resources: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed mineralsLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 60% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 40%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30 atolls and 1,152 islandsNote: Bikini and Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands PeoplePopulation: 51,982 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.87% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 46.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 50.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.79 years male: 61.27 years female: 64.38 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Marshallese (singular and plural) adjective: MarshalleseEthnic divisions: MicronesianReligions: Christian (mostly Protestant)Languages: English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, JapaneseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 93% male: 100% female: 88%Labor force: 4,800 (1986) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of the Marshall Islands conventional short form: Marshall Islands former: Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)Digraph: RMType: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986Capital: MajuroAdministrative divisions: noneIndependence: 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)Constitution: 1 May 1979Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary lawsNational holiday: Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979)Political parties and leaders: no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional) leaderSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata KABUA was reelected Parliament: last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total)Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Nitijela (parliament)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Amata KABUA (since 1979)Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL chancery: 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-5414US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David C. FIELDS THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands Government embassy: NA address, Majuro mailing address: P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379 telephone: (011) 692-4011 FAX: (011) 692-4012Flag: blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the two stripes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands EconomyOverview: Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese budget of $55 million.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $63 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $1,500 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $55 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1987 est.)Exports: $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985) commodities: copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts partners: NAImports: $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985) commodities: foodstuffs, beverages, building materials partners: NAExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore banking (embryonic)Agriculture: coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, pigs, chickensEconomic aid: under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide approximately $40 million in aid annuallyCurrency: US currency is usedExchange rates: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands CommunicationsHighways: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracksPorts: MajuroMerchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,786,070 GRT/3,498,895 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 container, 9 oil tanker, 15 bulk carrier, 2 combination ore/oil; note - a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 16 usable: 16 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services; islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein THE WORLD FACTBOOK Marshall Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<text>MARSHALL ISLANDS, REPUBLIC OF THE - Proof of U.S. citizenship, sufficientfunds for stay and onward/return ticket required for stay up to 30 days(extendable up to 90 days from date of entry). Entry permit not needed tobring in sea-going vessel. Obtain necessary forms from airline or shippingagent serving Marshall Islands. Departure fee $10 (those over age 60exempt). Health certificate required if arriving from infected areas.AIDS test may be required for visits over 30 days; U.S. test accepted.Check information with Representative Office, Suite 1004, 1901 PennsylvaniaAve., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 (202/234-5414) or the nearest ConsulateGeneral: CA (714/474-0331) or HI (808/942-4422).</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of HeaderAffiliation: (British crown dependency) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of GeographyLocation: in the Irish Sea, between Ireland and Great BritainMap references: EuropeArea: total area: 588 km2 land area: 588 km2 comparative area: nearly 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 113 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the timeTerrain: hills in north and south bisected by central valleyNatural resources: lead, iron oreLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA% (extensive arable land and forests)Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: strong westerly winds prevailNote: one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is a bird sanctuary THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of PeoplePopulation: 71,263 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 9.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.98 years male: 73.25 years female: 78.92 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Manxman, Manxwoman adjective: ManxEthnic divisions: Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), BritonReligions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of FriendsLanguages: English, Manx GaelicLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 25,864 (1981) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Isle of ManDigraph: IMType: British crown dependencyCapital: DouglasAdministrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)Independence: none (British crown dependency)Constitution: 1961, Isle of Man Constitution ActLegal system: English law and local statuteNational holiday: Tynwald Day, 5 JulyPolitical parties and leaders: there is no party system and members sit as independentsSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: House of Keys: last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24Executive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a lower house or House of KeysJudicial branch: Court of TynwaldLeaders: Chief of State: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990) Head of Government: President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (British crown dependency)US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)Flag: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of EconomyOverview: Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. The Isle of Man enjoys free access to European Community markets.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $490 million (1988)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $7,500 (1988)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 1% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.)Exports: $NA commodities: tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat partners: UKImports: $NA commodities: timber, fertilizers, fish partners: UKExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,965 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: an important offshore financial center; financial services, light manufacturing, tourismAgriculture: cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultryEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 penceExchange rates: Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Manx pound is at par with the British poundFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of CommunicationsRailroads: 60 km; 36 km electric track, 24 km steam trackHighways: 640 km motorable roadsPorts: Douglas, Ramsey, PeelMerchant marine: 59 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,363,502 GRT/2,363,502 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 6 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 12 bulk; note - a captive register of the United Kingdom, although not all ships on the register are British ownedAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Man, Isle of Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta GeographyLocation: in the central Mediterranean Sea, 93 km south of Sicily (Italy), 290 km north of LibyaMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 320 km2 land area: 320 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 140 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summersTerrain: mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffsNatural resources: limestone, saltLand use: arable land: 38% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 59%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989)Environment: numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce; increasing reliance on desalinationNote: the country comprises an archipelago, with only the 3 largest islands (Malta, Gozo, and Comino) being inhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta PeoplePopulation: 363,791 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.52 years male: 74.32 years female: 78.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Maltese (singular and plural) adjective: MalteseEthnic divisions: Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, EnglishReligions: Roman Catholic 98%Languages: Maltese (official), English (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) total population: 84% male: 86% female: 82%Labor force: 127,200 by occupation: government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing 22%, training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Malta conventional short form: MaltaDigraph: MTType: parliamentary democracyCapital: VallettaAdministrative divisions: none (administration directly from Valletta)Independence: 21 September 1964 (from UK)Constitution: 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974Legal system: based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 21 SeptemberPolitical parties and leaders: Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred SANTSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results - NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after adjustment)Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Constitutional Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987)Member of: C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET chancery: 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462-3611 or 3612 FAX: (202) 387-5470 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta Government consulate: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta mailing address: P. O. Box 535, Valletta telephone: [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654 FAX: same as telephone numbersFlag: two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta EconomyOverview: Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources. Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services. Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy. Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and textile industries major contributors and the state-owned Malta drydocks employing about 4,300 people. In 1991, about 900,000 tourists visited the island. Per capita GDP at $7,600 places Malta in the middle-income range of the world's nations.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 5.9% (1991)National product per capita: $7,600 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1991)Unemployment rate: 3.6% (1992)Budget: revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $161 million (1992 est.)Exports: $l.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: clothing, textiles, footwear, ships partners: Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11%Imports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods partners: Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4%External debt: $127 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDPElectricity: 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing, textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobaccoAgriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP and 2.5% of the work force (1992); overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products - potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48 millionCurrency: 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta EconomyExchange rates: Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3687 (January 1993), 0.3178 (1992), 0.3226 (1991), 0.3172 (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta CommunicationsHighways: 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 km improved and unimproved earthPorts: Valletta, MarsaxlokkMerchant marine: 789 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,059,874 GRT/18,758,969 DWT; includes 6 passenger, 17 short-sea passenger, 272 cargo, 26 container, 2 passenger-cargo, 20 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 barge carrier, 17 refrigerated cargo, 19 chemical tanker, 15 combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 131 oil tanker, 223 bulk, 26 combination bulk, 3 multifunction large load carrier, 1 railcar carrier; note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, Russia owns 52 ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, Croatia owns 37, Romania owns 3Airports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones; excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands; international service by 1 submarine cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malta Defense ForcesBranches: Armed Forces, Maltese Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 97,446; fit for military service 77,481 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>MALTA - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months(extendable - extension must be applied for prior to end of 3-month periodor expiration of original visa). Visa requires 3 application forms, 2photos, proof of onward/return transportation and $46 fee (check or moneyorder). Transit visa available for $31. For additional informationconsult Embassy of Malta, 2017 Conn. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/462-3611/2) or nearest Consulate: CA (213/939-5011 and 415/468-4321),MA (617/259-1391), MI (313/525-9777), MO (816/833-0033), MN (612/228-0935),NY (212/725-2345), PA (412/262-8460) or TX (713/497-2100 or 713/999-1812).Malta - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Malta is a small, developed, democratic Mediterranean island nation, positioned as a cultural and political stepping-stone between Europe and North Africa. Tourist facilities of all categories are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required for tourist stays of up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Malta, travelers can contact the Embassy of Malta at 2017 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 462-3611, or the nearest Maltese Consulate in Boston, Detroit, Houston, Kansas City, Missouri, New York, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, Ft. Lauderdale, St. Paul, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical care is available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Malta has a low rate of violent crime. Incidents of pickpocketing and purse-snatching are relatively rare. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Malta, penalties for possession, use, and dealing of illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Malta.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Malta is located on the third floor of Development House, St. Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta. The Consular Section may be reached at telephone (356) 235-960, or fax (356) 243-229.No. 93-091This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to provide the new telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Malta, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali GeographyLocation: Western Africa, between Mauritania and NigerMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1.24 million km2 land area: 1.22 million km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 7,243 km, Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with NigerClimate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to FebruaryTerrain: mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeastNatural resources: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploitedLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 7% other: 66%Irrigated land: 50 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertificationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali PeoplePopulation: 8,868,617 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.66% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 51.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 20.81 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.45 years male: 43.89 years female: 47.06 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Malian(s) adjective: MalianEthnic divisions: Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%Religions: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%Languages: French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 32% male: 41% female: 24%Labor force: 2.666 million (1986 est.) by occupation: agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981) note: 50% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional short form: Mali local long form: Republique de Mali local short form: Mali former: French SudanDigraph: MLType: republicCapital: BamakoAdministrative divisions: 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, TombouctouIndependence: 22 September 1960 (from France)Constitution: new constitution adopted in constitutional referendum in January 1992Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniverary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960)Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Democracy (Adema), Alpha Oumar KONARE; National Committee for Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US/RAD), Baba Hakib HAIDARA and Treoule Mamadon KONATE; Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa; Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA; Union for Democracy and Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY; Rally for Democracy and Labor (RDT); Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Col. Youssouf TRAORE; Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE; Malian Union for Democracy and Development (UMDD)Suffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: last held in April 1992; Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against Montaga TALL National Assembly: last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (total 116) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1Executive branch: Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 members, predominantly civilianLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Younoussi TOURE (since 8 June 1992)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Siragatou Ibrahim CISSE chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Herbert Donald GELBER embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V., Bamako mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako telephone: [223] 225470 FAX: [233] 228059Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali EconomyOverview: Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. In consultation with international lending agencies, the government has adopted a structural adjustment program for 1992-95, aiming at GDP annual growth of 4.6%, inflation of no more than 2.5% on average, and a substantial reduction in the external current account deficit.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -0.2% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $265 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital expenditures of $178 (1989 est.)Exports: $320 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins partners: mostly franc zone and Western EuropeImports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals partners: mostly franc zone and Western EuropeExternal debt: $2.6 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 15.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 10.0% of GDPElectricity: 260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, fishingAgriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms; cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goatsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali CommunicationsRailroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through KayesHighways: about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 1,815 km navigableAirports: total: 34 usable: 27 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 10Telecommunications: domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Mali Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,749,662; fit for military service 995,554 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>MALI - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained in advance.Tourist/business visa for stay up to 4 weeks, may be extended afterarrival, requires $17 fee (cash or money order), 2 application forms, 2photos, proof of onward/return transportation and yellow fever vaccination.(Cholera immunization is recommended.) For business travel, must havecompany letter stating purpose of trip. Send SASE for return of passportif applying by mail. Apply Embassy of the Republic of Mali, 2130 R St.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/332-2249).</text>
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card_60139.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives GeographyLocation: South Asia, in the Indian Ocean off the southwest coast of IndiaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 300 km2 land area: 300 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 644 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 35-310 nm as defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides with maritime boundary with India territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)Terrain: flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 metersNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 3% other: 84%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atollsNote: archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives PeoplePopulation: 243,094 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.64% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 44.34 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 57.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.86 years male: 62.5 years female: 65.28 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.36 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Maldivian(s) adjective: MaldivianEthnic divisions: Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, AfricanReligions: Sunni MuslimLanguages: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officialsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) total population: 92% male: 92% female: 92%Labor force: 66,000 (est.) by occupation: fishing industry 25% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Maldives conventional short form: MaldivesDigraph: MVType: republicCapital: MaleAdministrative divisions: 19 districts (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, WaavuIndependence: 26 July 1965 (from UK)Constitution: 4 June 1964Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1965)Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuriesSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1993); results - President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected Citizens' Council: last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected)Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis)Judicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978)Member of: AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission in New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic visits there consular agency: Midhath Hilmy, Male THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives Government telephone: 2581Flag: red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives EconomyOverview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10% of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism became one of the most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $140 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.7% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $620 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NEGL%Budget: revenues $52 million (excluding foreign transfers); expenditures $83 million, including capital expenditures of $39 million (1991 est.)Exports: $53.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fish, clothing partners: US, UK, Sri LankaImports: $150.9 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: consumer goods, intermediate and capital goods, petroleum products partners: Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, IndiaExternal debt: $90 million (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 24.0% (1990); accounts for 6% of GDPElectricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicraftsAgriculture: accounts for almost 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.)Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 millionCurrency: 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laarisExchange rates: rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.506 (January 1993), 10.569 (1992), 10.253 (1991), 9.509 (1990), 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives CommunicationsHighways: Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the cityPorts: Male, GanMerchant marine: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,848 GRT/58,496 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 1 container, 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 2 useable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Maldives Defense ForcesBranches: National Security Service (paramilitary police force)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 53,730; fit for military service 30,014 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>MALDIVES - Passport required. Tourist visa issued upon arrival, nocharge. Visitors must have proof of onward/return transportation andsufficient funds (minimum of $10 per person per day). Check with Embassyof Maldives in Sri Lanka, 25 Melbourne Avenue, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka or theMaldives Mission to the U.N. in New York (212/599-6195) for furtherinformation.Maldives - Consular Information SheetAugust 27, 1993Country Description: Maldives is a group of islands west of Sri Lanka, off the southern tip of India. Facilities for tourism are relatively well developed in most beach areas.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Tourist visas are issued upon arrival at no charge. Visitors must have proof of onward/return transportation and sufficient funds. For further information the traveler can contact the Embassy of Maldives in Sri Lanka, at 25 Melbourne Avenue, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka, or the Maldives Mission to the U.N. in New York, telephone (212) 599-6195.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited and some medicine may be unavailable. Doctors and clinics often require immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental coverage which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved to be of use. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: There is a low rate of crime in Maldives. However, petty crime does exist. Valuables left on beaches are subject to thievery. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. There is no U.S. Embassy in Maldives, but travelers may contact the consular agent in Male, Maldives. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced in Maldives. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the consular agent in Maldives, or in the consular section of the U.S. Embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka, can obtain updated information on travel and security within Maldives.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. Embassy in Maldives. The U.S. ambassador to Sri Lanka is also accredited to the Maldives. There is a U.S. consular agent in Male, the capital city of Maldives. The agent's address is Mandhu Edurruge, 20-05 Violet Magu, Male, Republic of Maldives. The local telephone number is 322581 or 325199. The consular agent works under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Embassy in Sri Lanka.No. 93-233This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Vietnam and IndonesiaMap references: Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 329,750 km2 land area: 328,550 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New MexicoLand boundaries: total 2,669 km, Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 kmCoastline: 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore; two islands in dispute with IndonesiaClimate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoonsTerrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountainsNatural resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxiteLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 63% other: 24%Irrigated land: 3,420 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to flooding; air and water pollutionNote: strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia PeoplePopulation: 18,845,340 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 28.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.82 years male: 65.96 years female: 71.81 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Malaysian(s) adjective: MalaysianEthnic divisions: Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9%Religions: Peninsular Malaysia: Muslim (Malays) Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu (Indians) Sabah: Muslim 38% Christian 17%, other 45% Sarawak: tribal religion 35% Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5%Languages: Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official) English, Chinese dialects, Tamil State of Sabah: English Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate) State of Sarawak: English Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages,Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 78% male: 86% female: 70%Labor force: 7.258 million (1991 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Malaysia former: Malayan UnionDigraph: MYType: constitutional monarchy note: Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal governmentCapital: Kuala LumpurAdministrative divisions: 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*Independence: 31 August 1957 (from UK)Constitution: 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 31 August (1957)Political parties and leaders: Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S. Samy VELLU Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOORSuffrage: 21 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia GovernmentElections: House of Representatives: last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results - National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO got 71 seats and MCA 18 seatsExecutive branch: paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 April 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986)Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed chancery: 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 328-2700 consulates general: Los Angeles and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John S. WOLF embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur mailing address: P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur telephone: [60] (3) 248-9011 FAX: [60] (3) 242-2207Flag: fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia EconomyOverview: The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private enterprise and a soundly managed public sector, has posted a remarkable record of 8%-9% average growth in 1987-92. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in poverty and a marked rise in real wages. Despite sluggish growth in the major world economies in 1992, demand for Malaysian goods remained strong and foreign investors continued to commit large sums in the economy. The government is aware of the inflationary potential of this rapid development and is closely monitoring fiscal and monetary policies.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.5 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $2,960 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.7% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 4.1% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $18.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.5 billion (1992 est.)Exports: $39.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and petroleum products, wood and wood products, rubber, textiles partners: Singapore 23%, US 18.6%, Japan 13.2%, UK 4%, Germany 4%Imports: $39.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: food, consumer goods, petroleum products, chemicals, capital equipment partners: Japan 26%, US 15.8%, Singapore 15.7%, Taiwan 5.6%, Germany 4.2%External debt: $25.7 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 13% (1992); accounts for NA% of GDPElectricity: 8,000,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 1,610 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber Sabah: logging, petroleum production Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, loggingAgriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, palm oil, rice Sabah: mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia Economy Sarawak: rubber, timber, pepper; deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch of 608,000 metric tons in 1987Illicit drugs: transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, and the Third WorldEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 millionCurrency: 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 senExchange rates: ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6238 (January 1993), 2.5475 (1992), 2.7501 (1991), 1.7048 (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia CommunicationsRailroads: Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned Sabah: 136 km 1.000-meter gauge Sarawak: noneHighways: Peninsular Malaysia: 23,600 km; 19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous surface treatment, and 4,248 km unpaved Sabah: 3,782 km Sarawak: 1,644 kmInland waterways: Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km Sabah: 1,569 km Sarawak: 2,518 kmPipelines: crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 kmPorts: Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, Sandakan, TawauMerchant marine: 184 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,869,817 GRT/2,786,765 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 28 container, 2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 38 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 27 bulkAirports: total: 111 usable: 102 with permanent-surface runways: 32 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 18Telecommunications: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malaysia Defense ForcesBranches: Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border ScoutsManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,837,256; fit for military service 2,941,577; reach military age (21) annually 181,435 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>MALAYSIA (and the Borneo States, Sarawak and Sabah) - Passport required.Visa not required for stay up to 3 months. Yellow fever and choleraimmunizations necessary if arriving from infected areas. AIDS testrequired for work permits. U.S. test somtimes accepted. For entry of petsor other types of visits, consult Embassy of Malaysia, 2401 Mass. Ave.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/328-2700) or nearest Consulate: LosAngeles (213/621-2991) or New York (212/490-2722).Malaysia - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Malaysia is a federal parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. Tourist facilities and services are available in major areas of interest.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required for stays of up to three months. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations are necessary if arriving from infected areas. For further information, travelers can call the Embassy of Malaysia, 2401 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008; (202) 328-2700.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities and services are adequate in the larger cities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Major crimes against tourists are uncommon. Malaysia has one of the highest rates of credit card fraud in the world. Petty crimes such as pickpocketing and purse-snatching are common in tourist areas. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they are traveling. Malaysia strictly enforces its drug laws. Malaysian legislation provides for a mandatory death penalty for convicted drug traffickers. Individuals arrested in possession of fifteen grams (1/2 ounce) of heroin or two hundred grams (7 ounces) of marijuana are presumed by law to be trafficking in drugs.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 376 Jalan Tun Razak 50444, Kuala Lumpur. The mailing address is P.O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur; telephone (60-3) 248-9011.No. 93-179This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992, to include information on reporting a lost or stolen passport.</text>
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card_59434.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, between Mozambique and ZambiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 118,480 km2 land area: 94,080 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than PennsylvaniaLand boundaries: total 2,881 km, Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)Climate: tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountainsNatural resources: limestone, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxiteLand use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 50% other: 5%Irrigated land: 200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi PeoplePopulation: 9,831,935 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.95% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 51.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 22.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -37.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 141.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 40.48 years male: 39.61 years female: 41.37 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.5 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Malawian(s) adjective: MalawianEthnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, EuropeanReligions: Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, traditional indigenous beliefsLanguages: English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionallyLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1966) total population: 22% male: 34% female: 12%Labor force: 428,000 wage earners by occupation: agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services 15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other permanently employed 6% (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Malawi conventional short form: Malawi former: NyasalandDigraph: MIType: one-party republic note: a referendum to determine whether Malawi should remain a one-party state is scheduled to be held on 14 June 1993Capital: LilongweAdministrative divisions: 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, ZombaIndependence: 6 July 1964 (from UK)Constitution: 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1964)Political parties and leaders: only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary general vacant since 1983Other political or pressure groups: Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), Chakufwa CHIHANA; United Democratic Front (UDF) Bakili MULUZI; Malawi Democratic People (MDP), leader NASuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971 National Assembly: last held 26-27 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1997); results - MCP is the only party; seats - (141 total, 136 elected) MCP 141Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: High Court, Supreme Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as President for Life 6 July 1971) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi GovernmentMember of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA chancery: 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 797-1007US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR embassy: address NA, in new capital city development area in Lilongwe mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe telephone: [265] 730-166 FAX: [265] 732-282Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black and red bands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi EconomyOverview: Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based economic adjustment effort by the government. Drought cut overall output sharply in 1992. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -7.7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $200 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, wood products partners: US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, GermanyImports: $660 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment partners: South Africa, Japan, US, UK, ZimbabweExternal debt: $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988)Electricity: 190,000 kW capacity; 620 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goodsAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock - cattle, goatsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 millionCurrency: 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambalaExchange rates: Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 4.3418 (November 1992), 2.8033 (1991), 2.7289 (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi CommunicationsRailroads: 789 km 1.067-meter gaugeHighways: 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earthInland waterways: Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 kmPorts: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)Airports: total: 47 usable: 41 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 10Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSATNote: a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira, Nacala, and Limgogo railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of insurgent activity and damage to rail lines THE WORLD FACTBOOK Malawi Defense ForcesBranches: Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young PioneersManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,059,509; fit for military service 1,048,986 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>MALAWI - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 1 year.Strict dress codes apply for anyone visiting Malawi. Women must weardresses that cover their shoulders, arms, and knees and may not wear slacksexcept in specifically designated areas. Men with long hair cannot enterthe country. For further information about this and other requirements,contact the Embassy of Malawi, 2408 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20008 (202/797-1007) or Malawi Mission to the U.N., 600 3rd Ave., New York,NY 10016 (212/949-0180).Malawi - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Malawi is a developing African nation. Facilities for tourists exist, but are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required for a stay of up to one year. Strict dress codes apply to anyone visiting Malawi. Women must wear dresses that cover the shoulders, arms and knees and may not wear slacks except in specifically designated areas. Men with long hair cannot enter the country. For further information, the traveler may contact the Embassy of Malawi, 2408 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 797-1007, or the Malawi Mission to the U.N., 600 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016, telephone, (212) 949-0180.Areas of Instability: Spontaneous civil disturbances are not common in Malawi, but have occurred. Strikes and demonstrations in the city of Blantyre in the southern region of the country and in the capital city of Lilongwe have become violent at times.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Some medicines are in short supply. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proven useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime, including purse snatching, occurs in urban areas. Residential break-ins have increased significantly during the last six months. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Malawi.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Area 40, City Center, in the capital city of Lilongwe. The mailing address is P.O. Box 30016. The telephone numbers are (265) 783-166 and 783-342; the fax number is (265) 780-471.No. 93-281This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add the U.S. Embassy's fax number and information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar GeographyLocation: in the western Indian Ocean, 430 km east of Mozambique in Southern AfricaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 587,040 km2 land area: 581,540 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of ArizonaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 4,828 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France)Climate: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in southTerrain: narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in centerNatural resources: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fishLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 58% forest and woodland: 26% other: 11%Irrigated land: 9,000 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar PeoplePopulation: 13,005,989 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.2% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 13.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 53.52 years male: 51.65 years female: 55.45 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Malagasy (singular and plural) adjective: MalagasyEthnic divisions: Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, ComoranReligions: indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%Languages: French (official), Malagasy (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 80% male: 88% female: 73%Labor force: 4.9 million 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; 175,000 wage earners by occupation: agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, industry 15%, commerce 14%, construction 11%, services 9%, transportation 6%, other 2% note: 51% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar conventional short form: Madagascar local long form: Republique de Madagascar local short form: Madagascar former: Malagasy RepublicDigraph: MAType: republicCapital: AntananarivoAdministrative divisions: 6 provinces - Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, ToliaryIndependence: 26 June 1960 (from France)Constitution: 12 September 1992Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 26 June (1960)Political parties and leaders: some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of which are Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFYOther political or pressure groups: National Council of Christian Churches (FFKM), leader NA; Federalist Movement, leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 10 February 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - Albert ZAFY (UNDD), 67%; Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA), 33% Popular National Assembly: last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - AREMA 88.2%, MFM 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, MFM 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note - the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 and early 1993 in preparation for new legislative elections. In its place, an interim High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council have been establishedJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour Constitutionnelle)Leaders: Chief of State: President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975) Head of Government: Prime Minister Guy RAZANAMASY (since 8 August 1991)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-5525 or 5526 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas BARRETT embassy: 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo mailing address: B. P. 620, Antananarivo telephone: [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18 FAX: 261-234-539Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar EconomyOverview: Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting for over 30% of GDP and contributing to more than 70% of total export earnings. Industry is largely confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile manufacturing; in 1991 it accounted for only 13% of GDP. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year development plan that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by 1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After mid-1991, however, output dropped sharply because of protracted antigovernment strikes and demonstrations for political reform.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 1% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $200 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $250 million; expenditures $265 million, including capital expenditures of $180 million (1991)Exports: $312 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: coffee 45%, vanilla 20%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products partners: France, Japan, Italy, Germany, USImports: $350 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer goods 14%, food 13% partners: France, Germany, UK, other EC, USExternal debt: $4.4 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 13% of GDPElectricity: 125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries, tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleumAgriculture: accounts for 31% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising widespread; almost self-sufficient in riceIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumptionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar EconomyCurrency: 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,910.2 (December 1992), 1,867.9 (1992), 1,835.4 (1991), 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989), 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar CommunicationsRailroads: 1,020 km 1.000-meter gaugeHighways: 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.)Inland waterways: of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des PangalanesPorts: Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, ToliaraMerchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,359 GRT/48,772 DWT; includes 6 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gasAirports: total: 146 usable: 103 with permanent-surface runways: 30 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 36Telecommunications: above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay, and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36 repeaters) TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Madagascar Defense ForcesBranches: Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces, Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential Security RegimentManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,826,018; fit for military service 1,681,553; reach military age (20) annually 118,233 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1991 est.)</text>
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<text>MADAGASCAR - Passport and visa required. Visa valid 6 months forsingle-entry up to 90 days, $22.50; or multiple-entries, $44.15 (nopersonal checks). Requires 4 application forms, 4 photos, yellow fever andcholera immunizations, proof of onward/return transportation and sufficientfunds for stay. Include a prepaid envelope for return of passport byregistered mail. Allow 4 months to process visa for longer stay. Foradditional information contact Embassy of the Democratic Republic ofMadagascar, 2374 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-5525/6)or nearest Consulate: NY (212/986-9491), PA (215/893-3067) or CA(1-800/856-2721).Madagascar - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Madagascar is a developing island nation off the east coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are available, but vary in quality.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Evidence of yellow fever immunizations must be submitted. For additional entry information, the traveler may contact the Embassy of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, 2374 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 265-5525/6. There are also Madagascar consulates in New York, Philadelphia and Palo Alto, with telephone numbers respectively of (212)986-9491, (215) 893-3067, and (415) 323-7113).Areas of Instability: Madagascar has just completed a transition to a multi-party democracy. Travel conditions in Madagascar, which were unsettled during 1991 and 1992, have stabilized appreciably, with domestic and international air services operating normally. Goods and services, which include banking, are regularly available.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are minimal. Many medicines are unavailable. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime poses a risk for visitors, especially in the city of Antananarivo. Reported incidents include muggings and purse snatchings. These crimes generally occur in or near public mass transit systems, and against individuals walking at night in the Antananarivo city center. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Demonstrations: Foreigners who remain near or photograph political gatherings or demonstrations, especially in towns outside Antananarivo, may be at risk.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Antananarivo may obtain updated information on travel and security within Madagascar.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of Antananarivo, at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola. The mailing address is B.P. 620, Antsahavola, Madagascar. The telephone number is (261-2) 212-57, 200-89 or 207-18.No. 93-280This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia Header Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally recognized as a state by the United States. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, between Serbia and Montenegro and GreeceMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 25,333 km2 land area: 24,856 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than VermontLand boundaries: total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia)Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean MacedoniaClimate: hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfallTerrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes, each divided by a frontier lineNatural resources: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulphur, timberLand use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 30% other: 40%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical plantsNote: landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia PeoplePopulation: 2,193,951 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.91% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.79 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.19 years male: 71.15 years female: 75.41 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Macedonian(s) adjective: MacedonianEthnic divisions: Macedonian 67%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 6%Religions: Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 10%Languages: Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 507,324 by occupation: agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Macedonia conventional short form: Macedonia local long form: Republika Makedonija local short form: MakedonijaDigraph: MKType: emerging democracyCapital: SkopjeAdministrative divisions: 34 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos, Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, VinicaIndependence: 20 November 1991 (from Yugoslavia)Constitution: adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: Social-Democratic League of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist Party), Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity in Macedonia (PDPM), Nevzat HALILI, president; National Democratic Party (PDP), Ilijas HALINI, president; Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia (SRSM), Stojan ANDOV, president; Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, president; Party of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, presidentOther political or pressure groups: Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); League for Democracy; Albanian Democratic Union-Liberal PartySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOROV was elected by the Assembly Assembly: last held 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) VMRO-DPMNE 37, SDSM 31, PDPM 25, SRSM 17, SJM 1, SPM 5, others 4Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers, prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Assembly (Sobranje)Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since NA September 1992), Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since NA March 1991), Stevo CRVENKOVSKI (since NA September 1992), and Becir ZUTA (since NA March 1991)Member of: EBRD, ICAO, IMF, UN, UNCTAD, WMODiplomatic representation in US: none; US does not recognize MacedoniaUS diplomatic representation: none; US does not recognize MacedoniaFlag: 16-point gold sun (Vergino, Sun) centered on a red field THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia EconomyOverview: Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a dissolved Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. It will, however, move down toward a bare subsistence level of life unless economic ties are reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of trade patterns and economic programs. Inflation in early 1992 was out of control, the result of fracturing trade links, the decline in economic activity, and general uncertainties about the future status of the country; prices rose 38% in March 1992 alone. In August 1992, Greece, angry at the use of "Macedonia" as the republic's name, imposed a partial blockade for several months. This blockade, combined with the effects of the UN sanctions on Serbia and Montenegro, cost the economy approximately $1 billion in 1992 according to official figures. Macedonia's geographical isolation, technological backwardness, and potential political instability place it far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. Resolution of the dispute with Greece and an internal commitment to economic reform would help to encourage foreign investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the worst scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its borders.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $7.1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -18% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $3,110 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 114.9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 20% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $578 million (1990) commodities: manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% partners: principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, AlbaniaImports: $1,112 million (1990) commodities: fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% partners: other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, BulgariaExternal debt: $845.8 millionIndustrial production: growth rate -18% (1991 est.)Electricity: 1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 2,900 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia EconomyIndustries: low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, and ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and tobaccoAgriculture: provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of the seven legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry, including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly labor intensiveIllicit drugs: NAEconomic aid: $10 million from the US for humanitarian and technical assistance; EC promised a 100 ECU million economic aid packageCurrency: 1 denar (abbreviation NA) = 100 NAExchange rates: denar per US$1 - 240 (January 1991)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia CommunicationsRailroads: NAHighways: 10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earthInland waterways: NA kmPipelines: nonePorts: none; landlockedAirports: total: 17 useable: 17 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: 125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macedonia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 597,024; fit for military service 484,701; reach military age (19) annually 18,979 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>MACEDONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF - Entry permission can be obtainedat border points. Macedonia does not currently maintain an embassy in theU.S. For more information check with the Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia's Office, 1015 15th St., N.W., Suite 402, Washington, D.C. 20005(202/682-0519).Macedonia - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Macedonia is a developing nation which was formerly one of the Yugoslav republics. Facilities for tourism are not fully developed.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens need a passport and can obtain entry permission at border points of entry. Macedonia does not have an Embassy or consulate in the United States, but has an office at 1015 15th Street NW, Suite 402, Washington, DC 20005, telephone (202) 682-0519, where further information can be obtained.Medical Facilities: Health facilities in Macedonia are limited. Medicines are in short supply. Doctors and hospitals usually expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Theft and other petty crimes have been rising in Macedonia, but are still low by U.S. standards. Emergency police assistance can be obtained by dialing 92. Response time varies, but is generally considered to be effective. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.Other Information: Westerners who travel to Macedonia can expect shortages of fuel, and in some cases, long waits for processing at the border. To date, the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and tensions in parts of Serbia-Montenegro have not otherwise strongly affected Macedonia.U.S. citizens are reminded that they are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe," which are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402, provide useful information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while abroad.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade, Serbia-Montenegro can obtain updated information on travel and security within Macedonia.Embassy Location: Macedonia has declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia, but has not been recognized as an independent country by the United States. U.S. citizens seeking assistance can contact the U.S. Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria or Belgrade, Serbia-Montenegro. The U.S. Embassy in Sofia is located at 1 Suborna (formerly 1 A. Stamboliski Boulevard), tel: (359-2) 88-48-01/ to 05. The Consular Section of the Embassy is located at 1 Kapitan Andreev Street in Sofia; telephone (359-2) 65-94-59. The U.S. Embassy in Belgrade is located at Kneza Milosa 50; telephone (381-11) 645-655; it provides limited assistance to U.S. citizens because of conflict in the general area and reduced Embassy staffing.No. 93-090This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add specific information on crime, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport and to inform travelers to Macedonia that, if needed, they can seek assistance from the U.S. Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau HeaderAffiliation: (overseas territory of Portugal) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau GeographyLocation: East Asia, 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China bordering the South China SeaMap references: Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 16 km2 land area: 16 km2 comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 0.34 km, China 0.34 kmCoastline: 40 kmMaritime claims: not specifiedInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summersTerrain: generally flatNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to the peninsula on mainland THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau PeoplePopulation: 477,850 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.44% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 79.64 years male: 77.24 years female: 82.17 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Macanese (singular and plural) adjective: MacauEthnic divisions: Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2%Religions: Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% (1981)Languages: Portuguese (official), Cantonese is the language of commerceLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 90% male: 93% female: 86%Labor force: 180,000 (1986) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Macau local long form: none local short form: Ilha de MacauDigraph: MCType: overseas territory of Portugal scheduled to revert to China in 1999Capital: MacauAdministrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, MacauIndependence: none (territory of Portugal; Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic systems and lifestyle for 50 year after transition)Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by Beijing awaiting final approvalLegal system: Portuguese civil law systemNational holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 JunePolitical parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent GroupOther political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over administrationSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Assembly: last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986) Head of Government: Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991)Member of: ESCAP (associate), GATT, IMO (associate), WTO (associate) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in the US are represented by PortugalUS diplomatic representation: the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong KongFlag: the flag of Portugal is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau EconomyOverview: The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented well over 40% of GDP in 1992. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw materials and capital goods.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 3.1% (1991)National product per capita: $6,700 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.2% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 2% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)Exports: $1.8 billion (1992 est.) commodities: textiles, clothing, toys partners: US 36%, Hong Kong 13%, Germany 12%, France 8% (1991)Imports: $2.0 billion (1992 est.) commodities: raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods partners: Hong Kong 35%, China 22%, Japan 17% (1991)External debt: $91 million (1985)Industrial production: NAElectricity: 258,000 kW capacity; 855 million kWh produced, 1,806 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourismAgriculture: rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirementsEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 pataca (P) = 100 avosExchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044 (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollarFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau CommunicationsHighways: 42 km pavedPorts: MacauAirports: none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane stationTelecommunications: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV (TV programs received from Hong Kong); 115,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Macau Defense ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 137,738; fit for military service 77,159 (1993 est.)Note: defense is responsibility of Portugal</text>
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<text>MACAU - Passport required. Visa not required for visits up to 60 days.For further information consult nearest Portuguese Consulate: Washington,D.C. (202/332-3007), San Francisco (415/346-3400), New Bedford(508/997-6151), Newark (201/622-7300), NY (212/246-4580), Providence(401/272-2003) or Portuguese Consulate in Hong Kong (231-338).Macau - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Macau is a Chinese territory administered by Portugal and will return to Chinese authority in 1999. Facilities for tourism are well developed. Macau includes a six-square-mile area on the mainland of China bordering the South China Sea, and the small, adjacent islands of Taipa and Coloane. It was used by Portuguese traders as early as 1516 and is the oldest European settlement in the Far East.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required for visits of up to 60 days. Entry into Macau is by ferry or jetfoil from Hong Kong; there is no airport in Macau. Further information on entry requirements can be obtained from the Embassy of Portugal at 2125 Kalorama Road N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 328-8610, or from the American Consulate General in Hong Kong, telephone (852) 523-9011.Medical Facilities: There are at least two major hospitals in Macau that have adequate medical facilities and are able to provide sufficient medical care in emergency situations. Highly developed medical facilities and trained personnel are available in Hong Kong, which is about an hour by jetfoil and ten minutes by helicopter from Macau. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be helpful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty street crime occasionally occurs in tourist areas in Macau, including in and around casinos. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal safety can be found in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the American Consulate General in Hong Kong can obtain updated information on travel and security in Macau.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. diplomatic presence in Macau. Consular assistance for U.S. citizens is provided by the U.S. Consulate General in Hong Kong. The address in Hong Kong is 26 Garden Road; or PASCO 464, Box 30, FPO AP 96522-0002. The telephone number in Hong Kong is (852) 523-9011.No. 93-178This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 18, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg GeographyLocation: Western Europe, between Belgium and GermanyMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,586 km2 land area: 2,586 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode IslandLand boundaries: total 359 km, Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summersTerrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in the southeastNatural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited)Land use: arable land: 24% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 21% other: 34%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: deforestationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg PeoplePopulation: 398,220 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.04% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.96 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 6.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.43 years male: 72.71 years female: 80.3 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Luxembourger(s) adjective: LuxembourgEthnic divisions: Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and European (guest and worker residents)Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%Languages: Luxembourgisch, German, French, EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 177,300 one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany by occupation: services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg conventional short form: Luxembourg local long form: Grand-Duche de Luxembourg local short form: LuxembourgDigraph: LUType: constitutional monarchyCapital: LuxembourgAdministrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, LuxembourgIndependence: 1839Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisionsLegal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday)Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSSOther political or pressure groups: group of steel companies representing iron and steel industry; Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers FederationSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: Chamber of Deputies: last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1Executive branch: grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the Chamber of DeputiesJudicial branch: Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)Leaders: Chief of State: Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955) Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg GovernmentMember of: ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Alphonse BERNS chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-4171 FAX: (202) 328-8270 consulates general: New York and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City mailing address: PSC 11, APO AE 09132-5380 telephone: [352] 460123 FAX: [352] 461401Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg EconomyOverview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the Netherlands.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.5 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1992)National product per capita: $21,700 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1992)Unemployment rate: 1.4% (1991)Budget: revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $3.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other industrial products partners: EC 76%, US 5%Imports: $8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods partners: Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%External debt: $131.6 million (1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDPElectricity: 1,238,750 kW capacity; 1,375 million kWh produced, 3,450 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminumAgriculture: accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products - barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising widespreadIllicit drugs: money-laundering hubEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg EconomyExchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988); note - the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in LuxembourgFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg CommunicationsRailroads: Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 272 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 178 km double track; 178 km electrifiedHighways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km limited access divided highwayInland waterways: 37 km; Moselle RiverPipelines: petroleum products 48 kmPorts: Mertert (river port)Merchant marine: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,570,466 GRT/2,614,154 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 2 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 combination bulk, 4 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system THE WORLD FACTBOOK Luxembourg Defense ForcesBranches: Army, National GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 103,607; fit for military service 86,003; reach military age (19) annually 2,227 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.2% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>LUXEMBOURG - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/businessstay up to 3 months. For additional information contact Embassy ofLuxembourg, 2200 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-4171) orthe nearest Consulate: CA (415/788-0816), FL (305/373-1300), GA(404/668-9811), IL (312/726-0355), MO (816/474-4761), NY (212/888-6664) orOH (312/726-0355).Luxembourg - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Luxembourg is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business stays up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Luxembourg, travelers can contact the Embassy of Luxembourg at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel (202) 265-5525, or the Luxembourg Consulate General in New York. Luxembourg also has honorary consuls in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Atlanta, Chicago, Kansas City, Kansas, New Orleans, Boston, Detroit, St. Paul, Middletown and Youngstown, Ohio, Pittsburgh, and Seattle.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Luxembourg has a low crime rate. However, during the summer tourist season, pickpocketing, theft of unattended baggage, and theft from vehicles can occur. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Luxembourg, the penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Luxembourg.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Luxembourg is located at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais in Luxembourg City, telephone (352) 46-01-23.No. 93-089This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and RussiaMap references: Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 65,200 km2 land area: 65,200 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than West VirginiaLand boundaries: total 1,273 km, Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 227 kmCoastline: 108 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as by international standardsClimate: maritime; wet, moderate wintersTerrain: lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soilNatural resources: peatLand use: arable land: 49.1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 22.2% forest and woodland: 16.3% other: 12.4%Irrigated land: 430 km2 (1990)Environment: risk of accidents from the two Chernobyl-type reactors at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant; contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products and chemicals at military bases THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania PeoplePopulation: 3,819,638 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.76% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.12 years male: 66.39 years female: 76.08 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Lithuanian(s) adjective: LithuanianEthnic divisions: Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Polish 7.7%, Belarusian 1.5%, other 2.1%Religions: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, otherLanguages: Lithuanian (official), Polish, RussianLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 1.836 million by occupation: industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Lithuania conventional short form: Lithuania local long form: Lietuvos Respublika local short form: Lietuva former: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: LHType: republicCapital: VilniusAdministrative divisions: NA districtsIndependence: 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted 25 October 1992Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday: Independence Day, 16 FebruaryPolitical parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party, Egidijus KLUMBYS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Democratic Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, Irena IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas KAZLAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, chairman; Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberal Union, Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS, chairman; Union of the Motherland, Vytavtas LANDSBERGIS, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers UnionSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS was elected Seimas (parliament): last held 26 October and 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Democratic Labor Party 51%; seats - (141 total) Democratic Labor Party 73Executive branch: president, prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Seimas (parliament)Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of AppealsLeaders: Chief of State: Seimas Chairman and Acting President Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 15 November 1992); Deputy Seimas Chairmen Aloyzas SAKALAS (since NA December 1992) and Egidius BICKAUSKAS (since NA December 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania Government Head of Government: Premier Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS (since NA)Member of: CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr. chancery: 2622 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 234-5860, 2639 FAX: (202) 328-0466 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Darryl N. JOHNSON embassy: Akmenu 6, Vilnius 232600 mailing address: APO AE 09723 telephone: 011 [7] (012-2) 222-031 FAX: 011 [7] (012-2) 222-779Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania EconomyOverview: Lithuania is striving to become an independent privatized economy. Although it was substantially above average in living standards and technology in the old USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in economic development. The country has no important natural resources aside from its arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on imported materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. Lithuania benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and its rail and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication between Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry produces a small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex machine tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Because of nuclear power, Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its surplus to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the USSR, however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in safety standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former Soviet Union. Lithuania held first place in per capita consumption of meat, second place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy products. Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at least 60% of state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing), having already sold almost all housing and many small enterprises using a voucher system. Other government priorities include encouraging foreign investment by protecting the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign trade away from Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For the moment, Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw materials, grains, and markets for its products. In 1992, output plummeted by 30% because of cumulative problems with inputs and with markets, problems that were accentuated by the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium of exchange.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -30% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 10%-20% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 1% (February 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $258.5 million; expenditures $270.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $NA commodities: electronics 18%, petroleum products 5%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989) partners: Russia 40%, Ukraine 16%, other former Soviet republics 32%, West 12%Imports: $NA commodities: oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% (1989) partners: Russia 62%, Belarus 18%, former Soviet republics 10%, West 10%External debt: $650 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -50% (1992 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania EconomyElectricity: 5,925,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced, 6,600 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: employs 25% of the labor force; shares in the total production of the former USSR are: metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other branches: petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic components, computers, and amberAgriculture: employs around 20% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, vegetables, meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, fish; most developed are the livestock and dairy branches, which depend on imported grain; net exporter of meat, milk, and eggsIllicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic consumptionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; Communist countries (1971-86), $NA millionCurrency: using talonas as temporary currency (March 1993), but planning introduction of convertible litas (late 1993)Exchange rates: NAFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania CommunicationsRailroads: 2,100 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 44,200 km total 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth (1990)Inland waterways: 600 km perennially navigablePipelines: crude oil 105 km, natural gas 760 km (1992)Ports: coastal - Klaipeda; inland - KaunasMerchant marine: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 282,633 GRT/332,447 DWT; includes 31 cargo, 3 railcar carrier, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 11 combination bulkAirports: total: 96 useable: 19 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11Telecommunications: better developed than in most other former USSR republics; operational NMT-450 analog cellular network in Vilnius; fiber optic cable installed beween Vilnius and Kaunas; 224 telephones per 1000 persons; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; landlines or microwave to former USSR republics; leased connection to the Moscow international switch for traffic with other countries; satellite earth stations - (8 channels to Norway); new international digital telephone exchange in Kaunas for direct access to 13 countries via satellite link out of Copenhagen, Denmark THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lithuania Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard (Skat)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 933,245; fit for military service 739,400; reach military age (18) annually 27,056 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, 5.5% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>LITHUANIA - Passport and visa required. Visa requires 1 application formand $25 fee. AIDS test required for pemanent residence permits. U.S.test sometimes accepted. For further information contact Embassy ofLithuania, 2622 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/234-5860).Lithuania - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Lithuania is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Travelers to Lithuania should obtain a visa in advance from the Lithuanian Embassy at 2622 16th Street, Washington, D.C. 20009, tel. (202) 234-5860. It is also possible to obtain single-entry visas at ports of entry, but the process can be time-consuming and requires proper documentation. Lithuanian visas are valid for entry to Estonia and Latvia, and visas issued by Estonia or Latvia are likewise valid for entry to Lithuania. Travelers who plan to enter Russia, even in transit, will also need a Russian visa.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Lithuania is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Lithuania has a low rate of violent crime. There has been a recent increase in street crime, especially at night near major hotels and restaurants. Robberies have occurred on trains and in train stations. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. The publication is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Lithuania primarily is a cash only economy. Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Lithuania.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Vilnius, Lithuania, is located at Akmenu 6; telephone (370-2) 22-30-31.No. 93-088This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to provide new telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Lithuania and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein GeographyLocation: Western Europe, between Austria and SwitzerlandMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 160 km2 land area: 160 km2 comparative area: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 78 km, Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does not go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized powerClimate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summersTerrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western thirdNatural resources: hydroelectric potentialLand use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 38% forest and woodland: 19% other: 18%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: variety of microclimatic variations based on elevationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein PeoplePopulation: 29,894 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.62 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 6.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.29 years male: 73.65 years female: 80.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Liechtensteiner(s) adjective: LiechtensteinEthnic divisions: Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%Religions: Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988)Languages: German (official), Alemannic dialectLiteracy: age 10 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and Switzerland to work each day by occupation: industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein conventional short form: Liechtenstein local long form: Furstentum Liechtenstein local short form: LiechtensteinDigraph: LSType: hereditary constitutional monarchyCapital: VaduzAdministrative divisions: 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, VaduzIndependence: 23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established)Constitution: 5 October 1921Legal system: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Assumption Day, 15 AugustPolitical parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FL)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Diet: last held on 7 February 1993 (next to be held by March 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) FBP 12, VU 11, FL 2Executive branch: reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of governmentLegislative branch: unicameral Diet (Landtag)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases, Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil casesLeaders: Chief of State: Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968) Head of Government: Markus BUECHEL (since 7 February 1993); Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986)Member of: CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPODiplomatic representation in US: in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the Swiss Embassy THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at VaduzFlag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein EconomyOverview: The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied closely to Switzerland's economy in a customs union, and incomes and living standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $630 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $22,300 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1990)Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1990)Budget: revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)Exports: $1.6 billion commodities: small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery partners: EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4% (1990)Imports: $NA commodities: machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles partners: NAExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,230 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourismAgriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapesEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimiExchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993), 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein CommunicationsRailroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal RailwaysHighways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroadsAirports: noneTelecommunications: limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international telephone, radio, and TV services THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liechtenstein Defense ForcesNote: defense is responsibility of Switzerland</text>
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<text>LIECHTENSTEIN - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/businessstay up to 3 months. For further information consult the Swiss Embassy(202/745-7900).Liechtenstein - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Liechtenstein is a stable, democratically-run constitutional monarchy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business stays up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Liechtenstein, travelers can contact the Embassy of Switzerland at 2900 Cathedral Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, tel (202) 745-7900, or the nearest Swiss Consulate General in Atlanta, San Francisco, Houston, Chicago, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559. Crime Information: Liechtenstein has a low crime rate. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Liechtenstein, the penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Consulate General in Zurich, Switzerland, can obtain updated information on travel and security in Liechtenstein.U.S. Representation: There is no U.S. embassy or consulate in Liechtenstein. For assistance, American citizens can contact the U.S. Consulate General in Zurich, Switzerland, at Zollikerstrasse 141, 8008, Zurich, telephone (41-1) 422-2566, fax (41-1) 383-9814.No. 93-087This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add the fax number of the Consulate General in Zurich, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and TunisiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,759,540 km2 land area: 1,759,540 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than AlaskaLand boundaries: total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 kmCoastline: 1,770 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32 degrees 30 minutes northInternational disputes: claims and occupies the Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims part of northern Niger and part of southeastern AlgeriaClimate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interiorTerrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressionsNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsumLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 8% forest and woodland: 0% other: 90%Irrigated land: 2,420 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resourcesNote: the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya PeoplePopulation: 4,872,598 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.73% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 65.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.47 years male: 61.35 years female: 65.7 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Libyan(s) adjective: LibyanEthnic divisions: Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, TunisiansReligions: Sunni Muslim 97%Languages: Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major citiesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 64% male: 75% female: 50%Labor force: 1 million includes about 280,000 resident foreigners by occupation: industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya conventional short form: Libya local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishirakiyah local short form: noneDigraph: LYType: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorshipCapital: TripoliAdministrative divisions: 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, ZlitanIndependence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)Political parties and leaders: noneOther political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elementsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committeesExecutive branch: revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier), General People's Committee (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral General People's CongressJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969) Head of Government: Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd 'umar DURDA (since 7 October 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya GovernmentMember of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: noneUS diplomatic representation: noneFlag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya EconomyOverview: The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about one-third of GDP. In 1990 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response to changes in the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient resource allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have eased shortages. Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current account surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food requirements.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $26.1 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 0.2% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $5,800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)Exports: $9.71 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas partners: Italy, former USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, TurkeyImports: $8.66 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods partners: Italy, former USSR, Germany, UK, Japan, KoreaExternal debt: $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 10.5%; accounts for 7.6% of GDP (not including oil) (1990)Electricity: 4,935,000 kW capacity; 14,385 million kWh produced, 2,952 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cementAgriculture: 5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya EconomyEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $242 million; no longer a recipientCurrency: 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhamsExchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2998 (January 1993), 0.3013 (1992), 0.2684 (1991), 0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya CommunicationsRailroads: Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous systems having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a standard gauge (1.435 m) line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and Misratah, then inland to Sabha, center of a mineral rich area, but there has been no progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line from As Sallum, Egypt to Tobruk with completion set for mid-1994, progress unknownHighways: 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bituminous/bituminous treated, 8,500 km crushed stone or earthInland waterways: nonePipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes liquified petroleum gas 256 km)Ports: Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Ra's al UnifMerchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 694,883 GRT/1,215,494 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gasAirports: total: 138 usable: 124 with permanent-surface runways: 56 with runways over 3,659 m: 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 47Telecommunications: modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Libya Defense ForcesBranches: Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (including Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Command)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,058,134; fit for military service 628,285; reach military age (17) annually 50,997 (1993 est.); conscription now being implementedDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, 15% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>LIBYA - Passport and visa required. AIDS test required for those seekingresidence permits; U.S. test accepted. Since December 1981, U.S. passportsare not valid for travel in, to, or through Libya without authorizationfrom the Department of State. Application for exemptions to thisrestriction should be submitted in writing to Passport Services, U.S.Department of State, 1425 K St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20524, Attn:CA/PPT/C, Room 300. Attention: U.S. citizens need a Treasury Dept.license in order to engage in any transactions related to travel to andwithin Libya. Before planning any travel to Libya, U.S. citizens shouldcontact the Licensing Division, Office of Foreign Assets Control,Department of the Treasury, 1331 G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220(202/622-2480). Application and inquiries for visas must be made through acountry that maintains diplomatic relations with Libya.Libya - Travel WarningAugust 31, 1993The United States Department of State warns all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to Libya and to depart the country immediately if resident of visitor there. The U..S. government has determined that due to Libya's long history of flouting international law and directing terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens, it is unsafe for Americans to travel there. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Libya unless a special validation is obtained from the department of state. All financial and commercial transactions with Libya are prohibited, unless licensed by the U.S. Treasury Department.There is no U.S. Embassy in Libya. U.S. government interests ate represented by the government of Belgium, which as a protecting power can provide only limited emergency service to U.S. citizens. Further details can be obtained in the Department of State's Consular Information Information Sheet on Libya.No. 93-034This extends the Department of State's warning travel warning for Libya issued January 8, 1993.Libya - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Warning: The United States Department of State warns all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to Libya and to depart the country immediately if resident or visiting there. The U.S. Government has determined that due to Libya's long history of flouting international law and directing terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens, it is unsafe for Americans to travel there. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Libya unless a special validation is obtained from the Department of State. All financial and commercial transactions with Libya are prohibited, unless licensed by the U.S. Treasury Department. There is no U.S. Embassy in Libya. U.S. Government interests are represented by the Government of Belgium, which as a protecting power can provide only limited emergency services to U.S. citizens.Country Description: The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya considers itself an Islamic Arab Socialist "Mass-State", (i.e., a state run by the masses). Libya has a developing economy. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. Tourist facilities are not widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. On December 11, 1981, U.S. passports ceased to be valid for travel to, in or through Libya and may not be used for that purpose without a special validation. Without this requisite validation, use of a U.S. passport for travel to, in or through Libya may constitute a violation of 18 U.S.C. 1544, and may be punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment.In addition, the Department of the Treasury prohibits all travel-related transactions by U.S. persons intending to visit Libya, unless specifically licensed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. There are limited exceptions to this licensing requirement for Libyan nationals' family members, and for journalists.The categories of individuals eligible for consideration for a special passport validation are set forth in 22 C.F.R. 51.74. Passport validation requests for Libya can be forwarded in writing to the following address:Deputy Assistant Secretary for Passport ServicesU.S. Department of State1425 K Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20522-1705Attn: Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance (Room 300).Telephone (202) 326-6168 or 326-6182.The request must be accompanied by supporting documentation according to the category under which validation is sought. Currently, the four categories of persons specified in 22 C.F.R. 51.74 as being eligible for consideration for passport validation are as follows:[1] Professional reporters: includes full-time members of the reporting or writing staff of a newspaper, magazine or broadcasting network whose purpose for travel is to gather information about Libya for dissemination to the general public.[2] American Red Cross: Applicant establishes that he or she is a representative of the American Red Cross or International Red Cross traveling pursuant to an officially sponsored Red Cross mission.[3] Humanitarian considerations: Applicant must establish that his or her trip is justified by compelling humanitarian considerations or for family unification. At this time, "compelling humanitarian considerations" include situations where the applicant can document that an immediate family member is critically ill in Libya. Documentation concerning family illness must include the name and address of the relative, and be from that relative's physician attesting to the nature and gravity of the illness. "Family unification" situations may include cases in which spouses or minor children are residing in Libya, with and dependent on, a Libyan national spouse or parent for their support.[4] National interest: The applicant's request is otherwise found to be in the national interest.In all requests for passport validation for travel to Libya, the name, date and place of birth for all concerned persons must be given, as well as the U.S. passport numbers. Documentation as outlined above should accompany all requests. Additional information may be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling the Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance at [202] 326-6168 or 326-6182.U.S. Treasury Restrictions: In addition to the passport validation, U.S. Treasury requirements must be met. Travelers may contact the Treasury Department at the following address and phone number:Chief of LicensingOffice of Foreign Assets ControlU.S. Department of the Treasury1500 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20220Telephone (202) 622-2480; fax (202) 622-1657U.S. Treasury Sanctions: On January 7, 1986, the United States imposed sanctions against Libya, which are administered by the U.S. Treasury Department, prohibiting all travel-related transactions with respect to Libya for U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens. There are limited exceptions for Libyan nationals' family members who register with the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control or with the Embassy of Belgium in Tripoli, and for full-time journalists. As of February 1, 1986, the President further prohibited transactions by U.S. persons relating to transportation to or from Libya. Additionally, all financial and commercial transactions by U.S. persons anywhere in the world with Libya are prohibited. This includes working in Libya, providing a service of any nature to Libya, or participating in an unauthorized transaction of any kind involving property in which Libya has an interest. Violations of the Libyan sanctions may result in penalties, fines and/or imprisonment.Under the Libyan Sanctions Regulations and in addition to any passport validation issued by the Department of State, the U.S. Treasury Department requires that U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents who wish to travel to Libya to visit immediate family members in Libya are authorized to visit Libya only if they file a registration letter prior to their trip with the Office of Foreign Assets Control or with the Embassy of Belgium in Tripoli. The registration must contain the following information:(1) Name, date and place of birth of the person registering [including the name under which a registrant's most recent U.S. passport was issued, if that is different]; (2) If applicable, place and date of the registrant's naturalization as a U.S. citizen, and the number of the registrant's naturalization certificate, or, for permanent resident aliens, the alien registration number of the registrant's alien registration receipt card; (3) The name, relationship, and address of the immediate family member in Libya whose relationship forms the basis for the registrant's eligibility; and (4) The number and issue date of the registrant's current U.S. passport, and the most recent date on which the passport was validated by the U.S. Department of State for travel to Libya.U.N. Sanctions: U.N. Security Council sanctions against Libya, including an air embargo, took effect on April 15, 1992. U.N. Security Council Resolution 748, passed on March 31, 1992, imposed sanctions on Libya until Libya fully complies with the provisions of U.N. Resolution 731 and 748, adopted on January 21, 1992. U.N. Security Council Resolutions 731 and 748 were adopted in response to Libya's responsibility for the bombings of Pan Am flight 103 and UTA flight 772. The U.S. cannot predict if or when Libya will comply with the U.N. demands. Since April 15, 1992, when air links were discontinued, it has become difficult to leave Libya. The sale in the United States of air transportation including any stop in Libya became illegal under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. 1701. Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines may not be available in Libya.Information on Crime: Crime is generally not a serious problem for travelers in Libya. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police, the U.S. Interests Section, and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East or North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are severe in Libya, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: There is no U.S. embassy in Libya. The U.S. government is not in a position to accord normal consular protective services to U.S. citizens in Libya. U.S. Government interests are represented by the Government of Belgium, which as a protecting power can provide only limited emergency services to U.S. citizens.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. embassy or consulate in Libya. The U.S. Interests Section of the Embassy of Belgium is located at Tower 4, That al Imad complex, in the capital city of Tripoli. The Belgian Embassy's mailing address is P.O. 91650, Tripoli, Libya. The telephone number is (218-21) 33771.No. 93-220This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to include new telephone numbers for the Office of Foreign Assets Control and the U.S. Treasury, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra LeoneMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 111,370 km2 land area: 96,320 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than TennesseeLand boundaries: total 1,585 km, Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 kmCoastline: 579 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showersTerrain: mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeastNatural resources: iron ore, timber, diamonds, goldLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 39% other: 55%Irrigated land: 20 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia PeoplePopulation: 2,874,881 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.37% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 115.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.28 years male: 54.88 years female: 59.76 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.42 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Liberian(s) adjective: LiberianEthnic divisions: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians 5% (descendants of repatriated slaves)Religions: traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10%Languages: English 20% (official), Niger-Congo language group about 20 local languages come from this groupLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 40% male: 50% female: 29%Labor force: 510,000 including 220,000 in the monetary economy by occupation: agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2% note: non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Liberia conventional short form: LiberiaDigraph: LIType: republicCapital: MonroviaAdministrative divisions: 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, SinoeIndependence: 26 July 1847Constitution: 6 January 1986Legal system: dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for indigenous sectorNational holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1847)Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus MATTHEWS, chairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note - President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990 Senate: last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1 House of Representatives: last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: People's Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990) note: this is an interim government appointed by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be replaced after elections are held under a West African-brokered peace plan; a rebel faction led by Charles TAYLOR is challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy; former president, Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia GovernmentMember of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador James TARPEH chancery: 5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: (202) 723-0437 through 0440 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William H. TWADDELL embassy: 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia mailing address: P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813 telephone: [231] 222991 through 222994 FAX: (231) 223710Flag: 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia EconomyOverview: Civil war since 1990 has destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Businessmen have fled the country, taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic products, while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who have fled to neighboring countries. The political impasse between the interim government and rebel leader Charles Taylor has prevented restoration of normal economic life, including the re-establishment of a strong central government with effective economic development programs.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $988 million (1988)National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1988)National product per capita: $400 (1988)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1989)Unemployment rate: 43% urban (1988)Budget: revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital expenditures of $29.5 million (1989)Exports: $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) commodities: iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee partners: US, EC, NetherlandsImports: $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) commodities: rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other foodstuffs partners: US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWASExternal debt: $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDPElectricity: 410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds)Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, sugarcane, bananas, sheep, goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports 25% of rice consumptionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia EconomyCurrency: 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia CommunicationsRailroads: 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian GovernmentHighways: 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companiesPorts: Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas)Merchant marine: 1,618 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 57,769,476 DWT/ 101,391,576 DWT; includes 20 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 132 cargo, 56 refrigerated cargo, 21 roll-on/roll-off, 58 vehicle carrier, 97 container, 3 barge carrier, 499 oil tanker, 108 chemical, 68 combination ore/oil, 62 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 456 bulk, 31 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; all ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags are US 16%, Japan 14%, Norway 11%, and Hong Kong 9%Airports: total: 59 usable: 41 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station; most telecommunications services inoperable due to insurgency movement THE WORLD FACTBOOK Liberia Defense ForcesBranches: the ultimate structure of the Liberian military force will depend on who is the victor in the ongoing civil warManpower availability: males age 15-49 684,681; fit for military service 365,518 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>LIBERIA - Passport and visa required. Transit visitors with onward ticketcan remain at airport up to 48 hours. Other travelers must obtain visasbefore arrival. Tourist/business entry visa valid 3 months, no fee,requires 2 application forms, 2 photos, cholera and yellow fevervaccinations and medical certificate to confirm that traveler is in goodhealth and free of any communicable disease. Company letter needed forbusiness visa. Include SASE for return of passport by mail. Obtain exitpermit from immigration authorities upon arrival, 1 photo required. Forbusiness requirements call Embassy of the Republic of Liberia, 5201 16thSt., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20011 (202/723-0437) or nearest Consulate: CA(213/277-7692), GA (404/753-4754), IL (312/643-8635), LA (504/523-7784), MI(313/342-3900) or NY (212/687-1025).Liberia - Travel WarningOctober 18, 1993Although a peace accord was signed on July 25, 1993, U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Liberia because of continuing unsettled conditions. A security buffer, made up of forces of the West African Peace Monitoring Group, (ECOMOG), surrounds Monrovia. Roads leading out from Monrovia are not open for travel except for limited pre-approved trips. Travelers to the interior of Liberia may be in danger of being detained, harassed, delayed, injured or killed. Additional information may be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet on Liberia.No. 93-041This replaces the Travel Warning dated February 17, 1993, to inform of the peace accord signing and to revise travel limitations on roads leading from Monrovia.Liberia - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Warning: Although a Peace Accord was signed on July 25, 1993, U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Liberia because of continuing unsettled conditions. A security buffer, made up of forces of the West African Peace Monitoring Group, (ECOMOG), surrounds Monrovia. Roads leading out from Monrovia are not open for travel except for limited pre-approved trips. Travelers to the interior of Liberia may be in danger of being detained, harassed, delayed, injured or killed.Country Description: Liberia is a developing West African country which has suffered internal strife for the past several years. Tourism facilities are poor, and in some cases, non-existent.Entry Requirements: Travelers who plan a trip to Liberia despite this warning are required to have a passport and a visa prior to arrival. Evidence of yellow fever vaccinations are required. An exit permit must be obtained from Liberian immigration authorities upon arrival. Further information on entry requirements for Liberia can be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Liberia, 5201 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20011. The telephone numbers are (202) 723-0437 to 723-0440.Areas of Instability: The situation in Liberia changes virtually daily. Although a security buffer exists around Monrovia, tensions remain high in much of the country. There have been incidents of violence against civilians by partisans of Liberia's several warring factions. Travelers, including U.S. citizens, have been detained, harassed, delayed, injured or killed. The roads leading from Monrovia are closed except for limited pre-approved travel. U.S. Embassy employees are not allowed to travel outside Monrovia except for official business. Roberts International Airport outside of Monrovia is closed. Limited air service exists only between Spriggs Payne Airfield in Monrovia and Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire, and Freetown, Sierra Leone. No major international air carrier serves Spriggs Payne Airfield. Overland routes to other West African countries are not open. A curfew is strictly enforced in Monrovia.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities have been disrupted. Medicines are scarce. Information on health matters may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Monrovia's crime rate is high. Foreigners, including U.S. citizens, have been targets of street crime. Residential break-ins are common. The police are largely incapable of providing effective protection. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Country Infrastructure: Lodging, water, electricity, fuel, transportation, telephone and postal services continue to be uneven in Monrovia. Such services are nonexistent or severely limited in rural areas. Mail delivery is erratic. Parcel delivery service is available to Monrovia. Courier mail services are available in Monrovia.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia may obtain updated information on travel and security in Liberia. Consular assistance may be limited by the unrest in the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital of Monrovia at 111 United Nations Drive. Telephone numbers are (231) 222991 through 222994. The U.S. Embassy's mailing address is P.O. Box 10-0098, Mamba Point, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813.No. 93-279This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 17, 1993, to reflect a revised Travel Warning and areas of instability.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, an enclave of South AfricaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 30,350 km2 land area: 30,350 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 909 km, South Africa 909 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summersTerrain: mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountainsNatural resources: some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing landLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 66% forest and woodland: 0% other: 24%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertificationNote: landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will control, store, and redirect water to South Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho PeoplePopulation: 1,896,484 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.52% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 34.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 71.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.73 years male: 59.91 years female: 63.6 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural) adjective: BasothoEthnic divisions: Sotho 99.7%, Europeans 1,600, Asians 800Religions: Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefsLanguages: Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, XhosaLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1966) total population: 59% male: 44% female: 68%Labor force: 689,000 economically active by occupation: 86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in South Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho conventional short form: Lesotho former: BasutolandDigraph: LTType: constitutional monarchyCapital: MaseruAdministrative divisions: 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-TsekaIndependence: 4 October 1966 (from UK)Constitution: 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 4 October (1966)Political parties and leaders: Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Vincent MALEBO; United Democratic Party, Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), JCOB M. KENASuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged elections will take place in March 1993Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it has no legislative authorityJudicial branch: High Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA) Head of Government: Chairman of the Military Council Gen. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April 1991)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Designate Teboho KITLEI chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 797-5534US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr. embassy: address NA, Maseru mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho telephone: [266] 312-666 FAX: (266) 310-116Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho EconomyOverview: Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($439 million in 1991). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; other industries include textile, clothing, and construction (in particular, a major water improvement project which will permit the sale of water to South Africa). Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. Political and economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for Lesotho's economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - recently the equivalent of nearly three-fourths of domestic output.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $620 million (1991 est.) note: GNP of $1.0 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 5.3% (1991 est.); GNP 2.2% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $340 (1991 est.); GNP $570 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17.9% (1991)Unemployment rate: at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $388 million; expenditures $399 million, including capital expenditures of $132 million (FY93)Exports: $57 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets partners: South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989)Imports: $805 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum partners: South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989)External debt: $358 million (for public sector) (December 1990/91 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity: power supplied by South AfricaIndustries: food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourismAgriculture: accounts for 19% of GDP (1990 est.) and employs 60-70% of all households; exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barleyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; US, $10.3 million (1992), $10.1 million (1993 est.); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho EconomyCurrency: 1 loti (L) = 100 lisenteExchange rates: maloti (M) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Basotho loti is at par with the South African randFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho CommunicationsRailroads: 2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South AfricaHighways: 7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earthAirports: total: 28 usable: 28 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system, and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lesotho Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho Mounted PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 422,802; fit for military service 228,102 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>LESOTHO - Passport and visa required. Visa requires 1 form. Single-entryvisa requires $5 fee and multiple-entry $10. For more information, checkEmbassy of the Kingdom of Lesotho, 2511 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20008 (202/797-5533).Lesotho - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Lesotho is a developing country in Southern Africa. Facilities for tourists are limited.Entry Requirements: Visas are issued upon arrival at the point of entry for stays of three months or less, and can be extended. For further information, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Kingdom of Lesotho, 2511 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008. The telephone number is (202) 797-5533.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are minimal. Many medicines are unavailable. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Information on health matters may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Deteriorating economic conditions in the country, aggravated by the return of large numbers of unemployed miners from South Africa, have caused an increase in armed robberies, break-ins and auto thefts. This occurs primarily in the capital city of Maseru but can occur elsewhere as well. Victims have included members of the foreign diplomatic corps and foreign aid missions. Traveling alone or at night is particularly dangerous.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Lesotho.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 254 Kingsway, Maseru West; the mailing address is P.O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho. The telephone number is (266) 312-666.No. 93-278This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add information on reporting a lost or stolen passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon HeaderNote: Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions and regaining its national sovereignty since the end of the devastating 16-year civil war in October 1990. Under the Ta'if accord - the blueprint for national reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in the political process. Since December 1990, the Lebanese have formed three cabinets and conducted the first legislative election in 20 years. Most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded. The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) has seized vast quantities of weapons used by the militias during the war and extended central government authority over about one-half of the country. Hizballah, the radical Sh'ia party, is the only significant group that retains most of its weapons. Foreign forces still occupy areas of Lebanon. Israel continues to support a proxy militia, The Army of South Lebanon (ASL), along a narrow stretch of territory contiguous to its border. The ASL's enclave encompasses this self-declared security zone and about 20 kilometers north to the strategic town of Jazzine. As of December 1992, Syria maintained about 30,000 troops in Lebanon. These troops are based mainly in Beirut, North Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley. Syria's deployment was legitimized by the Arab League early in Lebanon's civil war and in the Ta'if accord. Citing the continued weakness of the LAF, Beirut's requests, and failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the constitutional reforms in the Ta'if accord, Damascus has so far refused to withdraw its troops from Beirut. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon GeographyLocation: Middle East, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and SyriaMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 10,400 km2 land area: 10,230 km2 comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of ConnecticutLand boundaries: total 454 km, Israel 79 km, Syria 375 kmCoastline: 225 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern, central, and eastern Lebanon since October 1976Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountians experience heavy winter snowsTerrain: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon MountainsNatural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit regionLand use: arable land: 21% permanent crops: 9% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 8% other: 61%Irrigated land: 860 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution; desertificationNote: Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon PeoplePopulation: 3,552,369 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.81% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 27.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.01 years male: 66.63 years female: 71.52 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Lebanese (singular and plural) adjective: LebaneseEthnic divisions: Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%Religions: Islam 70% (5 legally recognized Islamic groups - Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Isma'ilite, Shi'a, Sunni), Christian 30% (11 legally recognized Christian groups - 4 Orthodox Christian, 6 Catholic, 1 Protestant), Judaism NEGL%Languages: Arabic (official), French (official), Armenian, EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 80% male: 88% female: 73%Labor force: 650,000 by occupation: industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government 10% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Lebanon conventional short form: Lebanon local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah local short form: noneDigraph: LEType: republicCapital: BeirutAdministrative divisions: 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, 'Al Janub, Ash Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal LubnanIndependence: 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)Constitution: 26 May 1926 (amended)Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 22 November (1943)Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerationsSuffrage: 21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at age 21 with elementary educationElections: National Assembly: Lebanon's first legislative election in 20 years was held in the summer of 1992; the National Assembly is composed of 128 deputies, one-half Christian and one-half Muslim; its mandate expires in 1996Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the legislature is a Shi'a MuslimLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases)Leaders: Chief of State: President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 22 October 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon GovernmentMember of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Simon KARAM chancery: 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-6300 consulates general: Detroit, New York, and Los AngelesUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER mailing embassy: Antelias, Beirut address: P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836 telephone: [961] 417774 or 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon EconomyOverview: Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October 1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991, industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country was delayed in 1992 because of an upturn in political wrangling. Hope for restoring economic momentum in 1993 rests with the new, business-oriented Prime Minister HARIRI.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $1,400 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 100% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 35% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)Exports: $490 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals and jewelry, metals and metal products partners: Saudi Arabia 21%, Switzerland 9.5%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 12%, US 5%Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: Consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products partners: Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3%External debt: $400 million (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,413 million kWh produced, 990 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, jewelry, some metal fabricatingAgriculture: accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits, vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, goats; not self-sufficient in grain THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon EconomyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of opium, hashish, and heroin for the international drug trade; opium poppy production in Al Biqa almost completely eradicated this year; hashish production is shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, the Middle East, and South AmericaEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9 millionCurrency: 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piastersExchange rates: Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 1,742.00 (April 1993), 1,712.80 (1992), 928.23 (1991), 695.09 (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon CommunicationsRailroads: system in disrepair, considered inoperableHighways: 7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km improved earthPipelines: crude oil 72 km (none in operation)Ports: Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil'ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre, Jubayl, Shikka JadidahMerchant marine: 63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 270,505 GRT/403,328 DWT; includes 39 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 9 livestock carrier, 2 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulkAirports: total: 9 usable: 8 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding still underway; 325,000 telephones (95 telephones per 1,000 persons); domestic traffic carried primarily by microwave radio relay and a small amount of cable; international traffic by satellite - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station (erratic operations), coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond Syria to Jordan, 3 submarine coaxial cables; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 13 TV (numerous AM and FM stations are operated sporadically by various factions) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Lebanon Defense ForcesBranches: Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 798,299; fit for military service 495,763 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget)</text>
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<text>LEBANON - Passport and visa required. AIDS test required for those seekingresidence permits; U.S. test accepted. Since January 1987, U.S. passportsare not valid for travel in, to, or through Lebanon without authorizationfrom the Department of State. Application for exemptions to thisrestriction should be submitted in writing to Passport Services, U.S.Department of State, 1425 K St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20524, Attn:CA/PPT/C, Room 300. For further visa information contact Embassy ofLebanon, 2560 28th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/939-6300) ornearest Consulate General: Los Angeles (213/467-1253), Detroit(313/567-0233) or New York (212/744-7905).Lebanon - Travel WarningAugust 31, 1993The United States Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against travel to Lebanon. The situation in Lebanon is so dangerous that no U.S. citizen can be considered safe from terrorist acts. While all of the known American hostages have been released, the organizations which abducted them continue to operate within the country. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Lebanon unless special validation has been obtained. Due to an extremely limited staff and heightened security, the U.S. Embassy in Beirut cannot perform normal consular functions. In addition, local telephone service is highly unreliable and it is extremely difficult to contact the Embassy by phone or to place a local call from most of the country.Additional details can be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for Lebanon.No.93-033This replaces the Department of State Travel Warning for Lebanon issued January 8, 1993, to include information on U.S. passport restrictions for travel to Lebanon, and to add information on telephone service in Lebanon.Lebanon - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Warning: The United States Department of State warns all U.S citizens against travel to Lebanon. The situation in Lebanon is so dangerous that no U.S. citizen can be considered safe from terrorist acts. While all of the known American hostages have been released, the organizations which abducted them continue to operate within the country. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Lebanon unless special validation has been obtained. Due to an extremely limited staff and heightened security, the U.S. Embassy in Beirut cannot perform normal consular functions. In addition, local telephone service is highly unreliable and it is extremely difficult to contact the Embassy by phone or to place a local call from most of the country.Intermediate Stops in Beirut: Several international air carriers are now making intermediate stops in Beirut. U.S. citizens are advised not to board such flights because of the danger of traveling to or transiting Lebanon. Such stops are not always announced. Travelers should therefore inquire, before making travel arrangements in the region, whether a flight will make a stop in Beirut. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Lebanon, which includes landing at the Beirut airport, unless specifically endorsed by the Secretary of State.Country Description: The Republic of Lebanon is a parliamentary republic. The country is emerging from a long period of civil war which has damaged the economy and the social fabric. The population is composed of both Christians and Muslims from a variety of sects.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Without the requisite validation, use of a U.S. passport for travel to, in or through Lebanon may constitute a violation of U. S. law and may be punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment.The categories of individuals eligible for consideration for a special passport validation are set forth in 22 C.F.R. 51.74. Passport validation requests for Lebanon should be forwarded in writing to the following address:Deputy Assistant Secretary for Passport ServicesU.S. Department of State1425 K Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20522-1705Attn: Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance (Room 300)Telephone (202) 326-6168 or 326-6182.The request must be accompanied by supporting documentation according to the category under which validation is sought. Currently, the four categories of persons specified in 22 C.F.R. 51.74 as being eligible for consideration for passport validation are as follows:[a] Professional reporters: Includes full-time members of the reporting or writing staff of a newspaper, magazine or broadcasting network whose purpose for travel is to gather information about Lebanon for dissemination to the general public.[b] American Red Cross: Applicant establishes that he or she is a representative of the American Red Cross or International Red Cross traveling pursuant to an officially sponsored Red Cross mission.[c] Humanitarian considerations: Applicant must establish that his or her trip is justified by compelling humanitarian considerations or for family unification. At this time, "compelling humanitarian considerations" include situations where the applicant can document that an immediate family member is critically ill in Lebanon. Documentation concerning family illness must include the name and address of the relative, and be from that relative's physician attesting to the nature and gravity of the illness. "Family unification" situations may include cases in which spouses or minor children are residing in Lebanon, with and dependent on, a Lebanese national spouse or parent for their support.[d] National interest: The applicant's request is otherwise found to be in the national interest.In all requests for passport validation for travel to Lebanon, the name, date and place of birth for all concerned persons must be given, as well as the U.S. passport numbers. Documentation as outlined above should accompany all requests. Additional information may be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling the Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance at [202] 326-6168 or 326-6182.Areas of Instability: Although all known Western hostages have been released, the organizations that abducted them continue to operate within the country. The issues that ignited the civil war have not been completely resolved. Syrian troops are present in a large area of the country. Militias still have the capability to operate within Lebanon. Israel has established a "security zone" in southern Lebanon, and hostilities occur in the area without warning. The Lebanese populace is armed, and incidents of violence can occur at any time.Dual Nationality: U.S. consular protection - when available - is severely limited for dual nationals traveling on a foreign passport.Medical Facilities: In Beirut and the surrounding areas, basic modern medical care and medicines are widely available. Such facilities are not always available in outlying areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: While the crime rate in Lebanon is moderate, the incidence of both car thefts and house break-ins is on the increase. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are severe in Lebanon, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Individuals charged with drug offenses are not usually releasable on bail and can expect to remain in jail while judicial authorities prepare their cases for prosecution.Consular Services: Although registration records are maintained at the consular section, the tight security under which the U.S. embassy operates mean that assistance is available only in cases of extreme emergency such as arrest or death. The Consular Section is not able to replace lost, stolen or expired passports. Because of unreliable telephone service in Lebanon, contacting the Embassy can be difficult. Access to the Consular Section is not possible unless prior arrangements have been made.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Antelias, P.O. Box 70-840, Beirut, Lebanon. The telephone number is (961-1) 417-774, 415-802, 415-803, 402-184, 402-200, 403-300.No.93-219This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to update the U.S. Embassy telephone number and to include information on reporting a lost or stolen U.S. passport abroad.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, bordering on the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and RussiaMap references: Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 64,100 km2 land area: 64,100 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than West VirginiaLand boundaries: total 1,078 km, Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 kmCoastline: 531 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic to Russia in 1944Climate: maritime; wet, moderate wintersTerrain: low plainNatural resources: minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomiteLand use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 13% forest and woodland: 39% other: 21%Irrigated land: 160 km2 (1990)Environment: heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily polluted; contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and petroleum products at military bases THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia PeoplePopulation: 2,735,573 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.5% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.23 years male: 64.15 years female: 74.55 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Latvian(s) adjective: LatvianEthnic divisions: Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Belarusian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish 2.3%, other 4.2%Religions: Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian OrthodoxLanguages: Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, otherLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 1.407 million by occupation: industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, other 43% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Latvia conventional short form: Latvia local long form: Latvijas Republika local short form: Latvija former: Latvian Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: LGType: republicCapital: RigaAdministrative divisions: none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction)Independence: 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted NA May 1922, considering rewriting constitutionLegal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 18 November (1918)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman (Inter-Front was banned after the coup); Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, chairman; Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; Latvian People's Front, Uldis AUGST-KALNS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, Georg LANSMANIS, chairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held October 1988 (next to be held NA); note - Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS elected by Supreme Soviet; elected to restyled post of Chairman of the Supreme Council on 3 May 1990; new elections have not been scheduled Supreme Council: last held 18 March 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held 5-6 June 1993 for the Saeima); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (234 total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party 31, Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian Farmers Union 7, Latvian Popular Front 126; note - the Supreme Council is an interim 201-seats legislative body; a new parliament or Saiema to be elected in June 1993 Congress of Latvia: last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA; note - the Congress of Latvia is a quasi-governmental structureExecutive branch: Chairman of Supreme Council (president), prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme Council THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Chairman Supreme Council Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS (since NA October 1988) Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since NA May 1990)Member of: CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ojars KALNINS chancery: 4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: (202) 726-8213 and 8214US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Ints M, SILINS; embassy: Raina Boulevard 7, Riga 226050 mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: 0-11 [358] (49) 311-348 (cellular) FAX: [358] (49) 314-665 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502 note: dialing to the Baltics still requires use of an international operator, unless you use the cellular phone linesFlag: two horizontal bands of maroon (top and bottom), white (middle, narrower than other two bands) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia EconomyOverview: Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward joint ventures with technological support from, and trade ties to the West. Because of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a diet that is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in grain and potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the former USSR. Good relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic Russians (34% of the population) and native Latvians. The cumulative difficulties in replacing old sources of supply and old markets, together with the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium of exchange, help account for the sharp 30% drop in GDP in 1992.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -30% (1992)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 2% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 3.6% (March 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: NA partners: NAImports: $NA commodities: NA partners: NAExternal debt: $650 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -35% (1992 est.)Electricity: 2,140,000 kW capacity; 5,800 million kWh produced, 2,125 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: employs 33% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia EconomyAgriculture: employs 16% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; fishing and fish packingIllicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic consumption; also produces illicit amphetamines for exportEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 lat = 100 NA; introduced NA March 1993Exchange rates: lats per US$1 - 1.32 (March 1993)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia CommunicationsRailroads: 2,400 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 59,500 km total; 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth (1990)Inland waterways: 300 km perennially navigablePipelines: crude oil 750 km, refined products 780 km, natural gas 560 km (1992)Ports: coastal - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - DaugavpilsMerchant marine: 96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 905,006 GRT/1,178,844 DWT; includes 14 cargo, 27 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 44 oil tankerAirports: total: 50 useable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 7Telecommunications: NMT-450 analog cellular network is operational covering Riga, Ventspils, Daugavpils, Rezekne, and Valmiera; broadcast stations - NA; international traffic carried by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway switch and through new independent international automatic telephone exchange in Riga and the Finnish cellular net THE WORLD FACTBOOK Latvia Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border troops), Border Guard, Home Guard (Zemessardze)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 648,273; fit for military service 511,297; reach military age (18) annually 18,767 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 176 million rubles, 3-5% of GDP; note - conversion of the military budget into US$ using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>LATVIA - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visa issued atEmbassy or point of entry. Require 1 application form, 1 photo, and $5fee. For further information contact Embassy of Latvia, 4325 17th St.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20011 (202/726-8213).Latvia - Consular Information SheetMay 6, 1993Country Description: Latvia is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. The Latvian Embassy recommends that travelers obtain a visa in advance from the Latvian Embassy at 4325 17th Street, Washington, D.C. 20011, tel. (202) 726-8213. It is also possible, for the time being, to obtain single-entry visas at western ports of entry, but the process can be time-consuming and requires proper documentation. Latvian visas are valid for entry to Estonia and Lithuania, and visas issued by Estonia or Lithuania are likewise valid for entry to Latvia.Travelers who plan to enter Russia, even in transit, will also need a Russian visa. While there is a Russian Embassy in Riga which issues visas, some travelers have found it difficult or impossible to produce all the documentation necessary to obtain a Russian visa in Latvia. Russian visas obtained on short notice are twice as expensive.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Latvia is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Latvia has a low rate of violent crime. There has been a recent increase in street crime, especially at night near major hotels and restaurants. Robberies have occurred on trains and in train stations. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. The publication is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Latvia has a freely convertible currency (Latvian ruble), and the permanent currency (the lats) is slowly being introduced. Travelers checks and credit cards are accepted at major hotels and restaurants.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Latvia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Riga, Latvia, is located at Raina Boulevard 7; telephone (371-2) 210-005.No. 93-114This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to change the country description, to describe currency regulations, and to correct the phone numbers for the U.S. Embassy.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, between Vietnam and ThailandMap references: Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 236,800 km2 land area: 230,800 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than UtahLand boundaries: total 5,083 km, Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: boundary dispute with ThailandClimate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateausNatural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstonesLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 58% other: 35%Irrigated land: 1,200 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floodsNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos PeoplePopulation: 4,569,327 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.86% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 15.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 104.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 51.18 years male: 49.67 years female: 52.77 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s) adjective: Lao or LaotianEthnic divisions: Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other 15%Religions: Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15%Languages: Lao (official), French, EnglishLiteracy: age 15-45 can read and write (1985) total population: 84% male: 92% female: 76%Labor force: 1-1.5 million by occupation: agriculture 85-90% (est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic conventional short form: Laos local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao local short form: noneDigraph: LAType: Communist stateCapital: VientianeAdministrative divisions: 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri, XiangkhoangIndependence: 19 July 1949 (from France)Constitution: promulgated August 1991Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 2 December (1975) (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic)Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president; includes Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC); other parties moribundOther political or pressure groups: non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders fled the country in 1975Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Third National Assembly: last held on 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: president, prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme People's CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President NOUHAK Phoumsavan (since 25 November 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 15 August 1991)Member of: ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador HIEM Phommachanh chancery: 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-6416 or 6417US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles B. SALMON, Jr. embassy: Rue Bartholonie, Vientiane mailing address: B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP 96546 telephone: (856) 2220, 2357, 2384 FAX: (856) 4675Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos EconomyOverview: One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally planned economy with government ownership and control of productive enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area. Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991)National product real growth rate: 4% (1991)National product per capita: $200 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1991)Unemployment rate: 21% (1989 est.)Budget: revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.)Exports: $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: electricity, wood products, coffee, tin partners: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, ChinaImports: $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures partners: Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, ChinaExternal debt: $1.1 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.)Electricity: 226,000 kW capacity; 990 million kWh produced, 220 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, constructionAgriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years; principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, poultryIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade, third-largest opium producer THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $995 millionCurrency: 1 new kip (NK) = 100 atExchange rates: new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September 1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-SeptemberInland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 mPipelines: petroleum products 136 kmPorts: noneAirports: total: 54 usable: 41 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 15Telecommunications: service to general public practically non-existant; radio communications network provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Laos Defense ForcesBranches: Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements), Air Force, National Police DepartmentManpower availability: males age 15-49 980,274; fit for military service 528,450; reach military age (18) annually 43,849 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>LAOS - Passport and visa required. Visa requires $35 fee, 3 applicationforms, 3 photos, onward/return transportation, sufficient funds, choleraimmunization and SASE for return of passport by mail. Transit visas forstay up to 5 days requires onward/return ticket and visa for nextdestination. Visitor visa are issued for 1 entry and must be used within 3months of issue date. Period of stay: 1 month, can be extended foranother 30 days (visitor visa application must be accompanied by letterfrom relative or friends in Laos). Tourist visas are issued only to thosewho apply through a tourist agency. Business visa requires letter fromcounterpart in Laos and is valid for 1 entry and must be used within 3months of issue date. Period of stay: 1 month, can be extended foranother 30 days. For more information, check with the Embassy of the LaoPeopleΓÇÖs Democratic Republic, 2222 S St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/332-6416/7).Laos - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Laos is an underdeveloped, poor country with a communist government. Tourist services and facilities are relatively undeveloped.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. For more current information, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 2222 S St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 332-6416/7.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities and services are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, tel. (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Major crime is not a problem for travelers, although there have been some instances of petty crime against personal property. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.In Country Travel: Permission from the Lao government is required for travel outside Vientiane City. Western travelers who are caught outside the city of Vientiane without travel permits are often arrested and detained incommunicado for periods of up to several weeks, and are usually fined heavily and expelled from the country. In recent months Lao police have stepped up inspection of western travelers outside Vientiane City. Travel permits are obtained from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or from the Department of Tourism and are generally only issued to persons traveling with a government-approved tour. Land or river travel outside Vientiane province is not permitted, and travelers visiting provincial cities such as Luang Prabang and Savannakhet must travel by air. Road travel in some areas, particularly Vientiane (outside Vientiane City), Luang Prabang and Bolikhamsa provinces, is also dangerous. In early 1992, insurgent forces and bandits attacked civilian buses near Vientiane City, and a number of Lao civilians were killed in these attacks.Religious Workers: Religious proselytizing or distributing religious material is strictly prohibited. Foreigners caught distributing religious material may be arrested and held incommunicado or expelled from the country.Marriage to a Lao Citizen U.S. citizens intending to marry a Lao citizen must receive approval from both the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Interior. Those who do not receive approval from all relevant ministries may be arrested or have their passports confiscated by Ministry of Interior police for periods of several weeks.Photography Restrictions: Police and military often confiscate the cameras of persons seen taking photographs of military or government subjects, including military installations, military vehicles, bridges, airfields and government buildings. Confiscated cameras are almost never returned to the owners. Foreigners may also be arrested for photographing such subjects.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at Rue Bartholomie, B.P. 114, in Vientiane. Mail can be addressed to AMEMB Box V, APO AP 96546; the telephone numbers are (856-21) 2220, 2357, 2384, or 3570 and 2357 after office hours.No. 93-177This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued on November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_56147.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan GeographyLocation: South Asia, between China and KazakhstanMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 198,500 km2 land area: 191,300 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than South DakotaLand boundaries: total 3,878 km, China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,099 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley areaClimate: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana Valley)Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins encompass entire nationNatural resources: small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil, nepheline, rare earth metals, mercury, bismuth, gold, lead, zinc, hydroelectric powerLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: 10,320 km2 (1990)Environment: NANote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan PeoplePopulation: 4,625,954 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.56% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 47.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.71 years male: 63.47 years female: 72.15 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.39 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Kirghiz(s) adjective: KirghizEthnic divisions: Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 21.5%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%, German 2.4%, other 8.3%Religions: Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA%Languages: Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, RussianLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 1.748 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 33%, industry and construction 28%, other 39% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Kyrgyzstan conventional short form: Kyrgyzstan local long form: Kyrgyzstan Respublikasy local short form: none former: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: KGType: republicCapital: Bishkek (Frunze)Administrative divisions: 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Jalal-Abad, Ysyk-Kul', Naryn, Osh, TalasIndependence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted 5 May 1993Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: National Day, 2 DecemberPolitical parties and leaders: Kyrgyz Democratic Movement, Kazat AKMAKOV, chairman; Civic Accord, Coalition representing nonnative minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, chairman; Communist Party was banned but has registered as political party 18 September 1992Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of Free Trade Unions; Union of EntrepreneursSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Askar AKAYEV won in uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; note - president elected by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular vote 12 October 1991 Zhogorku Keneshom: last held 25 February 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held no later than NA November 1994 for the Zhgorku Keneshom); results - Commnunists 90%; seats - (350 total) Communists 310Executive branch: president, Cabinet of Ministers, prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Zhogorku KeneshomJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990); Vice President Feliks KULOV (since 12 October 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Abdygani ERKEBAYEV; Supreme Soviet Chairman Medetkan SHERIMKULOV (since NA)Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roza OTUNBAYEVA chancery: 1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC telephone: (202) 347-5029US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward HURWITZ embassy: (temporary) Erkindik Prospekt #66, Bishkek mailing address: APO AE 09721 telephone: 7-3312 22-26-93, 22-35-51, 22-29-20 FAX: 7-3312 22-35-51Flag: red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Krygyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the traditional Kyrgyz yurt THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan EconomyOverview: Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry, concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors, livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being coal, rare earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of many types of food and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. In 1992, the Kirghiz leadership made progress on reform, primarily by privatizing business, granting life-long tenure to farmers, and freeing most prices. Nonetheless, in 1992 overall industrial and livestock output declined because of acute fuel shortages and a widespread lack of spare parts.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -25% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 29% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 0.1% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery, tobacco partners: Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and othersImports: $NA commodities: lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles, footwear partners: other CIS republicsExternal debt: $650 million (1991)Industrial production: growth rate NA% (1992)Electricity: 4,100,000 kW capacity; 11,800 million kWh produced, 2,551 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth metalsAgriculture: wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle), vegetables, meat, grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoesIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropelEconomic aid: $300 million official and commitments by foreign donors (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan EconomyCurrency: introduced national currency, the som (10 May 1993)Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan CommunicationsRailroads: 370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990)Pipelines: natural gas 200 kmPorts: none; landlockedAirports: total: 52 useable: 27 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 13Telecommunications: poorly developed; 56 telephones per 1000 persons (December 1990); connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station provide TV receive-only capability for Turkish broadcasts THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kyrgyzstan Defense ForcesBranches: National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops), Civil DefenseManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,093,694; fit for military service 890,961 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>KYRGYZ REPUBLIC (Kyrgyzstan) - Passport and visa required. Visa requires 1application form, 2 photos, (a letter of invitation from a Kyrgyz citizenor organization if staying more then 21 days). Multi-entry visa $100 (nopersonal checks). Include SASE for return of passport by mail (or properfee for express mail service). For additional information contact theEmbassy of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1511 K St., N.W., Suite 707, Washington,D.C. 20005 (202/628-0433).Kyrgyzstan - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Kyrgyzstan is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Street demonstrations and other disturbances related to outstanding disputes may occur without warning. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Without a visa, travelers cannot register at hotels and will be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. Visas for Kyrgyzstan are issued by a Russian embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can contact the Russian Embassy, Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-8907, 8911, 8913, 8918 or the Russian consulates in San Francisco, New York, or Seattle for current information on visa requirements. Thus far, travelers to Kyrgyzstan holding visas valid for neighboring countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, have been able to enter Kyrgyzstan without difficulty.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Kyrgyzstan is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Kyrgyzstan has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has increased especially at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the Department of State's brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Kyrgyzstan is a cash only economy. Travelers checks and credit cards are not accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Kyrgyzstan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, is located at Erkindik Prospect #66, Telephone (7-3312) 22-26-93.No. 93-085This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to provide the new telephone number for the U.S. Embassy in Kyrgyzstan, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_55864.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait GeographyLocation: Middle East, at the head of the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi ArabiaMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 17,820 km2 land area: 17,820 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than New JerseyLand boundaries: total 464 km, Iraq 242 km, Saudi Arabia 222 kmCoastline: 499 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: in April 1991 Iraq officially accepted UN Security Council Resolution 687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah Islands, or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi ArabiaClimate: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool wintersTerrain: flat to slightly undulating desert plainNatural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gasLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 8% forest and woodland: 0% other: 92%Irrigated land: 20 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertificationNote: strategic location at head of Persian Gulf THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait PeoplePopulation: 1,698,077 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 8.67% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 30.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 2.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 58.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.62 years male: 72.47 years female: 76.87 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Kuwaiti(s) adjective: KuwaitiEthnic divisions: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%Religions: Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other 15%Languages: Arabic (official), English widely spokenLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 73% male: 77% female: 67%Labor force: 566,000 (1986) by occupation: services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, manufacturing 8.6%, finance and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power and water 1.7%, mining and quarrying 1.4% note: 70% of labor force was non-Kuwaiti (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait GovernmentNames: conventional long form: State of Kuwait conventional short form: Kuwait local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt local short form: Al KuwaytDigraph: KUType: nominal constitutional monarchyCapital: KuwaitAdministrative divisions: 5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah, Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; FarwaniyahIndependence: 19 June 1961 (from UK)Constitution: 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962)Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 25 FebruaryPolitical parties and leaders: noneOther political or pressure groups: 40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi'a fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government policies are activeSuffrage: adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at age 21 note: out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only 5% actually voteElections: National Assembly: dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections were held on 5 October 1992 with a second election in the 14th and 16th constituencies scheduled for 15 February 1993Executive branch: amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al 'umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; elections for new Assembly held 5 October 1992Judicial branch: High Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977) Head of Government: Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA'D al-'Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since 8 February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 17 October 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait GovernmentMember of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad al-Sabah al-Salim al-SABAH chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 966-0702US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr. embassy: Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City mailing address: P.O. Box 77 SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880 telephone: [965] 242-4151 through 4159 FAX: [956] 244-2855Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait EconomyOverview: Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proven crude oil reserves of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves. Kuwait is rebuilding its war-ravaged petroleum sector and the increase in crude oil production to nearly 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 1992 led to an enormous increase in GDP for the year. The government ran a cumulative fiscal deficit of approximately $70 billion over its last two fiscal years, reducing its foreign asset position and increasing its public debt to roughly $40 billion. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and over 90% of export and government revenue.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $15.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 80% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $11,100 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88)Exports: $750 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: oil partners: France 16%, Italy 15%, Japan 12%, UK 11%Imports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing partners: US 35%, Japan 12%, UK 9%, Canada 9%External debt: $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) note: external debt has grown substantially in 1991 and 1992 to pay for restoration of war damageIndustrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for NA% of GDPElectricity: 6,873,000 kW available out of 7,398,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war; 12,264 million kWh produced, 8,890 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building materials, salt, constructionAgriculture: practically none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water must be distilled or importedEconomic aid: donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89)Currency: 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 filsExchange rates: Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3044 (January 1993), 0.2934 (1992), 0.2843 (1991), 0.2915 (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait EconomyFiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: 3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravelPipelines: crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 kmPorts: Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'AhmadiMerchant marine: 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,996,052 GRT/3,373,088 DWT; includes 7 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 24 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 3 containerAirports: total: 7 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm and reconstruction is still under way with some restored international and domestic capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf War and not rebuilt yet; temporary mobile satellite ground stations provide international telecommunications; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; service to Iraq is nonoperational THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kuwait Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 498,254; fit for military service 298,865; reach military age (18) annually 14,459 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 7.3% of GDP (FY92/93)</text>
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<text>KUWAIT - Passport and visa required. AIDS test required for work visa;U.S. test accepted. For further information contact the Embassy of theState of Kuwait, 2940 Tilden St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/966-0702) or Consulate, 321 East 44th St., New York, NY 10017(212/973-4318).Kuwait - Consular Information SheetSeptember 1, 1993Country Description: Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy with a modern economy. Day-to-day life has returned to normal after the 1990 Iraqi occupation, although some services may not be up to pre-invasion standards. Facilities for travelers are widely available. The workweek in Kuwait is Saturday through Wednesday.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required for U.S. citizens traveling to Kuwait, and airport visas are not available. For more information concerning entry requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Kuwait at 2940 Tilden St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 966-0702, or the Kuwaiti Consulate in New York City, telephone (212) 973-4318.Areas of Instability: Travel to and near the Iraq-Kuwait border is extremely hazardous, as continuing incidents of long-term detention of foreigners by Iraqi authorities make clear. Travelers to that area, even while still in Kuwaiti territory, are in immediate jeopardy of detention by Iraqi security personnel. The border area is marked but the boundary is very difficult to see, and Kuwaiti border posts, where they exist, may not warn travelers that they are nearing Iraq. Most foreigners, regardless of nationality, who have been detained by Iraqi forces during the last year have been convicted of illegally crossing the Iraq border and have been sentenced to jail terms of seven to ten years. Many were held incommunicado during the initial days of their detention. Occasional exchanges of fire in the DMZ near Iraq pose an additional hazard. For U.S. citizens having legitimate, urgent, work-related business near the border, timely and useful information is available from the U.S. Embassy. Such persons may also wish to consult their employer's security personnel.Unexploded bombs, mines, booby traps, and other items remain in open areas and beaches throughout Kuwait. U.S. Embassy personnel have been forbidden to travel off paved surfaces outside Kuwait City. There have also been sporadic bombings in the residential and commercial areas of Kuwait City.Medical Facilities: The health care delivery system continues to rebuild after the Iraqi occupation, but still remains marginal. There are many medical facilities, both government and private, available in Kuwait. Medical care at government-run clinics and hospitals is provided free of charge to residents of Kuwait, while private physicians and hospitals charge a fee for services. Non-residents have found that private doctors, hospitals and clinics expect immediate cash payment for their services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Specific health questions can be addressed to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The crime rate in Kuwait is moderate. Many weapons left over from the 1991 Gulf War remain in the hands of the populace, and shooting incidents have occurred. Both physical and verbal harassment of women is a continuing problem. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Travelers checks and credit cards are widely acceptable. Kuwaiti currency is readily convertible to U.S. dollars.Drug and Other Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs, alcohol, or pornography are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Religious proselytizing is not permitted.Terrorist Activities: Violent incidents occur sporadically and are usually directed against Kuwaiti targets. The U.S. Embassy can supply more detailed information to Americans in Kuwait on reducing the risk of becoming a target of a terrorist attack.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may be enrolled in the Embassy's emergency alert network, and can obtain updated information on travel and security in Kuwait.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Kuwait is located on Gulf Road near the Kuwait International Hotel in Kuwait City, P.O. Box 77 Safat, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait, phone (965) 242-4151 through 9.No. 93-241This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Kuwait dated January 8, 1993, to update information on the danger of travel near the Iraq-Kuwait border and to add information about reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South GeographyLocation: Northeast Asia, between North Korea and JapanMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 98,480 km2 land area: 98,190 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than IndianaLand boundaries: total 238 km, North Korea 238 kmCoastline: 2,413 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nm; 3 nm in the Korea StraitInternational disputes: Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by JapanClimate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winterTerrain: mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and southNatural resources: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropowerLand use: arable land: 21% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 67% other: 10%Irrigated land: 13,530 km2 (1989)Environment: occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; air pollution in large cities THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South PeoplePopulation: 44,613,993 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.05% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.29 years male: 67.1 years female: 73.68 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Korean(s) adjective: KoreanEthnic divisions: homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)Religions: Christianity 48.6%, Buddhism 47.4%, Confucianism 3%, pervasive folk religion (Shamanism), Chondogyo (religion of the heavenly way) 0.2%Languages: Korean, English widely taught in high schoolLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 96% male: 99% female: 94%Labor force: 19 million by occupation: services and other 52%, mining and manufacturing 27%, agriculture, fishing, forestry 21% (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Korea conventional short form: South Korea local long form: Taehan-min'guk local short form: noneAbbreviation: ROKDigraph: KSType: republicCapital: SeoulAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do, Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*Independence: 15 August 1948Constitution: 25 February 1988Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thoughtNational holiday: Independence Day, 15 August (1948)Political parties and leaders: majority party: Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), KIM Young Sam, president opposition: Democratic Party (DP), LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; United People's Party (UPP), CHUNG Ju Yung, chairman; several smaller parties note: the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 February 1990Other political or pressure groups: Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Student Associations; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean Industries; Korean Traders AssociationSuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 18 December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1997); results - KIM Young Sam (DLP) 41.9%, KIM Dae Jung (DP) 33.8%, CHUNG Ju Yung (UPP) 16.3%, other 8% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South Government National Assembly: last held on 24 March 1992; results - DLP 38.5%, DP 29.2%, Unification National Party (UNP) 17.3% (name later changed to UPP), other 15%; seats - (299 total) DLP 149, DP 97, UNP 31, other 22; the distribution of seats as of May 1993 was DLP 167, DP 95, UPP 14, other 23 note: the change in the distribution of seats reflects the fluidity of the current situation where party members are constantly switching from one party to anotherExecutive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President KIM Young Sam (since 25 February 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister HWANG In Sung (since 25 February 1993); Deputy Prime Minister LEE Kyung Shick (since 25 February 1993) and Deputy Prime Minister HAN Wan Sang (since 25 February 1993)Member of: AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador HAN Seung Soo chancery: 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-5600 consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and SeattleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant), Charge d'Affaires Raymond BURGHARDT embassy: 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, AMEMB, Unit 15550 mailing address: APO AP 96205-0001 telephone: [82] (2) 732-2601 through 2618 FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845 consulate: PusanFlag: white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South EconomyOverview: The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial society. Real GNP increased more than 10% annually between 1986 and 1991. This growth ultimately led to an overheated situation characterized by a tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising current account deficit. As a result, in 1992, focusing attention on slowing the growth rate of inflation and reducing the deficit is leading to a slow-down in growth. The economy remains the envy of the great majority of the world's peoples.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $287 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $6,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 2.4% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $48.4 billion; expenditures $48.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993)Exports: $76.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish partners: US 24%, Japan 15% (1992)Imports: $81.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains partners: Japan 24%, US 22% (1992)External debt: $42 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1992 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNPElectricity: 24,000,000 kW capacity; 105,000 million kWh produced, 2,380 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, automobile production, shipbuildingAgriculture: accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric tons, seventh-largest in worldEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries (1970-89), $3.0 billionCurrency: 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon (theoretical) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South EconomyExchange rates: South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 791.99 (January 1993), 780.65 (1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76 (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South CommunicationsRailroads: 3,091 km total (1991); 3,044 km 1.435 meter standard gauge, 47 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 847 km double track; 525 km electrified, government ownedHighways: 63,201 km total (1991); 1,551 expressways, 12,190 km national highway, 49,460 km provincial and local roadsInland waterways: 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craftPipelines: petroleum products 455 kmPorts: Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, UlsanMerchant marine: 431 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,689,227 GRT/11,016,014 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 138 cargo, 61 container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 45 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 13 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 135 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 multifunction large-load carrierAirports: total: 103 usable: 93 with permanent-surface runways: 59 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 18Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international services; 13,276,449 telephone subscribers; broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater); satellite earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, South Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 13,286,969; fit for military service 8,542,640; reach military age (18) annually 432,434 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $12.2 billion, 3.6% of GNP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>KOREA, REPUBLIC OF (South Korea) - Passport required. Visa not requiredfor a tourist stay up to 15 days. For longer stays and other types oftravel, visa must be obtained in advance. Tourist visa for longer stayrequires 1 application form and 1 photo. Business visa requires 1application form, 1 photo and company letter. Fine imposed for overstayingvisa and for long-term visa holders not registered within 60 days afterentry. AIDS test required for anyone staying over 90 days. U.S. testaccepted. For further information check Embassy of the Republic of Korea,(Consular Division), 2600 Virginia Ave., N.W., Suite 208, Washington, D.C.20037 (202/939-5660/63) or nearest Consulate General: AK (907/561-5488),CA (213/385-9300 and 415/921-2251), FL (305/372-1555), GA (404/522-1611),Guam (671/472-6109), HI (808/595-6109), IL (312/822-9485), MA(617/348-3660), NY (212/752-1700), TX (713/961-0186) or WA (206/441-1011).</text>
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card_55523.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North GeographyLocation: Northeast Asia, between China and South KoreaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 120,540 km2 land area: 120,410 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MississippiLand boundaries: total 1,673 km, China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 kmCoastline: 2,495 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm military boundary line: 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are bannedInternational disputes: short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with South KoreaClimate: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summerTerrain: mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in eastNatural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropowerLand use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 74% other: 7%Irrigated land: 14,000 km2 (1989)Environment: mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe floodingNote: strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North PeoplePopulation: 22,645,811 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.86% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.51 years male: 66.42 years female: 72.75 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Korean(s) adjective: KoreanEthnic divisions: racially homogeneousReligions: Buddhism and Confucianism, some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedomLanguages: KoreanLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99%Labor force: 9.615 million by occupation: agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64% note: shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of Korea conventional short form: North Korea local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk local short form: noneAbbreviation: DPRKDigraph: KNType: Communist state; Stalinist dictatorshipCapital: P'yongyangAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Chagang-do (Chagang Province), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong Province), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong Province), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae Province), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae Province), Kaesong-si* (Kaesong City), Kangwon-do (Kangwon Province), Namp'o-si* (Namp'o City), P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan Province), P'yongan-namdo (South P'yongan Province), P'yongyang-si* (P'yongyang City), Yanggang-do (Yanggang Province)Independence: 9 September 1948 note: 15 August 1945, date of independence from the Japanese and celebrated in North Korea as National Liberation DayConstitution: adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: DPRK Foundation Day, 9 September (1948)Political parties and leaders: major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social Democratic Party, KIM Yong-ho, vice-chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG Sin-hyok, chairmanSuffrage: 17 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held by NA 1994); results - President KIM Il-song was reelected without opposition Supreme People's Assembly: last held on 7-9 April 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few seatsExecutive branch: president, two vice presidents, premier, ten vice premiers, State Administration Council (cabinet) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui)Judicial branch: Central CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1948, president since 28 December 1972); designated successor KIM Chong-il (son of president, born 16 February 1942) Head of Government: Premier KANG Song-san (since December 1992)Member of: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: noneUS diplomatic representation: noneFlag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North EconomyOverview: More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during the period 1984-88 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 3-5% annually during 1989-92 because of systemic problems and disruptions in socialist-style economic relations with the former USSR and China. In 1992, output dropped sharply, by perhaps 10-15%, as the economy felt the cumulative effect of the reduction in outside support. The leadership insisted in maintaining its high level of military outlays from a shrinking economic pie. Moreover, a serious drawdown in inventories and critical shortages in the energy sector have led to increasing interruptions in industrial production. Abundant mineral resources and hydropower have formed the basis of industrial development since WWII. Output of the extractive industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals. Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, including military industry, with light industry lagging far behind. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food production. Five consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development and living standards.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -10% to -15% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $18.5 billion; expenditures $18.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural and fishery products, manufactures (including armaments) partners: China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, MexicoImports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum, grain, coking coal, machinery and equipment, consumer goods partners: China, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, SingaporeExternal debt: $8 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.)Electricity: 7,300,000 kW capacity; 26,000 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North EconomyIndustries: machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processingAgriculture: accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 million metric tons in 1987Economic aid: Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980sCurrency: 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chonExchange rates: North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North CommunicationsRailroads: 4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned (1989)Highways: about 30,000 km (1991); 92.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 7.5% pavedInland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft onlyPipelines: crude oil 37 kmPorts: primary - Ch'ongjin, Hungnam (Hamhung), Najin, Namp'o, Wonsan; secondary - Haeju, Kimchaek, Kosong, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), UngsangMerchant marine: 80 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 675,666 GRT/1,057,815 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 oil tanker, 5 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 containerAirports: total: 55 usable : 55 (est.) with permanent-surface runways: about 30 with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 30Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 300,000 TV sets (1989); 3,500,000 radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Korea, North Defense ForcesBranches: Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 6,567,684; fit for military service 3,996,893; reach military age (18) annually 208,132 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of GNP (1991 est.)</text>
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<text>KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLEΓÇÖS REPUBLIC OF (North Korea) - The United Statesdoes not maintain diplomatic or consular relations with North Korea and hasno third country representing U.S. interests there. Attention: U.S.citizens need a Treasury Dept. license in order to engage in anytransactions related to travel to and within North Korea. Before planningany travel to North Korea, U.S. citizens should contact the LicensingDivision, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury,1331 G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220 (202/622-2480). Visa informationmust be obtained from a consulate in a country that maintains diplomaticrelations with North Korea.North Korea - Travel WarningJuly 16, 1993U.S. citizens are warned against travel to North Korea, because the United States does not recognize the government of North Korea and does not maintain diplomatic or consular relations with North Korean authorities. There is no consular representation for U.S. citizens. All travel to North Korea should be avoided.Additional information can be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet on North Korea.No. 93-031This extends the Travel Warning for North Korea issued November 13, 1992.North Korea - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Warning: The Department of State warns U.S. citizens against travel to North Korea. The United States does not recognize the government of North Korea and does not maintain diplomatic or consular relations with North Korean authorities.Country Description: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is a developing Communist state under the control of the Korean Workers Party (KWP) and dominated by KWP General Secretary and President of North Korea, Kim Il Sung.Embassy Location: Because no third country represents United States interests in North Korea, the United States government is unable to accord normal consular protective services to U.S. citizens in North Korea. U.S. citizens need a Treasury Department license to engage in any financial transactions with North Korea.Entry Requirements: Visa information is available only through a consulate in a country which maintains diplomatic relations with North Korea. U.S. passports are valid for travel to North Korea; however, a visa is required.Restricted Financial Transactions: Financial transactions by U.S. citizens in North Korea are restricted. All commercial transactions, with the exception of international trade in publications and other informational materials, require U.S. government licensing. Under the Foreign Assets Control Regulations administered by the Treasury Department, individuals may spend no more than $200 per day in North Korea to purchase items related to travel, such as hotel accommodations, meals and goods for personal consumption. International and inter-city transportation and international telecommunications are not included in the $200 limit.U.S. Customs Requirements: Visitors to North Korea may bring back into the United States as accompanied baggage merchandise valued up to $100. Informational materials are not limited. Receipts are required to document any goods purchased in North Korea and must be made available to the U.S. Customs Service upon entry into the United States.Credit Card Use: U.S. regulations prohibit use of credit and other charge cards in North Korea, even for living expenses or for the purchase of goods used by the traveler.U.S. Treasury Department Licenses: U.S. travel service providers are prohibited from arranging, promoting, or facilitating tours to North Korea unless specifically licensed by the U.S. Treasury Department to provide travel services to groups or individuals involved in academic, sports, cultural, family reunion, or certain other noncommercial activities. The only transaction that a U.S. travel service provider is permitted to perform without a specific Treasury license is the booking of passage for an individual traveler to North Korea aboard a third-country "non-blocked carrier." A non-blocked carrier is any carrier other than a Libyan, Cuban, Iraqi, Yugoslav, Vietnamese, or North Korean carrier. No direct transportation services to North Korea are available from or authorized for U.S. carriers. Travelers are expected to check with the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department before signing up for a tour group destined for North Korea which is sponsored by or affiliated with a U.S. citizen. This information sheet provides only general guidance regarding applicable Treasury regulations. Individuals contemplating trade with North Korea may contact the Department of the Treasury for further information at:Licensing DivisionOffice of Foreign Assets ControlDepartment of Treasury1500 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Treasury AnnexWashington, D.C. 20220(Tel. 202/622-2480; Fax 202/622-1657)Dual Citizenship: U.S. citizens who were born in North Korea or who were at one time citizens of North Korea, and the children of such persons, may be considered dual nationals by North Korean authorities and may, therefore, be subject to North Korean laws. These laws may impose special obligations upon North Korean nationals, e.g., military service, taxes. Specific questions on dual nationality may be directed to the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520. (Phone 202/647-3675).Travel Documents: U.S. citizens contemplating travel to North Korea should carry only U.S. passports with the proper visa affixed. Under no condition should U.S. citizens accept travel documents which identify them as citizens of North Korea.No. 93-186This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for North Korea dated November 13, 1992, provides a description of the country.</text>
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<name>Korea, North</name>
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card_55074.xml
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<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati GeographyLocation: Oceania, straddling the equator in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and AustraliaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 717 km2 land area: 717 km2 comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix IslandsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,143 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade windsTerrain: mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefsNatural resources: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 51% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 3% other: 46%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 islands are inhabitedNote: Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia and Nauru THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati PeoplePopulation: 76,320 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.03% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 32.03 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.16 years male: 52.56 years female: 55.78 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural) adjective: I-KiribatiEthnic divisions: MicronesianReligions: Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)Languages: English (official), GilberteseLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Kiribati conventional short form: Kiribati former: Gilbert IslandsDigraph: KRType: republicCapital: TarawaAdministrative divisions: 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands note: a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changed to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, TerainaIndependence: 12 July 1979 (from UK)Constitution: 12 July 1979Legal system: NANational holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1979)Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka TENTOA; Maneaba Party, Roniti TEIWAKI note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structuresSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - Teatao TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28% House of Assembly: last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party NAExecutive branch: president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA (since 8 July 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati GovernmentMember of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant)US diplomatic representation: the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to KiribatiFlag: the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati EconomyOverview: The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 1% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $525 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.)Exports: $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: copra 18%, fish 17%, seaweed 13% partners: EC 50%, Fiji 22%, US 18% (1990)Imports: $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel partners: Australia 33%, Japan 24%, Fiji 19%, NZ 6%, US 6% (1990)External debt: $2 million (December 1989 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDPElectricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: fishing, handicraftsAgriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $273 millionCurrency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati CommunicationsHighways: 640 km of motorable roadsInland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line IslandsPorts: Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)Airports: total: 21 useable: 20 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m : 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: 1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kiribati Defense ForcesBranches: Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all islands); no military force is maintainedManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>KIRIBATI (formerly Gilbert Islands) - Passport and visa required. Foradditional information consult British Embassy (202/462-1340).</text>
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<name>Kiribati</name>
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card_55006.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and American SamoaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 1 km2 land area: 1 km2 comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 3 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing windsTerrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meterNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the timeNote: maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Kingman ReefDigraph: KQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US NavyCapital: none; administered from Washington, DC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kingman Reef Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<name>Kingman Reef</name>
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card_54618.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern India Ocean between Tanzania and SomaliaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 582,650 km2 land area: 569,250 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of NevadaLand boundaries: total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 kmCoastline: 536 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic SomalisClimate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interiorTerrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in westNatural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlifeLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 4% other: 85%Irrigated land: 520 km2 (1989)Environment: unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on Mt. KenyaNote: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya PeoplePopulation: 27,372,266 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.18% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 74.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.07 years male: 52.27 years female: 55.92 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.06 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: KenyanEthnic divisions: Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, Asian, European, and Arab 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant (including Anglican) 26%, indigenous beliefs 18%, Muslim 6%Languages: English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 69% male: 80% female: 58%Labor force: 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of the labor force) by occupation: services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Kenya conventional short form: Kenya former: British East AfricaDigraph: KEType: republicCapital: NairobiAdministrative divisions: 8 provinces; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, WesternIndependence: 12 December 1963 (from UK)Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)Political parties and leaders: ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD-Kenya), Oginga ODINGA; FORD-Asili, Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI; Kenya National Congress (KNC), Titus MBATHI; Kenya Social Congress (KSC), George ANYONA; Kenya National Democratic Alliance (KENYA), Mukara NG'ANG'A; Party for Independent Candidates of Kenya (PKK), Otieno OTOERAOther political or pressure groups: labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groupsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 29 December 1992; results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki (SP) 19%, Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17% National Assembly: last held on 29 December 1992; results - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya 31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12 additional members note: first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state lawExecutive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 387-6101 consulates general: Los Angeles and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr. embassy: corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi or APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (2) 334141 FAX: [254] (2) 340838 consulate: MombasaFlag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya EconomyOverview: Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important population growth figure, and in 1992 output fell.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -1% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $320 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90)Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990) partners: EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1990)Imports: $2.05 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989) partners: EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988)External debt: $7 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 13% of GDPElectricity: 730,000 kW capacity; 2,540 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourismAgriculture: most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and 65% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs; food output not keeping pace with population growth, and crop production has been extended into marginal landIllicit drugs: widespread wild, small-plot cultivation of marijuana and gat; most locally consumed; transit country for Southwest Asian heroin moving to West Africa and onward to Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 millionCurrency: 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 centsExchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 -36.227 (January 1993), 32.217 (1992), 27.508 (1991), 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya CommunicationsRailroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gaugeHighways: 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earthInland waterways: part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of KenyaPipelines: petroleum products 483 kmPorts: coastal - Mombasa, Lamu; inland - KisumuMerchant marine: 1 oil tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,727 GRT/5,558 DWTAirports: total: 247 usable: 208 with permanent-surface runways: 18 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 43Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links; over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kenya Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 5,912,744; fit for military service 3,654,738 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $294 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY88/89 est.)</text>
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<text>KENYA - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained in advance.Single-entry visa for tourist/business stay up to 6 months, $10 (moneyorder only); requires 1 application form, 2 photos and onward/returnticket. Yellow fever immunization is recommend. Anti-malaria pills arerecommended for those travelling to the western or coastal regions.Multiple-entry business visa valid for up to 1 year, $50. Payment bycashiers check or money order only. Airport departure tax is $20. Consultthe Embassy of Kenya, 2249 R St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/387-6101) or Consulate General: Los Angeles (310/274-6635) or NewYork (212/486-1300).Kenya - Consular Information SheetMarch 25, 1994Country Description: Kenya is a developing East African country known for the wildlife in its national park system. Tourist facilities are widely available in Nairobi, on the coast, and in the game parks and reserves.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Visas may be obtained in advance at any Kenyan embassy or consulate, or upon arrival at a Kenyan port of entry. A yellow fever vaccination is recommended, and evidence of immunization may be requested. There is an airport departure tax of $20.00 (U.S.) which must be paid in hard currency cash. Further information may be obtained from the Embassy of Kenya, 2249 R Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008; telephone (202) 387-6101. There are also Kenyan Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York.Areas of Instability: Kenya has recently entered a political transition period, from a system of single-party democracy to a system of multi-party democracy. From time to time, political or ethnic tensions, associated with this transition, increase -- resulting in localized areas of instability, displacement of persons, disruption of public services, and sporadic demonstrations. These ethnic and political clashes have had no affect on tourism in Kenya and have little potential to do so in the future. Visitors to Kenya should, nevertheless, be aware of these local developments.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical services are available in Nairobi. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental insurance with specific overseas coverage, including air evacuations, has proved useful. Information on other health matters, including the incidence of malaria in the country, can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime, mostly of the "grab and run" variety, has become widespread in Nairobi, Mombasa and at the coastal beach resorts. Travelers are wise to closely guard money, valuables and personal belongings. Highway banditry is common on the roads leading to the Somali border, and tourists are advised to use air transport when visiting any of the coastal resorts north of Malindi. Individuals pretending to be police or other government officials sometimes attempt confidence scams. Walking alone or at night in public parks, along footpaths or beaches and in poorly-lit areas, can be dangerous. There is also a high incidence of residential break-ins. The Kenyan mail system can be unreliable, and monetary instruments (credit cards, checks, etc.) are frequently stolen. International couriers have proven to be the safest means of shipping envelopes and packages.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Kenyan currency may not be taken out of the country and is sometimes difficult to exchange for dollars upon departure. Destruction of Kenyan currency is strictly against the law.Game Park Security: Security in the Masai Mara game reserve has recently deteriorated, with attacks by armed bandits on several camp sites. To date, lodges have not been affected. Travelers who do not use the services of reputable travel firms or knowledgeable guides or drivers are especially at risk. Safaris are best undertaken with a minimum of two vehicles so that there is a backup in case of mechanical failure. Solo camping is always risky.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: Water in Nairobi is potable. In other parts of the country, water must be boiled or bottled water must be used. Travel by passenger train in Kenya may be unsafe, particularly during the rainy season, because of the lack of routine maintenance and safety checks.Registration: U.S. citizens may register at the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi and obtain updated information on travel and security in Kenya.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at the intersection of Moi and Haile Selassie Avenues in Nairobi. The telephone number is (254-2) 334141. The mailing address is P.O. Box 30137, or Unit 64100, APO AE 09831.No. 94-039This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued October 18, 1993, to revise information on game park security.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan GeographyLocation: South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and the Aral SeaMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,717,300 km2 land area: 2,669,800 km2 comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 kmCoastline: 0 km note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)Maritime claims: landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and with Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to be determinedInternational disputes: noneClimate: continental, arid and semiaridTerrain: extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oasis and desert in Central AsiaNatural resources: petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, ironLand use: arable land: 15% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 57% forest and woodland: 4% other: 24%Irrigated land: 23,080 km2 (1990)Environment: drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollutionNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan PeoplePopulation: 17,156,370 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.65% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.83 years male: 63.17 years female: 72.73 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Kazakhstani(s) adjective: KazakhstaniEthnic divisions: Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1%Religions: Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36%Languages: Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethnic communication)Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 7.563 million by occupation: industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan conventional short form: Kazakhstan local long form: Kazakhstan Respublikasy local short form: none former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: KZType: republicCapital: Almaty (Alma-Ata)Administrative divisions: 19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular - qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau, Mangghystau, Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar, Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay, Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan,Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted 18 January 1993Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 16 DecemberPolitical parties and leaders: Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen; Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman; Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, presidentSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote by party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed Supreme Council: last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338Executive branch: president, cabinet of ministers, prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President Yerik ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergey TERESHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since NA November 1990); Supreme Council Chairman Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN (since NA July 1991)Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPUDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Alim S. DJAMBOURCHINE chancery: 3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 333-4504US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William H. COURTNEY embassy: Furumanova 99/97, Almaty mailing address: US Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7030 telephone: (3272) 63-24-26Flag: sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan EconomyOverview: The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The government in 1992 continued to push privatization of the economy and freed many prices. Output in 1992 dropped because of problems common to the ex-Soviet Central Asian republics, especially the cumulative effects of the disruption of old supply channels and the slow process of creating new economic institutions. Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and managerial skills for a quick recovery of output. US firms have been enlisted to increase oil output but face formidable obstacles; for example, oil can now reach Western markets only through pipelines that run across independent former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the formidable obstacles to the prioritization of national objectives and the creation of a productive, technologically advancing society.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -15% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 28% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991)Exports: $1.5 billion to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991) partners: Russia, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports: $500 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: machinery and parts, industrial materials partners: Russia and other former Soviet republics, ChinaExternal debt: $2.6 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for 30% of net material productElectricity: 19,135,000 kW capacity; 81,300 million kWh produced, 4,739 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan EconomyAgriculture: accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 25% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, woolIllicit drugs: illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: recipient of limited foreign aid (1992)Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (May 1993)Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan CommunicationsRailroads: 14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km earth (1990)Inland waterways: Syr DaryaPipelines: crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992)Ports: inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea)Airports: total: 365 useable: 152 with permanent-surface runways: 49 with runways over 3,659 m: 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 71Telecommunications: telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100 persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has 184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita (TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width THE WORLD FACTBOOK Kazakhstan Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>KAZAKHSTAN - Passport and visa required. For additional informationcontact the Embassy of Kazakhstan, 3421 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20007 (202/333-4504 or 07).Kazakhstan - Consular Information SheetFebruary 16, 1994Country Description: Kazakhstan is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a new independent state still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Political activities have been peaceful. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal air travel generally operates but suffers disruptions.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Visas are issued at the Kazakhstan Embassy (on the basis of a letter of invitation from a Kazakhstani organization) and at the Almaty Airport. Visas issued at the airport without a letter of invitation are only valid for three days. Kazakhstan immigration officials consider visas for Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, and Belarus to be valid for transit (up to three days) through Kazakhstan. U.S. citizens can contact the Kazakhstan Embassy, 3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 333-4507 for current information on visa requirements.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Kazakhstan is limited. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Incidence of infectious diseases is generally higher than in the U.S., and immunizations are unavailable. Drinking only boiled or bottled water will help guard against cholera, which has been reported. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage, including medical evacuation coverage, has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers' hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Common street crime has increased, especially at night, and some robbery victims have been assaulted. Robbers congregate around hotels that cater to foreigners. Walking in a group or utilizing an official metered taxi with door to door service is the best way to traverse the cities after sunset. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Russia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Kazakhstan is a cash only economy. Traveler's checks and credit cards are rarely accepted. Kazakhstan has its own currency, the ten'ge. U.S. dollars can be changed only at official exchange offices or in banks. Anyone caught dealing on the black market can expect harsh punishment.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Kazakhstan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan, is located at 99/97A Furmanova Street, Telephone (7-3272) 63-24-26.No. 94-012This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993 to add information on visas, include details on street crime and infectious diseases, and to note the danger of changing U.S. dollars on the black market.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island HeaderAffiliation: (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the central Mozambique Channel about one-third of the way between Madagascar and MozambiqueMap references: AfricaArea: total area: 4.4 km2 land area: 4.4 km2 comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 24.1 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by MadagascarClimate: tropicalTerrain: NANatural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizersLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 90% other: 10%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island PeoplePopulation: uninhibited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island local long form: none local short form: Ile Juan de NovaDigraph: JUType: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in ReunionCapital: none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence: none (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island CommunicationsRailroads: short line going to a jettyPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permament-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,439-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Juan de Nova Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan GeographyLocation: Middle East, between Israel and Saudi ArabiaMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 89,213 km2 land area: 88,884 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than IndianaLand boundaries: total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 kmCoastline: 26 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that separates the two countries; water-sharing issues with IsraelClimate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)Terrain: mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan RiverNatural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oilLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0.5% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 0.5% other: 94%Irrigated land: 570 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan PeoplePopulation: 3,823,636 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.57% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 39.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 33.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.61 years male: 69.83 years female: 73.51 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.79 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Jordanian(s) adjective: JordanianEthnic divisions: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%Religions: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%Languages: Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 80% male: 89% female: 70%Labor force: 572,000 (1988) by occupation: agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan conventional short form: Jordan local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah local short form: Al Urdun former: TransjordanDigraph: JOType: constitutional monarchyCapital: AmmanAdministrative divisions: 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'anIndependence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)Constitution: 8 January 1952Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)Political parties and leaders: approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to be passed by National AssemblySuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) 22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) consists of an upper house or House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were heldJudicial branch: Court of Cassation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952) Head of Government: Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991)Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Fayez A. TARAWNEH chancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 966-2664US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON embassy: Jebel Amman, Amman mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892 telephone: [962] (6) 644-371Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven fundamental laws of the Koran THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan EconomyOverview: Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $1,100 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 40% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $440 million (1992 est.)Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures partners: India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, ChinaImports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured goods partners: EC countries, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, TurkeyExternal debt: $9 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity: 1,030,000 kW capacity; 3,814 million kWh produced, 1,070 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturingAgriculture: accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large net importer of food THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 millionCurrency: 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 filsExchange rates: Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan CommunicationsRailroads: 789 km 1.050-meter gauge, single trackHighways: 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stonePipelines: crude oil 209 kmPorts: Al 'AqabahMerchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1 cargo and 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 19 usable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 14 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant in MEDARABTEL, a microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Naval Force, Public Security ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 936,213; fit for military service 664,095; reach military age (18) annually 42,093 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $434.8 million, 7.9% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>JORDAN - Passport and visa required. Visa requires 1 application form, 1photo, letter stating purpose of visit and itinerary. Entry into Jordan issometimes denied to persons holding passports with Israeli visas stamps.(This is especially true when the holders are U.S./Jordanian dualnationals.) Send SASE for return of passport by mail. For details checkEmbassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 3504 International Dr., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/966-2664).Jordan - Public AnnouncementMarch 2, 1994U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATEOffice of the SpokesmanFor Immediate ReleasePUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT - JordanFollowing the violence in Hebron on February 25, U.S. citizens are advised to exercise caution in their movements in Jordan and to avoid east Amman, the downtown Souk area in Amman, and any refugee camp. While we have no information on specific threats to American citizens, two non-American tourists have been attacked in separate incidents on February 25 and 27 in downtown Amman.Further information concerning the current security situation in Jordan may be obtained from the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan. General information may be obtained from the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for Jordan.No. 94-mmm</text>
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<text>99100</text>
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<name>Jordan</name>
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card_53598.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,430 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall IslandsMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 2.8 km2 land area: 2.8 km2 comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 10 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 metersNatural resources: guano (deposits worked until about 1890)Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: some low-growing vegetationNote: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 1,400 US Government personnel and contractors THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Johnston AtollDigraph: JQType: unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge systemCapital: none; administered from Washington, DCDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US)Flag: the flag of the US is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll EconomyOverview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.Electricity: supplied by the management and operations contractor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll CommunicationsAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m: 1 with TACAN and beacon with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jordan HeaderAffiliation: (also see separate West Bank entry)</text>
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card_53284.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey GeographyLocation: Western Europe, 27 km from France in the English ChannelMap references: EuropeArea: total area: 117 km2 land area: 117 km2 comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 70 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; mild winters and cool summersTerrain: gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coastNatural resources: agricultural landLand use: arable land: 57% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Environment: about 30% of population concentrated in Saint HelierNote: largest and southernmost of Channel Islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey PeoplePopulation: 85,450 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.7% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.4 years male: 73.28 years female: 79.86 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.42 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Channel Islander(s) adjective: Channel IslanderEthnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descentReligions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, PresbyterianLanguages: English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districtsLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey conventional short form: JerseyDigraph: JEType: British crown dependencyCapital: Saint HelierAdministrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)Independence: none (British crown dependency)Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practiceLegal system: English law and local statuteNational holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)Political parties and leaders: none; all independentsSuffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: Assembly of the States: last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independentsExecutive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiffLegislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the StatesJudicial branch: Royal CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON (since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter J. CRILL (since NA)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (British crown dependency)US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)Flag: white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) extending to the corners of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey EconomyOverview: The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of Jersey's food needs.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: 8% (1987 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1988 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1985)Exports: $NA commodities: light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles partners: UKImports: $NA commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals partners: UKExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 50,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by FranceIndustries: tourism, banking and finance, dairyAgriculture: potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farmingEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 penceExchange rates: Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Jersey pound is at par with the British poundFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey CommunicationsPorts: Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint AubinAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK THE WORLD FACTBOOK Johnston Atoll HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US)</text>
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card_53034.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island GeographyLocation: in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook IslandsMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 4.5 km2 land area: 4.5 km2 comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 8 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sunTerrain: sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reefNatural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to scientists and educators THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jarvis IslandDigraph: DQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge SystemCapital: none; administered from Washington, DC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the west coast and another near the southwest corner of the islandNote: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jarvis Island Defense Forces defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jersey HeaderAffiliation: (British crown dependency)</text>
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card_52779.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan GeographyLocation: Northeast Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the Korean peninsulaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 377,835 km2 land area: 374,744 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than California note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)Land boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 29,751 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm 3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima StraitInternational disputes: Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and TaiwanClimate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in northTerrain: mostly rugged and mountainousNatural resources: negligible mineral resources, fishLand use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 67% other: 18%Irrigated land: 28,680 km2 (1989)Environment: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamisNote: strategic location in northeast Asia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan PeoplePopulation: 124,711,551 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.32% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 10.31 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 79.18 years male: 76.35 years female: 82.15 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Japanese (singular and plural) adjective: JapaneseEthnic divisions: Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean)Religions: Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% note: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add to more than 100%Languages: JapaneseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 63.33 million by occupation: trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: JapanDigraph: JAType: constitutional monarchyCapital: TokyoAdministrative divisions: 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, YamanashiIndependence: 660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)Constitution: 3 May 1947Legal system: modled after European civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Seiroku KAJIYAMA, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Sadao YAMAHANA, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New Party (JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairmanSuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: House of Councillors: last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, CGP 24, DSP 12, JCP 11, JNP 4, other 22 House of Representatives: last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 274, SDPJ 137, CGP 46, JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 15Executive branch: Emperor, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan GovernmentMember of: AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE (observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA chancery: 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-6700 consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon) consulates: Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST embassy: 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo mailing address: APO AP 96337-0001 telephone: [81] (3) 3224-5000 FAX: [81] (3) 3505-1862 consulates general: Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo consulate: FukuokaFlag: white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan EconomyOverview: Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic growth slowed markedly in 1992 largely because of contractionary domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. At the same time, the stronger yen and slower global growth are containing export growth. Unemployment and inflation remain low at 2%. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus - $107 billion in 1992, up nearly 40% from the year earlier - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. The crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its population are two major long-run problems.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.468 trillion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1992)National product per capita: $19,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1992)Unemployment rate: 2.2% (1992)Budget: revenues $490 billion; expenditures $579 billion, including capital expenditures (public works only) of about $68 billion (FY93)Exports: $339.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer electronics 10%) partners: Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%, Middle East 3%Imports: $232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23% partners: Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, former Communist countries and China 8%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDPElectricity: 196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, construction and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic and telecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automated production systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding, chemicals, textiles, food processing THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan EconomyAgriculture: accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991Economic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1 billion in 1990 (est.)Currency: 1 yen (Y) = 100 senExchange rates: yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan CommunicationsRailroads: 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)Highways: 1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539 km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km otherInland waterways: about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seasPipelines: crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 kmPorts: Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-ShimomatsuMerchant marine: 950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT; includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo, 43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehicle carrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large load carrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flagAirports: total: 162 usable: 159 with permanent-surface runways: 132 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 50Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater); satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Japan Defense ForcesBranches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency (Coast Guard)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reach military age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.)</text>
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<text>JAPAN - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not required fortourist/business stay up to 90 days. Departure tax $15.50 paid at airport.For specific information consult Embassy of Japan, 2520 Mass. Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/939-6800) or nearest Consulate: AK(907/279-8428), CA (213/624-8305 or 415/777-3533), FL (305/530-9090), GA(404/892-2700), Guam (671/646-1290), HI (808/536-2226), IL (312/280-0400),LA (504/529-2101), MA (617/973-9772), MI 9313/567-0120), MO (816/471-0111),NY (212/371-8222), OR 9503/221-1811), TX (713/652-2977) or WA(206/682-9107).Japan - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Japan is a highly developed stable parliamentary democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports are required. Onward/return tickets are required for visitors arriving on the visa waiver and may be requested for visitors arriving on other types of visas. Visas are not required for tourist/business stays of up to 90 days. However, anyone arriving under the terms of the 90-day visa waiver will not be allowed to extend his/her stay or adjust status. There are no exceptions to this rule. For specific information concerning travel to Japan, travelers may consult the Consular Section of the Embassy of Japan at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 939-6700, or the nearest Japanese consulate in Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Guam, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Portland, San Francisco, or Seattle.Medical Facilities: Health care facilities in Japan are good. However, Japan has a national health insurance system, and it can be very difficult for foreigners not insured in Japan to receive medical care. Medical care clinics do not require deposits, but insist upon payment in full at time of treatment and may require proof of ability to pay prior to treating a foreigner. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance which specifically covers treatment in Japan has proved to be useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control may be reached at (404) 332-4559 for additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Crimes against U.S. citizens are rare and those that occur usually involve petty theft and vandalism. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. It is illegal to bring Vicks inhalers, Sudafed, and other types of over-the-counter medicines containing trace amounts of amphetamines or amphetamine-like drugs into Japan. Travelers carrying these items have been detained by Japanese customs officials and subjected to investigation, sometimes for several weeks. Japanese officials may require travelers in possession of medicines to present copies of prescriptions.Detention for Minor Offenses: Persons arrested in Japan, even for a minor offense, can be held in detention for weeks or months during the investigation and legal proceedings.Other Information: Japan is an extremely expensive country to visit. Visitors have found it useful to determine in advance what expenses will be and to make sure they have ample funds for their expected stay. In Japan, vehicular traffic moves on the left but turns at red lights are not allowed unless specifically authorized. Traffic accidents are automatically considered to involve professional negligence, and criminal charges can be brought in any case involving injury without specific proof of the negligence. Heavy criminal penalties are possible in cases involving injury.Registration: U. S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy or a consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Japan is located at 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo, telephone (81-3) 3-224-5000.The U.S. Consulate General in Naha is located at 2564 Nishihara, Urasoe, Okinawa 901-21, telephone (81-98) 876-4211.The U.S. Consulate General in Osaka Kobe is located at 11-5 Nishitenma 2-chome, Kita-ku, Osaka 530, telephone (81-6) 315-5900.The U.S. Consulate General in Sapporo is located at Kita 1-jo Nishi 28-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 064, telephone (81-11) 641-1115.The U.S. Consulate in Fukuoka is located at 5-26 Ohori 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810, telephone (81-92) 751-9331/4. The U.S. Embassy fax number is (81-3) 3505-1862; for Naha it is (81-98) 876-4243; for Osaka-Kobe it is (81-6) 361-5397; for Sapporo it is (81-11) 643-1283; andfor Fukuoka it is (81-92) 713-9222.No. 93-176This replaces the Consular Information Sheet of November 13, 1992 and provides updated information concerning driving conditions in Japan, entry requirements, and adds information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Norway) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen GeographyLocation: in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland, between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian SeaMap references: Arctic RegionArea: total area: 373 km2 land area: 373 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 124.1 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 10 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 4 nmInternational disputes: Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan MayenClimate: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fogTerrain: volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 metersNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed in 1970 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen PeoplePopulation: no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who man the LORAN C base and the weather and coastal services radio station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jan MayenDigraph: JNType: territory of NorwayCapital: none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)Independence: none (territory of Norway) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen EconomyOverview: Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on the island.Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: radio and meteorological station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jan Mayen Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Norway</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica GeographyLocation: in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 160 km south of CubaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 10,990 km2 land area: 10,830 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than ConnecticutLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,022 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interiorTerrain: mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plainNatural resources: bauxite, gypsum, limestoneLand use: arable land: 19% permanent crops: 6% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 28% other: 29%Irrigated land: 350 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water pollutionNote: strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for Panama Canal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica PeoplePopulation: 2,529,981 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.96% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 22.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.09 years male: 71.92 years female: 76.36 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Jamaican(s) adjective: JamaicanEthnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2%Religions: Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other, including some spiritual cults 39.1% (1982)Languages: English, CreoleLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 99%Labor force: 1,062,100 by occupation: services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%, unemployed 17.5% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: JamaicaDigraph: JMType: parliamentary democracyCapital: KingstonAdministrative divisions: 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, WestmorelandIndependence: 6 August 1962 (from UK)Constitution: 6 August 1962Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day (first Monday in August)Political parties and leaders: People's National Party (PNP) P. J. PATTERSON; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward SEAGAOther political or pressure groups: Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held 30 March 1993 (next to be held by February 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) PNP 52, JLP 8Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister P. J. PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard BERNAL chancery: Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: (202) 452-0660 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica Government consulates general: Miami and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN embassy: Kingston mailing address: 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston telephone: (809) 929-4850 through 4859 FAX: (809) 926-6743Flag: diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica EconomyOverview: The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991, however, growth dropped to 0.2% as a result of the US recession, lower world bauxite prices, and monetary instability. In 1992, growth was 1.5%, supported by a recovery in tourism and stabilization of the Jamaican dollar in the second half of 1992.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.7 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 52% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 15.4% (1992)Budget: revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum partners: US 39%, UK 14%, Canada 12%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 7%Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fuel, other raw materials, construction materials, food, transport equipment, other machinery and equipment partners: US 51%, UK 6%, Venezuela 5%, Canada 5%, Japan 4.5%External debt: $4.4 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDPElectricity: 1,127,000 kW capacity; 2,736 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufacturesAgriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy productsIllicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from Central and South America to North America; government has an active cannabis eradication program THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billionCurrency: 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 22.173 (September 1992), 12.116 (1991), 7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica CommunicationsRailroads: 294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single trackHighways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earthPipelines: petroleum products 10 kmPorts: Kingston, Montego Bay, Port AntonioMerchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 2 bulkAirports: total: 36 usable: 23 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables THE WORLD FACTBOOK Jamaica Defense ForcesBranches: Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 651,931; fit for military service 461,980 (1993 est.); no conscription; 26,445 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of GDP (FY91/92)</text>
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<text>JAMAICA - Passport (or original birth certificate and photo ID),onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds required. (Photo ID isnot required for U.S. citizens under 16 using birth certificate.) Touristcard issued on arrival for stay up to 6 months; must be returned toimmigration authorities on departure. For business or study, visa must beobtained in advance, no charge. Departure tax $15 paid at airport. Checkinformation with Embassy of Jamaica, Suite 355, 1850 K St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006 (202/452-0660) or nearest Consulate: CA(213/380-9471 or 415/886-6061), FL (305/374-8431), GA (404/593-1500), IL(312/663-0023) or NY (212/935-9000).Jamaica - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Jamaica is a developing nation. Facilities for tourism are widely available.Entry Requirements: If traveling directly from the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, Americans can enter Jamaica with proof of U.S. citizenship, photo identification, return ticket, and sufficient funds. A tourist card is issued on arrival for stays up to six months. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of Jamaica, 1850 K Street N.W., Suite 355, Washington, D.C. 20006, tel: (202) 452-0660 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Atlanta, Chicago, or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is often limited. Since January 1990, there have been three relatively minor outbreaks of typhoid in western Jamaica. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage, including medical evacuation insurance, has proved useful. For additional health information, the traveler may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crime is a serious problem, particularly in the Kingston area. Purse snatching and pickpocketing occur, especially on public transportation, and other crimes can rapidly turn violent. Persons out walking after dark or who take other than licensed taxicabs are at particular risk. There is sporadic gang violence in inner city Kingston. Some parts of Kingston are also, on occasion, subject to a curfew; travelers may check with local authorities or the U.S. Embassy for details. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The government of Jamaica has taken a number of steps to enhance tourist safety, including increased police patrols and better training for hotel security personnel. Resorts that feature self-contained facilities offer a high degree of security. The status of villa and hotel security features for isolated villas and small establishments can be verified with the Jamaica tourist board.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or consulate. A birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs, including marijuana, are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines. Departing visitors are thoroughly screened for drug possession.Other Information: Traffic moves on the left in Jamaica.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Jamaica. The U.S. Embassy is located in Kingston on the third floor of Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road; telephone (809) 929-4850 through 929-4859; fax (809) 926-6743. The Consular Section is located at the Life of Jamaica Building, 16 Oxford Road; telephone (809) 929-4850 through 929-4859; consular annex fax (809) 926-5833.There is also a Consular Agency in Montego Bay at St. James Place, 2nd floor, Gloucester Avenue; telephone (809) 952-0160/5050; fax (809) 952-5050; office hours M-F 9:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.The U.S. Embassy in Kingston is also responsible for U.S. interests in the Cayman Islands. There is a Consular Agency in George Town, Grand Cayman, telephone (809) 949-8440. U.S. citizens may obtain updated information from the U.S. Embassy on travel and security in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.No. 93-144This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated March 22, 1993 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, a peninsula in the central Mediterranean SeaMap references: Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 301,230 km2 land area: 294,020 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona note: includes Sardinia and SicilyLand boundaries: total 1,899.2 km, Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 kmCoastline: 4,996 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: small vocal minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern SloveniaClimate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in southTerrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlandsNatural resources: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coalLand use: arable land: 32% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 17% forest and woodland: 22% other: 19%Irrigated land: 31,000 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in VeniceNote: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy PeoplePopulation: 58,018,540 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.2% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 10.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.43 years male: 74.22 years female: 80.85 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Italian(s) adjective: ItalianEthnic divisions: Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south), Sicilians, SardiniansReligions: Roman Catholic 100%Languages: Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 97% male: 98% female: 96%Labor force: 23.988 million by occupation: services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Italian Republic conventional short form: Italy local long form: Repubblica Italiana local short form: Italia former: Kingdom of ItalyDigraph: ITType: republicCapital: RomeAdministrative divisions: 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, VenetoIndependence: 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed)Constitution: 1 January 1948Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Fermo Mino MARTINAZZOLI, general secretary; Rosa Russo JERVOLINO, president; Socialist Party (PSI), Giorgio BENVENUTO, party secretary; Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Enrico FERRI, party secretary; Liberal Party (PLI); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS - was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO, secretary general; Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI, national secretary; Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio BOGI, political secretary; Lega Nord (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president; Communist Renewal (RC), Sergio GARAVINIOther political or pressure groups: the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL - formerly Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)Elections: Senate: last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC 27.3%, PDS 17.0%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.2%, other 33.9%; seats - (326 total; 315 elected, 11 appointed senators-for-life) DC 107, PDS 64, PSI 49, Leagues 25, other 70 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy Government Chamber of Deputies: last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC 29.7%, PDS 16.1%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.7%, RC 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI 4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11%; seats - (630 total) DC 206, PDS 107, PSI 92, Northern Leagues 55, RC 35, MSI 34, PRI 27, PLI 17, PSDI 16, other 41Executive branch: president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers)Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)Leaders: Chief of State: President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (29 April 1993)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI chancery: 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009 telephone: (202) 328-5500 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco consulates: Detroit, New Orleans, and Newark (New Jersey)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624 telephone: [39] (6) 46741 FAX: [39] (6) 488-2672 consulates general: Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo (Sicily)Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy EconomyOverview: Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and an undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 35%, agriculture 4%, and public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual average rate of 3% in 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in 1991 and 1992. In the second half of 1992, Rome became unsettled by the prospect of not qualifying to participate in EC plans for economic and monetary union later in the decade; thus it finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Thanks to the determination of Prime Minister AMATO, the government adopted a fairly stringent budget for 1993, abandoned its highly inflationary wage indexation system, and started to scale back its extremely generous social welfare programs, including pension and health care benefits. Monetary officials, who were forced to withdraw the lira from the European monetary system in September 1992 when it came under extreme pressure in currency markets, remain committed to bringing the currency back into the grid as soon as conditions warrant. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic integration of the European Community.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.012 trillion (1992)National product real growth rate: 0.9% (1992)National product per capita: $17,500 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1992)Unemployment rate: 11% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $447 billion; expenditures $581 billion, including capital expenditures of $46 billion (1992 est.)Exports: $168.8 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: textiles, wearing apparel, metals, production machinery, motor vehicles, transportation equipment, chemicals, other partners: EC 58.3%, US 6.8%, OPEC 5.1% (1992)Imports: $169.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural products partners: EC 58.8%, OPEC 6.1%, US 5.5% (1992)External debt: $42 billion (September 1992)Industrial production: growth rate -0.5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 35% of GDPElectricity: 58,000,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,060 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy EconomyIndustries: machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramicsAgriculture: accounts for about 4% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in foods other than meat, dairy products, and cereals; principal crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990Illicit drugs: increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European marketEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billionCurrency: 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimiExchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy CommunicationsRailroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge (380 km electrified)Highways: 298,000 km total; autostrada (expressway) 6,000 km, state highways 46,000 km, provincial highways 103,000 km, communal highways 143,000 km; 270,000 km paved, 23,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 5,000 km earthInland waterways: 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited overall valuePipelines: crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 kmPorts: Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), Taranto, Trieste, VeniceMerchant marine: 536 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,788,938 GRT/10,128,468 DWT; includes 15 passenger, 36 short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 21 container, 69 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 vehicle carrier, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 138 oil tanker, 34 chemical tanker, 45 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 9 combination ore/oil, 57 bulk, 2 combination bulkAirports: total: 137 usable: 133 with permanent-surface runways: 92 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 36 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 39Telecommunications: modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks; broadcast stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 repeaters) FM, 83 (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 submarine cables, 3 satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 Atlantic Ocean antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in INMARSAT and EUTELSAT systems THE WORLD FACTBOOK Italy Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, CarabinieriManpower availability: males age 15-49 14,898,913; fit for military service 12,989,142; reach military age (18) annually 425,286 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $24.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>ITALY - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 3months. For longer stays, employment or study, obtain visa in advance.For additional information consult Embassy of Italy, 1601 Fuller St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/328-5500) or nearest Consulate General: CA(310/820-0622 or 415/931-4924), FL (305/374-6322), IL (312/467-1550), LA(504/524-2272), MA (617/542-0483/4), MI (313/963-8560), NJ (201/643-1448),NY (212/737-9100), PA (215/592-7329) or TX (713/850-7520).Italy - Consular Information SheetAugust 10, 1993Country Description: Italy is a highly developed and stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist stays up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Italy, travelers can contact the Embassy of Italy at 1601 Fuller Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009, telephone (202) 328-5500, or the nearest Italian Consulate General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Italy are adequate for any emergencies that may arise. Many hospitals in major cities have at least some personnel who speak English. Most hospitals are government operated with patients billed sometime after discharge. Private hospitals often expect cash payment before discharge; neither credit cards nor foreign medical coverage is generally accepted. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage is often useful in making claims for U.S. reimbursement of medical expenses. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Italy has a very low rate of violent crime, little of which is directed toward tourists. Petty crime (pickpocketing, theft from parked cars, purse snatching) is a significant problem, especially in large cities. Most reported thefts occur at crowded tourist sites, on public buses, or at the major railway stations, including Rome's Termini, Milan's Centrale, Florence's Santa Maria Novella, and the Centrale in Naples. Thieves usually work in pairs, snatching purses from pedestrians, cyclists, or even from moving vehicles. Groups of street urchins are known to poke tourists with newspapers or pieces of cardboard to divert their attention so that another urchin can pickpocket them. Theft of small items such as radios, luggage, cameras, briefcases, and even cigarettes from parked cars is a major problem. Robbers in southern Italy take items from cars at gas stations (often by smashing car windows). Tourists driving vehicles with out-of-town or rental plates frequently lose valuables to the unseen partners of apparent good samaritans, who divert their attention by offering to assist with problems such as flat tires.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.Terrorist Activities: In May 1993 bombs exploded on separate occasions in Rome and in Florence. The explosion in Rome caused property damage and injuries. The explosion in Florence killed five people and injured approximately forty. In July 1993, three separate car bombings, two in Rome and one in Milan, left five people dead and twenty-eight injured. Most of the bombs were placed near public buildings (e.g. churches, museums) and all exploded during non-business hours. Officials of the Italian government have indicated their belief that the bombs are the work of criminal elements or international terrorists. U.S. citizens have not been the targets of these attacks.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Those convicted of drug-related crimes in Italy can expect jail sentences and fines.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who are also considered to be Italian citizens may be subject to compulsory military service and other Italian laws while in Italy. Those who might be affected can inquire at an Italian embassy or consulate regarding their status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. government efforts to provide protection abroad.Other Information: U.S. citizens are reminded that certain Alitalia flights between Italy and various Middle Eastern points (usually Damascus or Amman) make en route stops in Beirut. (The State Department warns U.S. citizens to avoid all travel to or through Lebanon.)Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or a Consulate may obtain updated information on travel and security in Italy.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Rome is located at Via Veneto 119/A, telephone (39-6) 46741, fax (39-6) 4674-2217.There are U.S. Consulates at the following locations:Florence, at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci 38, telephone (39-55) 239-8276/8/9, or 217-605; fax (55) 284-088;Milan, at Via Principe Amedeo 2/10, telephone (39-2) 290-351; fax (2) 29001165;Naples, at Piazza Della Repubblica, telephone (39-81) 583-8111; fax (81) 761-1869;Palermo, at Via Vaccarini 1, telephone (39-091) 343-532.There is a U.S. Consular Agent in:Trieste, at Via Roma 15, telephone (39-040) 660-177, fax (39-040) 631-240.The U.S. Consulate in Genoa has closed. The U.S. Consulate in Palermo does not currently provide consular services. Travelers in Palermo should contact the U.S. Consulate in Naples.No. 93-210This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to add information on terrorist activities, to inform travelers that the U.S. Consulate in Genoa has closed, and to revise information on U.S. Embassy and Consulate locations.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel HeaderAffiliation: (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries)Note: The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip entries). On 25 April 1982, Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the Syria entry. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel GeographyLocation: Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and LebanonMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 20,770 km2 land area: 20,330 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New JerseyLand boundaries: total 1,006 km, Egypt 255 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 kmCoastline: 273 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with JordanClimate: temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areasTerrain: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift ValleyNatural resources: copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oilLand use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 6% other: 32%Irrigated land: 2,140 km2 (1989)Environment: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestationNote: there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel PeoplePopulation: 4,918,946 (July 1993 est.) note: includes 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 134,000 in East Jerusalem (1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.08% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 16.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.77 years male: 75.72 years female: 79.93 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Israeli(s) adjective: IsraeliEthnic divisions: Jewish 83%, non-Jewish 17% (mostly Arab)Religions: Judaism 82%, Islam 14% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian 2%, Druze and other 2%Languages: Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign languageLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1983) total population: 92% male: 95% female: 89%Labor force: 1.4 million (1984 est.) by occupation: public services 29.3%, industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%, commerce 12.8%, finance and business 9.5%, transport, storage, and communications 6.8%, construction and public works 6.5%, personal and other services 5.8%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%, electricity and water 1.0% (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel GovernmentNames: conventional long form: State of Israel conventional short form: Israel local long form: Medinat Yisra'el local short form: Yisra'elDigraph: ISType: republicCapital: Jerusalem note: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel AvivAdministrative divisions: 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel AvivIndependence: 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)Constitution: no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship lawLegal system: mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 14 May 1948 (Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May)Political parties and leaders: members of the government: Labor Party, Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN; MERETZ, Minister of Education Shulamit ALONI; SHAS, Minister of Interior Arieh DERI opposition parties: Likud Party, Binyamin NETANYAHU; Tzomet, Rafael EITAN; National Religious Party, Zevulun HAMMER; United Torah Jewry, Avraham SHAPIRA; Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash), Hashim MAHAMID; Moledet, Rehavam ZEEVI; Arab Democratic Party, Abd al Wahab DARAWSHAH note: Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 3 parties that hold 62 seats of the Knesset's 120 seatsOther political or pressure groups: Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza Strip and Lebanon policiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 24 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1999); results - Ezer WEIZMAN elected by Knesset THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel Government Knesset: last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 32, Meretz 12, Tzomet 8, National Religious Party 6, Shas 6, United Torah Jewry 4, Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, Moledet 3, Arab Democratic Party 2Executive branch: president, prime minister, vice prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral parliament (Knesset)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Ezer WEIZMAN (since 13 May 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN (since July 1992)Member of: AG (observer), CCC, CERN (oberver), EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Itamar RABINOVICH chancery: 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 364-5500 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Acting Ambassador William BROWN embassy: 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv mailing address: APO AE 09830 telephone: [972] (3) 654338 FAX: [972] (3) 663449 consulate general: JerusalemFlag: white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel EconomyOverview: Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17 billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as medical scanning equipment. The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR, which topped 400,000 during the period 1990-92, has increased unemployment, intensified housing problems, and widened the government budget deficit. At the same time, a considerable number of the immigrants bring to the economy valuable scientific and professional expertise.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $57.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 6.4% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $12,100 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 11% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $33.9 billion; expenditures $36.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.3 billion (FY93)Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics partners: US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, SwitzerlandImports: $19.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft partners: US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong KongExternal debt: $25 billion of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 9.4% (1992 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDPElectricity: 5,835,000 kW capacity; 21,840 million kWh produced, 4,600 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, high-technology electronics, tourism THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel EconomyAgriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production, except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables, cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, poultryEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billionCurrency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorotExchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.8000 (December 1992), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel CommunicationsRailroads: 600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operatedHighways: 4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfacedPipelines: crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 kmPorts: Ashdod, HaifaMerchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 678,584 GRT/785,220 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 24 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience fleet typically includes all of its oil tankersAirports: total: 53 usable: 46 with permanent-surface runways: 28 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Israel Defense ForcesBranches: Israel Defense Forces (including ground, naval, and air components) note: historically, there have been no separate Israeli military servicesManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,240,757; females age 15-49 1,218,610; males fit for military service 1,018,212; females fit for military service 996,089; males reach military age (18) annually 46,131; females reach military age (18) annually 44,134 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military serviceDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $12.5 billion, 18% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>ISRAEL - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient fundsrequired. Tourist visa issued upon arrival valid for 3 months, but can berenewed. Departure tax $15 payable at airport. Consult Embassy of Israel,3514 International Dr., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/364-5500) ornearest Consulate General: CA (213/651-5700 and 415/398-8885), FL(305/358-8111), GA (404/875-7851), IL (312/565-3300), MA (617/542-0041), NY(212/351-5200), PA (215/546-5556) or TX (713/627-3780).Israel & the Territories Occupied & Administered by Israel - Consular Information SheetMarch 7, 1994Warning: The Department of State advises all American citizens to avoid travel to East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip at this time due to the violence stemming from the murders of Palestinians in Hebron on February 25. However, current security conditions do not preclude the travel of U.S. citizens to the immediate vicinity of the U.S. Consulate General facility at 27 Nablus Road, East Jerusalem, for the purpose of obtaining consular services.Note: For detailed information on areas of instability in Israel, as well as the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, refer to the appropriate paragraphs below.Country Description: The State of Israel is a parliamentary democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.The territories occupied and administered by Israel are the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and East Jerusalem. The Israeli Ministry of Defense administers the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The United States considers that the status of all the aforementioned territories should be determined through direct negotiations.Entry Requirements: Passports, an onward or return ticket, and proof of sufficient funds are required. A three-month visa may be issued for no charge upon arrival, and may be renewed. Anyone who has been refused entry or experienced difficulties with his/her visa status during a previous visit can obtain information from the Israeli embassy or nearest consulate regarding the advisability of attempting to return to Israel. Arab-Americans who have overstayed their tourist visas during previous visits to Israel or the occupied territories can expect, at a minimum, delays at ports of entry (including Ben Gurion airport) and the possibility of being denied entry. To avoid such problems, such persons may apply for permission to enter at the nearest Israeli embassy or consulate before traveling. For further entry information, travelers may contact the Embassy of Israel, 3514 International Dr., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 364-5500, or the nearest Israeli Consulate General in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, Atlanta, Chicago, New Orleans, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, or Houston.Security Measures: Israel has strict security measures that may affect visitors. Prolonged questioning and detailed searches may take place at the time of entry and/or departure at all points of entry to Israel or the occupied territories. American citizens with Arab surnames may expect close scrutiny at Ben Gurion airport and the Allenby Bridge from Jordan. For security reasons, delays or obstacles in bringing in or departing with cameras or electronics equipment are not unusual. Items commonly carried by travelers such as toothpaste, shaving cream, and cosmetics may be confiscated or destroyed for security reasons, especially at the Allenby Bridge. During searches and questioning, access may be denied to U.S. consular officers, lawyers, or family members. Should questions arise at the Allenby Bridge, U.S. citizens can telephone the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem for assistance at (02) 253-288. If questions arise at Ben Gurion Airport, U.S. citizens can phone the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv at (03) 517-4338.Areas of Instability - The Territories Occupied and Administered by Israel: Following the killings of Palestinians in Hebron on February 25, 1994, the Israeli government closed the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The West Bank has since been partially reopened. Travel restrictions may be re-imposed with little or no advance notification, and curfews placed on cities or towns in the occupied territories may be extended or, if lifted, reimposed.Palestinian demonstrations in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have led to violent confrontations between the demonstrators and Israeli authorities, resulting in the wounding or death of some participants. Demonstrations and similar incidents can occur without warning. Stone-throwing and other forms of protest can escalate. Violent incidents such as stabbings have occurred. Vehicles have been damaged.U.S. citizens were warned by the Department of State on February 25, 1994, not to travel to the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem (including the Old City) because of unsettled security conditions. The U.S. Government is limiting travel by employees and dependents to the Occupied Territories.Although the Department of State has warned all U.S. citizens against traveling to East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza, the Consular Section of the U.S. Consulate General at 27 Nablus Road, East Jerusalem, remains open. While conditions in parts of East Jerusalem have been volatile, the Consular Section of the U.S. Consulate General is only one block from the major north/south highway. The facility is easily accessible by taxi or private vehicle and is guarded both by private security guards and Israeli police. Current security conditions in the immediate vicinity of the Consular Section do not preclude the travel of U.S. citizens to the Nablus Road facility for the purpose of obtaining consular services. Traveling by public or private transportation in those parts of East Jerusalem less frequented by tourists, however, remains dangerous.If, despite the above warnings against such travel, persons must travel to other areas of East Jerusalem, including the Old City, or to the West Bank, they may consult with the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem, and in the case of travel to the Gaza Strip, with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv, for current information on the advisability of such travel.In the Golan Heights, there are live land mines in many areas and some minefields have not been clearly marked or fenced. Visitors who walk only on established roads or trails will reduce the risk of injury from mines.Areas of Instability - Israel: American citizens who avoid crowds and demonstrations and maintain a low profile will reduce their risk of becoming involved in violent situations. In the past, several violent incidents have involved buses and bus stops. For this reason, the U.S. Embassy is advising its employees and American citizens in Israel to avoid use of public transportation, especially buses and bus stops. This restriction does not apply to tour buses. It is useful for U.S. citizens to carry their U.S. passports at all times.Rocket attacks from Lebanese territory can occur without warning close to the northern border of Israel.Arrests in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: U.S. citizens arrested or detained in the West Bank or Gaza on suspicion of security offenses often are not permitted to communicate with consular officials, lawyers, or family members in a timely manner during the interrogation period of their case. Youths who are over the age of fourteen have been detained and tried as adults. The U.S. Embassy is not normally notified of the arrests of Americans in the West Bank by Israeli authorities, and access to detainees is frequently delayed.Medical Facilities: Modern medical care and medicines are available. Travelers can find information in English about emergency medical facilities and after-hours pharmacies in the "Jerusalem Post" newspaper. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional health information.Information on Crime: The crime rate is moderate in Israel and the occupied territories. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Terrorism: Although U.S. citizens are not targeted for attack, frequent terrorist incidents in the Occupied Territories, as well as within Israel, sometimes have involved U.S. citizens.Dual Nationality: It is our understanding that Israeli citizens who are naturalized in the United States retain their Israeli citizenship, and their children are considered Israeli citizens as well. In addition, children born in the United States to Israeli parents acquire both U.S. and Israeli nationality at birth. Israeli citizens, including dual nationals, are subject to Israeli laws requiring service in Israel's armed forces. U.S.-Israeli dual nationals of military age who do not wish to serve in the Israeli armed forces may contact the Israeli Embassy to obtain proof of exemption or deferment from Israeli military service before going to Israel. Israeli citizens, including dual nationals, must enter and depart Israel on their Israeli passports.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv or the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem can obtain updated information on travel and security within Israel and the Occupied Territories.Embassy and Consulate Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv, Israel, is located at 71 Hayarkon Street. The U.S. mailing address is PSC 98, Box 100, APO AE 09830. The telephone number is (972-3) 517-4338.The Consular Section of the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem is located at 27 Nablus Road. The U.S. mailing address is PSC 98, Box 100, APO AE 09830. The telephone number is (972-2) 253-288 (via Israel). After working hours, the telephone number is (972-2) 253-201.There is a U.S. Consular Agent in Haifa. The address and telephone number is 12 Jerusalem Street, Haifa 33132, telephone (972-4) 670-616.No. 94-025This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated March 4, 1994, to add general information on precautions to be taken in Israel and to remove the information on limits, now lifted, that had been placed on travel of U.S. government employees in Israel.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland GeographyLocation: in the North Atlantic Ocean, across the Irish Sea from Great BritainMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 70,280 km2 land area: 68,890 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than West VirginiaLand boundaries: total 360 km, UK 360 kmCoastline: 1,448 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)Climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the timeTerrain: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coastNatural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silverLand use: arable land: 14% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 71% forest and woodland: 5% other: 10%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: deforestationNote: strategic location on major air and sea routes between North American and northern Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland PeoplePopulation: 3,529,566 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.26% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.38 years male: 72.56 years female: 78.36 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural) adjective: IrishEthnic divisions: Celtic, EnglishReligions: Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)Languages: Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard, English is the language generally usedLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 98% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 1.37 million by occupation: services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: IrelandDigraph: EIType: republicCapital: DublinAdministrative divisions: 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, WicklowIndependence: 6 December 1921 (from UK)Constitution: 29 December 1937; adopted 1937Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 MarchPolitical parties and leaders: Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY note: Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and the Labor PartySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% Senate: last held on NA February 1992 (next to be held February 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 26, Fine Gael 16, Labor 9, Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1, independents 6 House of Representatives: last held on 25 November 1992 (next to be held by June 1995); results - Fianna Fail 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labor Party 19.3%, Progressive Democrats 4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fein 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fail 68, Fine Gael 45, Labor Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10, Democratic Left 4, Greens 1, independents 5Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail Eireann) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992)Member of: Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFRO, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER chancery: 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462-3939 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William Henry G. FITZGERALD; Ambassador Designate Jean Kennedy SMITH (17 March 1993) embassy: 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [353] (1) 687122 FAX: [353] (1) 689946Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland EconomyOverview: The economy is small and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP, about 80% of exports, and employs 28% of the labor force. Since 1987, real GDP growth, led by exports, has averaged 4% annually. Over the same period, inflation has fallen sharply and chronic trade deficits have been transformed into annual surpluses. Unemployment, at 22.7% remains a serious problem, however, and job creation is the main focus of government policy. To ease unemployment, Dublin aggressively courts foreign investors and recently created a new industrial development agency to aid small indigenous firms. Government assistance is constrained by Dublin's continuing deficit reduction measures. After five years of fiscal restraint, total government debt still exceeds GDP. Growth probably will moderate in 1993 as the heavily indebted and trade-dependent economy is highly sensitive to changes in exchange rates and world interest rates. Exports to the UK, Ireland's major export market, probably will be hurt by the recent appreciation of the Irish currency against sterling - for the first time since 1979 the value of the Irish pound exceeds that of its British counterpart.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $42.4 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 2% (1992)National product per capita: $12,000 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1992)Unemployment rate: 22.7% (1992)Budget: revenues $16.0 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.)Exports: $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, animal products partners: EC 75% (UK 32%, Germany 13%, France 10%), US 9%Imports: $23.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: food, animal feed, data processing equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, textiles, clothing partners: EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 8%, Netherlands 4%), US 15%External debt: $15 billion (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 8.0% (1992 est.); accounts for 37% of GDPElectricity: 5,000,000 kW capacity; 14,500 million kWh produced, 4,120 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP and 13% of the labor force; principal crops - turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, fruits, vegetablesEconomic aid: donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 millionCurrency: 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 penceExchange rates: Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6118 (January 1993), 0.5864 (1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030 (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland CommunicationsRailroads: Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, government owned; 485 km double track; 37 km electrifiedHighways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stoneInland waterways: limited for commercial trafficPipelines: natural gas 225 kmPorts: Cork, Dublin, WaterfordMerchant marine: 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,647 GRT/186,432 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 33 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 3 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 5 bulkAirports: total: 40 usable: 39 with permanent-surface runways: 13 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 6Telecommunications: modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ireland Defense ForcesBranches: Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (Garda Siochana)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 903,536; fit for military service 731,085; reach military age (17) annually 33,932 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $569 million, 1-2% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>IRELAND - Passport required. Tourists are not required to obtain visas forstays under 90 days, but may be asked to show onward/return ticket. Forfurther information consult Embassy of Ireland, 2234 Mass. Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/462-3939) or nearest Consulate General: CA(415/392-4214), IL (312/337-1868), MA (617/267-9330) or NY (212/319-2555).Ireland - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Ireland is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Tourists are not required to obtain visas for stays under 90 days, but may be asked to show onward or return tickets. For further information concerning entry requirements for Ireland, travelers can contact the Embassy of Ireland at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel (202) 462-3939, or the nearest Consulate General in San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Ireland has a low crime rate. However, in larger towns and cities, U.S. citizens and other foreign tourists have been victimized by pickpockets and purse snatchers. Theft of property left in hotel rooms and particularly from rental cars increased in 1992. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free trip. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Terrorist Activities: There is a history of sectarian terrorist violence related to the political situation in Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. U.S. citizens are not the target of this violence. Acts of violence can spill over into the Republic of Ireland, mainly along the border with Northern Ireland, where heightened security measures are practiced.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Ireland. Travelers to Northern Ireland may consult the Consular Information Sheet for the United Kingdom.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Dublin is located at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge; telephone (353-1) 668-8777, fax (353-1) 668-9946. The Consular Section is located across the street from the Embassy in Hume House, 3rd Floor, Pembroke Road, Ballsbridge.No. 93-082 This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add the address of the Consular Section in Dublin, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq GeographyLocation: Middle East, between Iran and Saudi ArabiaMap references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 437,072 km2 land area: 432,162 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of IdahoLand boundaries: total 3,631 km, Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 242 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 kmCoastline: 58 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; periodic disputes with upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates RiversClimate: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snowsTerrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders with Iran and TurkeyNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfurLand use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 3% other: 75%Irrigated land: 25,500 km2 (1989 est) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq GeographyEnvironment: development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq PeoplePopulation: 19,161,956 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.73% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 44.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 71.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.96 years male: 64.2 years female: 65.76 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Iraqi(s) adjective: IraqiEthnic divisions: Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%Religions: Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3%Languages: Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, ArmenianLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 60% male: 70% female: 49%Labor force: 4.4 million (1989) by occupation: services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22% note: severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about 1,600,000 (July 1990); since then, it has declined substantially THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Iraq conventional short form: Iraq local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah local short form: Al IraqDigraph: IZType: republicCapital: BaghdadAdministrative divisions: 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, WasitIndependence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)Constitution: 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adoptedLegal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)Political parties and leaders: Ba'th PartyOther political or pressure groups: political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi'a religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents; the Green Party (government-controlled)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, Shi'a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number of seats by party NA note: in northern Iraq, a "Kurdish Assembly" was elected in May 1992 and calls for Kurdish self-determination within a federated IraqExecutive branch: president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani)Judicial branch: Court of Cassation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Tariq 'AZIZ (since NA 1979)Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian embassy in Washington, DC chancery: Iraqi Interests Section, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 483-7500 FAX: (202) 462-5066US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); note - operations have been temporarily suspended; a US Interests Section is located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad embassy: Masbah Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad mailing address: P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad telephone: [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq EconomyOverview: The Ba'thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s, financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments. After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by the government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and military action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically changed the economic picture. Industrial and transportation facilities suffered severe damage and have been only partially restored. Oil exports remain at less than 10% of the previous level. Shortages of spare parts continue. Living standards deteriorated even further in 1992 and early 1993; consumer prices at least tripled in 1992. The UN-sponsored economic embargo has reduced exports and imports and has contributed to the sharp rise in prices. The government's policies of supporting large military and internal security forces and of allocating resources to key supporters of the regime have exacerbated shortages. In brief, per capita output in early 1993 is far below the 1989-90 level, but no reliable estimate is available.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: 10% (1989 est.)National product per capita: $1,940 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 200% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: less than 5% (1989 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur partners: US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990)Imports: $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: manufactures, food partners: Germany, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990)External debt: $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab Gulf statesIndustrial production: NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq EconomyElectricity: 7,300,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kW capacity due to Gulf war; 12,900 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processingAgriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP and 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food outputEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billionCurrency: 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 filsExchange rates: Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.2 (fixed official rate since 1982); black-market rate (April 1993) US$1 = 53.5 Iraqi dinarsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq CommunicationsRailroads: 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gaugeHighways: 34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; Shatt al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 because of the Persian Gulf warPipelines: crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 kmPorts: Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980)Merchant marine: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 930,780 GRT/1,674,878 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - none of the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January 1993Airports: total: 114 usable: 99 with permanent-surface runways: 74 with runways over 3,659 m: 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 52 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12Telecommunications: reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after Desert Storm, most damaged facilities have been rebuilt; the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links; 632,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean GORIZONT in the Intersputnik system and 1 ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey, Kuwait line is probably non-operational THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iraq Defense ForcesBranches: Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard Force, Internal Security ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,235,321; fit for military service 2,379,999; reach military age (18) annually 211,776 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP</text>
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<text>IRAQ - Passport and visa required. AIDS test required for stay over 5days. The United States suspended diplomatic and consular operations inIraq in 1990. Since February 1991, U.S. passports are not valid for travelin, to, or through Iraq without authorization from the Department of State.Application for exemptions to this restriction should be submitted inwriting to Passport Services, U.S. Department of State, 1425 K St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20524, Attn: CA/PPT/C, Room 300. Attention: U.S.citizens need a Treasury Dept. license in order to engage in anytransactions related to travel to and within Iraq. Before planning anytravel to Iraq, U.S. citizens should contact the Licensing Division, Officeof Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury, 1331 G St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20220 (202/622-2480). For visa information contact acountry that maintains diplomatic relations with Iraq.Iraq - Travel WarningAugust 31, 1993The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against traveling to Iraq. Conditions within the country remain unsettled and dangerous. The United States does not maintain diplomatic relations with Iraq and cannot provide normal consular protective services to U.S. citizens. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Iraq, unless they are specially endorsed by the U.S. Government. There is a U.S. trade embargo which severely restricts financial and economic activities with Iraq, including travel-related transactions.Further details can be found in the Department of State consular information sheet on Iraq.No. 93-003This extends the Department of State Travel Warning dated January 8, 1993.Iraq - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Warning: The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against traveling to Iraq. Conditions within the country remain unsettled and dangerous. The United States does not maintain diplomatic relations with Iraq and cannot provide normal consular protective services to U.S. citizens. U.S. passports are not valid for travel to, in or through Iraq, unless they are specially endorsed by the U.S. Government. There is a U.S. trade embargo which severely restricts financial and economic activities with Iraq, including travel-related transactions.Country Description: The Republic of Iraq is governed by the repressive Revolutionary Command Council. Iraq has a developing economy that was seriously damaged in the 1991 Gulf War. U.N. trade sanctions have also affected the economy. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. Tourist facilities are not widely available. The work week in Iraq is Sunday through Thursday.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. On February 8, 1991, U.S. passports ceased to be valid for travel to, in or through Iraq and may not be used for that purpose unless a special validation has been obtained. Without the requisite validation, use of a U.S. passport for travel to, in or through Iraq may constitute a violation of 18 U.S.C. 1544, and may be punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment. An exemption to the above restriction is granted to Americans residing in Iraq as of February 8, 1991 who continue to reside there and to American professional reporters or journalists on assignment there.In addition, the Department of the Treasury prohibits all travel-related transactions by U.S. persons intending to visit Iraq, unless specifically licensed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. The only exceptions to this licensing requirement are for journalistic activity or for U.S. government or United Nations business.The categories of individuals eligible for consideration for a special passport validation are set forth in 22 C.F.R. 51.74. Passport validation requests for Iraq should be forwarded in writing to the following address:Deputy Assistant Secretary for Passport ServicesU.S. Department of State1425 K Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20522-1705Attn: Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance (Rm. 300)Telephone (202) 326-6168 or 326-6182.The request must be accompanied by supporting documentation according to the category under which validation is sought. Currently, the four categories of persons specified in 22 C.F.R. 51.74 as being eligible for consideration for passport validation are as follows:[a] Professional reporters: Includes full-time members of the reporting or writing staff of a newspaper, magazine or broadcasting network whose purpose for travel is to gather information about Iraq for dissemination to the general public.[b] American Red Cross: Applicant establishes that he or she is a representative of the American Red Cross or International Red Cross traveling pursuant to an officially-sponsored Red Cross mission.[c] Humanitarian Considerations: Applicant must establish that his or her trip is justified by compelling humanitarian considerations or for family unification. At this time, "compelling humanitarian considerations" include situations where the applicant can document that an immediate family member is critically ill in Iraq. Documentation concerning family illness must include the name and address of the relative, and be from that relative's physician attesting to the nature and gravity of the illness. "Family unification" situations may include cases in which spouses or minor children are residing in Iraq, with and dependent on, an Iraqi national spouse or parent for their support.[d] National Interest: The applicant's request is otherwise found to be in the national interest.In all requests for passport validation for travel to Iraq, the name, date and place of birth for all concerned persons must be given, as well as the U.S. passport numbers. Documentation as outlined above should accompany all requests. Additional information may be obtained by writing to the above address or by calling the Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance at [202] 326-6168 or 326-6182.U.S. Treasury Restrictions: In August 1990 President Bush issued Executive Orders 12722 and 12724, imposing economic sanctions against Iraq including a complete trade embargo. The U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control administers the regulations related to these sanctions, which include restrictions on all financial transactions related to travel to Iraq. These regulations prohibit all travel-related transactions, except as specifically licensed. The only exceptions to this licensing requirement are for persons engaged in journalism or in official U.S. government or U.N. business. Questions concerning these restrictions should be addressed directly to:Licensing SectionOffice of Foreign Assets ControlU.S. Department of the TreasuryWashington, D.C. 20220Telephone (202) 622-2480; fax (202) 622-1657Areas of Instability: Hostilities in the Gulf region ceased on February 27, 1991. United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, adopted on April 3, 1991, set terms for a permanent ceasefire, but conditions in Iraq remain unsettled. Travel in Iraq is extremely hazardous, particularly for U.S. citizens.Regional conflicts continue in northern Iraq between Kurdish ethnic groups and Iraqi security forces. In southern Iraq, governmental repression of the Shia communities is severe.U.S. citizens and other foreigners working near the Kuwait-Iraq border have been detained by Iraqi authorities for lengthy periods under harsh conditions. Travelers to that area, whether in Kuwait or not, are in immediate jeopardy of detention by Iraqi security personnel. In the past year, most foreigners detained at the Kuwait-Iraq border, regardless of nationality, have been sentenced to jail terms of seven or ten years for illegally entering Iraq.Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines may not be available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Reports of crime in Iraq are increasing, especially in the larger cities. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police, and the U.S. Interests Section or the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Terrorism: Tension in the Persian Gulf region remains high because of continuing Iraqi defiance of U.N. Security Council resolutions. As a result, the risk of terrorism directed against U.S. citizens in Iraq remains a continuing concern.Registration: There is no U.S. embassy in Iraq. The U.S. government is not in a position to accord normal consular protective services to U.S. citizens who, despite this warning, are in Iraq. U.S. government interests are represented by the government of Poland, which, as a protecting power, is able to provide only limited emergency services to U.S. citizens.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. embassy or consulate in Iraq. The U.S. Interests Section of the Embassy of Poland is located opposite the Foreign Ministry Club (Masbah Quarter); P.O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad, Iraq. The telephone number is (964-1) 719-6138, 719-6139, 719-3791, 718-1840.No. 93-215This replaces the Consular Information Sheet on Iraq dated January 8, 1993, to update the section on areas of instability, and to include information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran GeographyLocation: Middle East, between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian SeaMap references: Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1.648 million km2 land area: 1.636 million km2 comparative area: slightly larger than AlaskaLand boundaries: total 5,440 km, Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 km, Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 kmCoastline: 2,440 km note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)Maritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive fishing zone: 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE, Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian); in 1992 the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the region; periodic disputes with Afghanistan over Helmand water rights,Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coastTerrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coastsNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfurLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 27% forest and woodland: 11% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran Geography other: 54%Irrigated land: 57,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; desertification THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran PeoplePopulation: 63,369,809 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.49% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.26 years male: 64.37 years female: 66.19 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Iranian(s) adjective: IranianEthnic divisions: Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%Religions: Shi'a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i 1%Languages: Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 54% male: 64% female: 43%Labor force: 15.4 million by occupation: agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21% note: shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran conventional short form: Iran local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran local short form: IranDigraph: IRType: theocratic republicCapital: TehranAdministrative divisions: 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, ZanjanIndependence: 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)Constitution: 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministershipLegal system: the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of governmentNational holiday: Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)Political parties and leaders: there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are - Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALIOther political or pressure groups: groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society for the Defense of FreedomSuffrage: 15 years of age; universalElections: President: last held July 1989 (next to be held 11 June 1993); results - Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition Islamic Consultative Assembly: last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: supreme leader (velay-t-e faqih), president, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami)Judicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran GovernmentLeaders: Supreme Leader and functional Chief of State: Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989) Head of Government: President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989)Member of: CCC, CP, ESCAP, ECO, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, DC chancery: Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 965-4990US diplomatic representation: protecting power in Iran is SwitzerlandFlag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran EconomyOverview: Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's real GDP grew by 10% in FY90 and 6% in FY91, according to Iranian Government statistics. An oil windfall in 1990 combined with a substantial increase in imports contributed to Iran's recent economic growth. Iran has also begun implementing a number of economic reforms to reduce government intervention (including subsidies) and has allocated substantial resources to development projects in the hope of stimulating the economy. Lower oil revenues in 1991 - oil accounts for more than 90% of export revenues - together with a surge in imports greatly weakened Iran's international financial position. By mid-1992 Iran was unable to meet its obligations to foreign creditors. Subsequently the government has tried to boost oil exports, curb imports (especially of consumer goods), and renegotiate terms of its foreign debts.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 billion (FY92)National product real growth rate: 6% (FY91)National product per capita: $1,500 (FY91)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23.7% (September 1991-September 1992)Unemployment rate: 30% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.)Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91 est.) commodities: petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides partners: Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and GermanyImports: $21.0 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) commodities: machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, technical services, refined oil products partners: Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, FranceExternal debt: $17 billion (FY91 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 15,649,000 kW capacity; 43,600 million kWh produced, 710 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricatingAgriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP; principal products - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran EconomyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to EuropeEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply following the 1979 revolutionCurrency: 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomansExchange rates: Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 67.095 (January 1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988); black-market rate 1,400 (January 1991); note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials per dollarFiscal year: 21 March - 20 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran CommunicationsRailroads: 4,852 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km under construction from Bafq to Bandar-e Abbas, rail construction from Bafq to Sirjan has been completed and is operational; section from Sirjan to Bandar-e Abbas still under constructionHighways: 140,200 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road networkInland waterways: 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in usePipelines: crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 kmPorts: Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Torkeman (Caspian Sea port), Khorramshahr (repaired after being largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war) has been in limited operation since November 1992Merchant marine: 135 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,480,726 GRT/8,332,593 DWT; includes 39 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 48 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gasAirports: total: 219 usable: 194 with permanent-surface runways: 83 with runways over 3,659 m: 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 70Telecommunications: microwave radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000 telephones (35 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber optic cable to UAE THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iran Defense ForcesBranches: Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Revolutionary Guards (including Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces), Law Enforcement ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 13,812,367; fit for military service 8,218,286; reach military age (21) annually 575,392 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: hard currency expenditures on defense are 7-10% of total hard currency expenditures; rial expenditures on defense are 8-13% of total rial expenditures (1992 est.) note: conversion of rial expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>IRAN - Passport and visa required. The United States does not maintaindiplomatic or consular relations with Iran. Travel by U.S. citizens is notrecommended. For visa information contact Embassy of Pakistan, IranianInterests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007(202/965-4990).Iran - Travel WarningAugust 31, 1993The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against travel to Iran, where danger continues to exist because of the generally anti-American atmosphere and Iranian government hostility to the U.S. government. U.S. citizens traveling to Iran have been detained without charge, arrested and harassed by Iranian authorities. There are restrictions on both import and export of goods from Iran to the United States.The U.S. government does not currently have diplomatic or consular relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Swiss government, acting through its Embassy in Tehran, serves as the protecting power for U.S. interests in Iran and provides only very limited consular services. Neither U.S. passports nor visas to the U.S. are issued in Tehran.Further details are available in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for Iran.No. 93-035This replaces the Department of State Travel Warning for Iran issued January 8, 1993, to include information on the limits on available consular services in Iran.Iran - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Warning: The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against travel to Iran, where danger continues to exist because of the generally anti-American atmosphere and Iranian government hostility to the U.S. government. U.S. citizens traveling to Iran have been detained without charge, arrested and harassed by Iranian authorities. There are restrictions on both import and export of goods from Iran to the United States. The U.S. government does not currently have diplomatic or consular relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Swiss government, acting through its Embassy in Tehran, serves as the protecting power for U.S. interests in Iran and provides only very limited consular services. Neither U.S. passports nor visas to the U.S. are issued in Tehran.Country Description: Iran is a constitutional Islamic Republic, governed by executive and legislative branches that derive national leadership primarily through the Muslim clergy. Shia Islam is the official religion of Iran, and Islamic law is the basis of the authority of the state. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. Iran is a developing country. The workweek in Iran is Sunday through Thursday.Entry Requirements: Visa and passport are required. The Iranian government maintains an Interests Section through the Embassy of Pakistan in Washington, D.C., located at 2209 Wisconsin Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 965-4990. U.S. passports are valid for travel to Iran. However, U.S./Iranian dual nationals have often had their U.S. passports confiscated upon arrival and have been denied permission to depart the country documented as U.S. citizens. To prevent the confiscation of U.S. passports, the Department of State suggests that Americans leave their U.S. passports at a U.S. Embassy or Consulate overseas for safekeeping before entering Iran. To facilitate their travel in the event of the confiscation of a U.S. passport, dual nationals may obtain in their Iranian passports the necessary visas for countries which they will transit on their return to the U.S., and where they may apply for a new U.S. passport. Dual nationals must enter and leave the United States on U.S. passports.Areas of Instability: Travel to Iran continues to be dangerous because of the generally anti-American atmosphere and Iranian government hostility to the U.S. government. U.S. citizens traveling in Iran have been detained without charge, arrested and harassed by Iranian authorities. Persons in Iran who violate Iranian laws, including laws which are unfamiliar to westerners (such as laws regarding the proper wearing apparel), may face penalties which are at times severe.Iranian Transaction Regulations: The United States prohibits the importation of all Iranian-origin goods or services into the United States without authorization. This authorization may be obtained for qualifying goods from either of two sources: the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("FAC") (tel. 202-622-2480) or the U.S. Customs Service ("Customs") in the port where goods arrive.FAC criteria for authorization: FAC issues licenses only for goods which were located outside of Iran prior to imposition of these sanctions on October 29, 1987. Goods in Iran after that do not qualify for authorization from Customs criteria for authorization: Iranian-origin goods, including those that were in Iran after October 29, 1987, may enter the United States if they qualify for entry under the following provisions administered solely by Customs:(1) gifts valued at 100 dollars or less,(2) goods for personal use contained in the accompanied baggage of persons traveling from Iran valued at 400 dollars or less, or(3) goods qualifying for duty-free treatment as "household goods" or "personal effects" (as defined by U.S. law and subject to quantity limitations). Inquiries about these provisions should be directed to Customs in the U.S. port where the goods would arrive.Trade Restrictions: While there is no blanket prohibition against U.S. companies doing business with companies in Iran, there are restrictions on U.S. exports to Iran as well as on the importation of Iranian-origin goods and services into the U.S. Questions concerning exports to Iran may be addressed to the Department of Commerce, Office of Export Licensing at (202) 482-4811.Medical Facilities: Basic medical care and medicines are available in the principal cities of Iran, but may not be available in outlying areas. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers' hotline at the Center for Disease Control, tel. (404) 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: Major crime is generally not a problem for travelers in Iran, though travelers occasionally have been victims of petty street crime. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the U.S. Interests Section or nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the countries in which they travel. Penalties in Iran for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Dual Citizenship: U.S. citizens who were born in Iran or who were at one time citizens of Iran, and the children of such persons, may be considered Iranian nationals by Iranian authorities, and may be subject to Iranian laws which impose special obligations upon Iranian nationals, such as military service or taxes. Exit permits for departure from Iran for such persons may be denied until such obligations are met. Dual nationals often have their U.S. passports confiscated and may be denied permission to leave Iran, or encounter other problems with Iranian authorities. Measures which can be taken to facilitate travel, in the event a U.S. passport is confiscated, are discussed in Paragraph 3 of this information sheet. Specific questions on dual nationality may be directed to the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, Phone: (202) 647-3926. Embassy Location: There is no U.S. Embassy or Consulate in Iran. The U.S. Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy in Tehran is located at Bucharest Ave., 17th street, No. 5, Tehran. The local telephone numbers are (98-21) 625-223/224 and 626-906.No. 93-214This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to update the warning, information on Iranian transactions, entry requirements, and dual nationality, and to add information on reporting the loss of theft of a U.S. passport abroad.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and AustraliaMap references: Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,919,440 km2 land area: 1,826,440 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 kmCoastline: 54,716 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with MalaysiaClimate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlandsTerrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountainsNatural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silverLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 67% other: 15%Irrigated land: 75,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestationNote: straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia PeoplePopulation: 197,232,428 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.61% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 24.84 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 60.26 years male: 58.28 years female: 62.34 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: IndonesianEthnic divisions: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is JavaneseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 77% male: 84% female: 68%Labor force: 67 million by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former name: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East IndiesDigraph: IDType: republicCapital: JakartaAdministrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)Political parties and leaders: GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairmanSuffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of ageElections: House of Representatives: last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 775-5200 consulates general: Houston, New York, and Los Angeles consulates: Chicago and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 360-360 FAX: [62] (21) 360-644 consulates: Medan, SurabayaFlag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia EconomyOverview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at 6%.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $680 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)Exports: $29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3% partners: Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991)Imports: $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% partners: Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991)External debt: $50.5 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia EconomyElectricity: 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubberAgriculture: accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggsIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickersEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 millionCurrency: 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia CommunicationsRailroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government ownedHighways: 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roadsInland waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 kmPipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)Ports: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, SurabayaMerchant marine: 401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT; includes 6 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 238 cargo, 10 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 78 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 26 bulk, 2 passengerAirports: total: 435 usable: 411 with permanent-surface runways: 119 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 67Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indonesia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 53,160,364; fit for military service 31,395,254; reach military age (18) annually 2,148,927 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)</text>
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<text>INDONESIA - Valid passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa notrequired for tourist stay up to 2 months (non-extendable). For longerstays and additional information consult Embassy of the Republic ofIndonesia, 2020 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202/775-5200) ornearest Consulate: CA (213/383-5126 or 415/474-9571), IL (312/938-0101),NY (212/879-0600) or TX (713/626-3291).</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indian Ocean GeographyLocation: body of water between Africa, Asia, Australia, and AntarcticaMap references: Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 73.6 million km2 comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean) note: includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Straight of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodiesCoastline: 66,526 kmInternational disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian OceanTerrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in the north Indian Ocean, low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java TrenchNatural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodulesEnvironment: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red SeaNote: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to October THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indian Ocean GovernmentDigraph: XO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indian Ocean EconomyOverview: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.Industries: based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life, minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits THE WORLD FACTBOOK Indian Ocean CommunicationsPorts: Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)Telecommunications: submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia, and from Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK India GeographyLocation: South Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and PakistanMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 3,287,590 km2 land area: 2,973,190 km2 comparative area: slightly more than one-third the size of the USLand boundaries: total 14,103 km, Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 kmCoastline: 7,000 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: boundaries with Bangladesh and China; status of Kashmir with Pakistan; water-sharing problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the IndusClimate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in northTerrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in northNatural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestoneLand use: arable land: 55% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 23% other: 17%Irrigated land: 430,390 km2 (1989)Environment: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertificationNote: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes THE WORLD FACTBOOK India PeoplePopulation: 903,158,968 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.86% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 29.11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 80.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 58.12 years male: 57.69 years female: 58.59 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.57 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Indian(s) adjective: IndianEthnic divisions: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%Religions: Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%Languages: English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India note: 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligibleLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 48% male: 62% female: 34%Labor force: 284.4 million by occupation: agriculture 67% (FY85) THE WORLD FACTBOOK India GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of India conventional short form: IndiaDigraph: INType: federal republicCapital: New DelhiAdministrative divisions: 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West BengalIndependence: 15 August 1947 (from UK)Constitution: 26 January 1950Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950)Political parties and leaders: Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party, M. M. JOSHI; Janata Dal Party; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA Jeyaram; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip CHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan SINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla MAHANTAOther political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak SanghSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: People's Assembly: last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total, 543 elected, 2 appointed) Congress (I) Party 245, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 39, Janata Dal (Ajit Singh) 20, CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23, vacant 9Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers THE WORLD FACTBOOK India GovernmentLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992); Vice President K.R. NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991)Member of: AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, AfDB, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, ONUSAL, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Siddhartha Shankar RAY chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-7000 consulates general: Chicago, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering embassy: Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [91] (11) 600651 FAX: [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391 consulates general: Bombay, Calcutta, MadrasFlag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK India EconomyOverview: India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. Faster economic growth in the 1980s permitted a significant increase in real per capita private consumption. A large share of the population, perhaps as much as 40%, remains too poor to afford an adequate diet. Financial strains in 1990 and 1991 prompted government austerity measures that slowed industrial growth but permitted India to meet its international payment obligations without rescheduling its debt. Policy reforms since 1991 have extended earlier economic liberalization and greatly reduced government controls on production, trade, and investment.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $240 billion (FY93 est.)National product real growth rate: 4% (FY93 est.)National product per capita: $270 (FY93 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.9% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $39.2 billion; expenditures $41.06 billion, including capital expenditures of $10.2 billion (FY92)Exports: $19.8 billion (f.o.b., FY93 est.) commodities: gems and jewelry, clothing, engineering goods, leather manufactures, cotton yarn, and fabric partners: USSR 16.1%, US 14.7%, West Germany 7.8% (FY91)Imports: $25.5 billion (c.i.f., FY93 est.) commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, gems, fertilizer, chemicals, machinery partners: US 12.1%, West Germany 8.0%, Japan 7.5% (FY91)External debt: $73 billion (March 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 2.5% (FY93 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDPElectricity: 82,000,000 kW capacity; 310,000 million kWh produced, 340 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machineryAgriculture: accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks India among the world's top 10 fishing nationsIllicit drugs: licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of hashish THE WORLD FACTBOOK India EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 millionCurrency: 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paiseExchange rates: Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK India CommunicationsRailroads: 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter); 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrifiedHighways: 1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earthInland waterways: 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vesselsPipelines: crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989)Ports: Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman Islands)Merchant marine: 306 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,278,672 GRT/10,446,073 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger-cargo, 87 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 container, 63 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 114 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gasAirports: total: 336 usable: 285 with permanent-surface runways: 205 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 90Telecommunications: domestic telephone system is poor providing only one telephone for about 200 persons on average; long distance telephoning has been improved by a domestic satellite system which also carries TV; international service is provided by 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and by submarine cables to Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV (government controlled) THE WORLD FACTBOOK India Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces (including Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, and Coast Guard)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 242,866,053; fit for military service 143,008,471; about 9,466,323 reach military age (17) annually (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.8 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY93/94)</text>
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<text>INDIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa in advance. Tourist visavalid for stay up to 1 month, requires $5 fee, up to 6 months $25 fee andup to 12 months $50 fee, 1 application form, 2 photos, onward/return ticketand proof of sufficient funds. Visa must be obtained before arrival.Business visa requires $50 fee, 2 application forms, 2 photos and companyletter stating purpose of trip and itinerary. Include prepaid envelope forreturn of passport by certified mail. Allow 2 weeks for processing.Yellow fever immunization needed if arriving from infected area. AIDS testrequired for all students and anyone over 18 staying more than 1 year; U.S.test sometimes accepted. Check requirements with Embassy of India, 2536Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/939-9839/9850) or nearestConsulate General: Chicago (312/781-6280), New York (212/879-7800) or SanFrancisco (415/668-0683).India - Consular Information SheetAugust 27, 1993Country Description: India is a developing democratic republic. Tourist facilities are widely available in the major population centers and main tourist areas.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa (which must be obtained in advance) are required for entry into India for tourism or business. Evidence of yellow fever immunization is needed if the traveler is arriving from an infected area. For further entry information, the traveler can contact the Embassy of India at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-9839 or 939-9850 or the Indian consulates in Chicago, New York and San Francisco.Terrorism: In March 1993, a series of bombings in several major cities resulted in over 300 deaths and 1000 people injured. The principal targets were public buildings, hotels and transportation centers. Foreigners have not been specifically targeted, and none were reported injured. As a precaution against further terrorist acts, the government of India has enhanced security measures considerably in New Delhi and other major Indian cities. While the threat of further acts of terrorism remains, there is no specific information to suggest that such attacks would be directed at U.S. citizens or U.S. interests.Areas of Instability:Countrywide - Serious communal violence and riots erupted in India following the destruction of a respected mosque in December, 1992. The potential exists for recurrences of violence in most major cities. Major civil disturbances can pose risks to a traveler's personal safety and can disrupt transportation systems and city services. In response to communal violence, Indian authorities may occasionally impose curfews. In addition, political rallies and demonstrations in India have the potential for violence. Foreigners have not been the targets of either communal or political violence in India, and are principally at risk only of becoming inadvertent victims. U.S. citizens may contact the American Embassy or the nearest American Consulate General for further information about the current situation in areas where they wish to travel.Kashmir - Terrorist activities and violent civil disturbances continue in the Kashmir valley of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. There have been incidents in which terrorists have threatened and kidnapped foreigners. Assam - Terrorist groups in Assam have bombed trains, buses and bridges. The government of India has declared Assam to be a "disturbed area."Punjab and Uttar Pradesh - Significant separatist violence continues in the Punjab and nearby regions outside Punjab state. Gangs have kidnapped and held for ransom foreign company executives. All areas of Punjab state have been affected to some extent over the past year. Violent incidents also occurred in 1992 at various places in Uttar Pradesh state in the northwestern foothills and north-central Terai region. Militants and robber gangs operated in the area in and around Jim Corbett National Park and Dudhwa National Park, as well as on roads leading to Hardwar, Rishikesh, Dehra Dun and Mussoorie.India-Pakistan border - Tensions run high between India and Pakistan, particularly over Kashmir. The only official India-Pakistan border crossing point for foreigners is at Attari, Punjab/Wagah, Pakistan. A Pakistani visa is required.Restricted Areas: Permission from the Indian government (from Indian diplomatic missions abroad, or in some cases from the Ministry of Home Affairs) is required to visit the states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, parts of Kulu district and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, border areas of Jammu and Kashmir, areas of Uttar Pradesh, the area west of National Highway No. 15 running from Ganganagar to Sanchar in Rajasthan, the Andaman and Nicobar islands and the Union Territory of the Laccadive islands.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical care is available in the major population centers, but is usually limited in the rural areas of the country. Medical authorities suggest that travelers to India take preventive measures against malaria, hepatitis, meningitis and Japanese encephilitis (if arriving during the monsoon season). Travelers arriving from countries where outbreaks of yellow fever have occurred will be required to furnish a certificate for yellow fever vaccination. An office of the U.S. Public Health Service can recommend any additional vaccinations. Cholera and gastroenteritis occur during the summer monsoon months, mostly in the poorer areas of India. The best protection includes eating only at better quality restaurants or hotels, drinking only boiled or bottled mineral water and avoiding ice. Eating untreated fruits and vegetables and cooked foods sold by street vendors can be risky.U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate payment in cash for health services. Supplemental health insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved to be useful. Additional information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at [404] 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime, especially theft of personal property, is common. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders in India can expect a minimum jail sentence of ten years and fines.Customs Considerations: Indian customs authorities strictly enforce the laws and regulations governing the declaration, importation or possession of gold and gold objects. Travelers have sometimes been detained for possession of undeclared gold objects.Mountain Climbing: Both India and Pakistan claim an area of the Karakoram mountain range which includes the Siachen Glacier. The two countries have established military outposts in the region, and armed clashes have occurred. Because of this situation, U.S. citizens traveling to or climbing peaks anywhere in the disputed areas face significant risk of injury and death. The disputed area includes the following peaks: Rimo Peak, Apsarasas I, II and III, Tegam Kangri I, II, and III, Suingri Kangri, Ghaint I and II, Indira Col and Sia Kangri.Piloting Civil Aircraft: In past years there have been a number of incidents in which civil aircraft have been detained for deviating from approved flight plans. U.S. citizens piloting civil aircraft in India must file any changes to previous flight plans and may not overfly restricted airspace.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi or at one of the U.S. Consulates in India can obtain updated information on travel and security in India and Bhutan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of New Delhi on Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021; telephone (91-11) 600651. There are U.S. Consulates General in Bombay at Lincoln House, 78 Bhulabhai Desai Road, Bombay 400026, telephone (91-22) 363-3611; in Calcutta at 5/1 Ho Chi Minh Sarani, Calcutta 700071, telephone (91-033) 22-3611 through 22-3615 and 22-2335 through 22-2337; and in Madras on Mount Road, Madras 600006, telephone (91-44) 473-040/477-542. The workweek is Monday through Friday.No. 93-232This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated March 30, 1993 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland GeographyLocation: in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland and NorwayMap references: Arctic Region, Europe, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 103,000 km2 land area: 100,250 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than KentuckyLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 4,988 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summersTerrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiordsNatural resources: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomiteLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 1% other: 78%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to earthquakes and volcanic activityNote: strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland PeoplePopulation: 261,270 (July 1993 est.) note: population data estimates based on average growth rate may differ slightly from official population data because of volatile migration ratesPopulation growth rate: 0.88% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 16.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.69 years male: 76.45 years female: 81.04 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Icelander(s) adjective: IcelandicEthnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and CeltsReligions: Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1% (1988)Languages: IcelandicLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 100% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 127,900 by occupation: commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, manufacturing 12.5%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Iceland conventional short form: Iceland local long form: Lyoveldio Island local short form: IslandDigraph: ICType: republicCapital: ReykjavikAdministrative divisions: 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns* (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la, Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*, Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla, Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-SkaftafellssyslaIndependence: 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)Constitution: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944)Political parties and leaders: Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's ListSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held on 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996); results - there was no election in 1992 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposed Althing: last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results - Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party 15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.3%, Liberals 1.2%, other 3.1%; seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic 10, People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5Executive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Althing)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Haestirettur) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980) Head of Government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)Member of: Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) chancery: 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-6653 through 6655 FAX: (202) 265-6656 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jon GUNDERSEN embassy: Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavik mailing address: USEMB, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340 telephone: [354] (1) 29100 FAX: [354] (1) 29139Flag: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland EconomyOverview: Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, but with an extensive welfare system, relatively low unemployment, and comparatively even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of the workforce. In the absence of other natural resources - except energy - Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. Iceland's economy has been in recession since 1988. The recession deepened in 1992 due to severe cutbacks in fishing quotas and falling world prices for the country's main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Real GDP declined 3.3% in 1992 and is forecast to contract another 1.5% in 1993. The center-right government's economic goals include reducing the budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The recession has led to a wave of bankruptcies and mergers throughout the economy, as well as the highest unemployment of the post-World War II period. The national unemployment rate reached 5% in early 1993, with some parts of the country experiencing unemployment in the 9-10% range. Inflation, previously a serious problem, declined from double digit rates in the 1980s to only 3.7% in 1992.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.5 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -3.3% (1992)National product per capita: $17,400 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 5% (first quarter 1993)Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $191 million (1992)Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, ferrosilicon, diatomite partners: EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992)Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles partners: EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% (1992)External debt: $3.9 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.)Electricity: 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 19,940 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, geothermal power THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland EconomyAgriculture: accounts for about 25% of GDP; fishing is most important economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal crops - potatoes, turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in crops; fish catch of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 millionCurrency: 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurarExchange rates: Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 63.789 (January 1993), 57.546 (1992), 58.996 (1991), 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland CommunicationsHighways: 11,543 km total; 2,690 km hard surfaced, 8,853 km gravel and earthPorts: Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Siglufjordhur, VestmannaeyjarMerchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,832 GRT/53,037 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tankerAirports: total: 90 usable: 84 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12Telecommunications: adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and microwave radio relay for trunk network; 140,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 147 (transmitters and repeaters) FM, 202 (transmitters and repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station carries all international traffic; a second INTELSAT earth station is scheduled to be operational in 1993 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Iceland Defense ForcesBranches: Police, Coast Guard note: no armed forces, Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at KeflavikManpower availability: males age 15-49 69,499; fit for military service 61,798 (1993 est.); no conscription or compulsory military serviceDefense expenditures: none</text>
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<text>ICELAND - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months.(Period begins when entering Scandinavian area: Denmark, Finland, Norway,Sweden.) For additional information call Embassy of Iceland, 2022 Conn.Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-6653-5) or Consulate General inNew York (212/686-4100).Iceland - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Iceland is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays up to three months (the 90-day period begins when entering the Nordic area: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland). For further information concerning entry requirements for Iceland, travelers can contact the Embassy of Iceland at 2022 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel (202) 265-6653, or the Icelandic Consulate General in New York.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Iceland has a low crime rate. However, travelers can become targets of pockpockets and purse snatchers in urban areas. An increase in muggings and disturbances has been reported in the Reykjavik city center, an area frequented by large numbers of adolescent youths during the summer months. The Reykjavik police emergency number is 11166. The fire/ambulance emergency number in Reykjavik is 11100. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free trip. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Driving under the influence of alcohol is considered a serious matter, and the local authorities treat it as such.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Iceland.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik is located at Laufasvegur 21, telephone (354-1) 629100.No. 93-081This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, between Slovakia and RomaniaMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, EuropeArea: total area: 93,030 km2 land area: 92,340 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than IndianaLand boundaries: total 1,952 km, Austria 366 km, Croatia 292 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km (all with Serbia), Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 82 km, Ukraine 103 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the former Yugoslavia by treaty of Trianon in 1920Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summersTerrain: mostly flat to rolling plainsNatural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soilsLand use: arable land: 50.7% permanent crops: 6.1% meadows and pastures: 12.6% forest and woodland: 18.3% other: 12.3%Irrigated land: 1,750 km2 (1989)Environment: levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every yearNote: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary PeoplePopulation: 10,324,018 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 13.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.86 years male: 66.81 years female: 75.12 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: HungarianEthnic divisions: Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%Religions: Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5%Languages: Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 98%Labor force: 5.4 million by occupation: services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry 29.7%, agriculture 16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Hungary conventional short form: Hungary local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag local short form: MagyarorszagDigraph: HUType: republicCapital: BudapestAdministrative divisions: 38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Bekescsaba, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Fejer, Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala, ZalaegerszegIndependence: 1001 (unification by King Stephen I)Constitution: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversightLegal system: in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western modelNational holiday: October 23 (1956) (commemorates the Hungarian uprising)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman, Dr. Lajos FUR, executive chairman; Independent Smallholders (FKGP), Jozsef TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), Gyula HORN, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP), Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president; Federation of Young Democrats (FIDESZ), Viktor ORBAN, chairman; Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), Ivan PETO, chairman note: the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in October 1989; there is still a small (fringe) MSZMPSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - President GONCZ elected by parliamentary vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the National Assembly with a total of 295 votes out of 304 as interim President from 2 May 1990 until elected President National Assembly: last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April 1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21, independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary GovernmentExecutive branch: president, prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules)Judicial branch: Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim president from 2 May 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 21 May 1990)Member of: Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Pal TAR chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 362-6730 FAX: (202) 966-8135 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles H. THOMAS embassy: V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest mailing address: Am Embassy, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 112-6450 FAX: [36] (1) 132-8934Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary EconomyOverview: Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition from a command to a market economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 25% of foreign trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. In 1991, Hungary received 60% of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe, and in 1992 received the largest single share. The growing private sector accounts for about one-third of national output according to unofficial estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, although excessive red tape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about pricing have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of inflation may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, while Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to introduce full convertibility of the forint before 1994 and to rein in inflation. The government is projecting an end to the 5-year recession in 1993, and GDP is forecast to grow 0%-3%.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $55.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $5,380 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 12.3% (1992)Budget: revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $15.4 billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1993 est.)Exports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 35.5%, machinery 13.5%, light industry 23.3%, food and agricultural 24.8%, fuels and energy 2.8% partners: OECD 70.7%, (EC 50.1%, EFTA 15.0%), LDCs 5.1%, former CEMA members 23.2%, others 1.0% (1991)Imports: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: fuels and energy 14.9%, raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 37.6%, machinery 19.7%, light industry 21.5%, food and agricultural 6.3% partners: OECD 71.0%, (EC 45.4%, EFTA 20.0%), LDCs 3.9%, former CEMA members 23.9%, others 1.2% (1991)External debt: $23.5 billion (September 1992)Industrial production: growth rate -10% (1992)Electricity: 7,200,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), buses, automobiles THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary EconomyAgriculture: including forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 16% of employment; highly diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy products; self-sufficient in food outputIllicit drugs: transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid: recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter 1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991)Currency: 1 forint (Ft) = 100 fillerExchange rates: forints per US$1 - 83.97 (December 1992), 78.99 (1992), 74.74 (1991), 63.21 (1990), 59.07 (1989), 50.41 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary CommunicationsRailroads: 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,236 km double track, 2,249 km electrified; all government owned (1990)Highways: 130,218 km total; 29,919 km national highway system (27,212 km asphalt, 126 km concrete, 50 km stone and road brick, 2,131 km macadam, 400 km unpaved); 58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km other roads (70% unpaved) (1988)Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1988)Pipelines: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)Ports: Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; coastal outlets are Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland), Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania)Merchant marine: 12 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 83,091 GRT/115,950 DWTAirports: total: 92 usable: 92 with permanent-surface runways: 25 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 28Telecommunications: automatic telephone network based on microwave radio relay system; 1,128,800 phones (1991); telephone density is at 19.4 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all phones are in Budapest; 608,000 telephones on order (1991); 12-15 year wait for a phone; 14,213 telex lines (1991); broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hungary Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial DefenseManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,630,552; fit for military service 2,101,637; reach military age (18) annually 91,979 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 66.5 billion forints, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>HUNGARY - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 90 days.For business travel and other information check Embassy of the Republic ofHungary, 3910 Shoemaker Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/362-6730)or Consulate General, 8 East 75th Street, New York, NY 10021(212/879-4127).Hungary - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Hungary is a moderately developed European nation undergoing profound political and economic changes. Tourist facilities outside Budapest are not as developed as those found in western Europe, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other western countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for stays of up to 90 days. Further information concerning entry requirements can be obtained at the Embassy of the Republic of Hungary at 3910 Shoemaker Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel (202) 362-6730, or the nearest Hungarian consulate in Los Angeles or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Hungary are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payments for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Travelers have found it useful, in some cases, to obtain supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Hungary has a low rate of violent crime. However, street crime has increased especially at night near major hotels and restaurants. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while traveling is provided in the Department of State's pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad", and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe," which are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Other Information: The acceptance of travelers checks and credit cards is not universal.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Hungary.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Hungary is located at V. Szabadsag Ter 12 in Budapest; telephone (36-1) 112-6450.No. 93-080This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu, just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and AustraliaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 1.6 km2 land area: 1.6 km2 comparative area: about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 6.4 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sunTerrain: low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef; depressed central areaNatural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 5% other: 95%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to scientists and educators THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Howland IslandDigraph: HQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge SystemCapital: none; administered from Washington, DC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the west coastAirports: airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is no longer serviceableNote: Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart THE WORLD FACTBOOK Howland Island Defense Forces defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard</text>
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card_48988.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong GeographyLocation: East Asia, on the southeast coast of China bordering the South China SeaMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,040 km2 land area: 990 km2 comparative area: slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 30 km, China 30 kmCoastline: 733 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 3 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fallTerrain: hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in northNatural resources: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldsparLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 12% other: 79%Irrigated land: 20 km2 (1989)Environment: more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong PeoplePopulation: 5,552,965 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.27 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 79.99 years male: 76.55 years female: 83.64 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Chinese adjective: ChineseEthnic divisions: Chinese 98%, other 2%Religions: eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10%Languages: Chinese (Cantonese), EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 77% male: 90% female: 64%Labor force: 2.8 million (1990) by occupation: manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, other 9.7% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Hong KongAbbreviation: HKDigraph: HKType: dependent territory of the UK scheduled to revert to China in 1997Capital: VictoriaAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK; the UK signed an agreement with China on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and economic systems and lifestyle)Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Liberation Day, 29 August (1945)Political parties and leaders: United Democrats of Hong Kong, Martin LEE, chairman; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Democratic FoundationOther political or pressure groups: Cooperative Resources Center, Allen LEE, chairman; Meeting Point, Anthony CHEUNG, chairman; Association of Democracy and People's Livelihood, Frederick FUNG Kin Kee, chairman; Liberal Democratic Federation, HEUNG Yee Kuk; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China); Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union; Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in ChinaSuffrage: direct election 21 years of age; universal as a permanent resident living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years indirect election limited to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional constituenciesElections: Legislative Council: indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were held for the first time 15 September 1991 (next to be held in September 1995 when the number of directly-elected seats increases to 20); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 appointed by governor, 3 ex officio members); indirect elections - number of seats by functional constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting Point 3, ADPL 1, other 2Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Governor Chris PATTEN (since NA July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David Robert FORD (since NA February 1987)Member of: APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMODiplomatic representation in US: as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are represented by the UKUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS embassy: Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong mailing address: Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002 telephone: [852] 239-011Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the shield THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong EconomyOverview: Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a remarkable 8% in 1987-88, slowed to 3.0% in 1989-90, and picked up to 4.2% in 1991 and 5.9% in 1992. Unemployment, which has been declining since the mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of labor continues to put upward pressure on prices and the cost of living. Short-term prospects remain bright so long as major trading partners continue to be reasonably prosperous.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $86 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 5.9% (1992)National product per capita: $14,600 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.4% (1992)Unemployment rate: 2% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $17.4 billion; expenditures $14.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92)Exports: $118 billion, including reexports of $85.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, watches and clocks, toys partners: US 29%, China 21%, Germany 8%, UK 6%, Japan 5% (1990)Imports: $120 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum partners: China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990)External debt: $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 9,566,000 kW capacity; 29,400 million kWh produced, 4,980 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocksAgriculture: minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, waterIllicit drugs: a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial and money-laundering centerEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 millionCurrency: 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong EconomyExchange rates: Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1992), 7.771 (1991), 7.790 (1990), 7.800 (1989), 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong CommunicationsRailroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government ownedHighways: 1,100 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earthPorts: Hong KongMerchant marine: 176 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,870,007 GRT/10,006,390 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 29 container, 15 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, 5 liquefied gas, 88 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated 500 Hong Kong-owned ships are registered elsewhereAirports: total: 2 useable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; 3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000 TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Hong Kong Defense ForcesBranches: Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,635,516; fit for military service 1,256,057; reach military age (18) annually 43,128 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder being paid by the UKNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text>HONG KONG - Passport and onward/return transportation by sea/air required.Visa not required for tourist stay up to 30 days, may be extended to 3months. Confirmed hotel and flight reservations recommended during peaktravel months. Departure tax 150 Hong Kong dollars (approx. $20 U.S.) paidat airport. Visa required for work or study. For other types of travelconsult British Embassy (202/986-0205).Hong Kong - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Hong Kong, a British Crown Colony, is made up of three geographic areas: The New Territories, Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong Island. It is a cosmopolitan, and highly developed state. It will revert to China on July 1, 1997. Tourist facilities and services are widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and onward/return transportation by sea/air are required. A visa is not required for tourist visits of up to 30 days; the period of time may be extended. A departure tax of $19 must be paid at the airport. Visas are required to work or study. For more current information the traveler can consult the British Embassy at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, (202) 462-1340, or British consulates in Los Angeles, Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, New York or Cleveland.Medical Facilities: Good medical facilities are available and there are many western-trained physicians. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559. Doctors and hospitals may not accept credit cards, but require immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful.Information on Crime: Major crime is not a problem for most travelers in Hong Kong. Petty crime such as pickpocketing is common. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the U.S. Consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Quarantine for Pets: Hong Kong has strict regulations on the importation of animals into the colony. Dogs and cats must spend a minimum of six months in quarantine before admittance.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Consulate General can obtain updated information on travel and security within the area.Embassy Location: The American Consulate General is located at 26 Garden Road in Hong Kong. The mailing address is: Box 30, FPO AP 96522-0002; tel. (582) 523-9011.No. 93-174This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_48710.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras GeographyLocation: Central America, between Guatemala and NicaraguaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 112,090 km2 land area: 111,890 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than TennesseeLand boundaries: total 1,520 km, Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 kmCoastline: 820 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: land boundary dispute with El Salvador mostly resolved by 11 September 1992 International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be requiredClimate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountainsTerrain: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plainsNatural resources: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fishLand use: arable land: 14% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 34% other: 20%Irrigated land: 900 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras PeoplePopulation: 5,170,108 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.8% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 47.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.17 years male: 64.82 years female: 69.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.87 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Honduran(s) adjective: HonduranEthnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant minorityLanguages: Spanish, Indian dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 73% male: 76% female: 71%Labor force: 1.3 million by occupation: agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, other 6% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Honduras conventional short form: Honduras local long form: Republica de Honduras local short form: HondurasDigraph: HOType: republicCapital: TegucigalpaAdministrative divisions: 18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, YoroIndependence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)Constitution: 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982Legal system: rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PLH), Carlos Roberto REINA, presidential candidate, Rafael PINEDA Ponce, president; National Party (PN) has two factions: Movimiento Nacional de Reivindication Callejista (Monarca), Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS, and Oswaldista, Oswaldo RAMOS SOTO, presidential candidate; National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), German LEITZELAR, president; Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Efrain DIAZ Arrivillaga, presidentOther political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH); Honduran Council of Private Enterprise (COHEP); Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH); National Union of Campesinos (UNC); General Workers Confederation (CGT); United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH); Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH); Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations (CCOP)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other 5.7% National Congress: last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH 51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH 71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990)Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rene Arturo BENDANA-VALENZUELA chancery: 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 966-7702 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco consulates: Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, and JacksonvilleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William Bryce (since 28 May 1993) embassy: Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa mailing address: APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa telephone: [504] 32-3120 FAX: [504] 32-0027Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras EconomyOverview: Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages, employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates 20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration, account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high unemployment, a lack of basic services, a large and inefficient public sector, and the dependence of the export sector mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. A far-reaching reform program initiated by President CALLEJAS in 1990 is beginning to take hold.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,090 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 15% (30-40% underemployed) (1989)Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.)Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, meat, lumber partners: US 65%, Germany 9%, Japan 8%, Belgium 7%Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods, fuel and oil, foodstuffs partners: US 45%, Japan 9%, Netherlands 7%, Mexico 7%, Venezuela 6%External debt: $2.8 billion (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 0.8% (1990 est.); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity: 575,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood productsAgriculture: most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, more than 60% of the labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include bananas, coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheatIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaineEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras EconomyCurrency: 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavosExchange rates: lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate (November 1990); the lempira was allowed to float in 1992; current rate about US$1 - 5.65Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras CommunicationsRailroads: 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 465 km navigable by small craftPorts: Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San LorenzoMerchant marine: 252 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 819,100 GRT/1,195,276 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 162 cargo, 20 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 22 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 3 passenger, 2 short-sea passenger; note - a flag of convenience registry; Russia owns 10 ships under the Honduran flagAirports: total: 165 usable: 137 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 14Telecommunications: inadequate system with only 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; international services provided by 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earch stations and the Central American microwave radio relay system; broadcast stations - 176 AM, no FM, 7 SW, 28 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Honduras Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,185,072; fit for military service 706,291; reach military age (18) annually 58,583 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $45 million, about 1% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>HONDURAS - Passport and onward/return ticket required. For additionalinformation contact Embassy of Honduras (Consular Section), Suite 319, 1612K Street., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 (202/223-0185) or nearestConsulate: CA (213/383-9244 and 415/392-0076), FL (305/447-8927), IL(312/772-7090), LA (504/522-3118), NY (212/269-3611) or TX (713/622-4572).Honduras - Consular Information SheetOctober 25, 1993Country Description: Honduras has a developing economy. Tourist facilities are generally adequate, but vary in quality.Entry Requirements: A passport is required for travel to Honduras. For additional information concerning entry and customs requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of Honduras at 3007 Tilden Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 966-7702 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, New York, or Houston.Areas of Instability: Cross-border bandit groups operate out of areas near the Honduran/Salvadoran border. Travel by road, even on main highways, between Nicaragua and Honduras is potentially hazardous. The presence of extensive minefields on both sides of the border, particularly along the Rio Coco and in the Atlantic coast region, presents a danger to anyone venturing close to the border at other than the El Espino, Las Manos, and Guasaule border crossings. (The El Espino crossing is known by the name La Fraternidad.) It can be hazardous to venture off main roads in the Honduran-Nicaraguan border area. The Las Manos and El Espino border crossings between Honduras and Nicaragua, as well as the Agua Caliente border crossing between Honduras and Guatemala, are open only during daylight hours. The Guasaule border crossing is open daily from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Travelers can expect a lengthy and meticulous search of their vehicles and belongings at all crossings.Medical Facilities: Medical care varies in quality. Cholera is present in Honduras. Visitors who follow proper precautions are not usually at risk. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, the traveler can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: There has been a significant increase in the number of reported street crime incidents (such as robberies and pickpocketings). Armed robbery and assault aimed at tourists has increased in Tegucigalpa. There have been reports of armed bandits operating on the road between Tegucigalpa and Palmerola. Valuables left unattended in automobiles, regardless of whether the vehicle is locked and/or in an apparently safe area, may be in jeopardy. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication, as well as others, such as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America," are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Honduras for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Currency Regulations: It is impossible to cash personal checks in Honduras. It is also extremely difficult to arrange for the transfer of funds from abroad to Honduras, and in particular to the Bay Islands, where banking facilities are limited.Adoption: Information on adoption in Honduras can be obtained by writing to the Office of Overseas Citizen Services, Room 4807, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3712.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Honduras.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Honduras is located on the Avenido La Paz in Tegucigalpa; telephone (504) 38-5114.No. 93-306This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1993 to add information on the reports of armed bandits operating on the roads outside of the capital city and to report the increase of robbery and assault directed at tourists within Tegucigalpa. In addition this information sheet reflects the new U.S. Embassy telephone number.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome - central ItalyMap references: EuropeArea: total area: 0.44 km2 land area: 0.44 km2 comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 3.2 km, Italy 3.2 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)Terrain: low hillNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: urbanNote: landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) PeoplePopulation: 811 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.15% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: none adjective: noneEthnic divisions: Italians, SwissReligions: Roman CatholicLanguages: Italian, Latin, various other languagesLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside the Vatican THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) GovernmentNames: conventional long form: The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City) local long form: Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)Digraph: VTType: monarchical-sacerdotal stateCapital: Vatican CityIndependence: 11 February 1929 (from Italy)Constitution: Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)Legal system: NANational holiday: Installation Day of the Pope, 22 October (1978) (John Paul II) note: Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978Political parties and leaders: noneOther political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years oldElections: Pope: last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current pope); results - Karol WOJTYLA was elected for life by the College of CardinalsExecutive branch: popeLegislative branch: unicameral Pontifical CommissionJudicial branch: none; normally handled by ItalyLeaders: Chief of State: Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978) Head of Government: Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo Cardinal SODANO (since NA)Member of: CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer)Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN chancery: 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 333-7121 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond L. FLYNN embassy: Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome mailing address: PSC 59, APO AE 09624 telephone: [396] 46741 FAX: [396] 638-0159Flag: two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) EconomyOverview: This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.Budget: revenues $86 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Electricity: 5,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by ItalyIndustries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activitiesCurrency: 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimiExchange rates: Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freelyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) CommunicationsRailroads: 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of Saint Peter's)Highways: none; all city streetsTelecommunications: broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone exchange; no communications satellite systems THE WORLD FACTBOOK Holy See (Vatican City) Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at entrances to the Vatican City</text>
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<text>HOLY SEE, APOSTOLIC NUNCIATURE OF THE - Passport required (for entry intoItaly). For further information consult Apostolic Nunciature of the HolySee, 3339 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/333-7121) or callEmbassy of Italy (202/328-5500).</text>
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card_48235.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Australia) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands GeographyLocation: in the Indian Ocean, 4,100 km southwest of AustraliaMap references: Antarctic RegionArea: total area: 412 km2 land area: 412 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 101.9 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: antarcticTerrain: Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald Islands - small and rockyNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: primarily used for research stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald IslandsDigraph: HMType: territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and TerritoriesCapital: none; administered from Canberra, AustraliaIndependence: none (territory of Australia) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only THE WORLD FACTBOOK Heard Island and McDonald Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Australia</text>
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<name>Heard Island and McDonald Islands</name>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti GeographyLocation: in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 90 km southeast of CubaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 27,750 km2 land area: 27,560 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 275 km, Dominican Republic 275 kmCoastline: 1,771 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims US-administered Navassa IslandClimate: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade windsTerrain: mostly rough and mountainousNatural resources: bauxiteLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 13% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 4% other: 45%Irrigated land: 750 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosionNote: shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti PeoplePopulation: 6,384,877 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.68% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 40.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 18.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -5.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 109.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.45 years male: 43.88 years female: 47.11 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Haitian(s) adjective: HaitianEthnic divisions: black 95%, mulatto and European 5%Religions: Roman Catholic 80% (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982)Languages: French (official) 10%, CreoleLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 53% male: 59% female: 47%Labor force: 2.3 million by occupation: agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9% note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Haiti conventional short form: Haiti local long form: Republique d'Haiti local short form: HaitiDigraph: HAType: republicCapital: Port-au-PrinceAdministrative divisions: 9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-EstIndependence: 1 January 1804 (from France)Constitution: 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October 1991, government claims to be observing the ConstitutionLegal system: based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1804)Political parties and leaders: National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD), including National Congress of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor BENOIT, and National Cooperative Action Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; National Patriotic Movement of November 28 (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN), Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU and Jean MOLIEREOther political or pressure groups: Democratic Unity Confederation (KID); Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Haitian Workers (CTH); Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS); Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH); National Popular Assembly (APN)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Chamber of Deputies: last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total) FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN 1, independents 5, other 2 President: last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995); results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE 4.9% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti Government Senate: last held 18 January 1993, widely condemned as illegitimate (next to be held December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD 12, ANDP 8, PAIN 2, MRN 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 2Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of DeputiesJudicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation)Leaders: Chief of State: President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief of State Head of Government: de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since NA June 1992)Member of: ACCT, ACP, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jean CASIMIR chancery: 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-4090 through 4092 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Special Charge d'Affaires Charles REDMAN embassy: Harry Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince mailing address: P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince telephone: [509] 22-0354, 22-0368, 22-0200, or 22-0612 FAX: [509] 23-9007Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti EconomyOverview: About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup against President ARISTIDE have further damaged the economy.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -4% (FY91 est.)National product per capita: $340 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (FY91 est.)Unemployment rate: 25-50% (1991)Budget: revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.)Exports: $146 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8% partners: US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed countries 3% (1987)Imports: $252 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% partners: US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3% (1987)External debt: $838 million (December 1990)Industrial production: growth rate -2.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity: 217,000 kW capacity; 480 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism, light assembly industries based on imported partsAgriculture: accounts for 28% of GDP and employs around 70% of work force; mostly small-scale subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, wood; staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flourIllicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaineEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 millionCurrency: 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti EconomyExchange rates: gourdes (G) per US$1 - 8.4 (December 1991), fixed rate of 5.000 through second quarter of 1991)Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti CommunicationsRailroads: 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial lineHighways: 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimprovedInland waterways: negligible; less than 100 km navigablePorts: Port-au-Prince, Cap-HaitienAirports: total: 13 usable: 10 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Haiti Defense ForcesBranches: Army (including Police), Navy, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,289,310; fit for military service 695,997; reach military age (18) annually 60,588 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.)</text>
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<text>HAITI - Passport required. For further information consult Embassy ofHaiti, 2311 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/332-4090) ornearest Consulate: FL (305/859-2003), MA (617/723-5211), NY (212/697-9767)or PR (809/766-0758).Haiti - Travel WarningOctober 14, 1993U.S. citizens are warned against all nonessential travel to Haiti because of political unrest. The political situation in Haiti remains unstable. The potential exists throughout the country for random violence, sporadic disturbances and criminal acts. The police and judiciary are unable to provide adequate levels of security and due process. Tourists and American citizens resident in Haiti are urged to register with the U.S. Embassy if they have not already done so.No. 93-040Haiti - Consular Information SheetOctober 19, 1993Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against all nonessential travel to Haiti because of political unrest. The political situation in Haiti remains unstable. The potential exists throughout the country for random violence, sporadic disturbances and criminal acts. The police and judiciary are unable to provide adequate levels of security and due process. U.S. citizen tourists and residents in Haiti are urged to register with the U.S. Embassy if they have not already done so.Country Description: Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. Throughout the country, there are periodic shortages of goods and services, including electrical power, gasoline and diesel fuel, and propane. The United Nations and the Organization of American States (OAS) have reimposed economic sanctions against Haiti.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens over the age of 18 can visit Haiti using evidence of citizenship and a document showing nationality which also bears a photo; however, application of this policy by Haitian officials is inconsistent. Most U.S. citizens avoid immigration problems by using a U.S. passport when entering and leaving Haiti. Children under the age of 18 must use a passport. Haiti also requires a departure tax of $25.00, payable in cash (U.S. dollars only.) For additional information concerning entry and customs requirements for Haiti, travelers can contact the Embassy of Haiti at 2311 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 332-4090 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, Boston, New York, or San Juan.Areas of Instability: See paragraph one for warning information.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Travelers to Haiti face the range of diseases normally found in a tropical country including malaria, typhoid, polio and dengue fever. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) poses a significant health risk and is prevalent in tourist areas. The level of community sanitation is low. Public water sources often contain impurities that can cause severe intestinal disorders. Food purchased on the street may also pose a health hazard. In larger cities there are usually restaurants with generally sanitary conditions. Bottled water and bottled drinks are usually safe.Medical facilities outside the capital are few, far between, and often below U.S. standards. None of the medical facilities in Haiti have the equipment and expertise to which U.S. citizens may be accustomed, and life-threatening emergencies may require evacuation by air ambulance at the patient's expense. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some instances, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Foreigners in Haiti are at risk from criminal attacks, particularly in urban areas, owing to their relative affluence. In recent months, crime has increased in Port au Prince and the situation in the provinces has become more tense. U.S. citizen crime victims are often frustrated by the lack of response and enforcement capabilities of the local police and judiciary.The loss or theft of a passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Lost or stolen U.S. birth certificates and/or driver's licenses used as entry documents generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. Without proof of identity and citizenship, obtaining a first-time U.S. passport in Haiti can be time-consuming. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: The Haitian government permits a free market exchange of U.S. dollars for gourdes, the Haitian monetary unit. Money can be exchanged at banks and exchange houses. Funds are regularly exchanged on the street although such exchange is technically illegal. Most prices in Haiti are quoted in Haitian dollars, where a dollar is used to mean five Haitian gourdes. Although some vendors accept U.S. dollars, it is to the traveler's advantage to use Haitian currency. There are no restrictions on the amount or type of currency that can be brought into or taken out of Haiti. Owing to the risk of theft, however, most travelers have found it safer to bring travelers checks or to arrange for electronic transfers of funds.Other Information: There is an economic embargo against Haiti imposed by the United Nations and the Organization of American States, including the United States, which limits trade with Haiti. For more information on the U.S. embargo regulations, contact the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, 1500 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220, tel. (202) 622-2480.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict. Those accused of drug-related crimes can expect lengthy legal proceedings, irregular application of Haitian law, and delayed due process. If convicted, offenders may face long jail sentences and substantial fines. Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. The Embassy is located on Harry Truman Blvd., P.O. Box 1761, Port au Prince; telephone (509) 22-0200, 22-0354, 22-0368, or 22-0612; fax (509) 23-1641. The Consular Section is located on Rue Oswald Durand, Port au Prince; telephone (509) 22-0200 or 23-8971; consular annex fax (509) 23-9665. U.S. citizens may obtain updated information from the U.S. Embassy on travel and security within Haiti.No. 93-303This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 13, 1993 to include information on the warning to U.S. citizens to defer nonessential travel to Haiti and on the U.N. and OAS embargo against Haiti.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana GeographyLocation: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Suriname and VenezuelaMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 214,970 km2 land area: 196,850 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than IdahoLand boundaries: total 2,462 km, Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 kmCoastline: 459 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)Climate: tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)Terrain: mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in southNatural resources: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fishLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 83% other: 8%Irrigated land: 1,300 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana PeoplePopulation: 734,640 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.68% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -19.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 49.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.7 years male: 61.46 years female: 68.1 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Guyanese (singular and plural) adjective: GuyaneseEthnic divisions: East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2%Religions: Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1%Languages: English, Amerindian dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended scool (1990) total population: 95% male: 98% female: 96%Labor force: 268,000 by occupation: industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7% note: public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Co-operative Republic of Guyana conventional short form: Guyana former: British GuianaDigraph: GYType: republicCapital: GeorgetownAdministrative divisions: 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper EssequiboIndependence: 26 May 1966 (from UK)Constitution: 6 October 1980Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Republic Day, 23 February (1970)Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), Joseph BACCHUS; The United Force (TUF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican Party (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert GANGADEEN; Guyana Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAULOther political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC) note: the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organizedSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Executive President: last held on 5 October 1992; results - Cheddi JAGAN was elected president since he was leader of the party with the most votes in the National Assembly elections National Assembly: last held on 5 October 1992 (next to be held in 1997); results - PPP 53.4%, PNC 42.3%, WPA 2%, TUF 1.2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PPP 36, PNC 26, WPA 2, TUF 1Executive branch: executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme Court of Judicature THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Executive President Cheddi JAGAN (since 5 October 1992); First Vice President Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Odeen ISHMAEL chancery: 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-6900 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador George Jones embassy: 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, Georgetown mailing address: P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown telephone: [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 and 57960 through 57969 FAX: [592] (2) 58497Flag: green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana EconomyOverview: Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the cane fields, and flooding and equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about 100% in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power has been in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in national output. The government, in association with international financial agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth - requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience by consumers during a long incubation period. Buoyed by a recovery in mining and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth in 1991 and 7% growth in 1992, according to official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi-legal economic activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total output.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $267.5 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $370 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1992)Unemployment rate: 12%-15% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $121 million; expenditures $225 million, including capital expenditures of $50 million (1990 est.)Exports: $268 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: sugar, bauxite/alumina, rice, gold, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum partners: UK 28%, US 25%, FRG 8%, Canada 7%, Japan 6% (1989)Imports: $242.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum partners: US 40%, Trinidad & Tobago 13%, UK 11%, Japan 5%, Netherland Antilles 3% (1989)External debt: $2 billion including arrears (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for about 24% of GDPElectricity: 253,500 kW capacity; 276 million kWh produced, 370 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles, gold miningAgriculture: most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and about half of exports; sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and animal products THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million; Communist countries 1970-89, $242 millionCurrency: 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 125.8 (January 1993) 125.0 (1992), 111.8 (1991), 39.533 (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana CommunicationsRailroads: 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gaugeHighways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km unimprovedInland waterways: 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, respectivelyPorts: Georgetown, New AmsterdamMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,317 GRT/2,558 DWTAirports: total: 53 usable: 48 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 13Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guyana Defense ForcesBranches: Guyana Defense Force (GDF; including the Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service (GNS)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 196,960; fit for military service 149,583 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>GUYANA - Passport required. For more information consult Embassy ofGuyana, 2490 Tracy Pl., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-6900/03) orConsulate General, 866 U.N. Plaza, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10017(212/527-3215).Guyana - Consular Information SheetNovember 1, 1993Country Description: Guyana is a developing nation. Except for hotels in the capital city of Georgetown, tourist facilities are not fully developed. Road conditions throughout the country are poor.Entry Requirements: Valid passports are required for all U.S. citizens including minors. No visa is required for U.S. citizens to enter Guyana. Dual nationals must have a U.S. passport to depart Guyana for the United States. Unlike the rest of the Caribbean, a Naturalization Certificate or Birth Certificate does not fulfill immigration or boarding requirements for departure from Guyana. On arrival, all visitors are granted a 30 day stay. Extensions of stay may be obtained from the Central Immigration Office located on Camp Road, Georgetown. Travelers for other than tourism purposes should also check in with Central Immigration if they require additional information about Guyana's immigration requirements for work permits and extended stays. For other information, travelers may consult the Embassy of Guyana at 2490 Tracy Place N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 265-6900 or the Consulate General in New York City.Medical Facilities: Medical care and prescription drugs are limited and sanitary conditions are poor in most medical facilities. Travelers have found it necessary to bring prescription medicines sufficient for their length of stay and to plan for emergency shipment should their supplies spoil because of the high humidity in Guyana.Malaria is endemic in the southern interior and the northwest coast. Minimal stays (even overnight) require the use of anti-malarial prophylaxis. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some instances, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful, particularly when a medical evacuation is necessary. Commercial carriers will not carry a seriously ill or contagious patient out of Guyana. Medical evacuation from Guyana to the U.S. by air ambulance costs approximately $14-17,000 dollars. For additional health information, the travaler may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crimes against people and property have become commonplace; foreigners in particular are viewed as wealthy targets of opportunity. Crimes of violence are primarily confined to Georgetown and the other more populated areas of Guyana. Most crimes occur in the major business and shopping districts of Georgetown, in and around the two major indoor/outdoor markets of Stabroek and Bourda, and in the vicinity of the two major hotels most frequented by tourists and other foreigners (Tower and Forte Crest). Burglary from vehicles is common, but is very low from rooms at the major hotels. Police are cooperative but largely ineffective. U.S. visitors who suffer criminal assaults are encouraged to contact the police as well as the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy (or the duty officer after hours) for advice and assistance.In addition to money, thieves seek U.S. passports and alien registration cards. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. Citizens should be prepared to present evidence of citizenship and identity as well as a letter from Guyana Immigration showing entry into the country with a U.S. passport in addition to a police report. U.S. Citizens may refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Other Information: Some visitors wish to take a tropical bird back to the United States. Many birds are protected species, and quarantine space must be obtained in advance from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Proof that space has been reserved for the bird in the U.S. must be presented to the Guyana Ministry of Agriculture before permission for export will be given. This process takes some time, so it is unlikely that a temporary traveler will be able to complete the paperwork during a short visit to Guyana.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, even for small amounts. Convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and proportionately high fines charged as court costs.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy, located at 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, Kingston, Georgetown; telephone (592-2) 54-900. The Consular Section's entrance is on Duke Street. Officer Hours Monday through Friday are 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM and 1:30 to 4:00 PM. For emergencies after hours, weekends and holidays, call (592-2) 57-963. U.S. citizens may obtain updated information on travel and security within Guyana upon request when they register at the U.S. Embassy.No. 93-308This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1993 to add information concerning immigration matters, medical conditions and increasing crime.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and SenegalMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 36,120 km2 land area: 28,000 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of ConnecticutLand boundaries: total 724 km, Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 kmCoastline: 350 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of SenegalClimate: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan windsTerrain: mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in eastNatural resources: unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates, fish, timberLand use: arable land: 11% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 43% forest and woodland: 38% other: 7%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau PeoplePopulation: 1,072,439 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.38% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 41.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 17.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 122.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.03 years male: 45.38 years female: 48.73 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Guinea-Bissauan(s) adjective: Guinea-BissauanEthnic divisions: African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%Religions: indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5%Languages: Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 36% male: 50% female: 24%Labor force: 403,000 (est.) by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, government 5% note: population of working age 53% (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau local long form: Republica de Guine-Bissau local short form: Guine-Bissau former: Portuguese GuineaDigraph: PUType: republic highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993Capital: BissauAdministrative divisions: 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, TombaliIndependence: 10 September 1974 (from Portugal)Constitution: 16 May 1984Legal system: NANational holiday: Independence Day, 10 September (1974)Political parties and leaders: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; Democratic Social Front (FDS), Rafael BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader note: PAIGC is still the major party (of 10 parties) and controls all aspects of the governmentSuffrage: 15 years of age; universalElections: National People's Assembly: last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional Councils President of Council of State: last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's AssemblyExecutive branch: president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State, Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)Judicial branch: none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984)Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL chancery: 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine Suite, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: (202) 872-4222US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Roger A. MAGUIRE embassy: 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, Bissau mailing address: 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau telephone: [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113 FAX: [245] 20-1159Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau EconomyOverview: Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per capita GDP of roughly $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's four-year plan (1988-91) targeted agricultural development as the top priority.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $210 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.3% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $210 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $33.6 million; expenditures $44.8 million, including capital expenditures of $.57 million (1991 est.)Exports: $20.4 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels partners: Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, SpainImports: $63.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum partners: Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, GermanyExternal debt: $462 million (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.)Electricity: 22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: agricultural processing, beer, soft drinksAgriculture: accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment; rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food; fishing and forestry potential not fully exploitedEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68 millionCurrency: 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65 (1987), 238.98 (1986)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau CommunicationsHighways: 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earthInland waterways: scattered stretches are important to coastal commercePorts: BissauAirports: total: 33 usable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea-Bissau Defense ForcesBranches: People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force), paramilitary forceManpower availability: males age 15-49 235,931; fit for military service 134,675 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5%-6% of GDP (1987)</text>
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<text>GUINEA-BISSAU - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained inadvance. Visa valid up to 90 days, requires 2 application forms, 2 photos,health certificate, financial guarantee to cover stay, letter stayingpurpose of travel and $12 fee (payment by money order only). Includeprepaid envelope for return of passport by express mail. Apply Embassy ofGuinea-Bissau, 918 16th St., N.W., Mezzanine Suite, Washington, D.C. 20006(202/872-4222).Guinea-Bissau - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Guinea-Bissau is a developing nation on the west coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are minimal.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. The visa must be obtained in advance, and is valid up to 90 days. Two application forms, two photos, evidence of a yellow fever immunization, and a financial guarantee for the duration of the visit must be submitted. The visa fee is $12. Further information can be obtained from the Embassy of Guinea-Bissau, 918 16th Street N.W., Mezzanine Suite, Washington, D.C. 20006, telephone (202) 872-4222.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Guinea-Bissau are extremely limited. Payment for health service is often expected in cash. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, travelers have found that supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty thievery is common. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips For Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Currency Requirements: Local currency may not be exported or imported. Hotel bills must be paid in local currency. Credit cards are not accepted. Banks and hotels often cannot change large U.S. bills (more than $20) into local currency; small U.S. currency denominations are therefore useful.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Guinea-Bissau. Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Avenida Dominigos Ramos in the capital city of Bissau. The mailing address is 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. The telephone number is (245) 20-1139, 20-1145 or 20-0113; the fax number is (245) 20-1159.No. 93-276This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add the U. S. Embassy's fax number and information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport. </text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and Sierra LeoneMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 245,860 km2 land area: 245,860 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries: total 3,399 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 kmCoastline: 320 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan windsTerrain: generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interiorNatural resources: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fishLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 42% other: 40%Irrigated land: 240 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea PeoplePopulation: 6,236,506 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.46% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 44.76 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 20.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 141.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 43.68 years male: 41.49 years female: 45.93 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Guinean(s) adjective: GuineanEthnic divisions: Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, indigenous tribes 15%Religions: Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%Languages: French (official); each tribe has its own languageLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 24% male: 35% female: 13%Labor force: 2.4 million (1983) by occupation: agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services 5.4% note: 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Guinea conventional short form: Guinea local long form: Republique de Guinee local short form: Guinee former: French GuineaDigraph: GVType: republicCapital: ConakryAdministrative divisions: 33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, YomouIndependence: 2 October 1958 (from France)Constitution: 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)Legal system: based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984)Political parties and leaders: political parties were legalized on 1 April 1992 pro-government: Party for Unity and Progress (PUP), leader NA other: Rally for the Guinean People (RPG), Alpha CONDE; Union for a New Republic (UNR), Mamadon BAH; Party for Renewal and Progress (PRP), Siradion DIALLOSuffrage: noneElections: noneExecutive branch: president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was dissolved after the 3 April 1984 coup; framework established in December 1991 for a new National Assembly with 114 seatsJudicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA chancery: 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-9420US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr. embassy: 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, Conakry mailing address: B. P. 603, Conakry telephone: (224) 44-15-20 through 24 FAX: (224) 44-15-22Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea EconomyOverview: Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.3% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $410 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 19.6% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.)Exports: $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels partners: US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, CanadaImports: $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, and other grain partners: US 16%, France, BrazilExternal debt: $2.6 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDPElectricity: 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989)Industries: bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and agricultural processing industriesAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and goats; not self-sufficient in food grainsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446 millionCurrency: 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 (1987), 383 (1986)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea CommunicationsRailroads: 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gaugeHighways: 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth (1987)Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craftPorts: Conakry, KamsarAirports: total: 15 usable: 15 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 10Telecommunications: poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1 FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guinea Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Presidential Guard, Republican Guard, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,403,776; fit for military service 708,078 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988)</text>
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<text>GUINEA - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visa for stay up to3 months, requires 3 application forms, 3 photos, yellow fever immunizationand $25 fee (cash or money order only). Malaria suppressants arerecommended. For business visa need company letter stating purpose of tripand letter of invitation from company in Guinea. Provide SASE for returnof passport by mail. For more information contact the Embassy of theRepublic of Guinea, 2112 Leroy Pl., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/483-9420).Guinea - Consular Information SheetDecember 17, 1993Country Description: Guinea is a developing coastal West African country. Facilities for tourism are minimal.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of yellow fever immunization is required, and the Guinean government recommends the taking of malarial suppressants. There is a departure tax of $10 payable at the airport. Further information may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Guinea, 2112 Leroy Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008; telephone (202) 483-9420.Areas of Instability: During the tense preelection period (presidential elections are scheduled for December 19), there have been civil disturbances and sporadic clashes between ethnic groups and between rival political party supporters, sometimes involving intervention by members of the military. On September 28 and 29 inter-communal violence in Conakry resulted in numerous deaths and injuries. In November and December, clashes between rival political party supporters resulted in several deaths and numerous injuries in Kindia, Mandiana, Siguiri and Conakry. Civil unrest in the area between the airport and downtown Conakry, as well as in other cities of Guinea, has affected travel in those areas. There are numerous checkpoints and roadblocks in Conakry at night. Travel in the city and up-country after dark may be dangerous. Americans and members of the expatriate community have not been the target of any violence.On November 29, 1993, the government of Guinea announced that all Guinean land borders would be closed until further notice. The Guinean government also announced the closing of the Conakry International Airport for a one-day period on December 18 and the closing of the seaport December 18 - 21. The U.S. Embassy will provide current information to Americans contemplating travel in Conakry or up-country.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Diseases such as malaria, including cerebral malaria, hepatitis and intestinal hepatitis disorders are endemic. Doctors and hospitals expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, travelers have obtained supplemental medical insurance that specifically covers overseas treatment. Additional health information may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime is very common. Criminals particularly target visitors at the airport in Conakry. Pickpockets or persons posing as officials will offer assistance and then make off with bags, purses or wallets. Being met at the airport by travel agents, business contacts, family members or friends helps to avoid this possibility. In addition, there is a high incidence of residential break-ins. Commercial scams or stings have targeted foreigners, including U.S. citizens. These scams potentially involve the U.S. citizen business partner in illegal activity that may lead to threats of extortion. The ability of U.S. Embassy officers to extricate U.S. citizens from unlawful business deals is extremely limited.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Restrictions on Photography: Permission from the Guinean government's security personnel is required for photographing government buildings, airports, bridges or official-looking buildings.Currency Regulations: Credit cards are rarely accepted in Guinea. Inter-bank fund transfers are frequently difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish.Telephones: The communication system is poor. The limited telephone and fax lines are usually available between 6:00pm and 6:00am local time.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Conakry may obtain updated information on travel and security in Guinea.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of Conakry at Second Boulevard and Ninth Avenue. The mailing address is B.P. 603. The telephone number is (224) 44-15-20/21/23. The fax number is (224) 44-15-22.No. 93-331This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 3, 1993, to add additional information about the areas of instability.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey HeaderAffiliation: (British crown dependency) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey GeographyLocation: in the English Channel, 52 km west of France between UK and FranceMap references: EuropeArea: total area: 194 km2 land area: 194 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islandsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 50 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcastTerrain: mostly level with low hills in southwestNatural resources: croplandLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey PeoplePopulation: 63,075 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.02% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 7.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.96 years male: 75.27 years female: 80.68 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Channel Islander(s) adjective: Channel IslanderEthnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descentReligions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, MethodistLanguages: English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districtsLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Bailiwick of Guernsey conventional short form: GuernseyDigraph: GKType: British crown dependencyCapital: Saint Peter PortAdministrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)Independence: none (British crown dependency)Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practiceLegal system: English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal CourtNational holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)Political parties and leaders: none; all independentsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Assembly of the States: last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independentsExecutive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiffLegislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the StatesJudicial branch: Royal CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS (since NA 1990); Bailiff Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (British crown dependency)US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)Flag: white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey EconomyOverview: Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing tomatoes and flowers for export.National product: GDP - $NANational product real growth rate: 9% (1987)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1988)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1988)Exports: $NA commodities: tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables partners: UK (regarded as internal trade)Imports: $NA commodities: coal, gasoline, and oil partners: UK (regarded as internal trade)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,060 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, bankingAgriculture: tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables, fruit; Guernsey cattleEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 penceExchange rates: Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British poundFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey CommunicationsPorts: Saint Peter Port, Saint SampsonAirports: total: 2 useable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guernsey Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala GeographyLocation: Central America, between Honduras and MexicoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 108,890 km2 land area: 108,430 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TennesseeLand boundaries: total 1,687 km, Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 kmCoastline: 400 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: the outer edge of the continental shelf exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: border with Belize in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have begunClimate: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlandsTerrain: mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau (Peten)Natural resources: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicleLand use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 40% other: 32%Irrigated land: 780 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollutionNote: no natural harbors on west coast THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala PeoplePopulation: 10,446,015 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.63% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 36.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 55.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.99 years male: 61.46 years female: 66.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Guatemalan(s) adjective: GuatemalanEthnic divisions: Ladino 56% (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry), Indian 44%Religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, traditional MayanLanguages: Spanish 60%, Indian language 40% (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 55% male: 63% female: 47%Labor force: 2.5 million by occupation: agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, construction 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Guatemala conventional short form: Guatemala local long form: Republica de Guatemala local short form: GuatemalaDigraph: GTType: republicCapital: GuatemalaAdministrative divisions: 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, ZacapaIndependence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)Constitution: 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 note: suspended on 25 May 1993 by President SERRANO; reinstated on 5 June 1993 following ouster of presidentLegal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)Political parties and leaders: National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON; Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS MonttOther political or pressure groups: Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF); Mutual Support Group (GAM); Agrarian Owners Group (UNAGRO); Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC); leftist guerrilla movement known as Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (URNG) has four main factions - Guerrilla army of the Poor (EGP); Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA); Rebel Armed Forces (FAR); Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT/O)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Congress: last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17.5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR 2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt 10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala Government President: runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% note: President SERRANO resigned on 1 June 1993 shortly after dissolving Congress and the judiciary; on 6 June 1993, Ramiro DE LEON Carpio was chosen as the new president by a vote of Congress; he will finish off the remainder of SERRANO's five-year term which expires in 1995Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Ramiro DE LEON Carpio (since 6 June 1993); Vice President Arturo HERBRUGER (since 18 June 1993)Member of: BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL chancery: 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 745-4952 through 4954 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Marilyn MCAFEE (since 28 May 1993) embassy: 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City mailing address: APO AA 34024 telephone: [502] (2) 31-15-41 FAX: [502] (2) 318855Flag: three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala EconomyOverview: The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for 26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about 18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. In 1992 growth picked up to 4% as government policies favoring competition and foreign trade and investment took stronger hold.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.2% (1992)National product per capita: $1,300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1991 est.), with 30-40% underemploymentBudget: revenues $604 million; expenditures $808 million, including capital expenditures of $134 million (1990 est.)Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 3% partners: US 36%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, HondurasImports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles partners: US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, GermanyExternal debt: $2.5 billion (December 1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity: 847,600 kW capacity; 2,500 million kWh produced, 260 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, rubber, tourismAgriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy; contributes two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food importerIllicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipmentsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billionCurrency: 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala EconomyExchange rates: free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.2850 (December 1993), 5.1706 (1992), 5.0289 (1991), 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988); note - black-market rate 2.800 (May 1989)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala CommunicationsRailroads: 1,019 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 917 km government owned, 102 km privately ownedHighways: 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimprovedInland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water seasonPipelines: crude oil 275 kmPorts: Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de CastillaMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWTAirports: total: 474 usable: 418 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 21Telecommunications: fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones; broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guatemala Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,410,760; fit for military service 1,576,569; reach military age (18) annually 115,178 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $121 million, 1% of GDP (1993)</text>
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<text>GUATEMALA - Passport and visa or tourist card required. Visas no charge,valid 1 year, multiple entries of 30 days each, requires passport, 1application form, 1 photo and $5 fee. Provide SASE for return of passportby mail. For travel by minors and information about tourist cards contactthe Embassy of Guatemala, 2220 R St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/745-4952), or nearest Consulate: CA (213/365-9251/2 or 415/788-5651),FL (305/443-4828/29), IL (312/332-1587), NY (212/686-3837) or TX(713/953-9531).Guatemala - Travel WarningMarch 30, 1994The United States Department of State warns all U.S. citizens to defer nonessential travel to Guatemala at this time. Widespread unfounded rumors that foreigners are involved in the theft of children for the purpose of using their organs in transplants have led to threats and incidents of violent mob action against U.S. citizens in widely separated parts of the country. We urge that U.S citizens who remain in Guatemala avoid crowds, avoid traveling alone, and exercise utmost caution. U.S. citizens in Guatemala are urged to register with the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala City, where further security-related information can be obtained. For additional information, see the Consular Information Sheet on Guatemala.No. 94-013Guatemala - Consular Information SheetFebruary 14, 1994Country Description: Guatemala has a developing economy and a democratic government. Democracy and constitutional rule were suspended for a short time in late May 1993 but were quickly restored. Except for luxury hotels in Guatemala City, Panajachel, Chichicastenango and Flores (Tikal), tourist facilities are not fully developed. Road conditions throughout the country are poor.Entry Requirements: To travel to Guatemala, U.S. citizens must have a passport and either a visa or a tourist card. U.S. citizens must carry identification at all times. Visas are available from the Embassy of Guatemala at 2220 R Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 745-4952, or Guatemalan consulates in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Houston or Chicago. Tourist cards can be purchased upon arrival at the airport or Guatemalan border, or at the airport departure gate for flights from the U.S. to Guatemala.The government of Guatemala requires all U.S. citizens, without exception, to have a valid passport in order to depart Guatemala. U.S. citizens whose passports are lost or stolen in Guatemala must obtain a new passport and present it together with a police report of the loss or theft to the main immigration office in Guatemala City to obtain permission to depart Guatemala. An exit tax must be paid upon departure from the Guatemala city airport.Areas of Instability: Although negotiations are continuing between the government of Guatemala and guerrilla leaders to end a 33 year armed conflict, there are still occasional encounters between Guatemalan Army and guerrilla forces in the departments of El Quiche, Northern Alta Verapaz, Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Peten, Escuintla, Suchitepequez, Santa Rosa and Sacatepequez. There are occasional guerrilla roadblocks on the roads between Guatemala City and the border of El Salvador, as well as along the Pacific coast. However, visitors to major tourist destinations rarely come into contact with guerrilla or military forces.There has been a significant increase in terrorist incidents, especially during recent periods surrounding key political events, such as special elections, or highly publicized stages of peace negotiations. In the past six months, explosives have been detonated at electrical, television, and radio towers located near Guatemala City and in the departments of Santa Rosa, Esquintla, and Chimaltenango. Smaller explosive devices have been detonated or have been deactivated by police agents in various businesses, newspaper offices, and shopping malls located in Guatemala City. While most of the explosions have occurred during the night and have resulted in relatively few deaths and injuries, the timing and character of any future incidents cannot be predicted with certainty.Medical Facilities: A full range of modern medical care is available in Guatemala City, but medical care outside the city is limited. Guatemala's public hospitals have experienced serious shortages of basic medicines and equipment, with some hospitals on the verge of bankruptcy. Care in private hospitals is generally adequate for the most common illnesses and injuries. Cholera is present in Guatemala. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers often find that supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage is useful. Additional health information may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Violent crime is a serious and growing problem throughout the country. Crime victims have sometimes complained of inadequate assistance from the police. Considering the rising trend in violent crime and its unpredictability, no area can be definitively characterized as "always safe". Incidents of armed attacks of tourists have occurred in a variety of areas at all times of the day or night. Visitors who suffer criminal assaults are encouraged to contact the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy (or the duty officer after hours) for advice and assistance.Pickpockets and purse snatchers are prevalent in Guatemala City, especially in the central market area. Valuables left unattended in automobiles regardless of whether the vehicle is locked and/or in an apparently safe area, may be in jeopardy. Robberies of pedestrians by thieves armed with guns or machetes appear to be on the increase, even in the wealthier sections of the city. Armed car theft is also a serious problem. Persons who offer no resistance when confronted by car thieves are usually not hurt. There are occasional armed robberies on city buses and tour group buses. Non-political kidnappings are on the rise but have not yet affected any tourists.The colonial city of Antigua, located about 30 miles from Guatemala City, is generally considered safe and is a popular destination for tourists and students. Pickpockets and purse snatchers are also prevalent in Antigua and a special tourist police has been reestablished to reduce crime against tourists. Persons walking, jogging or biking on roads leading out of Antigua or to Cerro de la Cruz Park risk the possibility of attack and robbery by armed thieves. Female tourists were also raped in 1993 at Cerro de la Cruz Park and in the town of San Felipe, near Antigua.The towns of Panajachel (on Lake Atitlan) and Chichicastenango (site of a popular Indian market) are generally safe, but pickpockets are prevalent in the markets and cafes. Travel by boat from Panajachel to Santiago Atitlan and other towns around Lake Atitlan is dangerous in the late afternoon because of frequent bad weather conditions on the lake. It is dangerous to climb Guatemala's volcanoes, especially Pacaya. Two Americans died on Pacaya in 1991, and many tourists, including those traveling in large groups, have been the subject of violent armed robberies. Several female tourists were also raped. Hiking alone in less populated areas can also be risky. A German female tourist was savagely attacked by a machete wielding thief in 1993 on a trail between the towns of Jaibalito and Tzunana on the north side of Lake Atitlan.The Mayan ruins at Tikal and the nearby city of Flores (capital of the Peten Department) are generally safe provided that visitors fly to Flores and then travel by bus or tour van to the ruins. Road travel in the rest of Peten Department is difficult. Road conditions are poor, telephones, police and medical assistance are usually unavailable, and highway bandits are often active, particularly on the road between Tikal and the Guatemala-Belize border at Melchor de Mencos.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication, as well as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America", is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Highway Travel: Intercity travel after sunset (6:00 p.m.) anywhere in Guatemala is extremely dangerous. Even in daylight hours, there are occasional incidents in which entire busloads of passengers are robbed either by armed thieves who set up roadblocks or by thieves who pose as bus passengers. Roadblocks are occasionally set up by thieves posing as military or police officers. Assailants also sometimes force a car off the road or stop in the middle of the highway in front of the intended victims' car. Large capacity rented vehicles and travel agency vans are frequent targets of highway bandits. If confronted by armed bandits, those who accede to all requests without arguing are usually not physically harmed. Travelers who try to outrun a roadblock are sometimes shot.When driving from Guatemala City to Lake Atitlan and Chichicastenango, the safest route is the Pan-American Highway (CA-1) through Chimaltenango and Tecpan to the crossroads at Los Encuentros and then either CA-1 to Solola and Panajachel or CA-15 to Chichicastenango. Travel to Lake Atitlan on any other road is dangerous.When entering Guatemala by car from Mexico, most travelers use border crossings at either Tecun Uman (Highway CA-2) on the Pacific coast or La Mesilla (Highway CA-1) in the highlands. During the January 1994 uprising of the Zapatista Guerilla organization in Chiapas, Mexico, the La Mesilla border crossing was closed. Travelers should inform themselves of the current political situation in Chiapas, Mexico, before taking the CA-1/La Mesilla route.When traveling from El Salvador, the border crossing at Las Chinamas, El Salvador/Valle Nuevo, Guatemala, is preferred. When entering Guatemala from Honduras, the border crossings are at either El Florido or Agua Caliente. With all cross-border travel, travelers need plenty of time to complete border crossing formalities, which can be lengthy, in order to travel to a major town before dark.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. A 1992 anti-narcotics trafficking law in Guatemala provides tough penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs. Those arrested on drug charges, even for simple possession of very small amounts, can expect to spend several months in jail before their case is decided, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Public Transportation: Maintenance and safety standards for operating public buses and small airlines in Guatemala are not up to U.S. standards. Guatemala's topography and climate can create unpredictable flying conditions. Public bus accidents due to equipment or human failure are frequent. Travelers may also encounter delays or be rerouted due to occasional equipment failure at Guatemala City's La Aurora Airport.Other Information: Updated information on Guatemalan adoption procedures and the U.S. immigrant visa application process is available from the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. Prospective adoptive parents are asked to check with the Consular Section to be sure that their child's adoption is complete before traveling to Guatemala to apply for their child's immigrant visa. Additional information is available from the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, telephone (202) 647-3712.Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala City may obtain updated information on travel and security within Guatemala.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Guatemala is located at Avenida Reforma 7-01 in Zone 10, Guatemala City, telephone (502-2) 31-15-41. Consular Section hours for American citizen services are 8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon and l:00-3:00 p.m.94-009This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated June 11, 1993, to add information on areas such as crime, medical facilities, public transportation, highway travel, and internal instabilities throughout Guatemala.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,955 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the PhilippinesMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 541.3 km2 land area: 541.3 km2 comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 125.5 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in southNatural resources: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)Land use: arable land: 11% permanent crops: 11% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 18% other: 45%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August)Note: largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam PeoplePopulation: 145,935 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.53% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 3.86 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 15.17 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.29 years male: 72.42 years female: 76.13 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Guamanian(s) adjective: GuamanianEthnic divisions: Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and other 18%Religions: Roman Catholic 98%, other 2%Languages: English, Chamorro, JapaneseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 96%Labor force: 46,930 (1990) by occupation: federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of Guam conventional short form: GuamDigraph: GQType: organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the InteriorCapital: AganaAdministrative divisions: none (territory of the US)Independence: none (territory of the US)Constitution: Organic Act of 1 August 1950Legal system: modeled on US; federal laws applyNational holiday: Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March); Liberation Day, 21 JulyPolitical parties and leaders: Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the Governor)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential electionsElections: Governor: last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Joseph F. ADA reelected Legislature: last held on 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 14, Republican 7 US House of Representatives: last held 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); Guam elects one delegate; results - Robert UNDERWOOD was elected as delegate; seats - (1 total) Democrat 1Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral LegislatureJudicial branch: Federal District Court, Territorial Superior CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) Head of Government: Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F. BLAS (since NA)Member of: ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPCDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam GovernmentFlag: territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam EconomyOverview: The economy depends mainly on US military spending and on revenues from tourism. Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. Visitors numbered about 900,000 in 1992. About 60% of the labor force works for the private sector and the rest for government. Most food and industrial goods are imported, with about 75% from the US.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $2 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $14,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 2% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) commodities: mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, fish, food and beverage products partners: US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12%Imports: $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods partners: US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textilesAgriculture: relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs, pork, poultry, beef, copraEconomic aid: although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in GuamCurrency: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam CommunicationsHighways: 674 km all-weather roadsPorts: Apra HarborAirports: total: 5 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,200-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: 26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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card_45871.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe HeaderAffiliation: (overseas department of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe GeographyLocation: in the Caribbean Sea, 500 km southeast of Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 1,780 km2 land area: 1,760 km2 comparative area: 10 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 306 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidityTerrain: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is low limestone formationNatural resources: cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourismLand use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 13% forest and woodland: 40% other: 24%Irrigated land: 30 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe PeoplePopulation: 422,114 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.67% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.72 years male: 73.67 years female: 79.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Guadeloupian(s) adjective: GuadeloupeEthnic divisions: black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%Languages: French, creole patoisLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 91%Labor force: 120,000 by occupation: services, government, and commerce 53.0%, industry 25.8%, agriculture 21.2% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Department of Guadeloupe conventional short form: Guadeloupe local long form: Departement de la Guadeloupe local short form: GuadeloupeDigraph: GPType: overseas department of FranceCapital: Basse-TerreAdministrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)Independence: none (overseas department of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French legal systemNational holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PS), Dominique LARIFLA; Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for the Center Rally (URC coalition of the PS, RPR, and UDF); Guadeloupe Objective (OG), Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRYOther political or pressure groups: Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: French National Assembly: last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held March 1993); Guadeloupe elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat French Senate: last held in September 1986 (next to be held September 1995); Guadeloupe elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1 General Council: last held 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) PS 26, URC 16 Regional Council: last held on 22 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - OG 33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) OG 15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4Executive branch: government commissionerLegislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe GovernmentJudicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and MartiniqueLeaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Prefect Franck PERRIEZ (since NA 1992)Member of: FZ, WCLDiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are represented in the US by FranceUS diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe EconomyOverview: The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially high among the young.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1989)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $4,700 (1989)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1990)Unemployment rate: 31.3% (1990)Budget: revenues $333 million; expenditures $671 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)Exports: $168 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: bananas, sugar, rum partners: France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987)Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum products partners: France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,080 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourismAgriculture: cash crops - bananas, sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits and vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, goats; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe CommunicationsRailroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation linesHighways: 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earthPorts: Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-TerreAirports: total: 9 usable: 9 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland microwave radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT ground station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guadeloupe Defense ForcesBranches: French Forces, GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 98,069; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)Note: defense is responsibility of France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Guam HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US)</text>
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card_45821.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 150 im north of Trinidad and TobagoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 340 km2 land area: 340 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 121 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; tempered by northeast trade windsTerrain: volcanic in origin with central mountainsNatural resources: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harborsLand use: arable land: 15% permanent crops: 26% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 9% other: 47%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to NovemberNote: islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada PeoplePopulation: 93,830 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.24% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 30.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -21.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.15 years male: 67.79 years female: 72.54 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Grenadian(s) adjective: GrenadianEthnic divisions: black AfricanReligions: Roman Catholic, Anglican, other Protestant sectsLanguages: English (official), French patoisLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98%Labor force: 36,000 by occupation: services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, other 32% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: GrenadaDigraph: GJType: parliamentary democracyCapital: Saint George'sAdministrative divisions: 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit Martinique*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint PatrickIndependence: 7 February 1974 (from UK)Constitution: 19 December 1973Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 7 February (1974)Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARDSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Reginald Oswald PALMER (since 6 August 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Denneth MODESTE chancery: 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 265-2561 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada Government consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Annette T. VELER embassy: Ross Point Inn, Saint George's mailing address: P. O. Box 54, Saint George's telephone: (809) 444-1173 through 1178 FAX: (809) 444-4820Flag: a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative divisions THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada EconomyOverview: The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16% of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports. Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. The economy achieved an impressive average annual growth rate of 5.5% in 1986-91 but stalled in 1992. Unemployment remains high at about 25%.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $250 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -0.4% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $3,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 25% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $78 million; expenditures $51 million, including capital expenditures of $22 million (1991 est.)Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5% partners: US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989)Imports: $110 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6% (1989) partners: US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989)External debt: $104 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 9% of GDPElectricity: 12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, constructionAgriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, sugarcane, corn, and vegetablesEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $32 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada CommunicationsHighways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimprovedPorts: Saint George'sAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Grenada Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>GRENADA - Passport is recommended, but tourists may enter with birthcertificate and photo ID. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 3months, may be extended to maximum of 6 months. For additional informationconsult Embassy of Grenada, 1701 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20009 (202/265-2561) or Permanent Mission of Grenada to the U.N.(212/599-0301).Grenada - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Grenada is a developing island nation. Tourism facilities vary, according to price and area.Entry Requirements: Most U.S. citizens enter Grenada using their U.S. passports. However, U.S. citizens born in the U.S. may also enter with a birth certificate and photo identification. A visa is not required for a stay of up to three months. There is an airport departure charge of U.S. $14 (Eastern Caribbean $35 ) per person. For additional information concerning entry requirements, the traveler may contact the Embassy of Grenada, 1701 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 265-2561.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some instances, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Street crime occurs. Tourists have been victims of armed robbery in isolated areas. Visitors may wish to consult with local authorities, their hotels and/or the U.S. Embassy for current information. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A lost or stolen birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy, located at Point Salines. The mailing address is P.O. Box 54, St. George's, Grenada; telephone (809) 444-1173. U.S. citizens may obtain from the U.S. Embassy updated information on travel and security in Grenada.No. 93-139This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_45364.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland HeaderAffiliation: (part of the Danish realm) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland GeographyLocation: in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Canada and NorwayMap references: Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,175,600 km2 land area: 341,700 km2 (ice free) comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of TexasLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 44,087 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan MayenClimate: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold wintersTerrain: flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coastNatural resources: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 0% other: 99%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the islandNote: dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland PeoplePopulation: 56,533 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 19.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 28.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.19 years male: 61.79 years female: 70.6 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Greenlander(s) adjective: GreenlandicEthnic divisions: Greenlander 86% (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians), Danish 14%Religions: Evangelical LutheranLanguages: Eskimo dialects, DanishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 22,800 by occupation: largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Greenland local long form: none local short form: Kalaallit NunaatDigraph: GLType: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative divisionCapital: Nuuk (Godthab)Administrative divisions: 3 municipalities (kommuner, singular - kommun); Nordgronland, Ostgronland, VestgronlandIndependence: none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division)Constitution: DanishLegal system: DanishNational holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)Political parties and leaders: two-party ruling coalition; Siumut (a moderate socialist party that advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA; a Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule), Arqaluk LYNGE; Atassut Party (a more conservative party that favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party (conservative-Greenland nationalist), Lars CHEMNITZ; Center Party (a new nonsocialist protest party), leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Danish Folketing: last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1 Landsting: last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1Executive branch: Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister, Cabinet (Landsstyre)Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Landsting)Judicial branch: High Court (Landsret)Leaders: Chief of State: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Torben Hede PEDERSEN (since NA) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland Government Head of Government: Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991)Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland EconomyOverview: Greenland's economic situation at present is difficult and unemployment increases. Prospects for economic growth in the immediate future are not bright. The Home Rule Government's economic restraint measures introduced in the late 1980s have assisted in shifting red figures into a balance in the public budget. Foreign trade produced a surplus in 1989 and 1990, but has now returned to a deficit. Following the closing of the Black Angel lead and zinc mine in 1989, Greenland today is fully dependent on fishing and fish processing, this sector accounting for 95% of exports. Prospects for fisheries are not bright, as the important shrimp catches will at best stabilize and cod catches have dropped. Resumption of mining and hydrocarbon activities is not around the corner, thus leaving only tourism with some potential for the near future. The public sector in Greenland, i.e. the HRG and its commercial entities and the municipalities, plays a dominant role in Greenland accounting for about two thirds of total employment. About half the government's revenues come from grants from the Danish Government.National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $500 million (1988)National product real growth rate: -10% (1990)National product per capita: $9,000 (1988)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1991)Unemployment rate: 9% (1990 est.)Budget: revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital expenditures of $36 million (1989)Exports: $340.6 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fish and fish products 95% partners: Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5%Imports: $403 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live animals 12.4%, petroleum products 12% partners: Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4%External debt: $480 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,060 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: fish processing (mainly shrimp), lead and zinc mining, handicrafts, some small shipyards, potential for platinum and gold miningAgriculture: sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tonsEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland EconomyExchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland CommunicationsHighways: 80 kmPorts: Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab), Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star BayAirports: total: 11 usable: 8 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and microwave radio relay; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters) FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greenland Defense ForcesNote: defense is responsibility of Denmark</text>
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<text>Greenland - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Greenland is a highly developed stable democracy with a subsistence economy. It is a self-governing territory of Denmark.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays of up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Greenland, travelers can contact the Royal Danish Embassy at 3200 Whitehaven Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel (202) 234-4300, or the nearest Danish Consulate General in Chicago, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Information: Medical facilities are available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Greenland has a low crime rate. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free trip. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.U.S. Representation: There is no U.S. embassy or consulate in Greenland. For assistance, U.S. citizens can contact the U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark; Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, telephone (45-31) 42-31-44.No. 93-079This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to amend the telephone number for the U.S. Embassy in Denmark, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_45161.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece GeographyLocation: Southern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea between Turkey and BulgariaMap references: Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 131,940 km2 land area: 130,800 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than AlabamaLand boundaries: total 1,210 km, Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 228 kmCoastline: 13,676 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nmInternational disputes: air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; northern Epirus question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and MacedoniaClimate: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summersTerrain: mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islandsNatural resources: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marbleLand use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 8% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 20% other: 9%Irrigated land: 11,900 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to severe earthquakes; air pollutionNote: strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece PeoplePopulation: 10,470,460 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.95% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 10.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.36 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 8.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.5 years male: 75.02 years female: 80.12 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Greek(s) adjective: GreekEthnic divisions: Greek 98%, other 2% note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in GreeceReligions: Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%Languages: Greek (official), English, FrenchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 93% male: 98% female: 89%Labor force: 3,966,900 by occupation: services 45%, agriculture 27%, industry 28% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Hellenic Republic conventional short form: Greece local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia local short form: Ellas former: Kingdom of GreeceDigraph: GRType: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974Capital: AthensAdministrative divisions: 52 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agion Oros (Mt. Athos)Independence: 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)Constitution: 11 June 1975Legal system: based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courtsNational holiday: Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of the war of independence)Political parties and leaders: New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DIANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotatesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament Chamber of Deputies: last held 8 April 1990 (next must be held by May 1994); results - ND 46.89%, PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%, Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DIANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%; seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance 4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1 note: deputies shifting from one party to another and the dissolution of party coalitions have resulted in the following seating arrangement: ND 152, PASOK 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, Muslim deputies 2, Ecologist-Alternative List 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece GovernmentExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon)Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court, Special Supreme TribunalLeaders: Chief of State: President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990)Member of: Australian Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, G-6, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WEU (observer), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-5800 FAX: (202) 939-5824 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco consulate: New OrleansUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James A. WILLIAMS embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens mailing address: PSC 108, Box 56, APO AE 09842 telephone: [30] (1) 721-2951 or 721-8401 FAX: [30] (1) 645-6282 consulate general: ThessalonikiFlag: nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece EconomyOverview: Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the basic entrepreneurial system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist system that enlarged the public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister MITSOTAKIS took office. Tourism continues as a major source of foreign exchange, and agriculture is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal feedstuffs. Since 1986, real GDP growth has averaged only 1.6% a year, compared with the Europen Community average of 3%. The MITSOTAKIS government has made little progress during its two and one-half years in power in coming to grips with Greece's main economic problems: an inflation rate still four times the EC average, a large public sector deficit, and a fragile current account position. In early 1991, the government secured a three-year, $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest terms yet imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience with Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. On the advice of the EC Commission, Greece delayed applying for the second installment until 1993 because of the failure of the government to meet the 1992 targets. Although MITSOTAKIS faced down the unions in mid-1992 in a dispute over privatization plans, social security reform, and tax and price increases, and his new economics czar, Stephanos MANOS, is a respected economist committed to renovating the ailing economy. However, a national elections due by May 1994 will probably prompt MITSOTAKIS to backtrack on economic reform. In 1993, the GDP growth rate likely will remain low; the inflation rate probably will continue to fall, while remaining the highest in the EC.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $82.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.2% (1992)National product per capita: $8,200 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.6% (1992)Unemployment rate: 9.1% (1992)Budget: revenues $37.6 billion; expenditures $45.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.4 billion (1993)Exports: $6.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 53%, foodstuffs 31%, fuels 9% partners: Germany 24%, France 18%, Italy 17%, UK 7%, US 6%Imports: $21.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 71%, foodstuffs 14%, fuels 10% partners: Germany 20%, Italy 14%, France 8%, UK 5%, US 4%External debt: $23.7 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate -1.0% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity: 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,400 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece EconomyIndustries: food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, mining, petroleumAgriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of the labor force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 116,600 metric tons in 1988Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and limited opium; mostly for domestic production; serves as a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 millionCurrency: 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 leptaExchange rates: drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 215.82 (January 1993), 190.62 (1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990), 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece CommunicationsRailroads: 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track; 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government ownedHighways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Piraievs (Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected riversPipelines: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 kmPorts: Piraievs (Piraeus), ThessalonikiMerchant marine: 998 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,483,768 GRT/47,047,285 DWT; includes 14 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 128 cargo, 26 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 214 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 42 combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 424 bulk, 22 combination bulk, 1 livestock carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships under the registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The BahamasAirports: total: 78 usable: 77 with permanent-surface runways: 63 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 24Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) FM, 361 TV; tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), and EUTELSAT systems THE WORLD FACTBOOK Greece Defense ForcesBranches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,606,267; fit for military service 1,996,835; reach military age (21) annually 73,541 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 5.1% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>GREECE - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/business stay upto 3 months. If traveling on diplomatic/official passport, visa requiredand must be obtained in advance. AIDS test required for performing artistsand students on Greek scholarships; U.S. test not accepted. For additionalinformation consult Consular Section of the Embassy of Greece, 2221 Mass.Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/232-8222) or nearest Consulate:CA (213/385-1447 or 415/775-2102), GA (404/261-3313), IL (312/372-5356), LA(504/523-1167), MA (617/542-3240), NY (212/988-5500) or TX (713/840-7522).Greece - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Greece is a developed and stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business stays up to three months. An AIDS test is required for performing artists and students on Greek scholarships; U.S. test results are not accepted. For further information concerning entry requirements to Greece, travelers can contact the Embassy of Greece at 2221 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008, telephone (202) 939-5800, or the nearest Consulate General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, New York, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Greece has a low rate of crime, but some pickpocketing, purse-snatching, and luggage theft does occur in Greece at popular tourist areas. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. It provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Terrorist Activities: Civil disorder is rare. However, there are several active terrorist groups, including the "17 November" organization, which at times has targeted U.S. Government and U.S. commercial interests. Between 1975 and 1991, "17 November" assassinated four Americans assigned to U.S. diplomatic or military installations in Greece. Terrorists in Greece have seldom targeted tourists.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Greece, penalties for possession, use, and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Arrestees may spend up to 18 months in pretrial confinement.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who are also considered to be Greek citizens could be subject to compulsory military service and other aspects of Greek law while in Greece. Those who may be affected can inquire at a Greek Embassy or consulate to determine status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. government efforts to provide protection abroad.Driving: Visitors to Greece must be prepared to drive defensively. Greece has the third highest fatal accident rate in Europe. High casualty rates on Greek highways led to a recent toughening of traffic laws and new increased traffic police presence on major roads. The use of motorbikes on the islands can be dangerous because of heavy traffic and difficulty of the terrain. The majority of U.S. citizen traffic casualties in Greece have involved motorbikes. Owners of rental motorbikes are not required to carry insurance coverage; the renter is liable for damages caused to the rental vehicle and to property of third parties.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security in Greece.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Athens is located at 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, telephone (30-1) 721-2951. The Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may be reached at (30-1) 721-8561. The U.S. Consulate in Thessaloniki is located at 59 Leoforos Nikis, telephone (30-31) 266-121.No. 93-078This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued October 7, 1992, to provide information on driving conditions in Greece, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_44880.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands HeaderAffiliation: (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the Indian Ocean just north of MadagascarMap references: AfricaArea: total area: 5 km2 land area: 5 km2 comparative area: about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC note: includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South RockLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 35.2 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by MadagascarClimate: tropicalTerrain: NANatural resources: guano, coconutsLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: subject to periodic cyclones THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands PeoplePopulation: unihabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Glorioso Islands local long form: none local short form: Iles GlorieusesDigraph: GOType: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in ReunionCapital: none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence: none (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runsways over 3,6359 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Glorioso Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar GeographyLocation: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of SpainMap references: Africa, EuropeArea: total area: 6.5 km2 land area: 6.5 km2 comparative area: about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 1.2 km, Spain 1.2 kmCoastline: 12 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 3 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: source of occasional friction between Spain and the UKClimate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summersTerrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders The RockNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete or natural rock) collect rain waterNote: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar PeoplePopulation: 31,508 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.53% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.06 years male: 73.18 years female: 78.91 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.37 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Gibraltarian(s) adjective: GibraltarEthnic divisions: Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, SpanishReligions: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981)Languages: English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, RussianLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) note: UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: GibraltarDigraph: GIType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: GilbraltarAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 30 May 1969Legal system: English lawNational holiday: Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March)Political parties and leaders: Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIAOther political or pressure groups: Housewives Association; Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives OrganizationSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects resident six months or moreElections: House of Assembly: last held on 16 January 1992 (next to be held January 1996); results - SL 73.3%; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989) Head of Government: Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988)Member of: INTERPOL (subbureau)Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar EconomyOverview: The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government expenditures are cut.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $182 million (FY87)National product real growth rate: 5% (FY87)National product per capita: $4,600 (FY87)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1988)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)Exports: $82 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% partners: UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRGImports: $258 million (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs partners: UK, Spain, Japan, NetherlandsExternal debt: $318 million (1987)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,740 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fishAgriculture: noneEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 millionCurrency: 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 penceExchange rates: Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British poundFiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar CommunicationsRailroads: 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area onlyHighways: 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concretePipelines: nonePorts: GibraltarMerchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 642,446 GRT/1,141,592 DWT; includes 4 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 18 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gibraltar Defense ForcesBranches: British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air ForceNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text>GIBRALTAR - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 3months. For further information consult British Embassy (202/986-0205).Gibraltar - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Gibraltar is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist stays up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for Gibraltar, travelers can contact the Embassy of the United Kingdom at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 Tel (202) 462-1340 or the nearest British Consulate General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical care is available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Gibraltar has a low crime rate. However, pickpocketing, theft of unattended baggage, and theft from vehicles can occur. Popular tourist attractions such as museums, monuments, restaurants, hotels and transportation systems are often areas where criminals operate.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.U.S. Representation: Gibraltar is a British colony in which there is no U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can contact the U.S. Embassy in London, 24/31 Grosvenor Square, tel. (44-71) 499-9000 for assistance.No. 93-077This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_44303.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and TogoMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 238,540 km2 land area: 230,020 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries: total 2,093 km, Burkina 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 kmCoastline: 539 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in northTerrain: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central areaNatural resources: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubberLand use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 37% other: 36%Irrigated land: 80 km2 (1989)Environment: recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind (January to March)Note: Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana PeoplePopulation: 16,699,105 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.12% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 44.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 84.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 55.19 years male: 53.27 years female: 57.17 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.21 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ghanaian(s) adjective: GhanaianEthnic divisions: black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%Religions: indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%Languages: English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 60% male: 70% female: 51%Labor force: 3.7 million by occupation: agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7% note: 48% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Ghana conventional short form: Ghana former: Gold CoastDigraph: GHType: constitutional democracyCapital: AccraAdministrative divisions: 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, WesternIndependence: 6 March 1957 (from UK)Constitution: new constitution approved 28 April 1992Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 6 March (1957)Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Congress, Jerry John Rawlings; New Patriotic Party, Albert Adu BOAHEN; People's Heritage Party, Alex Erskine; various other smaller partiesSuffrage: universal at 18Elections: President: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA) National Assembly: last held 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA)Executive branch: president, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 3 November 1992)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 686-4520 consulate general: New York THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN embassy: Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra mailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accra telephone: [233] (21) 775348, 775349, 775295 or 775298 FAX: [233] (21) 776008Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana EconomyOverview: Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a democratic government have boosted government expenditures and undercut structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in 1990. Meanwhile, declining world commodity prices for Ghana's exports has placed the government under severe financial pressure.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3.9% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $410 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 10% (1991)Budget: revenues $1.0 billion; expenditures $905 million, including capital expenditures of $200 million (1991 est.)Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum partners: Germany 29%, UK 12%, US 12%, Japan 5%Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment partners: UK 23%, US 11%, Germany 10%, Japan 6%External debt: $4.6 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 4.6% in manufacturing (1991); accounts for almost 15% of GDPElectricity: 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,490 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum, food processingAgriculture: accounts for about 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug tradeEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 millionCurrency: 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewasExchange rates: ceolis per US$1 - 437 (July 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana CommunicationsRailroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing major renovationHighways: 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, laterite, and improved earth surfacesInland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterwaysPipelines: nonePorts: Tema, TakoradiMerchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,293 GRT/78,246 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 10 usable: 9 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 6Telecommunications: poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave radio relay links; 42,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ghana Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force, Civil DefenseManpower availability: males age 15-49 3,766,073; fit for military service 2,105,865; reach military age (18) annually 171,145 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>GHANA - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa required for stay up to30 days (extendable). Requires 1 application form, 4 photos, copy ofonward/return ticket, bank statement or pay stub and yellow feverimmunization. Single-entry visa requires $20 fee, multiple-entry $50.Allow 3 working days for processing. Include prepaid envelope for returnof passport by certified mail. For additional information contact Embassyof Ghana, 3512 International Drive, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/686-4520) or Consulate General, 19 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017(212/832-1300).</text>
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card_21892.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany GeographyLocation: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea between France and PolandMap references: Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 356,910 km2 land area: 349,520 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana note: includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 October 1990Land boundaries: total 3,621 km, Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 kmCoastline: 2,389 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm in North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea (extends, at one point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); 12 nm in remainder of Baltic SeaInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidityTerrain: lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in southNatural resources: iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickelLand use: arable land: 34% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 16% forest and woodland: 30% other: 19%Irrigated land: 4,800 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany GeographyNote: strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany PeoplePopulation: 80,767,591 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.4% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76 years male: 73 years female: 79 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: German(s) adjective: GermanEthnic divisions: German 95.1%, Turkish 2.3%, Italians 0.7%, Greeks 0.4%, Poles 0.4%, other 1.1% (made up largely of people fleeing the war in the former Yugoslavia)Religions: Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18%Languages: GermanLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1977 est.) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 36.75 million by occupation: industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany conventional short form: Germany local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland local short form: DeutschlandDigraph: GMType: federal republicCapital: Berlin note: the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several ministriesAdministrative divisions: 16 states (laender, singular - land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, ThuringenIndependence: 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991Constitution: 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic LawLegal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL, chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus KINKEL, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD); Green Party, Ludger VOLMER, Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen (after the 2 December 1990 election the East and West German Green Parties united); Alliance 90 united to form one party in September 1991, Petra MORAWE, chairwoman; Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), Gregor GYSI, chairman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMEROther political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans groupsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany GovernmentElections: Federal Diet: last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5% of vote in eastern GermanyExecutive branch: president, chancellor, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag)Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)Leaders: Chief of State: President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984) Head of Government: Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BDEAC, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UNTAC, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Juergen RUHFUS chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 298-4000 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, Seattle consulates: Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands) and Wellington (America Samoa)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT embassy: Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2, Unit 21701 mailing address: APO AE 09080 telephone: [49] (228) 3391 FAX: [49] (228) 339-2663 branch office: Berlin consulates general: Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and StuttgartFlag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany EconomyOverview: With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, prospects seemed bright for a fairly rapid incorporation of East Germany into the highly successful West German economy. The Federal Republic, however, continues to experience difficulties in integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, and the tremendous costs of unification have sunk western Germany deeper into recession. The western German economy grew by less than 1% in 1992 as the Bundesbank set high interest rates to offset the inflationary effects of large government deficits and high wage settlements. Eastern Germany grew by 6.8% in 1992 but this was from a shrunken base. Despite government transfers to the east amounting to nearly $110 billion annually, a self-sustaining economy in the region is still some years away. The bright spots are eastern Germany's construction, transportation, telecommunications, and service sectors, which have experienced strong growth. Western Germany has an advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western Germany is relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral. Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. In recent years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with other sectors contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1992 accounted for about 21.5% of GDP. GDP in the western region is now $20,000 per capita, or 85% of US per capita GDP. Eastern Germany's economy appears to be changing from one anchored on manufacturing into a more service-oriented economy. The German government, however, is intent on maintaining a manufacturing base in the east and is considering a policy for subsidizing industrial cores in the region. Eastern Germany's share of all-German GDP is only 7% and eastern productivity is just 30% that of the west even though eastern wages are at roughly 70% of western levels. The privatization agency for eastern Germany, Treuhand, has privatized more than four-fifths of the almost 12,000 firms under its control and will likely wind down operations in 1994. Private investment in the region continues to be lackluster, resulting primarily from the deepening recession in western Germany and excessively high eastern wages. Eastern Germany has one of the world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite coal but little else in the way of mineral resources. The quality of statistics from eastern Germany is improving, yet many gaps remain; the federal government began producing all-German data for select economic statistics at the start of 1992. The most challenging economic problem is promoting eastern Germany's economic reconstruction - specifically, finding the right mix of fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies that will spur investment in eastern Germany - without destabilizing western Germany's economy or damaging relations with West European partners. The government hopes a "solidarity pact" among labor unions, business, state governments, and the SPD opposition will provide the right mix of wage restraints, investment incentives, and spending cuts to stimulate eastern recovery. Finally, the homogeneity of the German economic culture has been changed by the admission of large numbers of immigrants.National product: Germany: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.398 trillion (1992) western: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.294 trillion (1992) eastern: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $104 billion (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany EconomyNational product real growth rate: Germany: 1.5% (1992) western: 0.9% (1992) eastern: 8% (1992)National product per capita: Germany: $17,400 (1992) western: $20,000 (1992) eastern: $6,500 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): western: 4% (1992) eastern: NA%Unemployment rate: western: 7.1% (1992) eastern: 13.5% (December 1992)Budget: western (federal, state, local): revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1990) eastern: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $378.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3% partners: EC 54.3% (France 12.9%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.3%, UK 7.7%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7.4%), other Western Europe 17.0%, US 6.4%, Eastern Europe 5.6%, OPEC 3.4% (1992)Imports: $354.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials 7.1% partners: EC 52.0 (France 12.0%, Netherlands 9.6%, Italy 9.2%, UK 6.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7.0%), other Western Europe 15.2%, US 6.6%, Eastern Europe 5.5%, OPEC 2.4% (1992)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: western: growth rates -5% (1992 est.) eastern: $NAElectricity: 134,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,160 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany EconomyIndustries: western: among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and beverages eastern: metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refiningAgriculture: western: accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987 eastern: accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987Illicit drugs: source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processorsEconomic aid: western: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion eastern: donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89)Currency: 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennigeExchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Germany CommunicationsRailroads: western: 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified) eastern: 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter stan</text>
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<text>GERMANY - Passport required. Tourist/business visa not required for stayup to 3 months. For longer stays, obtain temporary residence permit uponarrival. AIDS test required of applicants for Bavaria residence permitsstaying over 180 days; U.S. test not accepted. Every foreigner enteringGermany is required to provide proof of sufficient health insurance. Forfurther information contact the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany,4645 Reservoir Rd., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007 (202/298-4000) or nearestConsulate General: CA (415/775-1061), FL (305/358-0290), GA(404/659-4760), IL (312/263-0850), MA (617/536-4414), MI (313/962-6526), NY(212/308-8700) or TX (713/627-7770).Germany - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Germany is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities throughout Germany are highly developed except in some areas of eastern Germany.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays of up to 90 days. For detailed information concerning entry requirements for Germany, travelers can contact the German Embassy at 4645 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 298-4000, or the German Consulate General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York or Seattle.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. Some facilities in eastern Germany are more limited. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that, in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Germany has a low rate of violent crime. Crimes such as burglary, petty theft, and narcotics trafficking are increasing but not dramatically. Pickpocketing and purse snatching occur in urban areas, particularly on public transportation and in crowded department stores, train stations, and other areas frequented by tourists. In Berlin, crime is most prevalent in the areas around the Bahnhof Zoo, Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Kottbusser Tor (Kreuzberg), Oranienburger Tor (at night) and the District of Prenzlauer Berg. Violence against foreigners has occurred in the following areas: Lichtenberg, Treptow, Koepenick, Hellersdorf, Marzahn, Hohenschoenhausen, Prenzlauer Berg and Charlottenburg.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" contains information on safeguarding valuables and promoting personal security. It can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Terrorist Activities: There are a small number of right- and left-wing extremist groups active in Germany. Right-wing groups have staged violent but isolated demonstrations and attacks against property and individuals. Hooligan-type violence inspired by anti-foreign sentiment has been directed primarily against the influx of refugees and occasionally against non-ethnic German residents. In the past, a left-wing terrorist group made a few attacks against official American targets.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security within Germany. Americans who are in Germany may access the U.S. Embassy's toll-free 24-hour hotline on crime and security information by dialing 0130-826364.Embassy and Consulate Locations:U.S. Embassy Bonn: Deichmanns Aue 29; tel. (49-228) 3391.U.S. Office Berlin: Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5; tel. (49-30) 238-5174; The Consular Section in Berlin is at Clayallee 179; tel. (49-30) 819-7465 or 819-7466.U.S. Consulates are located at:Frankfurt: Siesmayerstrasse 21, tel. (49-69) 75350;Hamburg: Alsterufer 27/28, tel. (49-40) 411710;Munich: Koeniginstrasse 5, tel. (49-89) 2888-0;Stuttgart: Urbanstrasse 7, tel. (49-711) 2145-O; andLeipzig: Wilhelm-Seyfferth-Strasse 4, tel. (49-341) 211-7866.The Consulates General in Stuttgart and Leipzig currently offer only emergency services to U.S. citizens.No. 93-076This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 2, 1993, to amend the section on terrorist activities, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and RussiaMap references: Africa, Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 69,700 km2 land area: 69,700 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than South CarolinaLand boundaries: total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 kmCoastline: 310 kmMaritime claims: note: 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol concerning the sea boundary between the two states in the Black Sea; Georgia claims the coastline along the Black Sea as its international waters, although it cannot control this area and the Russian navy and commercial ships transit freelyInternational disputes: noneClimate: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coastTerrain: largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida lowlandNatural resources: forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growthLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: 4,660 km2 (1990)Environment: air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia PeoplePopulation: 5,634,296 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.85% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 16.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) note - this data may be low because of movement of Ossetian, Russian, and Abkhaz refugees due to ongoing conflictsInfant mortality rate: 24.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.58 years male: 68.89 years female: 76.46 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.21 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Georgian(s) adjective: GeorgianEthnic divisions: Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, Armenian Orthodox 8%, unknown 6%Languages: Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, other 7%Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 2.763 million by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Georgia conventional short form: Georgia local long form: Sakartvelo Respublika local short form: Sakartvelo former: Georgian Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: GGType: republicCapital: T'bilisi (Tbilisi)Administrative divisions: 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi) note: the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction; also included is the South Ossetia Autonomous OblastIndependence: 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted NA 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary and popular review by late 1995Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 9 April 1991Political parties and leaders: All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian Traditionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front - Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Georgian Social Democratic Party, Guram MUCHAIDZE, chairman; Green Party, Zurab ZHVANIA, chairman; Monarchist-Conservative Party (MCP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI, chairman; Georgian Popular Front (GPF), Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party (NDP), Georgi CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party (NIP), Irakli TSERETELI and Irakli BATIASHVILI, chairmen; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, Chairman; Peace Bloc; Unity; October 11Other political or pressure groups: supporters of ousted President GAMSAKHURDIA boycotted the October elections and remain an important source of opposition and instabilitySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Chairman of Parliament: last held NA October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 95% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia Government Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet): last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA; note - representatives of 26 parties elected; Peace Bloc, October 11, Unity, National Democratic Party, and the Greens Party won the largest representationExecutive branch: chairman of Parliament, Council of Ministers, prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (since 10 March 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since NA January 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Roman GOTSIRIDZE (since NA); Deputy Prime Ministers Aleksandr KAVADZE, Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI (since NA)Member of: BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kent N. BROWN embassy: #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: (7) 8832-74-46-23Flag: maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia EconomyOverview: Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia has been noted for its Black Sea tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and an industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% of the USSR's output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been a flourishing private sector (compared with the other republics). About 25% of the labor force is employed in agriculture. Mineral resources consist of manganese and copper, and, to a lesser extent, molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. Except for very small quantities of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must be imported from neighboring republics. Oil and its products have been delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to the port of Batumi for export and local refining. Gas has been supplied in pipelines from Krasnodar and Stavropol'. The dismantling of central economic controls has been delayed by political factionalism, marked by bitter armed struggles. In early 1993 the Georgian economy was operating at well less than half capacity due to disruptions in fuel supplies and vital transportation links as a result of conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, antigovernment activity in Western Georgia, and Azerbaijani pressure against Georgian assistance for Armenia. To restore economic viability, Georgia must establish domestic peace and must maintain economic ties to the other former Soviet republics while developing new links to the West.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -35% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 50% per month (January 1993 est.)Unemployment rate: 3% but large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles partners: Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992)Imports: $NA commodities: machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles partners: Russia, Ukraine (1992)External debt: $650 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -50% (1992)Electricity: 4,875,000 kW capacity; 15,800 million kWh produced, about 2,835 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia EconomyIndustries: heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber; machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes, electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing, dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoesAgriculture: accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, potatoes; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry; tobaccoIllicit drugs: illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: NACurrency: coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari at undetermined future date; Russian ruble remains official currency until introduction of the lariExchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia CommunicationsRailroads: 1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990)Pipelines: crude oil 370 km, refined products 300 km, natural gas 440 km (1992)Ports: coastal - Batumi, Poti, SukhumiMerchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 658,192 GRT/1,014,056 DWT; includes 16 bulk cargo, 30 oil tanker, and 1 specialized liquid carrierAirports: total: 37 useable: 26 with permanent-surface runways: 19 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 9Telecommunications: poor telephone service; as of 1991, 672,000 republic telephone lines providing 12 lines per 100 persons; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (31 January 1992); international links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; low capacity satellite earth station and leased international connections via the Moscow international gateway switch; international electronic mail and telex service establishedNote: transportation network is disrupted by ethnic conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, National Guard, Interior Ministry TroopsManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,338,606; fit for military service 1,066,309; reach military age (18) annually 43,415 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GNPNote: Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the government's control</text>
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<text>GEORGIA - Passport, visa and letter of invitation (issued upon arrival)required. For additional information contact the Embassy of the Republicof Georgia, Suite 424, 1511 K St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005(202/393-6060).Georgia - Consular Information SheetNovember 15, 1993Country Description: Georgia is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Street demonstrations and other disturbances related to outstanding disputes may occur without warning. Tourist facilities outside of Tbilisi are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required before arrival. Visitors who enter at the Tbilisi airport receive a temporary stamp at passport control and are instructed to obtain a visa from the consular division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Visas are usually granted within three days. Fees vary from $30 to $90 depending on the duration of the visa. Travelers arriving from and returning to another country of the former Soviet Union are not required to obtain a Georgian visa. Those arriving from the former Soviet Union and departing to countries outside the former Soviet Union must obtain a visa in order to leave. On an exceptional basis, the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs can assist travelers to obtain visas for Georgia through the checkpoint at Sarpi on the border with Turkey. Areas of Instability: The U.S. government has prohibited U.S. officials from traveling overland between Georgia and Armenia due to the activity of bandits on the Georgian side of the border. Sporadic violence occurs in the western regions of Georgia and South Ossetia. In Abkhazia extensive fighting has occurred. This has resulted in the loss of a number of aircraft, including civilian airliners, and many civilian casualties. The U.S. government has prohibited any travel to Sukhumi by U.S. officials for the foreseeable future.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Georgia is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English-speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Georgia has a high rate of crime; the risk is especially high at night. Georgian citizens in uniform or civilian clothes openly carry firearms. Criminals are often armed. Gunfire in the capital city of Tbilisi is fairly common. Outside Tbilisi, unescorted travel is difficult and dangerous. Police authority in many cities in western and central Georgia has collapsed. Foreigners have been the targets of criminal activity.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the Department of State's brochure, "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402. Currency Regulations: Georgia is a cash only economy. Travelers checks and credit cards are rarely accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Terrorist Activities: Some terrorist incidents have occurred in the country in connection with the ongoing internal conflict.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Georgia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi, Georgia, is located at 25 Atoneli Street; Telephone (7-8832) 98-99-67 or 98-99-68. Telex: 212210 AMEMB SU.No. 93-313This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 6, 1993, to reflect the termination of the voluntary departure of dependents from the U. S. Embassy in Tbilisi, the lifting of the Travel Warning and additional information on crime.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip HeaderNote: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the rest of the West Bank. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip GeographyLocation: Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and IsraelMap references: Middle EastArea: total area: 380 km2 land area: 380 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 62 km, Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 kmCoastline: 40 kmMaritime claims: Israeli occupied with status to be determinedInternational disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determinedClimate: temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summersTerrain: flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plainNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 32% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 55%Irrigated land: 200 km2Environment: desertification THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip PeoplePopulation: 705,834 (July 1993 est.) note: in addition, there are 4,000 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.56% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 38.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.26 years male: 66.01 years female: 68.57 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7.51 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: NA adjective: NAEthnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2%Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3%Languages: Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English (widely understood)Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: small industry, commerce and business 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and other 25.5%, agriculture 18.1% (1984) note: excluding Israeli Jewish settlers THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip GovernmentNote: The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. These negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed.Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Gaza Strip local long form: none local short form: Qita GhazzahDigraph: GZ THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip EconomyOverview: In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction, agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-93 (intifadah) has raised unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged, unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's economic outlook remains bleak.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $380 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -30% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $590 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 20% (1990 est.)Budget: revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: citrus partners: Israel, EgyptImports: $255 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: food, consumer goods, construction materials partners: Israel, EgyptExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNPElectricity: power supplied by IsraelIndustries: generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in an industrial centerAgriculture: accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef, dairy productsEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorotExchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.4591 (1992), 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year (since 1 January 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip CommunicationsRailroads: one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remainsHighways: small, poorly developed indigenous road networkPorts: facilities for small boats to service the city of GazaAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gaza Strip Defense ForcesBranches: NAManpower availability: males age 15-49 136,311; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP THE WORLD FACTBOOK Georgia HeaderNote: Georgia is currently besieged by conflicts driven by separatists in its Abkazian and South Ossetian enclaves, and supporters of ousted President GAMAKHURDIA control much of western Georgia</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean almost completely surrounded by SenegalMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 11,300 km2 land area: 10,000 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of DelawareLand boundaries: total 740 km, Senegal 740 kmCoastline: 80 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of boundary with Senegal is indefiniteClimate: tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)Terrain: flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hillsNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 16% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 20% other: 55%Irrigated land: 120 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: deforestationNote: almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia PeoplePopulation: 930,249 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 46.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 126.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.61 years male: 47.41 years female: 51.87 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Gambian(s) adjective: GambianEthnic divisions: African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-Gambian 1%Religions: Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%Languages: English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernacularsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 27% male: 39% female: 16%Labor force: 400,000 (1986 est.) by occupation: agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services 18.9%, government 6.1% note: 55% population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of The Gambia conventional short form: The GambiaDigraph: GAType: republic under multiparty democratic ruleCapital: BanjulAdministrative divisions: 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank, Upper River, WesternIndependence: 18 February 1965 (from UK; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)Constitution: 24 April 1970Legal system: based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 18 February (1965)Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general; National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAHSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP 31, NCP 5 President: last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA (GPP) 13.7%Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice President Saihou SABALLY (since NA)Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia Government chancery: Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Arlene RENDER embassy: Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, Banjul mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul telephone: [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971 FAX: (220) 92475Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia EconomyOverview: The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income of about $325. About 75% of the population is engaged in crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value).National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $292 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1991)National product per capita: $325 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $94 million; expenditures $80 million, including capital expenditures of $25 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $133 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) commodities: peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels partners: Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1%, other 5% (1989)Imports: $174 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport equipment partners: Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989)External debt: $336 million (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90)Electricity: 30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothingAgriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; other principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; forestry and fishing resources not fully exploitedEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $39 millionCurrency: 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututsExchange rates: dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.673 (October 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), 7.5846 (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia EconomyFiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia CommunicationsHighways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 400 kmPorts: BanjulAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Gambia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 201,026; fit for military service 101,642 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>GAMBIA - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visa for a stay ofup to 3 months, requires 1 application, 1 photo, and yellow feverimmunization certificate (no fee). For business visa, you also needcompany letter stating purpose of visit and itinerary. Allow at least 2working days for processing. Include prepaid envelope for return ofpassport by mail. Apply Embassy of the Gambia, Suite 720, 1030 15th St.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005 (202/785-1399) or Permanent Mission of TheGambia to the U.N., 820 2nd Ave., 9th floor, New York, NY 10017(212/949-6640).</text>
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card_43305.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator between the Congo and Equatorial GuineaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 267,670 km2 land area: 257,670 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than ColoradoLand boundaries: total 2,551 km, Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 kmCoastline: 885 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed sovereignty over islands in Corisco BayClimate: tropical; always hot, humidTerrain: narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and southNatural resources: petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron oreLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 78% other: 2%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon PeoplePopulation: 1,122,550 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.45% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 28.63 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 14.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 97.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.19 years male: 51.46 years female: 57.01 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.02 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Gabonese (singular and plural) adjective: GaboneseEthnic divisions: Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), Africans and Europeans 100,000, including 27,000 FrenchReligions: Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, animistLanguages: French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, BandjabiLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 61% male: 74% female: 48%Labor force: 120,000 salaried by occupation: agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services 2.5%, government 2.5% note: 58% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Gabonese Republic conventional short form: Gabon local long form: Republique Gabonaise local short form: GabonDigraph: GBType: republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990)Capital: LibrevilleAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-NtemIndependence: 17 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not acceptedNational holiday: Renovation Day, 12 March (1968) (Gabonese Democratic Party established)Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO, president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons); Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for Democracy and Development (UDD)Suffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3 President: last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results - President Omar BONGO was reelected without oppositionExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967) Head of Government: Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) chancery: 2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 797-1000US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John C. WILSON IV embassy: Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville mailing address: B. P. 4000, Libreville telephone: (241) 762003/4, or 743492 FAX: [241] 745-507Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon EconomyOverview: The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now dominated by the oil sector. In 1981-85, oil accounted for about 45% of GDP, 80% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on average. The high oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial increase in per capita national income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced migration from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The subsequent slide of Gabon's economy, which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989-90, but debt servicing obligations continue to limit prospects for further domestic development. Real growth in 1991-92 was weak because of a combination of an overstaffed bureaucracy, a large budget deficit, and the continued underdevelopment of the whole economy outside the petroleum sector.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 13% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $4,200 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.7% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $247 million (1990 est.)Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: crude oil 80%, manganese 7%, wood 7%, uranium 2% partners: France 48%, US 15%, Germany 2%, Japan 2%Imports: $702 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials, manufactures, machinery partners: France 64%, African countries 7%, US 5%, Japan 3%External debt: $4.4 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate - 10% (1988 est.); accounts for 45% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: petroleum, food and beverages, lumbering and plywood, textiles, mining - manganese, uranium, gold, cementAgriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops - cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a tropical softwood) is the most important timber productEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $68 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2,342 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $27 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon EconomyExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon CommunicationsRailroads: 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad)Highways: 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earthInland waterways: 1,600 km perennially navigablePipelines: crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 kmPorts: Owendo, Port-Gentil, LibrevilleMerchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWTAirports: total: 68 usable: 56 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 22Telecommunications: adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 12 domestic satellite THE WORLD FACTBOOK Gabon Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 269,066; fit for military service 135,836; reach military age (20) annually 9,680 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>GABON - Passport and visa required. Visas must be obtained before arrival.Single-entry visa valid up to 1 month, multiple-entry visa valid for 2-4months. Both visas require 2 application forms, 2 photos, small pox andyellow fever vaccinations, and $50 fee (no personal checks accepted). Alsoneed detailed travel arrangements, including flight numbers, arrival anddeparture dates, accommodations and next destination. Business visarequires company letter stating purpose of trip and contacts in Gabon.Accompanying family must be included in letter. For longer stays and otherinformation call Embassy of the Gabonese Republic, 2034 20th St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/797-1000) or the Permanent Mission of theGabonese Republic to the UN, 18 East 41st St., 6th Floor, New York, NY10017 (212/686-9720).Gabon - Consular Information SheetDecember 15, 1993Country Description: Gabon is a developing west African nation formerly a part of French West Africa. French is the official language. Facilities for tourism are limited, especially outside the capital city.Areas of Instability: Following the presidential election in early December 1993, Gabon has experienced demonstrations, rioting, looting and other violent incidents. Businesses are frequently closed, and the government of Gabon has imposed a state of alert and a nightly curfew. Travel in the capital city and elsewhere may be restricted by security forces who may search cars and monitor movements.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of a yellow fever vaccination must be submitted. For further information on entry requirements travelers may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Gabon, 2035 20th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 797-1000.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Gabon are limited. Some medicines are not available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime, such as robbery and mugging, is common, especially in urban areas. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Libreville can obtain updated information on travel and security in Gabon.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Boulevard de la Mer in the capital city of Libreville. The mailing address is B.P. 4000, Libreville, Gabon. The telephone numbers are (241) 762003/4 or 743492.No. 93-326This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993, to add information concerning areas of instability.</text>
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card_43109.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands HeaderAffiliation: (overseas territory of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands GeographyLocation: in the southern Indian Ocean, about equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, and AustraliaMap references: Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 7,781 km2 land area: 7,781 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware note: includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Crozet; excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that is not recognized by the USLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,232 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen only territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the USClimate: antarcticTerrain: volcanicNatural resources: fish, crayfishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoesNote: remote location in the southern Indian Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are researchers whose numbers vary from 150 in winter (July) to 200 in summer (January) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands conventional short form: French Southern and Antarctic Lands local long form: Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises local short form: Terres Australes et Antarctiques FrancaisesDigraph: FSType: overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific CouncilCapital: none; administered from Paris, FranceAdministrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the USIndependence: none (overseas territory of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands EconomyOverview: Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and Reunion.Budget: revenues $17.5 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyMerchant marine: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 292,490 GRT/514,389 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 bulk, 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive subset of the French registerTelecommunications: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Southern and Antarctic Lands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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card_42906.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia HeaderAffiliation: (overseas territory of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia GeographyLocation: Oceania, halfway between Australia and South AmericaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 3,941 km2 land area: 3,660 km2 comparative area: slightly less than one-third the size of ConnecticutLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 2,525 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical, but moderateTerrain: mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefsNatural resources: timber, fish, cobaltLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 19% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 31% other: 44%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoesNote: Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Nauru THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia PeoplePopulation: 210,333 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.26% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 27.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.27 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.33 years male: 67.95 years female: 72.84 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: French Polynesian(s) adjective: French PolynesianEthnic divisions: Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%Religions: Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16%Languages: French (official), Tahitian (official)Literacy: age 14 and over but definition of literacy not available (1977) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98%Labor force: 76,630 employed (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of French Polynesia conventional short form: French Polynesia local long form: Territoire de la Polynesie Francaise local short form: Polynesie FrancaiseDigraph: FPType: overseas territory of France since 1946Capital: PapeeteAdministrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent note: Clipperton Island is administered by France from French PolynesiaIndependence: none (overseas territory of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: based on French systemNational holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small partiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: French National Assembly: last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 1, New Fatherland Party 1 French Senate: last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA Territorial Assembly: last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18, Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4Executive branch: French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral Territorial AssemblyJudicial branch: Court of Appeal, Court of the First Instance, Court of Administrative Law THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the Republic Michel JAU (since NA 1992) Head of Government: President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September 1991)Member of: ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMODiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are represented in the US by FranceUS diplomatic representation: none (overseas territory of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia EconomyOverview: Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary source of hard currency earnings.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $6,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1989)Unemployment rate: 14.9% (1988 est.)Budget: revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1988)Exports: $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat partners: France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17%Imports: $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: fuels, foodstuffs, equipment partners: France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 75,000 kW capacity; 275 million kWh produced, 1,330 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicraftsAgriculture: coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy productsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $3.95 billionCurrency: 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French francFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia CommunicationsHighways: 600 km (1982)Ports: Papeete, Bora-boraMerchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,127 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French registerAirports: total: 43 usable: 41 with permanent-surface runways: 23 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12Telecommunications: 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Polynesia Defense ForcesBranches: French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), GendarmerieNote: defense is responsibility of France</text>
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<text>FRENCH POLYNESIA - Includes Society Islands, French Southern and AntarcticLands, Tuamotu, Gambier, French Austral, Marquesas, Kerguelen, Crozet, NewCaledonia, Tahiti, Wallis and Furtuna Islands. Passport required. Visanot required for visit up to 1 month. For longer stays and furtherinformation consult Embassy of France (202/944-6200/6215).French Polynesia (Tahiti) - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: French Polynesia is a French overseas territory located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It is made up of several groups of tropical islands, the largest and most populated of which is Tahiti. French Polynesia's only international airport is located on Tahiti. Small commuter airplanes are the most widely-used type of transportation in the far-flung territory. French Polynesia has a moderately-developed economy, which is dependent on heavily-taxed imported goods, tourism, and the financial assistance of mainland France. Tourist facilities are available on the major islands.Entry Requirements: Passports but no visas are required for U.S. citizen tourists and business travelers arriving with return tickets and staying 30 days or less. U.S. citizens contemplating longer stays or planning to work or study in French Polynesia require both passports and visas. For more information about entry requirements, travelers may contact the French Embassy at 4101 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 944-6000.Medical Facilities: Medical treatment is generally good on the major islands, but is limited in areas that are more remote or less populated. Emergency patients and those with serious illnesses are often referred for treatment to facilities on Tahiti. In Papeete, the capital of Tahiti, there are two major hospitals as well as several private clinics that provide 24-hour medical service. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services provided to patients who are not local residents. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid overseas and health care, like most goods and services available in French Polynesia, is costly. Supplemental medical insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching, occurs. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy. Useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security is available in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use and sale of illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Suva, Fiji, can obtain updated information on travel and security in Tahiti and the other islands of French Polynesia.Embassy and Consulate Locations: There is no U.S. embassy or consulate on Tahiti nor on any of the other French Polynesian islands. U.S. citizens seeking assistance can contact the U.S. Embassy in Suva, Fiji, which is located at 31 Loftus Street or P.O. Box 218, Suva, Fiji; telephone (679) 314-466.No. 93-173This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_42530.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana HeaderAffiliation: (overseas department of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana GeographyLocation: northern South America, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean between Suriname and BrazilMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 91,000 km2 land area: 89,150 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than IndianaLand boundaries: total 1,183 km, Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 kmCoastline: 378 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)Climate: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountainsNatural resources: bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 82% other: 18%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: mostly an unsettled wilderness THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana PeoplePopulation: 133,376 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 4.42% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.46 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 22.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.87 years male: 71.59 years female: 78.32 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: French Guianese (singular and plural) adjective: French GuianeseEthnic divisions: black or mulatto 66%, Caucasian 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%Religions: Roman CatholicLanguages: FrenchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 82% male: 81% female: 83%Labor force: 23,265 by occupation: services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, agriculture 18.2% (1980) THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Department of Guiana conventional short form: French Guiana local long form: none local short form: GuyaneDigraph: FGType: overseas department of FranceCapital: CayenneAdministrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)Independence: none (overseas department of France)Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system: French legal systemNational holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Paulin BRUNE; Union of the Center Rally (URC); Union for French Democracy (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; Guyana Democratic Front (FDG), Georges OTHILYSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: French National Assembly: last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1 French Senate: last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1 Regional Council: last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (31 total) PSG 16Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the republicLegislative branch: unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional CouncilJudicial branch: Court of Appeals (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana)Leaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA 1992)Member of: FZ, WCLDiplomatic representation in US: as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are represented in the US by France THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France)Flag: the flag of France is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana EconomyOverview: The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - is limited to the coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem, particularly among younger workers.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $421 million (1986)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $4,390 (1986)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1987)Unemployment rate: 13% (1990)Budget: revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1987)Exports: $64.8 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence partners: France 36%, US 14%, Japan 6% (1990)Imports: $435 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, petroleum partners: France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987)External debt: $1.2 billion (1988)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold miningAgriculture: some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultryEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.51 billionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana CommunicationsHighways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craftPorts: CayenneAirports: total: 10 usable: 10 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK French Guiana Defense ForcesBranches: French Forces, GendarmerieManpower availability: males 15-49 39,005; fit for military service 25,477 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDPNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<text>FRENCH GUIANA - Proof of U.S. citizenship and photo ID required for visitup to 3 weeks. (For stays longer than 3 weeks, a passport is required.)No visa required for stay up to 3 months. For further information consultEmbassy of France, 4101 Reservoir Rd., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007(202/944-6200/6215).</text>
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card_42329.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK France GeographyLocation: Western Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Spain and GermanyMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 547,030 km2 land area: 545,630 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Colorado note: includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but excludes the overseas administrative divisionsLand boundaries: total 2,892.4 km, Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 kmCoastline: 3,427 km (mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km)Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12-24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and FranceClimate: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the MediterraneanTerrain: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in eastNatural resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potashLand use: arable land: 32% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 27% other: 16%Irrigated land: 11,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine, or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistralNote: largest West European nation THE WORLD FACTBOOK France PeoplePopulation: 57,566,091 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.48% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78 years male: 74.04 years female: 82.16 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: FrenchEthnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minoritiesReligions: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) 1%, unaffiliated 6%Languages: French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 24.17 million by occupation: services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.2% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK France GovernmentNames: conventional long form: French Republic conventional short form: France local long form: Republique Francaise local short form: FranceDigraph: FRType: republicCapital: ParisAdministrative divisions: 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes note: the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon)Dependent areas: Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna note: the US does not recognize claims to AntarcticaIndependence: 486 (unified by Clovis)Constitution: 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, ammended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not legislative actsNational holiday: National Day, Taking of theBastille, 14 July (1789)Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French Democracy (UDF, federation of UREI, UC, RDE), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; Republican Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), Michel ROCARD; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist Party (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN; Union of Republican and Independents (UREI); Centrist Union (UC); (RDE)Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK France GovernmentElections: President: last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1995); results - Second Ballot Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% Senate: last held NA September 1992 (next to be held September 1995 - nine-year term, elected by thirds every three years); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad) RPR 91, UDF 142 (UREI 51, UC 68, RDE 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents 2, other 4 National Assembly: last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (577 total) RPR 247, UDF 213, PS 67, PCF 24, independents 26Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle)Leaders: Chief of State: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Edouard BALLADUR (since 29 March 1993)Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, G-5, G-7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 944-6000 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela HARRIMAN embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08, Unit 21551 mailing address: APO AE 09777 telephone: [33] (1) 4296-12-02 or 4261-80-75 FAX: [33] (1) 4266-9783 consulates general: Bordeaux, Marseille, Strasbourg THE WORLD FACTBOOK France GovernmentFlag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent areas THE WORLD FACTBOOK France EconomyOverview: One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector. Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has become crucial to the economy. The French economy is entering its fourth consecutive year of sluggish growth after a strong expansion in the late 1980s. Growth averaged only 1.3% in 1990-92 and is expected to drop to between zero and -0.5% in 1993. The government budget deficit rose to 3.2% of GDP in 1992 and is expected to be far larger than planned in the 1993 budget. Paris remains committed to maintaining the franc-deutsch mark parity, which has kept French interest rates high despite France's low inflation. Although the pace of economic integration within the European Community has slowed down, integration presumably will remain a major force shaping the fortunes of the various economic sectors.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.08 trillion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.1% (1992)National product per capita: $18,900 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 10.5% (end 1992)Budget: revenues $220.5 billion; expenditures $249.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $47 billion (1993 budget)Exports: $212.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing partners: Germany 18.6%, Italy 11.0%, Spain 11.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 9.1%, UK 8.8%, Netherlands 7.9%, US 6.4%, Japan 2.0%, former USSR 0.7% (1991 est.)Imports: $230.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron and steel products partners: Germany 17.8%, Italy 10.9%, US 9.5%, Netherlands 8.9%, Spain 8.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.5%, UK 7.5%, Japan 4.1%, former USSR 1.3% (1991 est.)External debt: $270 billion (December 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 0.2% (1992 est.)Electricity: 110,000,000 kW capacity; 426,000 million kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, mining, textiles, food processing, tourism THE WORLD FACTBOOK France EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domesticallyEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billionCurrency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK France CommunicationsRailroads: French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,322 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 12,434 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 99 km of various gauges (1.000-meter), privately owned and operatedHighways: 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km pavedInland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveledPipelines: crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 kmPorts: coastal - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Sete, Toulon; inland - RouenMerchant marine: 130 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,224,945 GRT/5,067,252 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 20 container, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 27 roll-on/roll-off, 36 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 10 bulk; note - France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and French PolynesiaAirports: total: 471 usable: 461 with permanent-surface runways: 256 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 136Telecommunications: highly developed; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks; large-scale introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for domestic traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 (mostly repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial cables; 2 INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio communications with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV service THE WORLD FACTBOOK France Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 14,662,761; fit for military service 12,247,950; reach military age (18) annually 386,504 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $36.6 billion, 3.1% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>FRANCE - Passport required to visit France, Andorra, Monaco, Corsica andFrench Polynesia. Visa not required for tourist/business stay up to 3months in France, Andorra, Monaco and Corsica, and 1 month in FrenchPolynesia (officials/diplomats, journalists on assignment, ship or planecrew members, and students are required to obtain a visa in advance. Forfurther information consult Embassy of France, 4101 Reservoir Rd., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20007 (202/944-6200/6215) or nearest Consulate: CA(310/479-4426 or 415/397-4330), FL (305/372-9798), GA (404/522-4226), HI(808/599-4458), IL (312/787-5359), LA (504/523-5774), ME (617/482-3650), MI(313/568-0990), NY (212/606-3600), PR (809/753-1700) or TX (713/528-2181).France - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: France is a highly developed and stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business stays up to three months. For further information concerning entry requirements for France, travelers can contact the Embassy of France at 4101 Reservoir Road, N.W. Washington, DC 20007, tel: (202) 944-6000, or the nearest French Consulate General in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Medical care is widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: France has a very low rate of violent crime. Most crimes are of the petty larceny variety. Pickpocketing, theft of unattended baggage, and theft from vehicles with out-of-town or foreign licenses are frequent occurrences. Criminals often operate around popular tourist attractions such as museums, monuments, restaurants, hotels, beaches, and on trains and subways.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In France, the penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect a jail sentence and fines.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who are considered to have also acquired French citizenship may be subject to compulsory military service and other aspects of French law while in France. Those who might be affected can inquire at a French embassy or consulate regarding their status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. Government efforts to provide protection abroad.Other Information: Certain Air France flights between France and various Middle Eastern points (usually Damascus and Amman) make en route stops in Beirut. (The State Department warns U.S. citizens to avoid all travel to or through Lebanon.)Terrorist Activities: Civil disorder is rare in France. However, the Basque Separatist Party (ETA) is active in the south of France and has occasionally bombed government targets. Over the last year, terrorist groups have committed other terrorist acts, including a few closely targeted political killings and kidnappings, but no Americans have been affected.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section in the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can obtain updated information on travel and security in France.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Paris is located at 2 Avenue Gabriel, telephone (33-1) 4296-1202. The Consular Section is located one block away, across the Place de la Concorde, at 2 Rue St. Florentin. There are also U.S. consulates in:Bordeaux, at 22 Cours du Marechal Foch, telephone (33-56) 52-6595, fax (33-56) 51-6042;Marseille, at 12 Boulevard Paul Peytral, telephone (33-91) 54-9200, fax (33-91) 55-0947; andStrasbourg, at 15 Avenue D'Alsace, telephone (33-88) 35-3104, fax (33-88) 24-0695.There is a Consular Agent in Nice, at 31 Rue du Marechal Joffre, telephone (33-93) 88-8955, fax (33-93) 87-0738.No. 93-074This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to amend the telephone listings for the U.S. Embassy and consulates in France, to add information on crime, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland GeographyLocation: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Sweden and RussiaMap references: Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 337,030 km2 land area: 305,470 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MontanaLand boundaries: total 2,628 km, Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 kmCoastline: 1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 6 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 4 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakesTerrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hillsNatural resources: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silverLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 76% other: 16%Irrigated land: 620 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plainNote: long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland PeoplePopulation: 5,050,942 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.37% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.65 years male: 71.85 years female: 79.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.79 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Finn(s) adjective: FinnishEthnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, TatarReligions: Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1%Languages: Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minoritiesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 100% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 2.533 million by occupation: public services 30.4%, industry 20.9%, commerce 15.0%, finance, insurance, and business services 10.2%, agriculture and forestry 8.6%, transport and communications 7.7%, construction 7.2% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Finland conventional short form: Finland local long form: Suomen Tasavalta local short form: SuomiDigraph: FIType: republicCapital: HelsinkiAdministrative divisions: 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, VaasaIndependence: 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: 17 July 1919Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)Political parties and leaders: government coalition: Center Party, Esko AHO; National Coalition (conservative) Party, Perti SALOLAINEN; Swedish People's Party, (Johan) Ole NORRBACK; Finnish Christian League, Toimi KANKAANNIEMI other parties: Social Democratic Party, Antero KEKKONEN, Acting Chairman; Leftist Alliance (Communist) People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative, Claes ANDERSON; Green League, Pekka SAURI; Rural Party, Tina MAKELA; Liberal People's Party, Kalle MAATTAOther political or pressure groups: Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional Rightist Party; Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKISuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri HOLKERI 18% Parliament: last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland GovernmentExecutive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State (Valtioneuvosto)Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus)Leaders: Chief of State: President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982) Head of Government: Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka KANERVA (since 26 April 1991)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: (202) 363-2430 FAX: (202) 363-8233 consulates general: Los Angeles and New York consulates: Chicago and HoustonUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John H. KELLY embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki mailing address: APO AE 09723 telephone: [358] (0) 171931 FAX: [358] (0) 174681Flag: white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland EconomyOverview: Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per capita output two-thirds of the US figure. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, and engineering industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about 30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. The economy, which experienced an average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into deep recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.5%. The recession - which continued in 1992 with growth contracting by 3.5% - has been caused by economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union under which Soviet oil and gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and changes in monetary policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied the markka to the EC's European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote stability. Ongoing speculation resulting from a lack of confidence in the government's policies forced Helsinki to devalue the markka by about 12% in November 1991 and to indefinitely break the link in September 1992. By boosting the competitiveness of Finnish exports, these measures presumably have kept the economic downturn from being even more severe. Unemployment probably will remain a serious problem during the next few years - monthly figures in early 1993 are approaching 20% - with the majority of Finnish firms facing a weak domestic market and the troubled German and Swedish export markets. Declining revenues, increased transfer payments, and extensive funding to bail out the banking system are expected to push the central government's budget deficit to nearly 13% in 1993. Helsinki continues to harmonize its economic policies with those of the EC during Finland's current EC membership bid.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $79.4 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -3.5% (1992)National product per capita: $15,900 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1992)Unemployment rate: 13.1% (1992)Budget: revenues $26.8 billion; expenditures $40.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear partners: EC 53.2% (Germany 15.6%, UK 10.7%), EFTA 19.5% (Sweden 12.8%), US 5.9%, Japan 1.3%, Russia 2.8% (1992)Imports: $21.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder grains THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland Economy partners: EC 47.2% (Germany 16.9%, UK 8.7%), EFTA 19.0% (Sweden 11.7%), US 6.1%, Japan 5.5%, Russia 7.1% (1992)External debt: $25 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.)Electricity: 13,500,000 kW capacity; 55,300 million kWh produced, 11,050 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothingAgriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tonsEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billionCurrency: 1 markkaa (FMk) or Finmark = 100 penniaExchange rates: markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 5.4193 (January 1993), 4.4794 (1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland CommunicationsRailroads: 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are electrifiedHighways: about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roadsInland waterways: 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamersPipelines: natural gas 580 kmPorts: Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, TurkuMerchant marine: 87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 935,260 GRT/973,995 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 17 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulkAirports: total: 160 usable: 157 with permanent-surface runways: 66 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 22Telecommunications: good service from cable and microwave radio relay network; 3,140,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki THE WORLD FACTBOOK Finland Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,323,381; fit for military service 1,091,613; reach military age (17) annually 33,828 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.93 billion, about 2% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>FINLAND - Passport required. Tourist/business visa not required for stayup to 90 days. (90 day period begins when entering Scandinavian area:Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland.) Check Embassy of Finland, 3216 NewMexico Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 (202/363-2430) or nearestConsulate General: Los Angeles (310/203-9903) or New York (212/573-6007).Finland - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Finland is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays of up to three months (the 90-day period begins when entering the Nordic area: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland). For further information concerning entry requirements for Finland, travelers can contact the Embassy of Finland at 3216 New Mexico Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, tel (202) 363-2430, or the nearest Finnish Consulate General in Los Angeles or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are widely available. The public hospital system will not honor foreign credit cards and/or U. S. insurance coverage. However, private hospitals and clinics which accept major credit cards are widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, a letter from their carrier describing supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers' hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Finland has a low crime rate. The nationwide phone number for police/emergency services in Finland is 112. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U. S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Finland.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Helsinki is located at Itainen Puistotie 14A; telephone (358-0) 171931 or (358-0) 605414 after hours.No. 93-073This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information about medical facilities in Finland, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji GeographyLocation: Oceania, 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific OceanMap references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 18,270 km2 land area: 18,270 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than New JerseyLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,129 kmMaritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variationTerrain: mostly mountains of volcanic originNatural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potentialLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 65% other: 19%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji PeoplePopulation: 756,762 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.95% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 24.74 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -8.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 18.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.86 years male: 62.62 years female: 67.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.98 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Fijian(s) adjective: FijianEthnic divisions: Fijian 49%, Indian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and other 5%Religions: Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, other 2% note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is a Muslim minority (1986)Languages: English (official), Fijian, HindustaniLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1985) total population: 86% male: 90% female: 81%Labor force: 235,000 by occupation: subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Fiji conventional short form: FijiDigraph: FJType: republic note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987Capital: SuvaAdministrative divisions: 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, WesternIndependence: 10 October 1970 (from UK)Constitution: 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; the 1990 Constitution is currently still under review (February 1993)Legal system: based on British systemNational holiday: Independence Day, 10 October (1970)Political parties and leaders: Fijian Political Party (SVT - primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini RABUKA; National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; Christian Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor Party (FLP), Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; General Voters Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), Isireli VUIBAU; Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame SAVU; Fiji Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, Ishwari BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners Party, David TULVANUAVOUSuffrage: noneElections: House of Representatives: last held 23-29 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet, Great Councils of Chiefs (highest ranking members of the traditional chiefly system)Legislative branch: the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14 May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral ParliamentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987); Vice President Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 14 April 1992); Vice President Ratu Sir Josaia TAIVAIQIA (since 14 April 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Sitiveni RABUKA (since 2 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Filipe BOLE (since 11 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Ratu Timoci VESIKULA (since 11 June 1993)Member of: ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA chancery: Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 337-8320 consulate: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva telephone: [679] 314-466 FAX: [679] 300-081Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji EconomyOverview: Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In 1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an estimated 21%. Sugar exports recovered in 1991-92.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,900 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 5.9% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $455 million; expenditures $546 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports: $435 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber partners: EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6%Imports: $553 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products, consumer goods, chemicals partners: Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6%External debt: $428 million (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDPElectricity: 215,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, clothing, lumber, small cottage industriesAgriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; small livestock sector includes cattle, pigs, horses, and goats; fish catch nearly 33,000 tons (1989)Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $815 millionCurrency: 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji EconomyExchange rates: Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.5809 (January 1993), 1.5029 (1992), 1.4756 (1991), 1.4809 (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji CommunicationsRailroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji Sugar CorporationHighways: 3,300 km total; 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth (1984)Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton bargesPorts: Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, SuvaMerchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 cargoAirports: total: 25 usable: 22 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones (71 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Fiji Defense ForcesBranches: Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, police)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 194,634; fit for military service 107,304; reach military age (18) annually 7,834 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, about 2% of GDP (FY91/92)</text>
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<text>FIJI - Passport, proof of sufficient funds and onward/return ticketrequired. Visa issued on arrival for stay up to 30 days and may beextended up to 6 months. For further information contact Embassy of Fiji,2233 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., #240, Washington, D.C. 20007 (202/337-8320) orMission to the U.N., One United Nations Plaza, 26th Floor, New York, NY10017 (212/355-7316).Fiji - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Fiji recently returned to parliamentary government in elections of May 1992. It has a developing economy. Tourist facilities are available.Immigration Requirements: Passport, proof of sufficient funds and an onward/return ticket are required. A tourist visa is issued upon arrival for an initial stay of up to four months. The tourist permit may be extended upon application to the Fiji Immigration Department headquarters in Suva to allow a total stay of six months. A visa is required for those entering Fiji to work, study or reside. Information on specific requirements is available through the Embassy of Fiji, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., No. 240, Washington, D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 337-8320 or the Fiji Mission to the U.N., New United Nations Plaza, 26th Floor, New York, NY 10017, telephone (212) 355-7316.Medical Facilities: Health care facilities in Fiji are adequate for routine medical problems. Two major hospitals, the Lautoka hospital in the city of Lautoka and the Colonial War Memorial Hospital in Suva, provide emergency and outpatient services. Other hospitals and clinics provide only a limited range of health services. Serious medical emergencies may be referred to Australia, New Zealand or the United States. Medical practitioners and hospitals expect payment upon treatment or before release. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Additional health information is available through the international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: The crime rate in Fiji's resort and tourist areas is low, although criminal activity in major urban areas is on the rise. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs, including Indian hemp or marijuana, are strict. Convicted offenders receive a minimum of three months' imprisonment.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Fiji is located at 31 Loftus Street in the capital city of Suva. The telephone number is (679) 314-466.No. 93-172This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_41485.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands HeaderAffiliation: (part of the Danish realm) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands GeographyLocation: in the north Atlantic Ocean, located half way between Norway and IcelandMap references: Arctic RegionArea: total area: 1,400 km2 land area: 1,400 km2 comparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 764 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windyTerrain: rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coastNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited isletsNote: strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands PeoplePopulation: 48,065 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.67% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.45 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.92 years male: 74.51 years female: 81.45 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.52 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Faroese (singular and plural) adjective: FaroeseEthnic divisions: ScandinavianReligions: Evangelical LutheranLanguages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), DanishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 17,585 by occupation: largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Faroe Islands local long form: none local short form: ForoyarDigraph: FOType: part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of DenmarkCapital: TorshavnAdministrative divisions: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)Independence: none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)Constitution: DanishLegal system: DanishNational holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)Political parties and leaders: three-party ruling coalition: Social Democratic Party, Marita PETERSEN; Republican Party, Signer HANSEN; Home Rule Party, Hilmar KASS opposition: Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Progressive and Fishing Industry Party-Christian People's Party (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress Party, leader NA; People's Party, Jogvan SUND-STEINSuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: Danish Parliament: last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish Parliament Faroese Parliament: last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%, Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats - (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7), Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2Executive branch: Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet (Landsstyri)Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Lgting)Judicial branch: none THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Bent KLINTE (since NA) Head of Government: Prime Minister Marita PETERSEN (since 18 January 1993)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)US diplomatic representation: none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)Flag: white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands EconomyOverview: The Faroese, who have long enjoyed the affluent living standards of the Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the all-important fishing industry and one of the world's heaviest per capita external debts of nearly $30,000. When the nations of the world extended their fishing zones to 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no longer could continue their traditional long-distance fishing and subsequently depleted their own nearby fishing areas. The government's tight controls on fish stocks and its austerity measures have caused a recession, and subsidy cuts will force nationalization in the fishing industry, which has already been plagued with bankruptcies. Copenhagen has threatened to withhold its annual subsidy of $130 million - roughly one-third of the islands' budget revenues - unless the Faroese make significant efforts to balance their budget. To this extent the Faroe government is expected to continue its tough policies, including introducing a 20% VAT in 1993, and has agreed to an IMF economic-political stabilization plan. In addition to its annual subsidy, the Danish government has bailed out the second largest Faroe bank to the tune of $140 million since October 1992.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $662 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1989 est.)National product per capita: $14,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1988)Unemployment rate: 5%-6% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)Exports: $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (ships) (1989) partners: Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5%Imports: $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% partners: Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3%External debt: $1.3 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,760 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: fishing, shipbuilding, handicraftsAgriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops - potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 metric tonsEconomic aid: receives an annual subsidy from Denmark of about $130 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands EconomyCurrency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oreExchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands CommunicationsHighways: 200 kmPorts: Torshavn, TvoroyriMerchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note - a subset of the Danish registerAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3659 m: 0 with runways 2440-3659 m: 0 with runways 1220-2439 m: 1Telecommunications: good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables THE WORLD FACTBOOK Faroe Islands Defense ForcesBranches: small Police Force, no organized native military forcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Denmark</text>
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card_41467.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) GeographyLocation: in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the southern coast of ArgentinaMap references: Antarctic Region, South AmericaArea: total area: 12,170 km2 land area: 12,170 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islandsLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 1,288 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 100 m depth exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by ArgentinaClimate: cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulateTerrain: rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plainsNatural resources: fish, wildlifeLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 99% forest and woodland: 0% other: 1%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: poor soil fertility and a short growing seasonNote: deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) PeoplePopulation: 2,206 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.43% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Falkland Islander(s) adjective: Falkland IslandEthnic divisions: BritishReligions: primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages: EnglishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 1,100 (est.) by occupation: agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Colony of the Falkland Islands conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Digraph: FAType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: StanleyAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 3 October 1985Legal system: English common lawNational holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Council: last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Governor David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992)Member of: ICFTUDiplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) EconomyOverview: The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far, efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant wildlife and trout fishing.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 7.4% (1980-87 average)Unemployment rate: NA%; labor shortageBudget: revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90)Exports: at least $14.7 million commodities: wool, hides and skins, and meat partners: UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.)Imports: at least $13.9 million commodities: food, clothing, fuels, and machinery partners: UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.)External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,940 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: wool and fish processingAgriculture: predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable cropsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 millionCurrency: 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 penceExchange rates: Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5604 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) EconomyFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) CommunicationsHighways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earthPorts: StanleyAirports: total: 5 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station with links through London to other countries THE WORLD FACTBOOK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Defense ForcesBranches: British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, and Royal Marines), Police ForceNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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card_41151.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island HeaderAffiliation: (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Madagascar and MozambiqueMap references: AfricaArea: total area: 28 km2 land area: 28 km2 comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 22.2 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by MadagascarClimate: tropicalTerrain: NANatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA% (heavily wooded)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: wildlife sanctuary THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Europa Island local long form: none local short form: Ile EuropaDigraph: EUType: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic; resident in ReunionCapital: none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence: none (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,439-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 1 meteorological station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Europa Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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<name>Europa Island</name>
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card_40791.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, between Somalia and SudanMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,127,127 km2 land area: 1,119,683 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 5,311 km, Djibouti 337 km, Erithea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 km, Sudan 1,606 kmCoastline: none - landlockedMaritime claims: none - landlockedInternational disputes: southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia over the OgadenClimate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone to extended droughtsTerrain: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift ValleyNatural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potashLand use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 41% forest and woodland: 24% other: 22%Irrigated land: 1,620 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; frequent droughts; famineNote: landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia PeoplePopulation: 53,278,446 (July 1993 est.) note: Ethiopian demographic data, except population and population growth rate, include EritreaPopulation growth rate: 3.41% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 14.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 2.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 108.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 52.21 years male: 50.6 years female: 53.88 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ethiopian(s) adjective: EthiopianEthnic divisions: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%Religions: Muslim 45-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 12%, other 5%Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools)Literacy: age 10 and over can read and write (1983) total population: 62% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 18 million by occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ethiopia local long form: none local short form: Ityop'iyaDigraph: ETType: transitional government note: on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), announced a two-year transitional periodCapital: Addis AbabaAdministrative divisions: 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader akababi) Addis Ababa, Afar, Amhara, Benishangul, Gambela, Gurage-Hadiya-Kambata, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray, WolaytaIndependence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 yearsConstitution: to be redrafted by 1993Legal system: NANational holiday: National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime)Political parties and leaders: NAOther political or pressure groups: Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's resignation, including several Islamic militant groupsSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991 Constituent Assembly: now planned for January 1994 (to ratify constitution to be drafted by end of 1993)Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral Constituent AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President MELES Zenawi (since 1 June 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia Government Head of Government: Prime Minister TAMIRAT Layne (since 6 June 1991)Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador BERHANE Gebre-Christos chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-2281 or 2282US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Marc A. BAAS embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa telephone: [251] (1) 550-666 FAX: [251] (1) 551-166Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia EconomyOverview: With the independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993, Ethiopia continues to face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. (The accompanying analysis and figures predate the independence of Eritrea.) Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the government is considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants. Favorable agricultural weather largely explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89, whereas drought and deteriorating internal security conditions prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 the lack of law and order, particularly in the south, interfered with economic development and growth. In 1992, because of some easing of civil strife and aid from the outside world, the economy substantially improved.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate: 6% (FY92 est.)National product per capita: $130 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.8% (1989)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $565 million (FY91)Exports: $276 million (f.o.b., FY90) commodities: coffee, leather products, gold, petroleum products partners: EC, Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, USImports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., FY90) commodities: capital goods, consumer goods, fuel partners: EC, Eastern Europe, Japan, USExternal debt: $3.48 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 12% of GDPElectricity: 330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cementAgriculture: accounts for 47% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, goats THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia EconomyIllicit drugs: transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America; cultivates qat (chat) for local use and regional exportEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 billionCurrency: 1 birr (Br) = 100 centsExchange rates: birr (Br) per US$1 - 5.0000 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: 8 July - 7 July THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia CommunicationsRailroads: 781 km total; 781 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge linking Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) to Djibouti; control of railroad is shared between Djibouti and EthiopiaHighways: 39,150 km total; 2,776 km paved, 7,504 km gravel, 2,054 km improved earth, 26,816 km unimproved earth (1993 est.)Ports: none; landlockedMerchant marine: none; landlockedAirports: total: 121 usable: 82 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 83 (1993 est.)Telecommunications: open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ethiopia Defense ForcesBranches: Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 12,793,340; fit for military service 6,640,616; reach military age (18) annually 576,329 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>ETHIOPIA - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visa valid forstay up to 2 years, fee $50 or transit visa for 48 hours, $20, requires 1application, 1 photo and yellow fever immunization. Business visa requirescompany letter. Send $2 postage for return of passport or $15.30 forFederal Express and $9.95 for Express Mail service. (Money orders only.)Allow 2 weeks for processing. Exit visas are required of all visitorsremaining in Ethiopia for more than 30 days. For longer stays and otherinformation contact Embassy of Ethiopia, 2134 Kalorama Rd., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-2281/2).Ethiopia - Consular Information SheetMarch 7, 1994Country Description: Ethiopia is a developing East African country. The transitional government which came to power in September 1991, following two decades of civil war, has achieved a measure of success in managing regional conflicts and consolidating central authority. However, some outlying areas of the country continue to experience lawlessness and there are scattered reports of low-level civil strife. Tourism facilities in Ethiopia are minimal. Eritrea, formerly a province of Ethiopia, became an independent country on May 24, 1993. A separate Consular Information Sheet on Eritrea has been issued.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required, as well as evidence of yellow fever immunization. Travelers must enter Ethiopia by air, either at Addis Ababa or at Dire Dawa. Travelers entering overland risk being detained by immigration authorities and/or fined. Airport visas may be obtained only if 72 hours advance notice has been provided by the traveler's sponsoring organization to proper authorities within Ethiopia. Airport visas are not available to travelers departing from or traveling through a country where an Ethiopian diplomatic mission is located. Exit visas are required of all visitors remaining in Ethiopia for more than 30 days. There is an airport departure tax of ten U. S. dollars, payable in hard currency, on all foreigners. For more information on entry/exit requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Ethiopia, 2134 Kalorama Road, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 234-2281/2.Areas of Instability: The possibility exists for increased tensions and civil strife in major population centers during the period leading up to the Constituent Assembly elections, scheduled for early June. In Addis Ababa there has been an increase in overt signs of anti-Americanism, such as rock-throwing and verbal harassment. This sentiment may increase during the pre-election period. Incidents of banditry are not uncommon in the southernmost areas of Ethiopia, along the Kenyan border and as far north as Woleyita (former Sidamo province). There are credible reports of armed skirmishes between paramilitary separatist groups in the Ogaden region, south of Jijiga. There is also possible spillover from the conflict in Somalia for travelers in nearby border areas. Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) elements report that armed OLF units periodically clash with forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPDRF) in the western area of Nekemte (former Wollega province) and in the east, around Harar. However, these reports are unconfirmed and visitors to Ethiopia's tourist attractions have not been affected by any civil strife.Travel Within the Country: Domestic and international air services generally operate on schedule, although flights between Addis Ababa and Asmara are heavily booked and may be canceled without prior warning. In the first year of the transition to the new government there were a number of hijackings of domestic flights. The government has tightened security procedures and such incidents have become much less common.Domestic Travel Hazards: Land mines and other anti-personnel devices litter the Ethiopian countryside, particularly along major roads. Many persons, including foreigners, have been injured by these devices. Travel on paved roads generally is safer than travel on unpaved roads. Areas off the pavement around bridges or water crossings may also be hazardous. Frequent fuel shortages can make travel outside of Addis Ababa very difficult, if traveling by car. Vehicle travel after dark outside Addis Ababa is risky.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Ethiopia are extremely limited. Even the best hospitals in Addis Ababa suffer from inadequate facilities, antiquated equipment and shortages of supplies, particularly medications, although physicians themselves are generally well-trained. Emergency assistance is limited. Travelers generally bring their own supplies of prescription drugs and preventive medicines. Doctors and hospitals usually expect cash payment for services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage and medical evacuation provisions has proved useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Pick-pocketing is rampant, and there have been numerous reports of thieves snatching jewelry. Banditry occurs on roads outside major towns or cities, and may result in violent attacks. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: There continues to be a lively black market for hard currency in Ethiopia, despite a recent devaluation of the Ethiopian birr. Visitors must declare hard currency upon arrival and may be required to present this declaration when applying for an exit visa. Penalties for exchanging money on the black market range from fines to imprisonment. Credit cards are not widely accepted in Ethiopia, and hotel and car rental expenses must be paid in hard currency.Prohibition on Photography: Certain buildings and public places may not be photographed. Travel guides, police and Ethiopian officials can advise if a particular site may be photographed. Photographing banned sites may result in the confiscation of film and camera. Equipment such as video cameras must be declared upon arrival and departure from Ethiopia.Export of Antiques and Animal Skins: Permits are required before either antiques or animal skins can be exported from Ethiopia.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences, fines and possible confiscation of personal property.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa may obtain updated information on travel and security in Ethiopia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at Entoto Avenue, P.O. Box 1014, in Addis Ababa. The telephone is (251-1) 550-666, extension 316/336; the emergency afterhours number is (251-1) 552-558. The Embassy general fax number is (251-1) 55-21-91 and the consular fax number is (251-1) 552-243.No. 94-026This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 10, 1993, to add information regarding the possibility of increased tensions, civil strife and anti-Americanism leading up to elections in June.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia GeographyLocation: Northeastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and RussiaMap references: Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 45,100 km2 land area: 43,200 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic SeaLand boundaries: total 557 km, Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 kmCoastline: 1,393 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by the Estonian SSRClimate: maritime, wet, moderate wintersTerrain: marshy, lowlandsNatural resources: shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amberLand use: arable land: 22% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 11% forest and woodland: 31% other: 36%Irrigated land: 110 km2 (1990)Environment: air heavily polluted with sulphur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; radioactive wastes dumped in open reservoir in Sillamae, a few dozen meters from Baltic Sea; contamination of soil and ground water with petroleum products, chemicals at military bases THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia PeoplePopulation: 1,608,469 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.52% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 12.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 19.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.75 years male: 64.75 years female: 74.99 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.01 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Estonian(s) adjective: EstonianEthnic divisions: Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Belarusian 1.8%, Finn 1.1%, other 2.13% (1989)Religions: LutheranLanguages: Estonian (official), Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, otherLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 796,000 by occupation: industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Estonia conventional short form: Estonia local long form: Eesti Vabariik local short form: Eesti former: Estonian Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: ENType: republicCapital: TallinnAdministrative divisions: none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction)Independence: 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted 28 June 1992Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday: Independence Day, 24 February (1918)Political parties and leaders: Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union, Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE, chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ENIP), Lagle PAREK, chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman; Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman; Estonian Royalist Party (ERP), Kalle KULBOK, chairman; Entrpreneurs' Party (EP), Tiit MADE; Estonian Fatherland Party, Mart LAAR, chairman; Safe Home; Moderates; Estonian CitizenSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - no candidate received majority; newly elected Parliament elected Lennart MERI (NA October 1992) Parliament: last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - Fatherland 21%, Safe Home 14%, Popular Front 13%, Moderates 10%, Estonian National Independence Party 8%, Royalists 7%, Estonian Citizen 7%, Estonian Entrepreneurs 2%, other 18%; seats - (101 total) Fatherland 29, Safe Home 18, Popular Front 15, Moderates 12, ENIP 10, Royalists 8, Estonian Citizen 8, Estonian Entrepreneurs 1 Congress of Estonia: last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia was a quasi-governmental structure which disbanded itself October 1992 after the new Parliament and government were installedExecutive branch: president, prime minister, cabinet THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Riigikogu)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Lennart MERI (since NA October 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since NA October 1992)Member of: CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPUDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Toomas Hendrik IIVES chancery: (temporary) 630 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2415, New York, NY 10111 telephone: (212) 247-2131 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE embassy: Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular) FAX: [358] (49) 306-817 (cellular) note: dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international operator unless you use the cellular phone linesFlag: pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia EconomyOverview: As of June 1993 Estonia ranks first among the 15 former Soviet republics in moving from its obsolete command economy to a modern market economy. Yet serious problems remain. In contrast to the estimated 30% drop in output in 1992, GDP should grow by a small percent in 1993. Of key importance has been the introduction of the kroon in August 1993 and the subsequent reductions in inflation to 1%-2% per month. Starting in July 1991, under a new law on private ownership, small enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, were sold to private owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is progressing with the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership (that is, Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be established. Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former Soviet republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, and provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is in agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing both capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate products from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of high quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics. Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60% of the old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. It has advantages in the transition, not having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having better chances of developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European countries. Like Latvia, but unlike Lithuania, the large portion of ethnic Russians (30%) in the population poses still another difficulty in the transition to an independent market economy.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -30% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 1%-2% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 3% (March 1993); but large number of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $223 million; expenditures $142 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $NA commodities: textile 11%, wood products and timber 9%, dairy products 9% partners: Russia and the other former Soviet republics 50%, West 50% (1992)Imports: $NA commodities: machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12% partners: Finland 15%, Russia 18%External debt: $650 million (end of 1991)Industrial production: growth rate -40% (1992)Electricity: 3,700,000 kW capacity; 22,900 million kWh produced, 14,245 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia EconomyIndustries: accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, shoes, apparelAgriculture: employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy products, and potatoes; imports of feedgrains for livestock; fruits and vegetablesIllicit drugs: transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to Western Europe; limited illicit opium producer; mostly for domestic productionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 millionCurrency: 1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 NA; (introduced in August 1992)Exchange rates: kroons (EEK) per US$1 - 12 (January 1993)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia CommunicationsRailroads: 1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earthInland waterways: 500 km perennially navigablePipelines: natural gas 420 km (1992)Ports: coastal - Tallinn, Novotallin, Parnu; inland - NarvaMerchant marine: 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 394,501 GRT/526,502 DWT; includes 52 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk, 2 containerAirports: total: 29 useable: 18 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: 300,000 telephone subscribers in 1990 with international direct dial service available to Finland, Germany, Austria, UK and France; 21 telephone lines per 100 persons as of 1991; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs); international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway switch via 19 incoming/20 outgoing international channels, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an old copper submarine cable to Finland soon to be replaced by an undersea fiber optic cable system; there is also a new international telephone exchange in Tallinn handling 60 channels via Helsinki; 2 analog mobile cellular networks with international roaming capability to Scandinavia are operating in major cities THE WORLD FACTBOOK Estonia Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Maritime Border Guard, National Guard (Kaitseliit), Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 387,733; fit for military service 306,056; reach military age (18) annually 11,570 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 124.4 million kroons, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>ESTONIA - Passport required. Visas not required for stay of up to 90 days.AIDS test required for residency and work permits. U.S. test sometimesaccepted. For further information check Embassy of the Republic ofEstonia, 9 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite J-1421, New York, NY 10020(212/247-1450).Estonia - Consular Information SheetJune 14, 1993Country Description: Estonia is a moderately developed European nation that has experienced significant successes in restructuring its political and economic relationships. Tourist facilities are rapidly improving.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. As of June 1, 1993, a visa is not required for tourist stays up to 90 days. U.S. citizens may contact the newly-opened Estonian Embassy, 1030 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, telephone: (202) 789-0320 or the Estonian Consulate, 630 Fifth Ave. Suite 2415, New York, N.Y. 10111, telephone: (212) 247-1450 for current information on visa requirements. Travelers who plan to enter Russia, even in transit, from Estonia will need a Russian visa.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Estonia is limited. The U.S. embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Estonia has a low rate of violent crime. There has been a recent increase in street crime especially at night near major hotels and restaurants. Robberies have occurred on trains and in train stations. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. This publication is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: The Estonian Crown (kroon) is the only currency. Credit cards and traveler's checks, can be used at major hotels, restaurants and banks.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Estonia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tallinn, Estonia, is located at Kentmanni 20, telephone (3726) 312-021, 312-022, 312-023 or 312-024. The after hours number is 312-100. The fax number is 312-025. The U.S. Embassy cellular phone number for emergencies is 244-091.No. 93-163This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to reflect the change in the visa requirements and the opening of the Estonian Embassy in Washington, D.C.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea between Djibouti and SudanMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 121,320 km2 land area: 121,320 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than PennsylvaniaLand boundaries: total 1,630 km, Djibouti 113 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 kmCoastline: 1,151 km (land and island coastline is 2,234 km)Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except on coast desertTerrain: dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plan, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plainsNatural resources: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, probably oil, fishLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 2% (coffee) meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 5% other: 50%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: frequent droughts, famine; deforestation; soil eroision; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfareNote: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields, Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea PeoplePopulation: 3,467,087 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.46% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Eritrean(s) adjective: EritreanEthnic divisions: ethnic Tigrays 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%Religions: Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, ProtestantLanguages: Tigre and Kunama, Cushitic dialects, Tigre, Nora Bana, ArabicLiteracy: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Eritrea local long form: none local short form: none former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in EthiopiaDigraph: ERType: transitional government note: on 29 May 1991 ISSAIAS Afeworke, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea (PGE), in preparation for the 23-25 April 1993 referendum on independence for the autonomous region of Eritrea; the result was a landslide vote for independence that was announced on 27 April 1993Capital: Asmara (formerly Asmera)Administrative divisions: NAIndependence: 27 April 1993 (from Ethiopia; formerly the Eritrea Autonomous Region)Constitution: transitional "constitution" decreed 19 May 1993Legal system: NANational holiday: National Day (independence from Ethiopia), 24 May (1993)Political parties and leaders: Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) (Christian Muslim), ISSAIAS Aferworke, PETROS Soloman; Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) (Muslim), ABDULLAH Muhammed; Eritrean Liberation Front - United Organization (ELF-UO), leader NAOther political or pressure groups: Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's resignation, including several Islamic militant groupsSuffrage: NAElections: multinational election before 20 May 1997Executive branch: president, Eritrean National CouncilLegislative branch: National AssemblyJudicial branch: JudiciaryLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President ISSAIAS AferworkeMember of: OAU, UN, UNCTAD THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Joseph P. O'NEILL embassy: NA mailing address: NA telephone: 251-4-113-720 FAX: NAFlag: red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea EconomyOverview: With independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993, Eritrea faces the bitter economic problems of a small, desperately poor African country. Most of the population will continue to depend on subsistence farming. Domestic output is substantially augmented by worker remittances from abroad. Government revenues come from custom duties and income and sales taxes. Eritrea has inherited the entire coastline of Ethiopia and has long-term prospects for revenues from the devlopment of offshore oil, offshore fishing and tourist development. For the time being, Ethiopia will be largely dependent on Eritrean ports for its foreign trade.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $400 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $115 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: NA partners: NAImports: $NA commodities: NA partners: NAExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: NA kW capacity; NA kWh produced, NA kWh per capitaIndustries: food processing, beverages, clothing and textilesAgriculture: NAEconomic aid: NACurrency: NAExchange rates: NAFiscal year: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea CommunicationsRailroads: 307 km total; 307 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge (nonoperational) linking Ak'ordat and Asmera with the port of Mits'iwe (1993 est.)Highways: 3,845 km total; 807 km paved, 840 km gravel, 402 km improved earth, 1,796 km unimproved earthPorts: Assab (formerly Aseb), Massawa (formerly Mits'iwa)Merchant marine: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,837 GRT/90,492 DWT; includes 9 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargoAirports: total: 5 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Eritrea Defense ForcesBranches: Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA; reach military age (18) annually NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>Eritrea - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Eritrea is a poor but developing East African country. Formerly a province of Ethiopia, Eritrea became an independent country on May 24, 1993, following a 30-year long struggle for independence. Tourism facilities in Eritrea are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required, as well as evidence of yellow fever immunization. Airport visas are discouraged; travelers should try to obtain Eritrean visas before arrival. For more information on entry requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of Eritrea, 910 17th Street N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20006, telephone (202) 429-1991.Travel between Ethiopia and Eritrea: Flights between Asmara, the capital of Eritrea and Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, are heavily booked and are occasionally canceled without prior warning. Currently, travelers going from Eritrea to Ethiopia must enter Ethiopia by air.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Eritrea are extremely limited. Travelers must bring their own supplies of prescription drugs and preventive medicines. Doctors and hospitals usually expect cash payment for services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage and medical evacuation provisions has proved useful. Additional information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: While crime is a rarity in Eritrea, it is prudent to exercise normal safety precautions with regard to what valuables are carried and what environs are visited. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: The government of Eritrea continues to use the Ethiopian birr. The current exchange rate is five birr to one U.S. dollar. Credit cards are not accepted in Eritrea. Foreigners must pay bills in U.S. dollars or U.S. dollar-denomination travelers checks.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences, fines and possible confiscation of personal property.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Asmara can obtain updated information on travel and security in Eritrea.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 34 Zera Yacob St., P. O. Box 2ll, Asmara. The telephone is (251-4) 11-3720; the Embassy fax number is (251-4) 11-7584.No. 93-270</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cameroon and GabonMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 28,050 km2 land area: 28,050 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 539 km, Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 kmCoastline: 296 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over islands in Corisco BayClimate: tropical; always hot, humidTerrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanicNatural resources: timber, petroleum, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uraniumLand use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 51% other: 33%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to violent windstormsNote: insular and continental regions rather widely separated THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea PeoplePopulation: 399,055 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.6% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 41.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 15.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 104.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 51.63 years male: 49.56 years female: 53.76 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) adjective: Equatorial Guinean or EquatoguineanEthnic divisions: Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni (primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly SpanishReligions: nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan practicesLanguages: Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, IboLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 64% female: 37%Labor force: 172,000 (1986 est.) by occupation: agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980) note: labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Equatorial Guinea conventional short form: Equatorial Guinea local long form: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial local short form: Guinea Ecuatorial former: Spanish GuineaDigraph: EKType: republic in transition to multiparty democracyCapital: MalaboAdministrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-NzasIndependence: 12 October 1968 (from Spain)Constitution: new constitution 17 November 1991Legal system: partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal customNational holiday: Independence Day, 12 October (1968)Political parties and leaders: ruling - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leaderSuffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: President: last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without opposition Chamber of People's Representatives: last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes del Pueblo)Judicial branch: Supreme TribunalLeaders: Chief of State: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979) Head of Government: Prime Minister Silvestre SIALE BILEKA (since 17 January 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG MIFUMU (since 22 January 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG chancery: (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, Mount Vernon, NY 10553 telephone: (914) 667-9664US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John E. BENNETT embassy: Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo mailing address: P.O. Box 597, Malabo telephone: [240] (9) 2185 FAX: [240] (9) 2164Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea EconomyOverview: The economy, devastated during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA, is based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about half of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, with cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, and government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for about 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for about 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately successful. Increased production from recently discovered natural gas deposits will provide a greater share of exports by 1995.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $144 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -1% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $380 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $26 million; expenditures $30 million, including capital expenditures of $3 million (1991 est.)Exports: $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: coffee, timber, cocoa beans partners: Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4% (1988)Imports: $63.0 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery partners: France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, FRG 3.1%, Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8% (1988)External debt: $213 million (1990)Industrial production: growth rate 6.8% (1990 est.)Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: fishing, sawmillingAgriculture: cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestockEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $55 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea EconomyFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea CommunicationsHighways: Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 kmPorts: Malabo, BataMerchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo and 1 passenger-cargoAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: poor system with adequate government services; international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Equatorial Guinea Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 84,323; fit for military service 42,812 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>EQUATORIAL GUINEA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa in advance.For further information contact the residence of the Ambassador ofEquatorial Guinea at 57 Magnolia Ave., Mount Vernon, NY (914/667-9664).Equatorial Guinea - Consular Information SheetMay 11, 1993Country Description: Equatorial Guinea is a developing country in West Africa. Tourism facilities are minimal.Areas of Instability: Civil disturbances have occurred in the mainland city of Bata. Travelers have been intimidated and even arrested without cause by overzealous security officials in many parts of the country.Airline Safety: It is reported that the government-owned Equatorial Guinean Airlines (EGA) does not meet any internationally accepted standards for airworthiness. U.S. government employees are prohibited from flying on this airline. Acceptable means of travel from Equatorial Guinea to the rest of Africa is by charter air service, overland through another country, or by Cameroon Airlines from Malabo to Douala, Cameroon.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa, obtained in advance, are required. For entry information, travelers can contact the residence of the Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea in Mount Vernon, New York, at 57 Magnolia Avenue, telephone (914) 667-9664.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are extremely limited. Many medicines are unavailable. There is one dentist and no optician in the country. Malaria, including cerebral malaria, is endemic; travelers usually take malaria suppressants when traveling to Equatorial Guinea. Water is not potable; bottled water may be purchased. Doctors and clinics often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Information on particular health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559. Information on Crime: Petty crime is common. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Currency Restrictions: The government of Equatorial Guinea has established stringent currency restrictions, applied both on arrival and departure from the country. Visitors bearing tourist passports must declare any currency in excess of 20,000 CFA local currency (approximately $80 U.S.) immediately upon arrival. This requirement is not clearly posted, nonetheless, travelers who fail to declare their excess currency risk forfeiture of any amount over 20,000 CFA upon departure. Recovery of confiscated currency from the government of Equatorial Guinea is difficult, at best.Prohibition on Photography: Special permits may be needed for some types of photography. Photographing the presidential palace and its environs, military installations, airports, harbors and other sensitive areas may cause problems. U.S. citizens can obtain information from the U.S. Embassy about current restrictions.Tourism Permits: Visitors to some areas of the country may require permits. The U.S. Embassy can provide further information.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Equatorial Guinea Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is in the capital city of Malabo at Calle de los Ministros, P.O. Box 597, telephone (240-9) 2406. The fax number is 2164.No. 93-115This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to reflect the sub-standard airworthiness of Equatorial Guinean Airlines.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador GeographyLocation: Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and HondurasMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 21,040 km2 land area: 20,720 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MassachusettsLand boundaries: total 545 km, Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 kmCoastline: 307 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nmInternational disputes: land boundary dispute with Honduras mostly resolved by 11 September 1992 International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be requiredClimate: tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April)Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateauNatural resources: hydropower, geothermal power, petroleumLand use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 8% meadows and pastures: 29% forest and woodland: 6% other: 30%Irrigated land: 1,200 km2 (1989)Environment: the Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollutionNote: smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on Caribbean Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador PeoplePopulation: 5,636,524 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.04% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 42.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.5 years male: 63.93 years female: 69.2 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.87 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Salvadoran(s) adjective: SalvadoranEthnic divisions: mestizo 94%, Indian 5%, white 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 75% note: Roman Catholic about 75%; there is extensive activity by Protestant groups throughout the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 million Protestant evangelicals in El SalvadorLanguages: Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 73% male: 76% female: 70%Labor force: 1.7 million (1982 est.) by occupation: agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1% note: shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation (1984 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of El Salvador conventional short form: El Salvador local long form: Republica de El Salvador local short form: El SalvadorDigraph: ESType: republicCapital: San SalvadorAdministrative divisions: 14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, UsulutanIndependence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)Constitution: 20 December 1983Legal system: based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)Political parties and leaders: National Republican Alliance (Arena), Armando CALDERON Sol, president; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena, secretary general; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president; Democratic Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Carlos Diaz BARRERA, secretary general; Democratic Nationalist Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA Carranza, secretary general; and the Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC), Dr. Ruben Ignacio ZAMORA Rivas; Authentic Christian Movement (MAC), Guillermo Antonia GUEVARA Lacayo, president; Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLM), Jorge Shafik HANDAL, general coordinator, has five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Salvador SANCHEZ Ceren; Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), Ferman CIENFUEGOS; People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Joaquin VILLA LOBOS Huezo; Salvadoran Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), Jorge Shafik HANDAL; and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation Revolutionary Aermed Forces (FARLP), Francisco JOVELOther political or pressure groups: FMLN labor front organizations: National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist umbrella front group, leads FMLN front network; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and controlled by FMLN's National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute Workers Union (STISSS), one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by FMLN's Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of Telecommunications Workers (ASTTEL); Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; Treasury Ministry Employees (AGEMHA) THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador Government FMLN nonlabor front organizations: Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, Disappeared Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); Nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and Unemployed of El Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran University Students (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), associated with the Popular Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of National University Educators (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front (FEUS); Christian Committee for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an FPL front; The Association for Communal Development in El Salvador (PADECOES), controlled by the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); Confederation of Cooperative Associations of El Salvador (COACES) labor organizations: Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; National Union of Workers and Peasants (UNOC), moderate labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; United Workers Front (FUT) business organizations: National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conservativeSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Assembly: last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%, PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total) ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1 President: last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6%Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President (Felix) Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice President (Jose) Francisco MERINO Lopez (since 1 June 1989)Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA chancery: 2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-9671 through 3482 consulates general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Peter F. ROMERO embassy: Final Boulevard, Station Antigua Cuscatlan, San Salvador mailing address: APO AA 34023 telephone: [503] 78-4444 FAX: [503] 78-6011Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador EconomyOverview: The agricultural sector accounts for 24% of GDP, employs about 40% of the labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period 1990-92 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,060 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 7.5% (1991)Budget: revenues $846 million; expenditures $890 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $693 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: coffee 45%, sugar, shrimp, cotton partners: US 33%, Guatemala, Germany, Costa RicaImports: $1.47 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods partners: US 43%, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, GermanyExternal debt: $2.6 billion (December 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1991); accounts for 22% of GDPElectricity: 713,800 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, beverages, petroleum, nonmetallic products, tobacco, chemicals, textiles, furnitureAgriculture: accounts for 24% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products - sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaineEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion, plus $250 million for 1992-96; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $525 millionCurrency: 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador EconomyExchange rates: Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.7600 (January 1993), 9.1700 (1992), 8.0300 (1991), fixed rate of 5.000 (1986-1989)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador CommunicationsRailroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 542 km in useHighways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways: Rio Lempa partially navigablePorts: Acajutla, CutucoAirports: total: 105 usable: 74 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: nationwide trunk microwave radio relay system; connection into Central American Microwave System; 116,000 telephones (21 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK El Salvador Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,305,853; fit for military service 836,192; reach military age (18) annually 71,101 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $104 million, 3%-4% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>EL SALVADOR - Passport and visa required. (Length of validity of visa willbe determined by immigration authorities upon arrival.) Requires 1application form and 2 photos. Allow 3 working days for processing.Send SASE for return of passport by mail. AIDS test required for premanentresidence permit. U.S. test not accepted. Apply Consulate General of ElSalvador, 1010 16th St., N.W., 3rd Floor, Washington, D.C. 20036(202/331-4032) or nearest Consulate: CA (213/383-5776 or 415/781-7924), FL(305/371-8850), LA (504/522-4266), NY (212/889-3608) or TX (713/270-6239).El Salvador - Consular Information SheetJanuary 19, 1994Country Description: El Salvador has a developing economy. Its tourism facilities are not fully developed. Credit cards are widely accepted.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required for entry to El Salvador. Travelers may be asked to present evidence of employment and finances at the time of visa application. There are no airport visas or tourist cards available for last-minute entry. For additional information, travelers may contact the Embassy of El Salvador at 1010 16th Street NW, Third Floor, Washington, D.C. 20036, tel (202) 331-4032, or the nearest consulate in Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New Orleans, Miami, New York, or Chicago.Crime and Security Information: Violent as well as petty crimes are prevalent throughout El Salvador. U.S. citizens often are victims. Visitors should avoid carrying valuables in public places. Armed assaults and carjackings take place both in San Salvador, the capital, and in the interior of the country, but are especially frequent on roads outside the capital where police patrols are infrequent. Criminals have been known to follow travelers from the international airports to private residences where they carry out assaults and robberies. Criminals often become violent quickly, especially when victims fail to cooperate immediately in surrendering valuables. Frequently, victims who argue with assailants or refuse to give up their valuables are shot.The Peace Accords signed in 1992 between the government of El Salvador and the FMLN have brought a halt to fighting in El Salvador. Areas formerly considered conflicted zones or zones of concentration for demobilizing guerrillas are now open for travel. The U.S. Embassy warns its personnel to drive with their doors locked and windows raised, to avoid travel after dark, and to avoid travel on unpaved roads at all times because of random banditry, carjackings, criminal assaults and lack of police and road service facilities. Most fatal accidents or robberies and assaults occur during the evening or early morning hours. Travelers with conspicuous amounts of luggage, late-model cars and foreign license plates are particularly vulnerable even in the capital. Many Salvadorans are armed and shootouts are not infrequent. Travelers, however, may not carry guns, even for their own protection or for use on the road from the United States, without first procuring from Salvadoran officials a gun license. Failure to do so will result in detention and confiscation of the traveler's firearm even if it is licensed in the U.S.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication and others such as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Medical Information: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, medical insurance with specific overseas coverage may prove to be useful. Most hospitals accept credit cards for hospital charges, but not for doctors fees. Tap water is generally not considered safe to drink in El Salvador. There have also been numerous incidents of cholera in recent months. The U.S. Embassy advises its personnel to avoid shellfish and other food sold by streetside vendors or in establishments where hygiene may be dubious. For additional health information, travelers may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in El Salvador for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Other Information: The Salvadoran constitution prohibits foreigners from participating in domestic political activities, including public demonstrations. The government of El Salvador considers such involvement to be a violation of the participant's tourist visa status.Mine removal efforts are underway, but land mines in back country regions have caused numerous unintended casualties and pose a threat to off-the-road tourists, backpackers and campers.Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador may obtain updated information on travel and security within El Salvador.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in El Salvador is located at Final Boulevard Santa Elena, Urbanization Santa Elena, Antigua Cuscatlan, San Salvador, El Salvador; telephone (503) 78-4444.No. 94-006This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1993, to add updated information on crime and security in El Salvador.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, between Sudan and LibyaMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,001,450 km2 land area: 995,450 km2 comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of New MexicoLand boundaries: total 2,689 km, Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 kmCoastline: 2,450 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: not specified territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 km2, the dispute over this area escalated in 1993Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate wintersTerrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and deltaNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zincLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 95%Irrigated land: 25,850 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; water pollution; desertificationNote: controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt PeoplePopulation: 59,585,529 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.3% (1993 est.) note: the US Bureau of the Census has lowered its 1993 estimate of growth to 2.0% on the basis of a 1992 Egyptian government survey, whereas estimates of other observers go as high as 2.9%Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: NEGLInfant mortality rate: 78.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 60.46 years male: 58.61 years female: 62.41 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.35 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Egyptian(s) adjective: EgyptianEthnic divisions: Eastern Hamitic stock 90%, Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10%Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic Christian and other 6% (official estimate)Languages: Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 48% male: 63% female: 34%Labor force: 15 million (1989 est.) by occupation: government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%, agriculture 34%, privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984) note: shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt conventional short form: Egypt local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah local short form: none former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)Digraph: EGType: republicCapital: CairoAdministrative divisions: 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu't, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, SuhajIndependence: 28 February 1922 (from UK)Constitution: 11 September 1971Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'ad SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJABD; Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, Muhammad Rif'at al-MUHAMI; Democratic Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-al-Mun'im TURK; Democratic Peoples' Party, Anwar AFISI note: formation of political parties must be approved by governmentOther political or pressure groups: Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctionedSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: Advisory Council: last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt Government People's Assembly: last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties boycotted President: last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President Hosni MUBARAK was reelectedExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative roleJudicial branch: Supreme Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as president on 14 October 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)Member of: ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, UNRWA, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed MAHER El Sayed chancery: 2310 Decatur Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-5400 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU embassy: Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo mailing address: APO AE 09839 telephone: [20] (2) 355-7371 FAX: [20] (2) 355-7375 consulate general: AlexandriaFlag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt EconomyOverview: Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for balance-of-payments support. Egypt's first IMF standby arrangement concluded in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988 because of the government's failure to adopt promised reforms. Egypt signed a follow-on program with the IMF and also negotiated a structural adjustment loan with the World Bank in 1991. In 1991-92 the government made solid progress on administrative reforms such as liberalizing exchange and interest rates but resisted implementing major structural reforms like streamlining the public sector. As a result, the economy has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a growing problem. In 1992-93 tourism has plunged 20% or so because of sporadic attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist groups. President MUBARAK has cited population growth as the main cause of the country's economic troubles. The addition of about 1.4 million people a year to the already huge population of 60 million exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the land area available for agriculture.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.1% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $730 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 20% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $12.6 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4 billion (FY92 est.)Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., FY92 est.) commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals partners: EC, Eastern Europe, US, JapanImports: $10.0 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer goods, capital goods partners: EC, US, Japan, Eastern EuropeExternal debt: $38 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity: 14,175,000 kW capacity; 47,000 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement, metals THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food for a rapidly expanding population; livestock - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tonsIllicit drugs: a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers; large domestic consumption of hashish and heroin from Lebanon and SyriaEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billionCurrency: 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piastersExchange rates: Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.345 (November 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt CommunicationsRailroads: 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrifiedHighways: 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth, 18,025 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of waterPipelines: crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 kmPorts: Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, DamiettaMerchant marine: 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,097,707 GRT/1,592,885 DWT; includes 25 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 88 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off, 13 oil tanker, 16 bulk, 1 containerAirports: total: 92 usable: 82 with permanent-surface runways: 66 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 24Telecommunications: large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading; about 600,000 telephones (est.) - 11 telephones per 1,000 persons; principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; international traffic is carried by satellite - one earth station for each of Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, ARABSAT and INMARSAT; by 5 coaxial submarine cables, microwave troposcatter (to Sudan), and microwave radio relay (to Libya, Israel, and Jordan); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, and 41 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Egypt Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense CommandManpower availability: males age 15-49 14,513,752; fit for military service 9,434,020; reach military age (20) annually 581,858 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.05 billion, 5% of GDP (FY92/93)</text>
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<text>EGYPT - Passport and visa required. Transit visa for stay up to 48 hoursavailable. Tourist visa, valid 3 months, requires $15 fee (cash or moneyorder), 1 application form and 1 photo. Visa may be issued at airport uponarrival for fee of $20. For business travel, need company letter statingpurpose of trip. Enclose prepaid envelope for return of passport bycertified mail. Proof of yellow fever immunization required if arrivingfrom infected area. AIDS test required for workers and students stayingover 30 days. Register with local authorities or at hotel within 7 days ofarrival. Travelers must declare foreign currency on Form ΓÇ£DΓÇ¥ on arrivaland show Form ΓÇ£DΓÇ¥ and bank receipts upon departure. Maximum Egyptiancurrency allowed into and out of Egypt is LE20. For additional informationconsult Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2310 Decatur Pl., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-3903) or nearest Consulate General: CA(415/346-9700), IL (312/443-1190), NY (212/759-7120) or Houston(713/961-4915).Egypt - Consular Information SheetMarch 1, 1994Country Description: Egypt is a developing country with extensive facilities for tourists. It is a popular destination for American travelers, with over 150,000 American visitors each year.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. For those arriving by air, a renewable 30-day tourist visa can be obtained at airport points of entry. Those arriving overland and by sea, or those previously experiencing difficulty with their visa status in Egypt, must obtain a visa prior to arrival. Military personnel arriving on commercial flights are not exempt from passport and visa requirements. Proof of yellow fever and cholera immunization is required if arriving from an infected area. Evidence of an AIDS test is required for everyone staying over 30 days. Tourists must register with local authorities (either through their hotels, at local police stations, or at the central passport office) within seven days of arrival. For additional entry information, U.S. citizens can contact the Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2310 Decatur Place N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (telephone 202-234-3903), or the Egyptian consulates in San Francisco, Chicago, New York, or Houston.Areas of Instability: Egyptian extremist groups seeking to overthrow the government have staged violent attacks against Egyptian police and security officials, Egyptian Christians and secular Muslim intellectuals. In several incidents, extremists have sought to cripple the Egyptian economy through attacks on tourists, tour buses, and sites where tourists are likely to be found. These attacks have occurred in Cairo as well as in the southern governorates of Assiyut, Minya and Qena, which lie between Cairo and Luxor. All surface travel (bus, car, train, boat, etc.) through those southern governorates is considered dangerous.In February 1994, extremists threatened to escalate their anti-government terrorist campaign. They declared that foreign investors and tourists would be targets of this stepped-up campaign, and called on foreigners to leave Egypt. There have been no specific threats singling out American citizens or businesses in Egypt. Nevertheless, incidents of extremist violence are possible anywhere in the country. The American Embassy in Cairo has recommended that Americans traveling to or residing in Egypt heighten their security awareness, maintain a low profile, and avoid calling undue attention to themselves or their activities.Medical Facilities: There are many Western-trained medical professionals in Egypt. The U.S. Embassy in Cairo can provide a list of local hospitals and English-speaking physicians. Medical facilities are adequate for non-emergency matters, particularly in the areas where most tourists visit. Emergency and intensive care facilities are, however, limited. Most Nile cruise boats do not have a ship's doctor, but some employ a medical practitioner with the equivalent of a U.S. bachelor's degree. Hospital facilities are available in Luxor and Aswan, but are extremely limited at most other ports of call. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate payment in cash for treatment. Supplemental health insurance which specifically covers overseas treatment has proved to be useful. Temporary visitors to Egypt generally drink bottled water and soft drinks and avoid ice cubes. Beaches on the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts are generally unpolluted; however, there is a strong risk of exposure to the bilharzia parasite when swimming in the Nile or canals, walking barefoot along the river or drinking untreated river water. Bilharzia can cause extensive tissue damage, kidney failure and blindness. The risk of exposure to rift valley fever (RVF) exists throughout Egypt, having spread from its original concentration along a 60-mile stretch of the Nile in the Kom Ombo area of the Aswan governate. RVF is primarily a disease of domestic animals, but it can readily infect humans. The vast majority of cases of RVF in humans result in only fever and flu-like symptoms, with complete recovery in a few days. In two to three percent of cases, however, RVF leads to liver necrosis, encephalitis, and blindness. Preventive measures include avoiding farm animals (particularly those that appear ill), camels, freshly slaughtered meat, mosquito bites, raw milk, and locally prepared cheese products. Properly prepared, thoroughly cooked meat in tourist hotels, Nile cruise boats, and tourist restaurants is considered safe. Additional information on health problems can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: The crime rate in Egypt is low. While incidents of violence are rare, purse snatching, pickpocketing and petty theft are not uncommon. Unescorted women are vulnerable to sexual harassment and verbal abuse. Travelers and foreign residents are subject to Egyptian laws. A U.S. citizen enjoys no special consideration simply because he or she is an American. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Drug enforcement policies in Egypt are very strict. The death penalty may be imposed on anyone convicted of smuggling or selling marijuana, hashish, opium, LSD, or other narcotics. Law enforcement authorities prosecute and seek fines and imprisonment in cases of possession of even small quantities of drugs.Customs Requirements: Everyone entering Egypt must declare items such as jewelry, electronic equipment, and other valuables. This requirement is strictly enforced. Any valuables not accounted for may be confiscated. For those staying in Egypt less than one month, there are no currency exchange requirements. For each month thereafter, U.S. citizens must present proof, in the form of bank receipts, that they have converted $180 per month per person into Egyptian pounds. A maximum of 100 Egyptian pounds may be carried into or out of Egypt.Photography Requirements: There are strict duties on the importation of expensive photographic and video equipment. This includes most types of equipment typically carried by tourists to Egypt, including all video cameras, all autofocus cameras, etc. Travelers who wish to take such equipment with them on a temporary visit have three options with Customs authorities. (A) They may have the Customs inspector inventory the equipment and list it by model and serial number in their passports, so that the equipment can be crosschecked when they leave Egypt, in which case no duty will be collected. (B) They may have the equipment placed in storage for the duration of their stay, in which case a storage fee may be collected. (C) They may pay the standard duty for importing these items. There are restrictions on photographing military personnel and sites, bridges and canals.Dual Nationality: The government of Egypt considers all children born to Egyptian fathers to be Egyptian citizens. Even if the children bear American passports, immigration officials may require proof that the father approves their departure before the children will be allowed to leave Egypt. Americans married to Egyptians do not need their spouse's permission to depart Egypt as long as they have a valid Egyptian visa. To renew a visa, or to leave the country after a visa has expired, an American woman married to an Egyptian must obtain proof of the husband's consent. Dual Egyptian-American nationals may enter and leave Egypt on their U.S. passports. If a dual national resides in Egypt for extended periods, proof of Egyptian citizenship, such as a family I.D. card, is required. Male dual nationals of military age, who have not completed military service, are not generally required to enlist in the armed forces; however, before they can leave Egypt, they must obtain an exemption certificate through the Ministry of Defense draft office. Individuals who may be affected can inquire at an Egyptian consular office abroad before traveling to Egypt. Persons with dual nationality who travel to Egypt on their Egyptian passports are normally treated as Egyptian citizens. U.S. consular assistance to such persons is extremely limited.Tips for Travelers: Those wishing to visit areas near Egypt's frontiers, including oases near the border with Libya and off-road areas in the Sinai, must obtain permission from the Travel Permits Department of the Ministry of the Interior, located at the corner of Sheikh Rihan and Nubar Streets in downtown Cairo. Egypt is a desert country. Dehydration or other heat-related injuries can occur in any season. In desert areas, emergency services are limited or non-existent. Horseback riding in the desert and near archeological sites can be dangerous even for experienced riders.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo can obtain updated information on travel and security within Egypt.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Cairo is located on Lazoghli Street, Garden City, near downtown Cairo. The mailing address from the U.S. is American Embassy Cairo, APO AE 09839-4900; from Egypt, it is 8 Kamal El-Din Salah Street, Cairo. The telephone number is (20-2) 355-7371 (24-hour switchboard). The fax number is (20-2) 357-3200.The Consular Section of the American Embassy is located at the Embassy, but has a separate entrance on Lazoghli Street. The consular mailing address from the United States is American Embassy Cairo, Consular Section, Unit 64900 - Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900. The telephone number is (20-2) 355-7371. The consular fax is (20-2) 357-2472.The workweek in Egypt is Sunday through Thursday.No. 94-022This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 14, 1994, to update information on areas of instability.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador GeographyLocation: Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator between Colombia and PeruMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 283,560 km2 land area: 276,840 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Nevada note: includes Galapagos IslandsLand boundaries: total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 kmCoastline: 2,237 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: three sections of the boundary with Peru are in disputeClimate: tropical along coast becoming cooler inlandTerrain: coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timberLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 17% forest and woodland: 51% other: 23%Irrigated land: 5,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughtsNote: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador PeoplePopulation: 10,461,072 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.61 years male: 67.09 years female: 72.25 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ecuadorian(s) adjective: EcuadorianEthnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%Languages: Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 86% male: 88% female: 84%Labor force: 2.8 million by occupation: agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and other activities 28% (1982) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador conventional short form: Ecuador local long form: Republica del Ecuador local short form: EcuadorDigraph: ECType: republicCapital: QuitoAdministrative divisions: 21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-ChinchipeIndependence: 24 May 1822 (from Spain)Constitution: 10 August 1979Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of Quito)Political parties and leaders: Center-Right parties: Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president; Republican Unity Party (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, leader; Conservative Party (CE), Vice President Alberto DAHIK, president Center-Left parties: Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders; Popular Democracy (DP), Jamil MANUAD Witt, president; Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party (PLRE), Carlos Luis PLAZA Aray, director; Radical Alfarista Front (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, director Populist parties: Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director; Concentration of Popular Forces (CFP), Rafael SANTELICES, director; Popular Revolutionary Action (APRE), Frank VARGAS Passos, leader; Assad Bucaram Party (PAB), Avicena BUCARAM, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Raul AULESTIA, director Far-Left parties: Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Jorge Fausto MORENO, director; Ecuadorian Socialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Jose Xavier GARAYCOA, president; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo CASTILLO, director Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene Leon Mague MOSWUERRA, secretary general (5,00 members); Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), leader NA (3,000 members)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional for other eligible voters THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador GovernmentElections: President: runoff election held 5 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Sixto DURAN-BALLEN elected as president and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice president National Congress: last held 17 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (77 total) PSC 20, PRE 15, PUR 12, ID 7, PC 6, DP 5, PSE 3, MPD 3, PLRE 2, CFP 2, FRA 1, APRE 1Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN (since 10 August 1992); Vice President Alberto DAHIK (since 10 August 1992)Member of: AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Edgar TERAN chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 234-7200 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco consulate: San DiegoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James F. MACK embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito mailing address: P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039-3420 telephone: [593] (2) 562-890 FAX: [593] (2) 502-052 consulate general: GuayaquilFlag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador EconomyOverview: Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth has been uneven because of natural disasters, fluctuations in global oil prices, and government policies designed to curb inflation. Banana exports, second only to oil, have suffered as a result of EC import quotas and banana blight. The new President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, has a much more favorable attitude toward foreign investment than did his predecessor. Ecuador has implemented trade agreements with Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela and has applied for GATT membership. At the end of 1991, Ecuador received a standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will permit the country to proceed with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. In September 1992, the government launched a new, macroeconomic program that gives more play to market forces; as of March 1993, the program seemed to be paying off.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.8 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 3% (1992)National product per capita: $1,100 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992)Unemployment rate: 8% (1992)Budget: revenues $1.9 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: petroleum 42%, bananas, shrimp, cocoa, coffee partners: US 53.4%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countriesImports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals partners: US 32.7%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries, JapanExternal debt: $12.7 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (1991); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity: 2,921,000 kW capacity; 7,676 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timberAgriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes, manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugarIllicit drugs: minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; important money-laundering hub THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $64 millionCurrency: 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavosExchange rates: sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,453.8 (August 1992), 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 (December 1990), 767.75 (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador CommunicationsRailroads: 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single trackHighways: 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 1,500 kmPipelines: crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 kmPorts: Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, EsmeraldasMerchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 333,380 GRT/483,862 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 15 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulkAirports: total: 174 usable: 173 with permanent-surface runways: 52 with runway over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 21Telecommunications: domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ecuador Defense ForcesBranches: Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,655,520; fit for military service 1,798,122; reach military age (20) annually 109,413 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>ECUADOR - Passport and return/onward ticket required for stay up to 3months. For additional information contact the Embassy of Ecuador, 253515th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/234-7166) or nearest ConsulateGeneral: CA (213/628-3014 or 510/223-2162), FL (305/539-8214), IL(312/329-0266), LA (504/523-3229), MA (617/523-2700), MD (301/889-4435), MI(313/332-7356), NV (702/735-8193), NY (212/683-0170/71), PR (809/781-4408),or TX (214/747-6329).Ecuador - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Ecuador has a developing economy. Facilities for tourism are adequate but vary in quality. Widespread civil disorder is rare, but demonstrations are common and often degenerate into rock throwing, car torching, looting and other random violence.Entry Requirements: A passport and a return/onward ticket are required for a three-month stay. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Ecuador, travelers can contact the Ecuadorian Embassy at 2535 15th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, tel. (202) 234-7200 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, Boston, New York, or Houston.Medical Facilities: Medical care is available, but varies in quality. Cholera is present in many parts of Ecuador. However, visitors who follow proper precautions about food and drink are not usually at risk. Malaria is on the increase in the coastal area. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Pickpockets and muggings are common, with thieves often armed with guns or knives. There have been numerous incidents of robberies and sexual assaults on tourists, especially in the cities of Quito and Guayaquil, at tourist sites such as the famous Quito landmark known as El Panecillo in Old Quito, the Guayaquil waterfront promenade known as El Malecon, and in popular hiking and climbing areas surrounding Quito. Bus travel throughout Ecuador can be very dangerous because of the high incidence of crime perpetrated against bus travelers.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State publication "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Ecuador for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and offenders can expect prolonged pretrial detention without bail, lengthy jail sentences and fines.Other Information: Maritime safety standards on some tour vessels to the Galapagos Islands are deficient. Travelers have found it useful to verify the credentials of tour vessels in advance.U.S. citizens regularly bring allegations of legal harassment stemming from business disputes to the attention of U.S. officials in Ecuador. Of particular concern have been several instances of U.S. business people traveling to Ecuador to resolve business disputes who have been jailed on criminal complaints in situations that would normally be handled by civil litigation in the U.S. These U.S. citizens have secured their release from jail only upon the payment of large sums.Embassy Location/Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Quito at Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria (across from the Casa de Cultura), telephone: (593-2) 562-890/561-749 or at the: U.S. Consulate in Guayaquil at 9 de Octubre y Garcia Moreno (near the Hotel Oro Verde), telephone (593-4) 323-570/327-893, with jurisdiction over the Galapagos Islands, may obtain updated information on travel and security within Ecuador.No. 93-136This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - Passport or proof of U.S. citizenship and tourist cardor visa required. Tourist card for stay up to 2 months, available fromConsulate or from airline serving the Dominican Republic, $10 fee. Visaissued by Consulate, valid up to 5 years, no charge. All persons must pay$10 airport departure fee. AIDS test required for residence permit. U.S.test not accepted. For business travel and other information call theEmbassy of the Dominican Republic, 1715 22nd St., N.W., Washington, D.C.20008 (202/332-6280) or nearest Consulate General: CA (415/982-5144), FL(305/358-3221), IL (312/772-6363), LA (504/522-1007), MA (617/482-8121), NY(212/768-2480), PA (215/923-3006) or PR (809/725-9550).</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominican Republic GeographyLocation: in the northern Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Cuba and Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 48,730 km2 land area: 48,380 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New HampshireLand boundaries: total 275 km, Haiti 275 kmCoastline: 1,288 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 6 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersedNatural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold, silverLand use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 43% forest and woodland: 13% other: 14%Irrigated land: 2,250 km2 (1989)Environment: subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestationNote: shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominican Republic PeoplePopulation: 7,683,940 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.86% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.98 years male: 65.87 years female: 70.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Dominican(s) adjective: DominicanEthnic divisions: mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%Languages: SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 83% male: 85% female: 82%Labor force: 2,300,000 to 2,600,000 by occupation: agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominican Republic GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Dominican Republic conventional short form: none local long form: Republica Dominicana local short form: noneDigraph: DRType: republicCapital: Santo DomingoAdministrative divisions: 29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, ValverdeIndependence: 27 February 1844 (from Haiti)Constitution: 28 November 1966Legal system: based on French civil codesNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 February (1844)Political parties and leaders: Major parties: Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), Jacobo MAJLUTA Minor parties: National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde; Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party (APD), Maximilano Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOA note: in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party structuresOther political or pressure groups: Collective of Popular Organzations (COP), leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons regardless of age note: members of the armed forces and police cannot vote THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominican Republic GovernmentElections: Chamber of Deputies: last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2 President: last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4% Senate: last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 August 1986)Member of: ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-6280 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulates: Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo mailing address: APO AA 34041-0008 telephone: (809) 541-2171 and 541-8100 FAX: (809) 686-7437Flag: a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the cross THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominican Republic EconomyOverview: The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60% of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural products, oil refining, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is officially reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.4 billion (1992)</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 750 km2 land area: 750 km2 comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 148 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfallTerrain: rugged mountains of volcanic originNatural resources: timberLand use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 13% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 41% other: 34%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica PeoplePopulation: 86,547 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.31% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.72 years male: 73.89 years female: 79.71 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Dominican(s) adjective: DominicanEthnic divisions: black, Carib IndiansReligions: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other 5%Languages: English (official), French patoisLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 94% male: 94% female: 94%Labor force: 25,000 by occupation: agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Dominica conventional short form: DominicaDigraph: DOType: parliamentary democracyCapital: RoseauAdministrative divisions: 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint PeterIndependence: 3 November 1978 (from UK)Constitution: 3 November 1978Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1978)Political parties and leaders: Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMESOther political or pressure groups: Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist groupSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4 President: last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results - President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of AssemblyExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983) Head of Government: Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a third term 28 May 1990)Member of: ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: there is no chancery in the USUS diplomatic representation: no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), but travels frequently to Dominica THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica GovernmentFlag: green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica EconomyOverview: The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, and coconuts. In 1991, GDP grew by 2.1%. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an international airport.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $174 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.1% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $2,100 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1991)Unemployment rate: 15% (1991)Budget: revenues $70 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital expenditures of $26 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $66.0 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges partners: UK 50%, CARICOM countries, US, ItalyImports: $110.0 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals partners: US 27%, CARICOM, UK, CanadaExternal debt: $87 million (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoesAgriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry and fisheries potential not exploitedEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $120 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica CommunicationsHighways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earthPorts: Roseau, PortsmouthAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Dominica Defense ForcesBranches: Commonwealth of Dominica Police ForceManpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>DOMINICA - Proof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID and return/onward ticketrequired for tourist stay up to 6 months. For longer stays and otherinformation consult Consulate of the Commonwealth of Dominica, 820 2ndAve., Suite 900, New York, NY 10017 (212/599-8478).Dominica - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Dominica is a developing island nation. The tourist industry is not highly developed.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens may enter Dominica without a passport for tourist stays up to six months, but must carry an original document proving U.S. citizenship, as well as photo identification and a return/onward ticket. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Consulate of the Commonwealth of Dominica at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900, New York, NY, 10017, telephone (212) 599-8478.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some instances, supplemental medical insurance specifically covering overseas services has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A lost or stolen birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and heavy fines.Embassy Location/Registration: The United States does not maintain an embassy in Dominica. U.S. citizens requiring assistance may contact the U.S. Embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados; telephone (809) 436-4950. The Consular Section is located in the American Life Insurance Company (ALICO) Building, Cheapside, Bridgetown, telephone (809) 431-0225. Americans who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy at Bridgetown can obtain updated information on travel and security in Dominica and the other areas that the U.S. Embassy covers.No. 93-134This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1993 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti GeographyLocation: Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Ethiopia and SomaliaMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 22,000 km2 land area: 21,980 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MassachusettsLand boundaries: total 508 km, Erithea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 kmCoastline: 314 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic SomalisClimate: desert; torrid, dryTerrain: coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountainsNatural resources: geothermal areasLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 0% other: 91%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: vast wastelandNote: strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti PeoplePopulation: 401,579 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.7% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.78 years male: 47.01 years female: 50.59 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Djiboutian(s) adjective: DjiboutianEthnic divisions: Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%Religions: Muslim 94%, Christian 6%Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, AfarLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 48% male: 63% female: 34%Labor force: NA by occupation: a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers note: 52% of population of working age (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti conventional short form: Djibouti former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas French SomalilandDigraph: DJType: republicCapital: DjiboutiAdministrative divisions: 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, TadjouraIndependence: 27 June 1977 (from France)Constitution: multiparty constitution approved in referendum September 1992Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 June (1977)Political parties and leaders: ruling party: People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon other parties: Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; Democratic National Party (PND), ADEN Robleh AwalehOther political or pressure groups: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates; Movement for Unity and Democracy (MUD)Suffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: National Assembly: last held 18 December 1992; results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 total) RPP 65 President: last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without oppositionExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977) Head of Government: Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roble OLHAYE chancery: Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: (202) 331-0270US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti telephone: [253] 35-39-95 FAX: [253] 35-39-40Flag: two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti EconomyOverview: The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees).National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $358 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.2% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $1,030 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.7% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: over 30% (1989)Budget: revenues $170 million; expenditures $203 million, including capital expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)Exports: $186 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: hides and skins, coffee (in transit) partners: Africa 50%, Middle East 40%, Western Europe 9%Imports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products partners: Western Europe 54%, Middle East 20%, Asia 19%External debt: $355 million (December 1990)Industrial production: growth rate 10.0% (1990); manufacturing accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity: 115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and mineral-water bottlingAgriculture: accounts for only 3% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $35 millionCurrency: 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti CommunicationsRailroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through DjiboutiHighways: 2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)Ports: DjiboutiMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWTAirports: total: 13 usable: 11 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country; international connections via submarine cable to Saudi Arabia and by satellite to other countries; one ground station each for Indian Ocean INTELSAT and ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Djibouti Defense ForcesBranches: Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 97,943; fit for military service 57,187 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>DJIBOUTI - Passport and visa required. Visas must be obtained beforearrival. Single-entry visa valid for 30 days, extendable, requires $15fee, 2 applications, 2 photos, yellow fever immunization, onward/returnticket and sufficient funds. Company letter needed for business visa.Send prepaid envelope for return of passport by registered, certified, orexpress mail. Apply Embassy of the Republic of Djibouti, 1156 15th St.,N.W., Suite 515, Washington, D.C. 20005 (202/331-0270) or the DjiboutiMission to the U.N., 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 4011, New York, NY10017 (212/753-3163).Djibouti - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Djibouti is a developing African country. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: Visitors to Djibouti must have passports and obtain a visa before arrival. Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be presented. Travelers can obtain further information on entry requirements at the Embassy of the Republic of Djibouti, 1156 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, telephone (202) 331-0202 or at the Djiboutian Mission to the United Nations, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 4011, New York, N.Y. 10017, telephone (212) 753-3163.Areas of Instability: The potential for guerrilla activities exists in all areas of the country, especially along the Ethiopian/Djibouti border. The U.S. Embassy has instructed its personnel not to travel within Djibouti City after dark.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Medicine is often unavailable. Doctors and hospitals are likely to expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Questions on health matters can be referred to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime occurs in Djibouti City and elsewhere in the country. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for use, possession, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Djibouti.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, in Djibouti City. The mailing address is B.P. 185. The telephone number is (253) 35-39-95.No. 93-269This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to provide information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark GeographyLocation: Northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula north of GermanyMap references: Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 43,070 km2 land area: 42,370 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and GreenlandLand boundaries: total 68 km, Germany 68 kmCoastline: 3,379 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 4 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the International Court of JusticeClimate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summersTerrain: low and flat to gently rolling plainsNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestoneLand use: arable land: 61% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 12% other: 21%Irrigated land: 4,300 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: air and water pollutionNote: controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark PeoplePopulation: 5,175,922 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.23% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 12.5 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.51 years male: 72.63 years female: 78.56 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Dane(s) adjective: DanishEthnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, GermanReligions: Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% (1988)Languages: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 2,553,900 by occupation: private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%, electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark conventional short form: Denmark local long form: Kongeriget Danmark local short form: DanmarkDigraph: DAType: constitutional monarchyCapital: CopenhagenAdministrative divisions: metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city* (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg note: see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisionsIndependence: 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)Constitution: 5 June 1953Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul SCHLUETER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party, Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian People's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish Workers' PartySuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: Parliament: last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian People's 4Executive branch: monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral parliament (Folketing)Judicial branch: Supreme Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968) Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-4300 FAX: (202) 328-1470 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard B. STONE embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O mailing address: APO AE 09716 telephone: [45] (31) 42-31-44 FAX: [45] (35) 43-0223Flag: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark EconomyOverview: This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark's new center-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistent high unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following the previous government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a current account surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on the Danish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency. The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall tax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfare services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime Minister RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to EC's economic and monetary union (EMU) criteria by 1999, although Copenhagen won from the EC the right to opt out of the EMU if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark is, in fact, one of the few EC countries likely to fit into the EMU on time. Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many West European countries. As the EC's single market (formally established on 1 January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth is expected to pickup to around 2% in 1993. Expected Danish approval of the Maastricht treaty on EC political and economic union in May 1993 would almost certainly reverse the drop in investment, further boosting growth. The current account surplus remains strong as limitations on wage increases and low inflation - expected to be around 1% in 1993 - improve export competitiveness. Although unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $94.2 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1% (1992)National product per capita: $18,200 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1992)Unemployment rate: 11.4% (1992)Budget: revenues $48.8 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $37.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), fish, chemicals, industrial machinery partners: EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%, US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992)Imports: $30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, textiles, paper partners: EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%, US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992)External debt: $40 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark EconomyElectricity: 11,215,000 kW capacity; 34,170 million kWh produced, 6,610 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products, shipbuildingAgriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes fishing and forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; self-sufficient in food productionEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billionCurrency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 reExchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark CommunicationsRailroads: 2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operatedHighways: 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earthInland waterways: 417 kmPipelines: crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 kmPorts: Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor portsMerchant marine: 328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,043,277 GRT/7,230,634 DWT; includes 13 short-sea passenger, 102 cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 47 container, 37 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 36 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged to the DISAirports: total: 118 usable: 109 with permanent-surface runways: 28 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 7Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay support trunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Denmark Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,368,211; fit for military service 1,176,559; reach military age (20) annually 37,248 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.8 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>DENMARK (including GREENLAND) - Passport required. Tourist/business visanot required for stay of up to 3 months. (Period begins when enteringScandinavian area: Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.) Special rules applyfor entry into the U.S.-operated defense area in Greenland. For furtherinformation contact the Royal Danish Embassy, 3200 Whitehaven St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-4300) or nearest Consulate General: CA(213/387-4277), Chicago (312/329-9644) or New York (212/223-4545).Denmark - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Denmark is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are extensive, and English is widely spoken.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A tourist or business visa is not required for stays up to three months (the 90-day period begins when entering Nordic area: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland). For further information concerning entry requirements for Denmark, travelers can contact the Royal Danish Embassy at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, Tel (202) 234-4300, or the nearest Danish Consulate General in Chicago, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: While Denmark has a low crime rate, travelers to Copenhagen and other major cities can become targets for pickpockets and sophisticated purse snatchers. Purses and luggage are particular targets for thieves in hotel lobbies and breakfast rooms, airports, and train stations. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free trip. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: The nationwide police/fire/ambulance emergency telephone number is 112. Cyclists have the right-of-way over pedestrians and automobiles in Denmark and it is important to watch for traffic from bicycle lanes when crossing streets.Registration: Americans who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Denmark.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen is located at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24; telephone (45-31) 42-31-44.No. 93-071This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on driving conditions in Denmark and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, between Germany and SlovakiaMap references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 78,703 km2 land area: 78,645 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries: total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Liechtenstein claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does not go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized power; unresolved property dispute issues with Slovakia over redistribution of Czech and Slovak Federal Republic's property; establishment of international border between Czech Republic and SlovakiaClimate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid wintersTerrain: two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east, consisting of very hilly countryNatural resources: hard coal, kaolin, clay, graphiteLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: NANote: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic PeoplePopulation: 10,389,256 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.16% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.64 years male: 68.9 years female: 76.58 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Czech(s) adjective: CzechEthnic divisions: Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other 1%Religions: atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other 13.4%Languages: Czech, SlovakLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 5.389 million by occupation: industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications and other 45.2% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Czech Republic conventional short form: none local long form: Ceska Republika local short form: CechyDigraph: EZType: parliamentary democracyCapital: PragueAdministrative divisions: 7 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, Vychodocesky, Praha, Severomoravsky, JihomoravskyIndependence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)Constitution: ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theoryNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian Democratic Union, leader NA; Civic Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, chairman; Czech People's Party, Josef LUX; Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc, leader NA; Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Movement for Self-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia, Jan STRYCER, chairman; Liberal Social Union, leader NA; Assembly for the Republic, leader NAOther political or pressure groups: Czech Democratic Left Movement; Civic MovementSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results - Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council Senate: elections not yet held; seats (81 total) Chamber of Deputies: last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic Party/Christian Democratic Party 76, Left Bloc 35, Czechoslovak Social Democracy 16, Liberal Social Union 16, Christian Democratic Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly for the Republic/Republican Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement for Self-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic GovernmentLegislative branch: bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) will consist of an upper house or Senate (which has not yet been established) and a lower house or Chamber of DeputiesJudicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992)Member of: BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 363-6315 or 6316US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA embassy: Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 mailing address: Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630 telephone: [42] (2) 536-641/6 FAX: [42] (2) 532-457Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic EconomyOverview: The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from an aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and many raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of communist control of Eastern Europe, theCzech and Slovak Federal Republic launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992, in the Czech lands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP was down a more moderate 5%. For 1993 the government of the Czech Republic anticipates inflation of 15-20% and a rise in unemployment to perhaps 12% as some large-scale enterprises go into bankruptcy; GDP may drop as much as 3%, mainly because of the disruption of trade links with Slovakia. Although the governments of the Czech Republic and Slovakia had envisaged retaining the koruna as a common currency, at least in the short term, the two countries ended the currency union in February 1993.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -5% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $7,300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 3.1% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, minerals, and metals partners: Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK, CIS republicsImports: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured goods, raw materials, chemicals, agricultural products partners: Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK, ItalyExternal debt: $3.8 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992)Industrial production: growth rate -4% (November 1992 over November 1991); accounts for over 60% of GDPElectricity: 16,500,000 kW capacity; 62,200 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic EconomyIndustries: fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles, glass, armamentsAgriculture: largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest productsIllicit drugs: the former Czechoslovakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine (1992)Economic aid: the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)Currency: 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleruExchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic CommunicationsRailroads: 9,434 km total (1988)Highways: 55,890 km total (1988)Inland waterways: NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal riverPipelines: natural gas 5,400 kmPorts: coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe)Merchant marine: the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with SlovakiaAirports: total: 75 usable: 75 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Czech Republic Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad UnitsManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,736,657; fit for military service 2,083,555; reach military age (18) annually 95,335 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>CZECH REPUBLIC - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 30days. All foreigners must register with the proper authorities within 48hours of arrival. For more information contact Embassy of the CzechRepublic, 3900 Spring of Freedom Street., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/363-6315).Czech Republic - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: The Czech Republic, which came into being with the peaceful division of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic on January 1, 1993, is a moderately developed European nation. It is undergoing profound economic and political changes. Tourist facilities are not as developed as those found in Western Europe, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other European countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport is needed but a visa is not required for stays of up to 30 days. For further information concerning entry requirements for the Czech Republic, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Czech Republic at 3900 Spring of Freedom Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20008, telephone (202) 363-6315.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are available. Some facilities, particularly in remote areas, may be limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The Czech Republic has a low rate of violent crime. However, there has been an increase in street crime such as pickpocketing, especially at night near major tourist sites. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. They provide useful information on safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Prague can obtain updated information on travel and security within the Czech Republic.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Prague is located at Trziste 15; telephone (42-2) 2451-0847, or, after hours, (42-2) 531-200. The APO mailing address is Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5630.No. 93-070This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated February 10, 1993, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus GeographyLocation: in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria and 64 km west of TurkeyMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 9,250 km2 land area: 9,240 km2 comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of ConnecticutLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 648 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet wintersTerrain: central plain with mountains to north and southNatural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigmentLand use: arable land: 40% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 18% other: 25%Irrigated land: 350 km2 (1989)Environment: moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus PeoplePopulation: 723,371 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.94% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 17.14 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.98 years male: 73.75 years female: 78.31 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Cypriot(s) adjective: CypriotEthnic divisions: Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4%Religions: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4%Languages: Greek, Turkish, EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987) total population: 94% male: 98% female: 91%Labor force: Greek area: 282,000 by occupation: services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1991) Turkish area: 72,000 by occupation: services 57%, industry 22%, agriculture 21% (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus conventional short form: CyprusDigraph: CYType: republic note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of governmentCapital: NicosiaAdministrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, PaphosIndependence: 16 August 1960 (from UK)Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum in May 1985Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modificationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day in the Turkish area)Political parties and leaders: Greek Cypriot: Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), Glafkos CLERIDES; Democratic Party (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU Turkish area: National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet KOTAK; Nationalist Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu TORE; United Sovereignty Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland Party (VP), Orhan UCOK; CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were at stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus GovernmentOther political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results - Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7% House of Representatives: last held 19 May 1991; results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO 19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7 Turkish Area: President: last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05% Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic: last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP 0.9%; seats - (50 total) UBP (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October 1991 was for 12 seats; DP delegates broke away from the UBP and formed their own party after the last election; seats as of July 1992 UBP 34, SPD 1, HDP 1, YDP 2, DP 10, independents 2Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president, prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish areaLegislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish areaJudicial branch: Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish areaLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993) note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975; Dervish EROGLU has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 20 July 1985Member of: C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462-5772 consulate general: New York note: Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667 K Street, NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert E. LAMB embassy: corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia mailing address: APO AE 09836 telephone: [357] (2) 465151 FAX: [357] (2) 459-571Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities note: the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom with a red crescent and red star on a white field THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus EconomyOverview: The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry contributes 16.5% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while the service sector contributes 62% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force. Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism have played important roles in the average 6.8% rise in GDP between 1986 and 1990. This progress was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the adverse effects of the Gulf War on tourism. Nevertheless in mid-1991, the World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of developing countries. In contrast to the bright picture in the south, the Turkish Cypriot economy has less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a series of reverses in 1991. Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the collapse of the fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a drought, the Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant from Turkey to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. In addition, the Turkish government extended a $100 million loan in November 1992 to be used for economic development projects in 1993. Turkey normally underwrites a substantial portion of the Turkish Cypriot economy.National product: Greek area: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.3 billion (1992) Turkish area: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $600 million (1990)National product real growth rate: Greek area: 6.5% (1992) Turkish area: 5.9% (1990)National product per capita: Greek area: $11,000 (1992) Turkish area: $4,000 (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices): Greek area: 5.1% (1991) Turkish area: 69.4% (1990)Unemployment rate: Greek area: 2.4% (1991) Turkish area: 1.5% (1991)Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $350 million (1993)Exports: $875 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes partners: UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5%Imports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery partners: UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus EconomyExternal debt: $1.9 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1991); accounts for 16.5% of GDPElectricity: 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood productsAgriculture: contributes 6% to GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenuesIllicit drugs: transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and TurkeyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 millionCurrency: 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurusExchange rates: NAFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus CommunicationsHighways: 10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earthPorts: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, PaphosMerchant marine: 1,299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,045,037 GRT/37,119,933 DWT; includes 10 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 463 cargo, 77 refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off, 70 container, 4 multifunction large load carrier, 110 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 26 chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 422 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48 combination bulk, 1 railcar carrier, 2 passenger; note - a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns 27 of these ships, Russia owns 36, Latvia also has 7 ships, Croatia owns 2, and Romania 5Airports: total: 13 usable: 13 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector; international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cyprus Defense ForcesBranches: Greek area: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), Greek Cypriot Police Turkish area: Turkish Cypriot Security ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 185,371; fit for military service 127,536; reach military age (18) annually 5,085 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>CYPRUS - Passport required. Tourist/business visa issued on arrival forstay up to 3 months. Departure tax of $8 paid at airport. AIDS testrequired for certain entertainers; U.S. test accepted. For otherinformation consult Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus, 2211 R St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/462-5772) or nearest Consulate: CA(213/397-0771), LA (504/388-8701) or New York (212/686-6016).Cyprus - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Cyprus is a developed Mediterranean island nation divided "de facto" into two areas. The government of the Republic of Cyprus is the internationally recognized authority on the island but, in practice, its control extends only to the Greek Cypriot southern part of the island. The northern area operates under an autonomous Turkish Cypriot administrative zone supported by Turkish troops. In 1983, this section declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", which is recognized only by Turkey. Facilities for tourism in the southern sector are highly developed; those in the northern Turkish-controlled zone, while adequate, tend to be smaller and less modern.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Tourist and business visas are issued at the port of entry for a stay of up to three months. Proof of an AIDS test is required of certain entertainers. For additional information concerning entry requirements for Cyprus, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus at 2211 R Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, Tel: (202) 462-5772, or the nearest Consulate in San Francisco, Chicago, St. Louis, or New York.Medical Facilities: Good medical facilities are available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Cyprus has a low rate of crime. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Cyprus, the penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Terrorist Activities: While civil disorder is uncommon in Cyprus, demonstrations sometimes occur, and there have been occasional violent incidents along the "green line." Terrorist groups from the Middle East have occasionally used Cyprus as a site for carrying out acts of terrorism against third country targets.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens whom the Cypriot government considers to be Cypriot citizens could be subject to compulsory military service and other aspects of Cypriot law while in Cyprus. Those who may be affected can inquire at the Cypriot Embassy regarding their status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. Government efforts to provide protection abroad.Other Information: Since 1974, the Cyprus government has designated Larnaca and Paphos international airports, and the seaports of Limassol, Larnaca, and Paphos as the only legal points of entry into and exit from Cyprus. These ports are all in the government-controlled southern part of the island. Entry or exit via any other air or seaport is not authorized by the Cyprus government. It is possible for visitors to arrive at non-designated airports and seaports in the northern sector, but they should not expect to cross the United Nations-patrolled "green line" to the government controlled areas in the south. Such travel is not permitted by the government of Cyprus, even for transit purposes. Visitors arriving through designated ports of entry may be able to cross into the north for short day trips. Policy and procedures regarding such travel are subject to change.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Cyprus.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Nicosia is located at Metochiou and Ploutarchou Street, Engomi, telephone (357-2) 476100, fax (357-2) 465944.No. 93-069This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued October 7, 1992, to provide the new address and telephone number for the U.S. Embassy in Nicosia, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba GeographyLocation: in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West (Florida)Map references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 110,860 km2 land area: 110,860 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than PennsylvaniaLand boundaries: total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29 km note: Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of CubaCoastline: 3,735 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the leaseClimate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeastNatural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleumLand use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 6% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 17% other: 31%Irrigated land: 8,960 km2 (1989)Environment: averages one hurricane every other yearNote: largest country in Caribbean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba PeoplePopulation: 10,957,088 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 17.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.72 years male: 74.59 years female: 78.99 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Cuban(s) adjective: CubanEthnic divisions: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming powerLanguages: SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 94% male: 95% female: 93%Labor force: 4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state sector by occupation: services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Cuba conventional short form: Cuba local long form: Republica de Cuba local short form: CubaDigraph: CUType: Communist stateCapital: HavanaAdministrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa ClaraIndependence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902)Constitution: 24 February 1976Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)Political parties and leaders: only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretarySuffrage: 16 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly of People's Power: last held December 1986 (next to be held February 1993); results - PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total; after the February election, the National Assembly will have 590 seats) indirectly elected from slates approved by special candidacy commissionsExecutive branch: president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice president of the Council of Ministers, Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular)Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba GovernmentMember of: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992) chancery: 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN US Interests Section: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana mailing address: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M, Vedado, Havava telephone: 32-0051, 32-0543 FAX: no service available at this time note: protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss EmbassyFlag: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white five-pointed star in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba EconomyOverview: Since Castro's takeover of Cuba in 1959, the economy has been run in the Soviet style of government ownership of substantially all the means of production and government planning of all but the smallest details of economic activity. Thus, Cuba, like the former Warsaw Pact nations, has remained in the backwater of economic modernization. The economy contracted by about one-third between 1989 and 1992 as it absorbed the loss of $4 billion of annual economic aid from the former Soviet Union and much smaller amounts from Eastern Europe. The government implemented numerous energy conservation measures and import substitution schemes to cope with a large decline in imports. To reduce fuel consumption, Havana has cut back bus service and imported approximately 1 million bicycles from China, domesticated nearly 200,000 oxen to replace tractors, and halted a large amount of industrial production. The government has prioritized domestic food production and promoted herbal medicines since 1990 to compensate for lower imports. Havana also has been shifting its trade away from the former Soviet republics and Eastern Europe toward the industrialized countries of Latin America and the OECD.National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $14.9 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -15% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,370 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)Exports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee partners: Russia 30%, Canada 10%, China 9%, Japan 6%, Spain 4% (1992 est.)Imports: $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals partners: Russia 10%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 5%, Italy 5%, Canada 4%, France 4% (1992 est.)External debt: $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)Industrial production: NAElectricity: 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,248 million kWh produced, 1,500 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt by growing shortages of fuels and partsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billionCurrency: 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba CommunicationsRailroads: 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of 0.914-m and 1.435-m gaugeHighways: 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 est.)Inland waterways: 240 kmPorts: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 minorMerchant marine: 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 511,522 GRT/720,270 DWT; includes 42 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an additional 38 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and MaltaAirports: total: 186 usable: 166 with permanent-surface runways: 73 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 19Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cuba Defense ForcesBranches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Ministry of the Armed Forces Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth Labor Army (EJT)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,087,255; females age 15-49 3,064,663; males fit for military service 1,929,698; females fit for military service 1,910,733; males reach military age (17) annually 90,409; females reach military age (17) annually 87,274 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion; 10% of GNP in 1990 plan was for defense and internal securityNote: the breakup of the Soviet Union, the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba, has resulted in substantially less outside help for Cuba's defense forces</text>
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<text>CUBA - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa $26, business visa $36,valid up to 6 months, requires 1 application and photo. Send money orderonly and SASE for return of passport. Apply Cuban Interests Section, 263916th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/797-8609 or 8518). AIDStest required for those staying longer than 90 days. Attention: U.S.citizens need a Treasury Dept. license in order to engage in anytransactions related to travel to and within Cuba. Before planning anytravel to Cuba, U.S. citizens should contact the Licensing Division, Officeof Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury, 1331 G St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20220 (202/622-2480).Cuba - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Cuba is a developing country under the communist rule of Fidel Castro. The United States has no direct diplomatic relations with Cuba.Entry Requirements/Travel Transaction Limitations: The Cuban Assets Control Regulations of the U.S. Treasury Department require that persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction be licensed to engage in any transactions related to travel to, from and within Cuba. Transactions related to tourist and business travel are not licensable. This restriction includes tourist or business travel from or through a third country such as Mexico or Canada. Visitors who attempt to enter Cuba without the proper documentation are subject to detention and arrest. Transactions are authorized by general license for the following categories of travelers: U.S. and foreign government officials, including representatives of international organizations of which the United States is a member, traveling on official business; persons gathering news or making news or documentary films; persons visiting close relatives residing in Cuba; and, full-time professionals engaging in full-time research in their professional areas where the research is specifically related to Cuba, is largely academic in nature, and there is substantial likelihood the product of research will be disseminated. Additional information may be obtained by contacting the Licensing Division, Office of Foreign Assets Control at the U.S. Department of the Treasury (202/622-2480). Failure to comply with these regulations could result in prosecution upon return to the United States.Should a traveler receive a license, a passport and visa are required for entry to Cuba. For current information on Cuban entry and customs requirements, travelers may contact the Cuban Interests Section, an office of the Cuban government located at 2630 and 2639 16th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, tel: (202) 797-8518.Medical Facilities: Medical care does not meet U.S. standards. Many U.S. medications are unavailable. It is useful for travelers to Cuba to bring with them any prescribed medicine which is for their personal use. A copy of the prescription and a letter from the physician explaining the need for prescription drugs will facilitate entry into the country. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance providing specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Because of the deteriorating economic situation in Cuba, robberies, including those resulting in injuries, are increasing. Even the low-budget traveler has many items, including currency, that are attractive to thieves. Tourists frequenting beaches, hotels and historic sites are prime targets.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations (Cuban): The Cuban government prohibits currency exchange except at the official rate and at government offices. Failure to properly declare currency and foreign goods brought into Cuba upon entry is punishable under Cuban law by imprisonment for two to five years. As of April 1, 1993, American Express travelers checks are no longer acceptable on the island. Questions about Cuban currency and import regulations may be directed to the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, D.C.Currency Regulations (U.S.): U.S. Treasury Department regulations permit travelers whose transactions are licensed to spend no more than $100 per day for their living expenses in Cuba. There is also a limit of $500 on funds U.S. citizens and residents may pay to Cuba relating to fees imposed by the Cuban government. A limit of $300 per three-month period has been placed on family remittances sent from the U.S. to close relatives in Cuba. The Treasury Department also limits to $500 the amount of funds a person may transfer to Cuba to pay travel expenses for a Cuban national who has been granted a visa by the State Department to visit the United States. For further information, travelers may contact the Office of Foreign Assets Control.Credit Card Restrictions: U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens are prohibited from using credit cards in Cuba. U.S. credit card companies will not accept vouchers from Cuba, and Cuban shops, hotels, and other places of business do not accept U.S. credit cards. Personal checks drawn on U.S. banks may not be accepted in Cuba. Travelers checks are sometimes acceptable, however.Dual Nationality: The govermment of Cuba considers all Cuban-born U.S. citizens to be solely Cuban citizens. The Cuban government does not recognize the right or obligation of the U.S. government to protect dual U.S./Cuban citizens and has consistently denied U.S. consular officers the right to visit incarcerated dual U.S./Cuban nationals to ascertain their welfare and proper treatment under Cuban law. Dual U.S./Cuban nationals are required by Cuban law to enter and depart Cuba using Cuban passports. Using a Cuban passport for this purpose does not jeopardize one's U.S. citizenship; however, such persons must use their U.S. passports to enter and depart the U.S. and to transit any countries en route. Dual U.S./Cuban nationals may be subject to a range of restrictions and obligations, including military service, in Cuba.Restriction on Photography: Photographing military or police installations or personnel, or harbor, rail and airport facilities is forbidden.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for the possession, use, and dealing of illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences. Those accused of drug-related and other crimes can expect lengthy legal proceedings and delayed due process.U.S. Representation/Registration: The United States does not maintain an Embassy in Cuba. U.S. citizens who travel to Cuba may contact and register with the U.S. Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy, located in Havana at Calzada between L & M, Vedado; telephone 33-3550 through 33-3559. There is no access to the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo from within Cuba. U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Interests Section in Havana may obtain updated information on travel and security within the country. Transportation and communication within Cuba, including Havana, can be extremely difficult.Telephone service within Cuba and between Cuba and the United States is poor. It may therefore be difficult for the U.S. Interests Section in Havana to assist distressed Americans, should an emergency arise.No. 93-133This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1993 to add information concerning entry requirements, travel transaction limitations, currency regulations and reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Slovenia and Bosnia and HerzegovinaMap references: Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 56,538 km2 land area: 56,410 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than West VirginiaLand boundaries: total 1,843 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km (239 km with Serbia; 15 km with Montenego), Slovenia 455 kmCoastline: 5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km)Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Serbian enclaves in eastern Croatia and along the western Bosnia and Herzegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in AdriaticClimate: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coastTerrain: geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islandsNatural resources: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, saltLand use: arable land: 32% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 15% other: 15%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia GeographyNote: controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia PeoplePopulation: 4,694,398 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.19 years male: 69.7 years female: 76.89 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Croat(s) adjective: CroatianEthnic divisions: Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others 8.1%Religions: Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others and unknown 9.8%Languages: Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4%Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 1,509,489 by occupation: industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), government NA%, other THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Croatia conventional short form: Croatia local long form: Republika Hrvatska local short form: HrvatskaDigraph: HRType: parliamentary democracyCapital: ZagrebAdministrative divisions: 100 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Beli Manastir, Biograd (Biograd Na Moru), Bielovar, Bjelovar, Brac, Buje, Buzet, Cabar, Cakovec, Cazma, Cres Losinj, Crikvenica, Daruvar, Delnice, Djakovo (Dakovo), Donja Stubica, Donji Lapac, Dordevac, Drnis, Dubrovnik, Duga Resa, Dugo Selo, Dvor, Garesnica, Glina, Gospic, Gracac, Grubisno Polje, Hvar, Imotski, Ivanec, Ivanic-Grad, Jastrebarsko, Karlovac, Klanjec, Knin, Koprivnica, Korcula, Kostajnica, Krapina, Krizevci, Krk, Kutina, Labin, Lastovo, Ludbreg, Makarska, Metkovic, Nova Gradiska, Novi Marof, Novska, Obrovac, Ogulin, Omis, Opatija, Orahovica, Osijek, Otocac, Ozalj, Pag, Pazin, Petrinja, Ploce (Kardeljevo), Podravska Slatina, Porec, Pregrada, Pukrac, Pula, Rab, Rijeka, Rovinj, Samobor (part of Zagreb), Senj, Sesvete, Sibenik, Sinj, Sisak, Slavonska Pozega, Slavonski Brod, Slunj, Split (Solin, Kastela), Titova Korenica, Trogir, Valpovo, Varazdin, Vinkovci, Virovitica, Vukovar, Vis, Vojnic, Vrborsko, Vrbovec, Vrgin-Most, Vrgorac, Zabok, Zadar, Zagreb (Grad Zagreb), Zelina (Sveti Ivan Zelina), Zlatar Bistrica, ZupanjaIndependence: NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)Constitution: adopted on 2 December 1991Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)Political parties and leaders: Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the executive council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president; Croatian Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR, president; Croatian Party of Rights, Dobroslav PARAGA; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), leader NA; Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS), leader NA; Social-Democratic Party (SDP), leader NA; Croatian National Party (PNS), leader NAOther political or pressure groups: NASuffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universalElections: President: last held 4 August 1992 (next to be held NA); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with about 56% of the vote; Dobroslav PARAGA 5% House of Parishes: last held 7 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 1997); seats - (68 total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, IDS 3, SDP 1, PNS 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia Government Chamber of Deputies: last held NA August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996); seats - (138 total) 87 HDZExecutive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Parishes (Zupanije Dom) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Predstavnicke Dom)Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since NA April 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers Mate GRANIC, Vladimir SEKS, Borislav SKEGRO (since NA)Member of: CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, IMO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter A. SARCEVIC chancery: 2356 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 543-5586US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb mailing address: AMEMB Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5080 telephone: [38] (41) 444-800 FAX: [38] (41) 440-235Flag: red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia EconomyOverview: Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav average. Croatian Serb Nationalists control approximately one third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding determinants of Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, buildings, and houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability must come first. As of June 1993, fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries and final political arrangements are still in doubt.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $26.3 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -25% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $5,600 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (monthly rate, December 1992)Unemployment rate: 20% (December 1991 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $2.9 billion (1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republicsImports: $4.4 billion (1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food and live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: principally other former Yugoslav republicsExternal debt: $2.6 billion (will assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)Industrial production: growth rate -29% (1991 est.)Electricity: 3,570,000 kW capacity; 11,500 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and beverages THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia EconomyAgriculture: Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and vegetablesEconomic aid: $NACurrency: 1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 parasExchange rates: Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia CommunicationsRailroads: 2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified (1992); note - disrupted by territorial disputeHighways: 32,071 km total; 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth (1990); note - key highways note disrupted because of territorial disputeInland waterways: 785 km perennially navigablePipelines: crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km (1992); note - now disrupted because of territorial disputePorts: coastal - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek, Sisak, VinkovciMerchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,074 GRT/93,052 DWT; includes 4 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 10 passenger ferries, 2 bulk, 1 oil tanker; note - also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 198 ships (1,000 GRT or over) under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling 2,602,678 GRT/4,070,852 DWT; includes 89 cargo, 9 roll-on/ roll-off, 6 refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 3 multifunction large load carriers, 51 bulk, 5 passenger, 11 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 6 service vesselAirports: total: 75 usable: 72 with permanent-surface runways: 15 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: 350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV; 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none THE WORLD FACTBOOK Croatia Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense ForcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,177,029; fit for military service 943,259; reach military age (19) annually 32,873 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 337-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>CROATIA - Passport and visa required. Visa can be obtained at port ofentry. There is no charge for business or tourist visa. Checkrequirements with Embassy of Croatia, 236 Massachusetts Ave., N.E.,Washington, D.C. 20002 (202/543-5580 or 5586).Croatia - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Croatia is an independent nation, formerly a constitutent republic of Yugoslavia. Facilities for tourism are fully developed although not always accessible in the unstable areas of the country.Entry Requirements: A passport is required and U.S. citizens must have a visa which can be obtained at a port of entry. Additional information can be obtained from the Embassy of Croatia at 236 Massachusetts Ave. N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002, telephone: (202) 543-5580 or 543-5608.Areas of Instability: Localized shelling occurs in parts of Croatia adjacent to the United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs). This problem has most recently affected the areas of Zadar, Sibenik, and Karlovac. There is occasional shelling of areas of Croatia bordering Serbian held parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The situation in Zagreb and in most other areas of Croatia, including the Istrian Peninsula, is calm.Medical Facilities: Health facilities in Croatia, although generally of western caliber, are under severe strain. Some medicines are in short supply. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical coverage is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Croatia has a relatively low crime rate. Foreigners do not appear to be singled out; however, displays of wealth increase chances of becoming the victim of a pickpocket or mugger. Such crimes often occur in bus or railroad stations. Violent crime is rare.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Information: Most major credit cards (except VISA) and traveler's checks are accepted in Croatia.Terrorist Activities: There have been isolated terrorist bombings in Zagreb during the past year. Reportedly, few such bombings have resulted in personal injury. In May 1992, an explosive device was detonated near the U.S. Embassy causing minor damage to the building. Authorities have not ruled out the possibility that the U.S. facility was specifically targeted. A small explosive device fell from beneath a passing car in front of the U.S. Embassy in February 1993, but police do not believe the bomb was intended for the Embassy.Other Information: The emergency police number is 92. Response time is generally good, though long waits may occur. U.S. citizens in Croatia are subject to its laws. If stopped at a check point, travelers are expected to be courteous and follow instructions. Many areas within the UNPAs are under the control of undisciplined militia groups with whom the U.S. Embassy has little contact or influence.Registration: U.S. citizens can register at the U.S. Embassy and receive updated information on travel and security within Croatia. However, assistance to U.S. citizens is limited by the difficulty of gaining access to UNPAs and zones where fighting is occurring.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Zagreb is located at Andrije Hebranga 2, tel. (385-41) 444-800.No. 93-068This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992 to update the information on terrorism and areas of instability, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire HeaderAffiliation: (also known as Ivory Coast) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and LiberiaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 322,460 km2 land area: 318,000 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than New MexicoLand boundaries: total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 kmCoastline: 515 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwestNatural resources: petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copperLand use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 26% other: 52%Irrigated land: 620 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire PeoplePopulation: 13,808,447 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.5% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 46.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 15.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.97 years male: 46.98 years female: 51.03 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Ivorian(s) adjective: IvorianEthnic divisions: Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, Agni, foreign Africans (mostly Burkinabe about 2 million), non-Africans 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000)Religions: indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%Languages: French (official), 60 native dialects Dioula is the most widely spokenLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 54% male: 67% female: 40%Labor force: 5.718 million by occupation: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions note: 54% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire conventional short form: Cote d'Ivoire local long form: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire local short form: Cote d'Ivoire former: Ivory CoastDigraph: IVType: republic multiparty presidential regime established 1960Capital: Yamoussoukro note: although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan remains the administrative center; foreign governments, including the United States, maintain presence in AbidjanAdministrative divisions: 49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, ZuenoulaIndependence: 7 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: 3 November 1960Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 7 DecemberPolitical parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 smaller partiesSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results - President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive five-year term National Assembly: last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, independents 2Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960) Head of Government: Prime Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles GOMIS chancery: 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 797-0300US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Hume A. HORAN embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan mailing address: 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan telephone: [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72 FAX: [225] 22-32-59Flag: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire EconomyOverview: Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing low prices for commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated public-sector wage bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery in 1991. The government, which has sponsored various economic reform programs, especially in agriculture, projected an increase of 1.6% in GNP in 1992.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: -0.6% (1991)National product per capita: $800 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 14% (1985)Budget: revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $274 million (1990 est.)Exports: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton partners: France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel partners: France 29%, other EC 29%, Nigeria 16%, US 4%, Japan 3% (1989)External debt: $15 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1990); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity: 1,210,000 kW capacity; 1,970 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, fertilizer, beverageAgriculture: most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient in bread grain and dairy productsIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local consumption; some international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire CommunicationsRailroads: 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,000 km unimprovedInland waterways: 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoonsPorts: Abidjan, San-PedroMerchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 container, 2 roll-on/roll-offAirports: total: 42 usable: 37 with permanent-surface runways: 7 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 15Telecommunications: well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity; consists of open-wire lines and radio relay microwave links; 87,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cote d'Ivoire Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military Fire GroupManpower availability: males age 15-49 3,131,016; fit for military service 1,624,401; reach military age (18) annually 145,827 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988)</text>
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<text>COTE DΓÇÖIVOIRE (formerly Ivory Coast) - Passport required. Visa notrequired for stay up to 90 days. Visa $33, requires 4 application forms, 4photos, yellow fever vaccination, onward/return ticket and financialguarantee. Include postage for return of passport by registered mail. Forfurther information contact Embassy of the Republic of Cote DΓÇÖIvoire, 2424Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/797-0300) or HonoraryConsulate: CA (415/391-0176) .Cote d'Ivoire - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Cote d'Ivoire is also known as the Ivory Coast. It is a developing West African nation. Tourism facilities in the capital city of Abidjan include some luxury hotels. Other accommodations, especially outside the capital, may be limited in quality and availability.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens are required to have passports. A visa is not required for a stay of up to 90 days. If a longer stay is anticipated, a visa is required. Visa applications and further information on entry requirements may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Cote d'Ivoire, 2424 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 797-0300. There are honorary consulates for Cote d'Ivoire in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Phoenix.Areas of Instability: Because of the civil war in neighboring Liberia, the Liberia/Cote d'Ivoire border region is unsettled and potentially dangerous. Travelers may encounter road blocks, armed military personnel, and vehicle searches.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Cote d'Ivoire are adequate in Abidjan, the capital, but may be limited elsewhere. Not all medicines are available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Additional health information can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime of the "grab and run" variety, as well as pickpocketing in crowded areas, has increased. Robbery, burglary and automobile theft are common offenses. Armed criminals have used force when faced with resistance. Travelers displaying jewelry and carrying expensive cameras are particularly at risk. Travelers have found it useful to carry limited amounts of cash and only photocopies of key documents. It is particularly dangerous to visit the Treichville area or the Plateau business district in Abidjan after dark. The DeGaulle and Houphouet-Boigney bridges, which cross the lagoon in Abidjan, are dangerous areas for pedestrians, even in the daytime. However, many hotels, restaurants, nightclubs and supermarkets provide security guards to protect clients and their vehicles. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Laws regarding possession or transportation of drugs are strictly enforced.Driving Hazards: Automobile accidents are one of the greatest threats to the well-being of Americans in Cote d'Ivoire. Night driving is particularly hazardous due to poorly lit roads and vehicles. Direct or indirect requests for bribes from the police and other security officials are commonplace, especially at highway checkpoints and near Abidjan's Port Bouet Airport.In-Country Travel: Airline travel in West Africa is routinely overbooked; schedules are limited, and airline assistance is of varying quality. Prudent passengers get the required seat reconfirmation stamped on the ticket; ensure that they have emergency funds for food and lodging in the event of unexpected delays; and arrive at the airport at least two hours before the scheduled departure time.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Cote d'Ivoire.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Abidjan at 5 Rue Jesse Owens; the mailing address is 01 B.P. 1712, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; the telephone number is (225) 21-09-79, and the fax number is (225) 22-32-59.No. 93-268This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica GeographyLocation: Central America, between Nicaragua and PanamaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South AmericaArea: total area: 51,100 km2 land area: 50,660 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia note: includes Isla del CocoLand boundaries: total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 kmCoastline: 1,290 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November)Terrain: coastal plains separated by rugged mountainsNatural resources: hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 45% forest and woodland: 34% other: 8%Irrigated land: 1,180 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; deforestation; soil erosion THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica PeoplePopulation: 3,264,776 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.38% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 3.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.49 years male: 75.56 years female: 79.52 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Costa Rican(s) adjective: Costa RicanEthnic divisions: white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%Languages: Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto LimonLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 93% male: 93% female: 93%Labor force: 868,300 by occupation: industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica conventional short form: Costa Rica local long form: Republica de Costa Rica local short form: Costa RicaDigraph: CSType: democratic republicCapital: San JoseAdministrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San JoseIndependence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)Constitution: 9 November 1949Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA BrealeyOther political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate); Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate); Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; National Association for Economic Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants); National Association of Educators (ANDE)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: Legislative Assembly: last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional parties 2 President: last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47%Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)Member of: AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda chancery: Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 234-2945 through 2947 consulates general: Albuquerque, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulate: BuffaloUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr. embassy: Pavas Road, San Jose mailing address: APO AA 34020 telephone: [506] 20-39-39 FAX: (506) 20-2305Flag: five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica EconomyOverview: In 1992 the economy grew at an estimated 5.4%, up from the 2.5% gain of 1991 and the gain of 1990. Increases in agricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops) and in nontraditional exports are responsible for much of the growth. In 1992 consumer prices rose by 17%, below the 27% of 1991. The trade deficit of $100 million was substantially below the 1991 deficit of $270 million. Unemployment is officially reported at 4.0%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among the world's highest.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 5.4% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $2,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 4% (1992)Budget: revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.34 billion, including capital expenditures of $110 million (1991 est.)Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar partners: US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, JapanImports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum partners: US 45%, Japan, Guatemala, GermanyExternal debt: $3.2 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 1.0% (1991); accounts for 19% of GDPElectricity: 927,000 kW capacity; 3,612 million kWh produced, 1,130 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic productsAgriculture: accounts for 17% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest resources resulting in lower timber outputIllicit drugs: illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment country for cocaine from South AmericaEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million; Communist countries (1971-89), $27 millionCurrency: 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica EconomyExchange rates: Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 137.72 (January 1993), 134.51 (1992), 122.43 (1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica CommunicationsRailroads: 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrifiedHighways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earthInland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally navigablePipelines: petroleum products 176 kmPorts: Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, PuntarenasMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWTAirports: total: 162 usable: 144 with permanent-surface runways: 28 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Costa Rica Defense ForcesBranches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard note: constitution prohibits armed forcesManpower availability: males age 15-49 851,713; fit for military service 573,854; reach military age (18) annually 31,987 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>COSTA RICA - Passport required. Travelers are sometimes admitted with(original) certified U.S. birth certificate and photo ID for tourist stayup to 90 days. Tourist card issued upon arrival at airport. U.S. citizensmust have onward/return ticket. For stays over 90 days, you must apply foran extension (within the first week of visit) with Costa Rican Immigrationand, after 90 days, obtain exit visa and possess a valid U.S. passport.Visitors staying over 90 days must have an AIDS test performed in CostaRica. For travel with pets and other information contact the ConsularSection of the Embassy of Costa Rica, 1825 Conn. Ave., N.W., Suite 211,Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/328-6628) or nearest Consulate General: CA(415/392-8488), GA (404/370-0555), FL (305/377-4242), IL (312/263-2772), LA(504/467-1462), NY (212/425-2620) or TX (713/266-0485).Costa Rica - Consular Information SheetJuly 19, 1993Country Description: Costa Rica is a developing country. Tourist facilities, particularly in the capital, are generally adequate.Entry Requirements: A valid passport is required to enter Costa Rica. At the discretion of Costa Rican authorities, travelers are sometimes admitted with the original copy of a certified U.S. birth certificate and photo I.D. for tourist stays of up to 90 days. Tourist cards are issued upon arrival at the airport. U.S. citizens must have an onward or return ticket to obtain a tourist card. Every departing traveler is required to pay a six dollar airport tax upon departure. To obtain additional and updated information on entry and exit requirements, travelers can contact the Consular Section of the Embassy of Costa Rica at 1825 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Suite 211, Washington, D.C. 20009, tel. (202) 328-6628 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, New York or Houston.Medical Facilities: Cases of malaria have been reported on the Atlantic Coast centered around the city of Limon. Medical care in the capital city of San Jose is adequate. However, in areas outside of San Jose medical care is more limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty crime occurs. Thefts, especially in urban areas, and car break-ins are common. Thefts take place on the street, in hotel rooms and from cars. U.S. passports are a particular target. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Some remote trails in national parks have been closed because of the low number of visitors and reported robberies of hikers in the area. Tourists should check with forest rangers for current park conditions. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication, as well as others, such as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America," are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Costa Rica for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Other Information: Costa Rica has a long history of investment and real estate scams and frauds perpetrated against U.S. citizens and international visitors. In addition, several U.S. citizen landowners have encountered difficulties with squatters. Persons contemplating buying land may find it useful to seek competent local legal advice concerning their rights as landowners and inspect the property before purchase.Because of the poor condition of roads in some areas of the country, including areas often frequented by tourists, it has become increasingly common for the local populace to erect roadblocks to bring attention to their grievances. In the past, American citizens and other tourists have become immobilized and forced to stay in these blockaded areas until the Costa Rican government and the local populace negotiate a settlement. To date, the longest period of time that foreign tourists have been delayed is five days. Violence against tourists has occurred at some roadblocks in the past. For this reason, any Americans finding themselves within blockaded areas should avoid actions that might provoke the persons attempting to block the road. U.S citizens in such situations may contact the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. The U.S. Embassy will work closely with Costa Rican officials in attempts to have the roadblocks removed and ensure the safety of American citizens in the affected areas.Registration: U.S. citizens who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in San Jose may obtain updated information on travel and security within Costa Rica.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica is located in Pavas, San Jose at telephone (506) 20-39-39. The Embassy is open Monday through Friday, closed on Costa Rican and American holidays. For emergencies arising outside of normal business hours, call 20-31-27 and ask for the duty officer.No. 93-207This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1993 to add information on the possibility of roadblocks in Costa Rica and to add information on the difficulties faced by persons considering purchasing land in Costa Rica.</text>
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card_36991.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Australia) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands GeographyLocation: Oceania, just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral SeaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: less than 3 km2 land area: less than 3 km2 comparative area: NA note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most importantLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 3,095 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropicalTerrain: sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)Natural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important nesting area for birds and turtles THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 meteorologists THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Coral Sea Islands Territory conventional short form: Coral Sea IslandsDigraph: CRType: territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism, and TerritoriesCapital: none; administered from Canberra, AustraliaIndependence: none (territory of Australia)Flag: the flag of Australia is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorages only THE WORLD FACTBOOK Coral Sea Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors</text>
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<name>Coral Sea Islands</name>
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card_36682.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands HeaderAffiliation: (free association with New Zealand) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands GeographyLocation: Oceania, 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 240 km2 land area: 240 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 120 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by trade windsTerrain: low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in southNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 22% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 74%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to typhoons from November to March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands PeoplePopulation: 18,903 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.18% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.14 years male: 69.2 years female: 73.1 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Cook Islander(s) adjective: Cook IslanderEthnic divisions: Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%Religions: Christian (majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church)Languages: English (official), MaoriLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 5,810 by occupation: agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, other 4% (1981) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Cook IslandsDigraph: CWType: self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook IslandsCapital: AvaruaAdministrative divisions: noneIndependence: none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action)Constitution: 4 August 1965Legal system: NANational holiday: Constitution Day, 4 AugustPolitical parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKASuffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: Parliament: last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) 9, independent 1Executive branch: British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but has no legislative powersJudicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK (since NA) Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Inatio AKARURU (since NA February 1989)Member of: AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, IOC, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHODiplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands GovernmentUS diplomatic representation: none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)Flag: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands EconomyOverview: Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential and expanding the fishing industry.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $40 million (1988 est.)National product real growth rate: 5.3% (1986-88 est.)National product per capita: $2,200 (1988 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1988)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing partners: NZ 80%, JapanImports: $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber partners: NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, USExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: fruit processing, tourismAgriculture: export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; subsistence crops - yams, taroEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $128 millionCurrency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 centsExchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9490 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7266 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands CommunicationsHighways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earthPorts: AvatiuMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWTAirports: total: 7 usable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 11,000 radio receivers; 17,000 TV receivers (1989); 2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cook Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand</text>
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<text>COOK ISLANDS - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not neededfor visit up to 31 days. For longer stays and further information contactConsulate for the Cook Islands, Kamehameha Schools, #16, Kapalama Heights,Honolulu, HI 96817 (808/847-6377).</text>
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card_36364.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Gabon and ZaireMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 342,000 km2 land area: 341,500 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MontanaLand boundaries: total 5,504 km, Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 kmCoastline: 169 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the EquatorTerrain: coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basinNatural resources: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gasLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 29% forest and woodland: 62% other: 7%Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989)Environment: deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe Noire, or along the railroad between them THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo PeoplePopulation: 2,388,667 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.44% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 40.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.04 years male: 46.3 years female: 49.84 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Congolese (singular and plural) adjective: Congolese or CongoEthnic divisions: south: Kongo 48% north: Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12% center: Teke 17%, Europeans 8,500 (mostly French)Religions: Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%Languages: French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo are the most widely used)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 57% male: 70% female: 44%Labor force: 79,100 wage earners by occupation: agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25% note: 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of the Congo conventional short form: Congo local long form: Republique Populaire du Congo local short form: Congo former: Congo/BrazzavilleDigraph: CFType: republicCapital: BrazzavilleAdministrative divisions: 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, SanghaIndependence: 15 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: 8 July 1979, currently being modifiedLegal system: based on French civil law system and customary lawNational holiday: Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960)Political parties and leaders: Congolese Labor Party (PCT), headed by former president Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO; Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) - a coalition of opposition parties; Panafrican Union for Social Development (UPADS)Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC); Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC); Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC); General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 2-16 August 1992 (next to be held August 1997); results - President Pascal LISSOUBA won with 61% of the vote National Assembly: last held 24 June-19 July 1992; results - (125 total) UPADS 39, MCDDI (part of URD coalition) 29, PCT 19; more than a dozen smaller parties split the remaining 38 seats note: National Assembly dissolved in November 1992; next election to be held May 1993Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on NA November 1992Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Claude Antoine DA COSTA (since December 1992)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO chancery: 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: (202) 726-5500US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS embassy: Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville mailing address: B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE 09828 telephone: (242) 83-20-70 FAX: [242] 83-63-38Flag: red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo EconomyOverview: Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however, growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the population growth rate. The new government, responding to pressure from businessmen and the electorate, has promised to reduce the bureaucracy and government regulation but little has been accomplished as of early 1993.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 0.6% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $1,070 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.6% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $765 million; expenditures $952 million, including capital expenditures of $65 million (1990)Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: crude oil 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds partners: US, France, other EC countriesImports: $704 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment partners: France, Italy, other EC countries, US, Germany, Spain, Japan, BrazilExternal debt: $4.1 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP; includes petroleumElectricity: 140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: petroleum, cement, lumbering, brewing, sugar milling, palm oil, soap, cigaretteAgriculture: accounts for 13% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; imports over 90% of food needsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $63 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo EconomyCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo CommunicationsRailroads: 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately owned)Highways: 11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved earth; 5,200 km unimproved earthInland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic onlyPipelines: crude oil 25 kmPorts: Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port)Airports: total: 44 usable: 41 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 16Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Congo Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 534,802; fit for military service 272,051; reach military age (20) annually 24,190 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>CONGO - Passport and visa required. Single-entry $30 or multiple-entry$50, for tourist/business stay up to 3 months, requires yellow fever andcholera immunizations and onward/return ticket. First-time applicants need3 application forms and 3 photos, returning visitors need only 2. Forbusiness visa must have company letter stating reason for trip. IncludeSASE for return of passport by mail. Letter of introduction stating reasonfor trip, 3 applications and 3 photos required. Apply Embassy of thePeopleΓÇÖs Republic of the Congo, 4891 Colorado Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20011 (202/726-5500) or the Permanent Mission of the Congo to the UN, 14East 65th St. New York, NY 10021 (212/744-7840).Congo - Travel WarningJanuary 25, 1994The Department of State advises Americans to defer travel to Congo. Since June 1993, sporadic outbreaks of fighting generated by political disputes have occurred in Brazzaville. This pattern has continued in 1994. The Department of State has authorized the dependents of United States government employees to depart Congo.No. 94-003Congo - Consular Information SheetFebruary 24, 1994Warning: The Department of State advises Americans to defer travel to Congo. Since June 1993 sporadic outbreaks of fighting generated by political disputes have occurred in Brazzaville. This pattern has continued into 1994. The Department of State has authorized the departure of United States government dependents from the Congo.Country Description: The Congo is a developing nation in central Africa. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Information on entry requirements may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of the Congo, 4891 Colorado Avenue, N.W., Washington D.C. 20011, telephone (202) 726-0825, or the Permanent Mission of the Congo to the U.N., 14 E. 65th St., New York, NY 10021, telephone (212) 744-7840.Areas of Instability: The Congo is in a period of political transition. The U.S. Embassy in Brazzaville has advised U.S. citizens in the Congo that civil disturbances between Congolese government forces and opposition supporters have erupted in various neighborhoods of Brazzaville. The U.S. Embassy has advised Americans to completely avoid these areas, to avoid travel throughout the city after dark and to limit discretionary travel during the day. During this period of unrest, the airport in Brazzaville is operating during daylight hours only.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in the Congo are limited. Some medicine is in short supply. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Travelers have found supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage to be of use. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime, including mugging and purse snatching, is common in Brazzaville, as well as in some parts of the countryside. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Detention of Americans: Local security force commanders, particularly in areas outside of Brazzaville, may detain foreigners and have been known to attempt extortion. Such detention of U.S. citizens is not always reported by Congo authorities to the U.S. Embassy. The Embassy has protested such actions.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in the Congo.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Avenue Amilcar Cabral in the capital city of Brazzaville. The telephone number is (242) 83-20-70. The mailing address is B.P. 1015, Brazzaville, Congo or Box C, APO AE 09828.No. 94-020This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 17, 1993, to add the Travel Warning, to correct the telephone number of the Congolese Embassy, and to add the information on the Permanent Mission to the U.N.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros GeographyLocation: in the extreme northern Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern MozambiqueMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,170 km2 land area: 2,170 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 340 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claims French-administered MayotteClimate: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)Terrain: volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hillsNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 35% permanent crops: 8% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 16% other: 34%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy seasonNote: important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros PeoplePopulation: 511,651 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.54% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 46.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.35 years male: 55.23 years female: 59.55 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Comoran(s) adjective: ComoranEthnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, SakalavaReligions: Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14%Languages: Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 48% male: 56% female: 40%Labor force: 140,000 (1982) by occupation: agriculture 80%, government 3% note: 51% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros conventional short form: Comoros local long form: Republique Federale Islamique des Comores local short form: ComoresDigraph: CNType: independent republicCapital: MoroniAdministrative divisions: three islands; Njazidja (Grand Comore), Nzwani (Anjouan), and Mwali (Moheli) note: there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and MutsamuduIndependence: 6 July 1975 (from France)Constitution: 7 June 1992Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated codeNational holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1975)Political parties and leaders: over 20 political parties are currently active, the most important of which are; Comoran Union for Progress (UDZIMA), Omar TAMOU; Islands' Fraternity and Unity Party (CHUMA), Said Ali KEMAL; Comoran Party for Democracy and Progress (PCDP), Ali MROUDJAE; Realizing Freedom's Capability (UWEZO), Mouazair ABDALLAH; Democratic Front of the Comoros (FDR), Moustapha CHELKH; Dialogue Proposition Action (DPA/MWANGAZA), Said MCHAWGAMA; Rally for Change and Democracy (RACHADE), Hassan HACHIM; Union for Democracy and Decentralization (UNDC), Mohamed Taki Halidi IBRAHAM; Maecha Bora, leader NA; MDP/NGDC (expansion NA), leader NA; Comoran Popular Front (FPC), Mohamed HASSANALI, Mohamed El Arif OUKACHA, Abdou MOUSTAKIM (Secretary General)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Federal Assembly: last held November-December 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) UNDC 7, CHUMA 3, ADP 2, MDP/NGDC 5, FDC 2, MAECHA BORA 2, FPC 2, RACHADE 1, UWEZO 1, MWANGAZA 1, 16 other seats to smaller parties President: last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed DJOHAR (UDZIMA) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45%Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); Prime Minister Ibrahim HALIDI (since 1 January 1992)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN chancery: (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 972-8010US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER embassy: address NA, Moroni mailing address: B. P. 1318, Moroni telephone: [269] 73-22-03, 73-29-22 FAX: no service available at this timeFlag: green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by the Comoros) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros EconomyOverview: One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the leading sector of the economy. It contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for FY92 show a moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism, and government investment outlays.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $260 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.7% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $540 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: over 16% (1988 est.)Budget: revenues $96 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital expenditures of $33 million (1991 est.)Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang partners: US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)Imports: $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods partners: Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988)External debt: $196 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -6.5% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials, soft drinksAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 millionCurrency: 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)); note - linked to the French franc at 50 to 1 French francFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros CommunicationsHighways: 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravelPorts: Mutsamudu, MoroniAirports: total: 4 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over 1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Comoros Defense ForcesBranches: Comoran Defense Force (FDC)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 108,867; fit for military service 65,106 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>COMOROS ISLANDS - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa for upto 3 weeks (extendable) issued at airport upon arrival. For furtherinformation consult Embassy of the Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros,336 East 45th St., 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017 (212/972-8010).Comoros - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Comoros is a developing island nation located in the Indian Ocean, off the east coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Visas for stays of three weeks or less can be issued at the airport upon arrival, provided an onward/return ticket is presented. Further entry information may be obtained from the Embassy of the Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros, 336 E. 45th Street, Second Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 972-8010.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Comoros are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental insurance, specifically including overseas coverage, has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline; telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty thievery is not uncommon. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.U.S. Representation: The U.S. Embassy in Comoros closed September 27, 1993. U.S. citizens in Comoros needing assistance may contact the U.S. Embassy in Port Louis, Mauritius. The address is Rogers House (Fourth Floor) on John F. Kennedy Street. The telephone numbers are (230) 208-9764 through 208-9769, 208-2347 and 208-2354; fax (230) 208-9534. If more convenient, travelers may contact U.S. embassies in neighboring Dar Es Salaam, Nairobi or Antananarivo.No. 93-267This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, advising of the closing of the U.S. Embassy in Moroni and that the Comoros will be in the consular district of the U.S. Embassy in Mauritius.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia GeographyLocation: Northern South America, between Panama and VenezuelaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,138,910 km2 land area: 1,038,700 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla BankLand boundaries: total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900 km, Venezuela 2,050 kmCoastline: 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)Maritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno BankClimate: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlandsTerrain: flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern lowland plainsNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeraldsLand use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 29% forest and woodland: 49% other: 16%Irrigated land: 5,150 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; periodic droughtsNote: only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia PeoplePopulation: 34,942,767 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.83% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.72 years male: 68.99 years female: 74.53 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Colombian(s) adjective: ColombianEthnic divisions: mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian 1%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%Languages: SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 87% male: 88% female: 86%Labor force: 12 million (1990) by occupation: services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Colombia conventional short form: Colombia local long form: Republica de Colombia local short form: ColombiaDigraph: COType: republic; executive branch dominates government structureCapital: BogotaAdministrative divisions: 23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats* (comisarias, singular - comisaria), 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular - intendencia), and 1 special district*** (distrito especial); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bogota***, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada* note: the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain)Constitution: 5 July 1991Legal system: based on Spanish law; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Independence Day, 20 July (1810)Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMEROOther political or pressure groups: three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation Army (ELN), Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLOSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia Government Senate: last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19 9, MSN 5, UP 1, other 7 House of Representatives: last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19 13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17Executive branch: president, presidential designate, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of Representatives (Camara de Representantes)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), Constitutional Court, Council of StateLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990)Member of: AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra chancery: 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 387-8338 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulates: Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and TampaUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY embassy: Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota mailing address: P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038 telephone: [57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688 FAX: [57] (1) 288-5687 consulate: BarranquillaFlag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia EconomyOverview: Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries in recent years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, energy rationing, and drug-related violence have dampened growth. The level of violence, in Bogota in particular, surged to higher levels in the first quarter of 1993, further delaying the economic resurgence expected from government reforms. These reforms center on fiscal restraint, trade and investment liberalization, financial and labor reform, and privatization of state utilities and commercial banks.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $51 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1992)Unemployment rate: 10% (1992)Budget: revenues $5.0 billion; current expenditures $5.1 billion, capital expenditures $964 million (1991 est.)Exports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers partners: US 44%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% (1991)Imports: $5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products partners: US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% (1991)External debt: $17 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate -0.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity: 10,193,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, saltAgriculture: growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming more important THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia EconomyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca under cultivation; the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug marketsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion, Communist countries (1970-89), $399 millionCurrency: 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 820.08 (January 1993), 759.28 (1992), 633.05 (1991), 502.26 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia CommunicationsRailroads: 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km 1.435-meter gaugeHighways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfacesInland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boatsPipelines: crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 kmPorts: Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, TumacoMerchant marine: 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 227,719 GRT/356,665 DWT; includes 9 cargo, 3 oil tanker, 8 bulk, 7 containerAirports: total: 1,233 usable: 1,059 with permanent-surface: 69 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-2,459 m: 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 200Telecommunications: nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 11 domestic satellite earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Colombia Defense ForcesBranches: Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia Nacional)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 9,428,358; fit for military service 6,375,944; reach military age (18) annually 356,993 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $630 million, 1.3% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>COLOMBIA - Passport, proof of onward/return ticket, and entry permitrequired for tourist/business stay of up to 6 months. Entry permits aregranted by the immigration authorities at the port of entry. Minors (under18) traveling alone, with one parent or in someone elseΓÇÖs custody, mustpresent written authorization signed before a notary and authenticated bythe Colombian Embassy or Consulate from the absent parent(s) or guardian.Persons suspected of being HIV-positive may be denied entry. Forinformation about longer stays, business and official travel contactEmbassy of Colombia (Consulate), 1825 Conn. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.20009 (202/332-7476) or nearest Consulate General: CA (213/362-1137 or415/362-0080), FL (305/448-5558), GA (404/237-1045), IL (312/341-0658/9),LA (504/525-5580), MA (617/536-6222), MI (313/352-4970), MN (612/933-2408),MO (314/991-3636), OH (216/943-1200), NY (212/949-9898), PR (809/754-6885)or TX (713/527-8919).Colombia - Travel WarningJanuary 28, 1994U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Colombia until further notice. With the exception of several popular tourist areas, violence continues to affect a significant portion of the country and recent attacks have been targeted against American citizens and institutions. Additional information can be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet on Colombia.No. 94-004This updates the Travel Warning for Colombia originally dated February 2, 1993.Colombia - Consular Information SheetJanuary 28, 1994Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Colombia until further notice. With the exception of several popular tourist areas, violence continues to affect a significant portion of the country and recent attacks have been targeted against American citizens and institutions.Country Description: Colombia is a medium income country with a diverse economy. Tourist facilities vary, depending on cost and area.Entry Requirements: A passport and a return/onward ticket are required for stays up to three-months. Minors (under 18) traveling alone, with one parent, or with a third party must present written authorization from the absent parent(s) or legal guardian, specifically granting permission to travel alone, with one parent or with a third party. This authorization must be notarized, authenticated by a Colombian embassy or consulate, and translated into Spanish. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Colombia, travelers can contact the Colombian Embassy at 2118 Leroy Place N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 387-8338 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, New Orleans, New York, Houston or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Medical care is adequate in major cities, but varies in quality elsewhere. Health problems in Colombia include the presence of cholera, though cholera is found largely in areas outside the cities and usual tourist areas. Visitors who follow proper precautions regarding food and drink are not generally at risk. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage is considered useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Minor crime is prevalent in cities, especially in the vicinity of hotels and airports. Theft of hand luggage and travel documents at airports is not uncommon. Taking illegal taxis, which are sometimes characterized by two drivers and irregular markings, is considered risky. Attempts at extortion and kidnappings on rural buses are not unusual.Many criminals use the drug "scopaline" to incapacitate tourists, rob them, and then leave them unconscious, often for over 24 hours. The drug is administered in drinks (in bars), through cigarette smoke (in taxis), and in powder form (tourists are approached by someone asking directions, with the drug concealed in a piece of paper). The drug renders the person disoriented and powerless to resist the criminal's orders.Another common scam is an approach to an obvious tourist by an alleged "policeman" who says that he is checking for counterfeit U.S. dollars and wants to "check" the foreigner's money. The person gives the criminal his/her money, receives a receipt, and the "policeman" disappears.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State publication "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Areas of Instability: Violence in Colombia by narcotic traffickers and guerrilla organizations has recently escalated and is widespread and pervasive. As a result, the official travel of U.S. government employees in Colombia is restricted as described below. The security situation in Colombia is volatile. U.S. citizens may consult the Department of State or the U.S. Embassy in Bogota or the U.S. Consulate in Barranquilla to obtain the latest information about the areas of instability in Colombia.The following areas are considered particularly dangerous:- Bogota: Narco-traffickers/guerrillas have threatened and carried out terrorist attacks against Colombian officials, foreign embassies, and other targets.- Colombia east of the Andes except the city of Leticia in the Amazonas Department and adjacent tourist areas in Amazonas.- All of Antioquia Department (zone) including the city of Medellin.- Most of the north coast, except for the major tourist areas such as Santa Marta, Barranquilla, Cartagena, and San Andres.- The northern half of Choco Department, particularly the Uraba region, except for the tourist area of Capurgana.- The Magdelena Medio region: The Magdelena River Valley south to Tolima, including western Boyaca, eastern Caldas, and northwestern Cundinamarca.- Rural Valle de Cauca Department and most of the Cauca River Valley including the cities of Cali and Buenaventura, and the road between Cali and Buenaventura.- Tolima Department south of Espinal, especially if traveling after dark.- Road travel in Huila and Cauca Departments. The cities of Neiva and Popayan are considered to be safe if reached by air.Restrictions on USG Employees: Because of security concerns, U.S. government employees assigned to Colombia or temporarily visiting in connection with their official government duties face severe restrictions on travel within Colombia. The areas of instability listed above are off-limits to such personnel. Requests by U.S. Embassy personnel for travel by car outside the Bogota metropolitan area are considered on a case by case basis. The official travel of all USG personnel traveling to Colombia must be approved in advance by the U.S. Embassy. Such travel is approved only for essential business and/or under extraordinary circumstances.Terrorist Activities: Several terrorist or guerrilla groups are active in Colombia; U.S. interests are among their targets. Kidnapping for ransom or political purposes, including U.S. citizens, is increasingly common in Colombia. In early 1994 bombs have destroyed a Mormon temple in Medellin, damaged another in Bucaramanga, and damaged a Coca-Cola bottling plant in Bucaramanga. Additionally, two American missionaries were kidnapped, apparently for political reasons, by guerrillas. It is believed that U.S. citizens are targets of this latest wave of violence.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Colombia for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Firearms: Colombian law prohibits tourists and business travelers from importing or bringing firearms into Colombia. The penalty for illegal importation and/or possession of firearms is 3 to 10 years in prison.Other Information: The Galeras Volcano, located near the city of Pasto, Narino Department, is active; it last erupted on January 14, 1993. Colombian government agencies are monitoring the volcano's activity.Embassy Location/Registration: Upon arrival U.S. citizens are urged to register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Bogota at Calle 38 No. 8-61, telephone (57-1) 320-1300 or at the U.S. Consulate in Barranquilla at Calle 77, Carrera 68, Centro Comercial Mayorista, telephone (57-58) 457-088, and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Colombia.No. 94-008This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated August 6, 1993 to add information on the recent attacks on American citizens and interests.</text>
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card_35649.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands GeographyLocation: in the Indian Ocean, 1,070 km southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between Australia and Sri LankaMap references: Southeast AsiaArea: total area: 14 km2 land area: 14 km2 comparative area: about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 2.6 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade wind for about nine months of the year; moderate rain fallTerrain: flat, low-lying coral atollsNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands PeoplePopulation: 593 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.53% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womenNationality: noun: Cocos Islander(s) adjective: Cocos IslanderEthnic divisions: West Island: Europeans Home Island: Cocos MalaysReligions: Sunni MuslimsLanguages: EnglishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands conventional short form: Cocos (Keeling) IslandsDigraph: CKType: territory of AustraliaCapital: West IslandAdministrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)Independence: none (territory of Australia)Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955Legal system: based upon the laws of Australia and local lawsNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: NASuffrage: NAElections: NAExecutive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of the Islands CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral Islands CouncilJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji WAHIN bin Bynie (since NA)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia)US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)Flag: the flag of Australia is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands EconomyOverview: Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: copra partners: AustraliaImports: $NA commodities: foodstuffs partners: AustraliaExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: copra productsAgriculture: gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconutsEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands CommunicationsPorts: none; lagoon anchorage onlyAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Australia</text>
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<name>Cocos Islands</name>
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card_35360.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of MexicoMap references: WorldArea: total area: 7 km2 land area: 7 km2 comparative area: about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 11.1 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by MexicoClimate: tropicalTerrain: coral atollNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (all coral)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: reef about 8 km in circumference THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Clipperton Island local long form: none local short form: Ile Clipperton former: sometimes called Ile de la PassionDigraph: IPType: French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High Commissioner of the RepublicCapital: none; administered by France from French PolynesiaIndependence: none (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island EconomyOverview: The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cocos (Keeling) Islands HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Australia)</text>
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<name>Clipperton Island</name>
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card_35305.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Australia) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island GeographyLocation: in the Indian Ocean, between Australia and IndonesiaMap references: Southeast AsiaArea: total area: 135 km2 land area: 135 km2 comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 138.9 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade windsTerrain: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateauNatural resources: phosphateLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: almost completely surrounded by a reefNote: located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island PeoplePopulation: 1,685 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -2.44% (1993 est.)Birth rate: NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate: NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA yearsTotal fertility rate: NA children born/womanNationality: noun: Christmas Islander(s) adjective: Christmas IslandEthnic divisions: Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no indigenous populationReligions: Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)Languages: EnglishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas Island, Ltd. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of Christmas Island conventional short form: Christmas IslandDigraph: KTType: territory of AustraliaCapital: The SettlementAdministrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)Independence: none (territory of Australia)Constitution: Christmas Island Act of 1958Legal system: under the authority of the governor general of AustraliaNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: noneExecutive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: noneJudicial branch: noneLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Administrator M. J. GRIMES (since NA)Member of: noneDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia)US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)Flag: the flag of Australia is used THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island EconomyOverview: Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date during the first half of 1992.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $NA commodities: phosphate partners: Australia, NZImports: $NA commodities: consumer goods partners: principally AustraliaExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 17,800 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: phosphate extraction (near depletion)Agriculture: NAEconomic aid: noneCurrency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island CommunicationsHighways: adequate road systemPorts: Flying Fish CoveAirports: total: 1 useable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439: 1Telecommunications: 4,000 radios (1982); broadcasting stations - 1 AM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Christmas Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Australia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Clipperton Island HeaderAffiliation: (possession of France)</text>
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<name>Christmas Island</name>
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card_35021.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK China HeaderAffiliation: (also see separate Taiwan entry) THE WORLD FACTBOOK China GeographyLocation: East Asia, between India and MongoliaMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 9,596,960 km2 land area: 9,326,410 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than the USLand boundaries: total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 kmCoastline: 14,500 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan under dispute; a short section of the boundary with North Korea is indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai)Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in northTerrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in eastNatural resources: coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 31% forest and woodland: 14% other: 45%Irrigated land: 478,220 km2 (1991 - Chinese statistic) THE WORLD FACTBOOK China GeographyEnvironment: frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; desertificationNote: world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) THE WORLD FACTBOOK China PeoplePopulation: 1,177,584,537 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.1% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.74 years male: 66.78 years female: 68.8 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Chinese (singular and plural) adjective: ChineseEthnic divisions: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%Religions: Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.) note: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclecticLanguages: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 73% male: 84% female: 62%Labor force: 567.4 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK China GovernmentNames: conventional long form: People's Republic of China conventional short form: China local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo local short form: Zhong GuoAbbreviation: PRCDigraph: CHType: Communist stateCapital: BeijingAdministrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd provinceIndependence: 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic established 1 October 1949)Constitution: most recent promulgated 4 December 1982Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial lawNational holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949)Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by CCPOther political or pressure groups: such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually within the party and government organization, that vary by issueSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National People's Congress: last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is the only party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) (elected at county or xian level) President: last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was nominally elected by the Eighth National People's CongressExecutive branch: president, vice president, premier, four vice premiers, State Council THE WORLD FACTBOOK China GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui)Judicial branch: Supreme People's CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice President RONG Yiren (since 27 March 1993) Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): DENG Xiaoping (since NA 1977) Head of Government: Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993); Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 March 1993)Member of: AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador LI Daoyu chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 328-2500 through 2502 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing mailing address: 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [86] (1) 532-3831 FAX: [86] (1) 532-3178 consulates general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, ShenyangFlag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner THE WORLD FACTBOOK China EconomyOverview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991, and again in 1992, output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the nation's long-term economic viability.National product: GNP $NANational product real growth rate: 12.8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1992)Unemployment rate: 2.3% in urban areas (1992)Budget: deficit $16.3 billion (1992)Exports: $85.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, minerals partners: Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1992)Imports: $80.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, textile yarn, fertilizer partners: Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Taiwan, Germany, Russia (1992)External debt: $69.3 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 20.8% (1992)Electricity: 158,690,000 kW capacity; 740,000 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK China EconomyIndustries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processingAgriculture: accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 13.35 million metric tons (including fresh water and pond raised) (1991)Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium in at least 18 provinces and administrative regions; bulk of production is in Yunnan Province; transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden TriangleEconomic aid: donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billionCurrency: 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiaoExchange rates: yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.7640 (January 1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK China CommunicationsRailroads: total about 64,000 km; 54,000 km of common carrier lines, of which 53,400 km are 1.435-meter gauge (standard) and 600 km are 1.000-meter gauge (narrow); 11,200 km of standard gauge common carrier route are double tracked and 6,900 km are electrified (1990); an additional 10,000 km of varying gauges (0.762 to 1.067-meter) are dedicated industrial linesHighways: about 1,029,000 km (1990) total; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved earth roads and tracksInland waterways: 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigablePipelines: crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 kmPorts: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, ShantouMerchant marine: 1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,029,320 GRT/21,120,522 DWT; includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 cargo/training, 811 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 81 container, 18 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 263 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an additional 227 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 6,187,117 DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot, Saint Vincent, Bahamian, and Romanian registryAirports: total: 330 usable: 330 with permanent-surface runways: 260 with runways over 3,500 m: fewer than 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 90 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 200Telecommunications: domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, and 55 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK China Defense ForcesBranches: People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 343,361,925; fit for military service 190,665,512; reach military age (18) annually 10,844,047 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP</text>
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<text>CHINA, PEOPLEΓÇÖS REPUBLIC OF - Passport and visa required. Transit visarequired for any stop (even if you do not exit the plane or train) inChina. Visitors must show hotel reservation and ΓÇ£letter of confirmationΓÇ¥from the China International Travel Service (CITS) or an invitation from anindividual or institution in China. CITS tours may be booked throughseveral travel agencies and airlines in the United States and abroad andare often advertised in newspapers and magazines. Visas for tour groupmembers are usually obtained by the travel agent as part of the tourpackage. Visa requires $10 fee (no personal checks), 2 application formsand 2 photos. Allow at least 10 days processing time. Medical examinationrequired for those staying 1 year or longer. AIDS test required for thosestaying more than 6 months. For further information contact ChineseEmbassy, 2300 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/328-2517) or nearest Consulate General: Chicago (312/346-0287),Houston (713/524-4311), Los Angeles (213/380-2506), New York (212/330-7409)or San Francisco (415/563-4857).China - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: The People's Republic of China has a stable communist government. It has a developing economy, some sectors of which are industrialized. Modern tourist facilities are not widely available except in major cities.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Most tourist visas are valid for only one entry. Travelers require a new visa for additional entries into China. Those who arrive without a visa will be fined a minimum of $400 at the port of entry and might not be allowed to enter China. A transit visa is required for any stop (even if one does not exit the plane or train) in China. Specific information is available through the Embassy of the People's Republic of China at 2300 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 328-2500, or from one of the consulates general in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: The quality of medical care in China is uneven. Competent, trained doctors and nurses are available in major metropolitan centers. However, hospital accommodations are spartan and medical technology is not up-to-date. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage including provision for medical evacuation is essential for any U.S. citizen traveling or residing in China. The Department of State's brochure "Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China" contains additional information concerning medical care in China. This brochure is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Questions on health matters can also be addressed to the Centers for Disease Control through its international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: China has a low crime rate; however, crime has increased in the past few years, principally in the major cities. Americans and other foreigners have seldom been victims of violent crime. Theft is the most common crime affecting visitors and occurs most frequently in crowded public areas, such as hotel lobbies, bars, restaurants, and public transportation sites. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Police reports are necessary in China in order that travelers may obtain new visas from Chinese authorities. Chinese authorities require that travelers have valid visas to exit China, or even to travel and register in hotels within China. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Adoption: After completing lengthy preadoption procedures in the United States, foreigners wishing to adopt a child in China can expect to spend at least four weeks in China. Current adoption information can be obtained by calling the U.S. Department of State (202) 647-3444, or writing to the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Criminal penalties for possession, use, or trafficking of illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect severe jail sentences and fines. Hong Kong passport holders have been executed for drug offenses, and one U.S. citizen, convicted on drug-related charges in Shanghai, has received a fifteen year prison sentence.Customs Information: Information concerning regulations and procedures governing items that may be brought into China is available through the Chinese Embassy and consulates. Students may bring into China only a limited number of items which are considered necessary for study and daily life. Some Americans resident in China have been required to pay customs duty on certain large items each time they temporarily depart China, if required procedures were not followed when the items were originally brought into China.Passport Confiscation: The confiscation of foreign passports of persons involved in commercial disputes occurs in China. Under such circumstances, the U.S. government will issue another passport to any American citizen who applies for one. Even if a new U.S. passport is issued, the Chinese government may block departure.Dual Nationality: China does not recognize dual nationality. U.S. citizens who are also Chinese nationals have experienced difficulty entering and departing China on U.S. passports and some U.S. passports have been seized by Chinese authorities. Dual nationals may be subject to Chinese laws which impose special obligations. China requires that such persons travel on Chinese documentation. The United States requires that all U.S. citizens enter and depart the U.S. on U.S. passports. Under the U.S.- PRC Consular Convention, dual nationals who enter China using a U.S. passport and a valid PRC visa would generally be considered and treated as U.S. citizens throughout their stay in China. Dual nationals who enter China on a Chinese passport will always be considered and treated as Chinese nationals, and the ability of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate to provide normal consular services would be extremely limited should the individual encounter difficulties with Chinese authorities. Children who are born in the United States of Chinese national parents who are neither U.S. legal permanent residents or naturalized U.S. citizens are not recognized as U.S. citizens under Chinese nationality law. Although Chinese visas may be issued to them in their U.S. passports in error, those children will be treated solely as Chinese nationals by Chinese authorities when in China. All dual nationals are encouraged to contact the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-3675 or the U.S. Embassy in Beijing at (86-1) 532-3831 ext. 229 for additional information before traveling to China.Consular Access: Consular officers are not always notified when a U.S. citizen has been detained. This is particularly true when the U.S. citizen is also a dual national, and is considered by the Chinese government to be a citizen of China. U.S. citizens have rights to consular access under the U.S. - P.R.C. Consular Convention and should insist upon contact with the U.S. Embassy or one of the U.S. Consulates General. Dual nationals who enter China on Chinese passports are not covered under the Consular Convention and would be treated as Chinese nationals. Such individuals may well be denied access to U.S. consular officials.Travel to Tibet: The Chinese government requires U.S. citizens wishing to visit Tibet to apply in advance for approval from the Tourist Administration of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. More information is available through the Chinese Embassy or a Consulate in the United States, or while in China, at the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. consulate general.Document Seizures: Chinese authorities have seized documents, literature, and letters which they deem to be religious, pornographic, or political in nature. They have detained and expelled individuals believed to be engaged in proselytization or in conduct they consider immoral.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy or a consulate general may obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy Consular Section in China is located at Xiu Shui Dong Jie 3, Beijing - 100600, telephone (86-1) 532-3831; fax (86-1) 532-2483.There are Consulates General in:Guangzhou at Number 1 South Shamian Street, Shamian Island 20031, Guangzhou, telephone (86-20) 888-8911 ext. 255, fax (86-20) 886-2341;Shanghai, located at 1469 Huai Hai Middle Road, telephone (86-21) 433-6880, fax (86-21) 483-4122;Shenyang at No. 40 Lane 4, Section 5, Sanjing Street, Heping District, telephone (86-24) 220000; fax (86-24) 290-074; and inChengdu at the Jinjiang Hotel, 180 Renmin Road, telephone (86-28) 582222, ext. 131, fax (86-28) 583-520.No. 93-171This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992, and provides expanded information concerning entry requirements, consular access, drug penalties, dual nationality and adoption procedures.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile GeographyLocation: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Argentina and PeruMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 756,950 km2 land area: 748,800 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana note: includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y GomezLand boundaries: total 6,171 km, Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 kmCoastline: 6,435 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claimsClimate: temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in southTerrain: low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in eastNatural resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenumLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 16% forest and woodland: 21% other: 56%Irrigated land: 12,650 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one of world's driest regions; desertificationNote: strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile PeoplePopulation: 13,739,759 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.54% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.15 years male: 71.16 years female: 77.29 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.51 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Chilean(s) adjective: ChileanEthnic divisions: European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2%Religions: Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, JewishLanguages: SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 93% male: 94% female: 93%Labor force: 4.728 million by occupation: services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Chile conventional short form: Chile local long form: Republica de Chile local short form: ChileDigraph: CIType: republicCapital: SantiagoAdministrative divisions: 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso note: the US does not recognize claims to AntarcticaIndependence: 18 September 1810 (from Spain)Constitution: 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989Legal system: based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 18 September (1810)Political parties and leaders: Concertation of Parties for Democracy consists mainly of four parties: PDC, PPD, PR, PS; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; Party for Democracy (PPD), Sergio BITAR; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ Marquez; Sociaistl Party (PS), German CORREA; Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Jovino NOVOA; National Renovation (RN), Andree ALLAMAND; Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco Juner ERRAZURIZ; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; Allende Leftist Democratic Movement (MIDA), Mario PALESTROOther political or pressure groups: revitalized university student federations at all major universities dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic ChurchSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: Chamber of Deputies: last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of Parties for Democracy 71 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 11), RN 29, UDI 11, right-wing independents 9 President: last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile Government Senate: last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD 1), RN 6, UDI 2, right-wing independents 8Executive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990)Member of: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique chancery: 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 785-1746 consulates general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Curtis W. KAMMAN embassy: Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, Santiago mailing address: APO AA 34033 telephone: [56] (2) 671-0133 FAX: [56] (2) 699-1141Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based on the US flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile EconomyOverview: The government of President AYLWIN, which took power in 1990, retained the economic policies of PINOCHET, although the share of spending for social welfare has risen steadily. In 1991 growth in GDP recovered to 6% (led by consumer spending) after only 2% growth in 1990. The pace accelerated in 1992 as the result of strong investment and export growth, and GDP rose 10.4%. Nonetheless, inflation fell further, to 12.7%, compared with 27.3% in 1990 and 18.7% in 1991. The buoyant economy spurred a 25% growth in imports, and the trade surplus fell in 1992, although international reserves increased. Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1993, and economic growth is likely to approach 7%.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.7 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 10.4% (1992)National product per capita: $2,550 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (1992)Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1992)Budget: revenues $10.9 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.2 billion (1993)Exports: $10 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: copper 41%, other metals and minerals 8.7%, wood products 7.1%, fish and fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1991) partners: EC 32%, US 18%, Japan 18%, Brazil 5% (1991)Imports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials 15.4%, petroleum 10%, foodstuffs 5.7% partners: US 21%, EC 18%, Brazil 9%, Japan 8% (1991)External debt: $16.9 billion (year end 1991)Industrial production: growth rate 14.56% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDPElectricity: 5,769,000 kW capacity; 22,010 million kWh produced, 1,630 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textilesAgriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn, grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products - beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1991 fish catch of 6.6 million metric tons; net agricultural importerEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile EconomyCurrency: 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 384.04 (January 1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06 (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile CommunicationsRailroads: 7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; 1,865 km 1.676-meter gauge and 80 km 1.000-meter gauge electrifiedHighways: 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and unimproved earth (1984)Inland waterways: 725 kmPipelines: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 kmPorts: Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, Talcahuano, AricaMerchant marine: 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 445,330 GRT/756,018 DWT; includes 8 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 bulk; note - in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used commerciallyAirports: total: 396 usable: 351 with permanent-surface runways: 48 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 57Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chile Defense ForcesBranches: Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), Investigative PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 3.653 million; fit for military service 2,722,479; reach military age (19) annually 119,434 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)</text>
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<text>CHILE - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months, maybe extended. For official/diplomatic travel and other information consultEmbassy of Chile, 1732 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036(202/785-3159) or nearest Consulate General: CA (310/785-0113 and415/982-7662), FL (305/373-8623), PA (215/829-9520), NY (212/980-3366), TX(713/621-5853) or PR (809/725-6365).Chile - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Chile has a stable government and a strong economy. Civil disorder is rare. Facilities for tourism vary according to price and area.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a three-month stay. However, those considering scientific, technical or mountaineering activities in areas classified as frontier areas are required to obtain authorization from the Chilean government. Requests for authorization must be presented to Chilean authorities at least 90 days prior to the beginning of the expedition. The portions of Antarctica claimed by Chile are exempt from these pre-approval requirements. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Chile, travelers can contact the Chilean Embassy at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. tel. (202) 785-1746 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, Philadelphia, New York, or Houston.Medical Facilities: Medical care is good but may not meet U.S. standards. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance which includes specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: In Santiago and other large cities, pickpockets thrive on rush hour crowding on the street and aboard public transportation. Persons wearing expensive looking jewelry are particular targets. Walking in the downtown area after dark, even for short distances in well-traveled areas, is considered risky.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State's publication, "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Terrorist Activities: Specific terrorist groups have conducted sporadic bombings and other violent acts against the Mormon Church or other institutions identified with the United States.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Chile for possession and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Adoptions: Chilean adoptions often involve complications and delays. Updated information on Chilean adoption proceedings and U.S. immigrant visa requirements is available from the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. Additional information is available by writing the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3712.Embassy Location/Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Santiago at Merced 230, telephone (56-2) 671-0133, can obtain updated information on travel and security within Chile. The U.S. Embassy is located in the Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas.No. 93-130This replaces the Consular Information Sheet of October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad GeographyLocation: Central Africa, between the Central African Republic and LibyaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1.284 million km2 land area: 1,259,200 km2 comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north; demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and NigeriaClimate: tropical in south, desert in northTerrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in southNatural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 36% forest and woodland: 11% other: 51%Irrigated land: 100 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locustsNote: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad PeoplePopulation: 5,350,971 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.13% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 42.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 20.93 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 40.41 years male: 39.36 years female: 41.5 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Chadian(s) adjective: ChadianEthnic divisions: north and center: Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) south: non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are FrenchReligions: Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23%Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects are spokenLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic (1990) total population: 30% male: 42% female: 18%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad local short form: TchadDigraph: CDType: republicCapital: N'DjamenaAdministrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, TandjileIndependence: 11 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1 March 1991; national conference drafting new constitution to submit to referendum January 1993Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: 11 AugustPolitical parties and leaders: Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, chairman note: President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new constitution, and free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident groups; 26 opposition political partiesOther political or pressure groups: NASuffrage: universal at age NAElections: National Consultative Council: last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 President: last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 December 1990; national conference opened 15 January 1993; election to follow by end of yearExecutive branch: president, Council of State (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the Republic, with 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991Judicial branch: Court of Appeal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph YODOYMAN (since NA August 1992)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Kombaria Loumaye MEKONYO chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 462-4009US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena telephone: [235] (51) 62-18, 40-09, or 51-62-11 FAX: [235] 51-33-72Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad EconomyOverview: The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural resources make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in the south. Good crop weather led to 8.4% growth in 1991.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 8.4% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $215 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2%-3% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $115 million; expenditures $412 million, including capital expenditures of $218 million (1991 est.)Exports: $193.9 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish partners: France, Nigeria, CameroonImports: $294.1 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment partners: US, France, Nigeria, CameroonExternal debt: $492 million (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDPElectricity: 40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettesAgriculture: accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfallEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad EconomyExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad CommunicationsHighways: 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder unimproved earthInland waterways: 2,000 km navigableAirports: total: 69 usable: 55 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 24Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Chad Defense ForcesBranches: Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,246,617; fit for military service 647,908; reach military age (20) annually 52,870 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $58 million, 5.6% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>CHAD - Passport and visa required. Transit visa valid for up to 1 week,requires onward ticket. Single-entry visa valid 2 months fortourist/business stay up to 30 days (extendable), requires $25 fee (nopersonal checks), yellow fever and cholera vaccinations, 3 applicationforms and 3 photos. For business visa need company letter stating purposeof trip. Send prepaid envelope for registered/certified return ofpassport. Apply Embassy of the Republic of Chad, 2002 R St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/462-4009), and check specific requirements.Chad - Consualar Information SheetDecember 17, 1993Country Description: Chad is a developing country in north central Africa which has experienced sporadic armed disturbances over the past several years. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: Visitors to Chad must have a passport and a visa before arrival. Evidence of a yellow fever vaccination must be presented. For further entry information, the traveler may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Chad, 2002 R Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, telephone (202) 462-4009.Areas of Instability: Political tension is high in both N'Djamena and the countryside, especially in the southern and eastern portions of Chad as well as north of Lake Chad. Armed conflicts between government and opposition groups have occurred and remain possible. Ethnic and religious demonstrations have resulted in violent outbreaks in major cities. Chad's northern provinces bordering Libya constitute a military zone and remain heavily mined. Travel to this area is extremely dangerous and may be prohibited. The U.S. Embassy is advising U.S. citizens that travel across the southwestern border into Cameroon is hazardous because of a continuing series of security incidents. Travelers may wish to contact the Regional Security Officer at the U.S. Embassy in N'Djamena prior to crossing the border into Cameroon. As a result of the unsettled security situation in Chad, extraordinary security precautions are in effect. Travelers may encounter roadblocks in N'Djamena and elsewhere in the countryside. Overland travel undertaken after dark is particularly dangerous. Visitors who do not obtain visas in advance, or who do not have passports with them at all times, may experience difficulties.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are extremely limited in Chad. Medicines are in short supply. Medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Often, cash payments must be made directly to doctors and hospitals. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Pickpockets and purse snatchers are endemic in market and commercial areas. Breaking and entering of homes and vehicle thefts increase in times of political instability. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Photo Restrictions: A permit is required for all photography. Even with a permit, there are prohibitions against taking pictures of military establishments and official buildings.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens are urged to contact the U.S. Embassy immediately upon arrival and prior to travel in rural areas. Travelers who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Chad.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of N'Djamena at Avenue Felix Eboue; the mailing address is B.P. 413. Telephone numbers are (235-51) 62-18, 40-09 or 62-11; fax number is (235-51) 33-72.No. 93-332This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Chad dated October 18, 1993 to provide information about overland travel from Chad into Cameroon.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic GeographyLocation: Central Africa, between Chad and ZaireMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 622,980 km2 land area: 622,980 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries: total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km, Zaire 1,577 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summersTerrain: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwestNatural resources: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oilLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 64% other: 28%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertificationNote: landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic PeoplePopulation: 3,073,979 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.23% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 42.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 20.49 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 138.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 42.94 years male: 41.46 years female: 44.45 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Central African(s) adjective: Central AfricanEthnic divisions: Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans 6,500 (including 3,600 French)Religions: indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, other 11% note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majorityLanguages: French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, SwahiliLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 27% male: 33% female: 15%Labor force: 775,413 (1986 est.) by occupation: agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3% note: about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Central African Republic conventional short form: none local long form: Republique Centrafricaine local short form: none former: Central African EmpireAbbreviation: CARDigraph: CTType: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1986Capital: BanguiAdministrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, VakagaIndependence: 13 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: 21 November 1986Legal system: based on French lawNational holiday: National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the republic)Political parties and leaders: Central African Democratic Party (RDC), the government party, Laurent GOMINA-PAMPALI; Council of Moderates Coalition includes; Union of the People for Economic and Social Development (UPDS), Katossy SIMANI; Liberal Republican Party (PARELI), Augustin M'BOE; Central African Socialist Movement (MSCA), Michel BENGUE; Concerted Democratic Forces (CFD), a coalition of 13 parties, including; Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), Francois PEHOUA; Central African Republican party (PRC), Ruth ROLLAND; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE; Civic Forum (FC), Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA; Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Nestor KOMBOT-NAGUEMONSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17 October 1993 National Assembly: last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17 October 1993Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit together this is known as the Congress (Congres)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE (since 2 March 1993)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET chancery: 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-7800 or 7801US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Bangui mailing address: B. P. 924, Bangui telephone: [236] 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, 61-02-10 FAX: [236] 61-44-94Flag: four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the hoist side of the blue band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic EconomyOverview: Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In 1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry for 30%. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, particularly from France, plays a major role in providing capital for new investment.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: -3% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $440 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): -3% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: 30% (1988 est.) in BanguiBudget: revenues $175 million; expenditures $312 million, including capital expenditures of $122 million (1991 est.)Exports: $138 million (1991 est.) commodities: diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco partners: France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, USImports: $205 million (1991 est.) commodities: food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products partners: France, other EC countries, Japan, AlgeriaExternal debt: $859 million (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDPElectricity: 40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of bicycles and motorcyclesAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananasEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $1.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic CommunicationsHighways: 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000 unimproved earthInland waterways: 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; Oubangui is the most important riverAirports: total: 66 usable: 51 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 20Telecommunications: fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Central African Republic Defense ForcesBranches: Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 685,575; fit for military service 358,836 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.)</text>
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<text>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC - Passport and visa required. Visa must beobtained before arrival. To obtain a visa you need 2 application forms, 2recent photos, yellow fever immunization, onward/return ticket , SASE forreturn of passport by mail, and $30 fee. Company letter needed forbusiness visa. For further information contact Embassy of Central AfricanRepublic, 1618 22nd St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/483-7800 or7801).Central African Republic - Consular Information SheetFebruary 18, 1994Country Description: The Central African Republic is a developing African country. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. For further information on entry requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Central African Republic, 1618 22nd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 462-4009.Areas of Instability: The potential for sporadic disturbances is widespread in the country.Political Disturbances: Although no specific threats have been directed against U.S. citizens, political demonstrations in the capital city of Bangui have occasionally led to violence and looting.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in the Central African Republic are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. Not all U.S. medical insurance is valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional information on health matters, travelers may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Petty crime such as pickpocketing is common. There have been attacks by armed highway bandits on motorists in the central and northern part of the country, which have resulted in the wounding or death of both foreigners and Africans. Bandits are reported to be active in the central and northern part of the country. Walking in the capital, Bangui, at any time of the day or night is unsafe, and only motorized transport should be used for travel within the city.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Border Crossings: There are three ferry crossing points for overland traffic between the Central African Republic and Zaire. They are located at Bangui, Mobaye and Bangassou. Beginning in the summer of 1993, the crossing points at Bangui and Mobaye have been closed to overland tourist traffic on the direct order of President Mobutu of Zaire for security reasons. The ferry crossing point at Bangassou is not affected and remains open. The ferry serving that crossing point has, however, a history of breaking and can be down for weeks at a time, waiting for someone to pay for repairs. In the event it is not functioning, overland groups will be stranded on either side of the border, unable to use the other working, but restricted, ferry crossing points. Local citizens are not affected by these orders, but may also be temporarily stranded at times.Prohibition on Photography: Taking photographs of police or military installations, as well as government buildings, is prohibited. These official buildings and installations are often unmarked. Unauthorized photography may result in seizure of photographic equipment by Central African Republic authorities. Police or other government authorities can provide information and grant permission for photographing a particular subject or location.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Bangui can obtain updated information on travel and security in the Central African Republic.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of Bangui at Avenue David Dacko, B.P. 924; telephone (236) 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, and 61-02-10. The fax number is (236) 61-44-94.No. 94-019This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993, to add information on border crossings between the Central African Republic and Zaire. </text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands GeographyLocation: in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, nearly halfway between Cuba and HondurasMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 260 km2 land area: 260 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 160 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)Terrain: low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefsNatural resources: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourismLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 8% forest and woodland: 23% other: 69%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: within the Caribbean hurricane beltNote: important location between Cuba and Central America THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands PeoplePopulation: 30,440 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 4.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.1 years male: 75.37 years female: 78.81 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.48 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Caymanian(s) adjective: CaymanianEthnic divisions: mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20%Religions: United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominationsLanguages: EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98%Labor force: 8,061 by occupation: service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance and investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Cayman IslandsDigraph: CJType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: George TownAdministrative divisions: 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West End, WesternIndependence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 1959, revised 1972Legal system: British common law and local statutesNational holiday: Constitution Day (first Monday in July)Political parties and leaders: no formal political partiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Assembly: last held November 1992 (next to be held November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected)Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative AssemblyJudicial branch: Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Governor and President of the Executive Council Michael GORE (since NA May 1992)Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOCDiplomatic representation in US: as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are represented by the UKFlag: blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands EconomyOverview: The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America. About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $670 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 4.4% (1991)National product per capita: $23,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: 7% (1992)Budget: revenues $141.5 million; expenditures $160.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)Exports: $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.) commodities: turtle products, manufactured consumer goods partners: mostly USImports: $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods partners: US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, JapanExternal debt: $15 million (1986)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 8,780 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials, furniture makingAgriculture: minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farmingEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 millionCurrency: 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands CommunicationsHighways: 160 km of main roadsPorts: George Town, Cayman BracMerchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 307,738 GRT/468,659 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 4 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cayman Islands Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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card_33743.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde GeographyLocation: in the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean, 500 km west of Senegal in Western AfricaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 4,030 km2 land area: 4,030 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 965 kmMaritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erraticTerrain: steep, rugged, rocky, volcanicNatural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fishLand use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 0% other: 85%Irrigated land: 20 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazingNote: strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde PeoplePopulation: 410,535 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.03% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 47.02 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 9.43 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -7.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 59.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.18 years male: 60.3 years female: 64.15 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Cape Verdean(s) adjective: Cape VerdeanEthnic divisions: Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%Religions: Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefsLanguages: Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African wordsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 66% male: NA female: NALabor force: 102,000 (1985 est.) by occupation: agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14% (1981) note: 51% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Cape Verde conventional short form: Cape Verde local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde local short form: Cabo VerdeDigraph: CVType: republicCapital: PraiaAdministrative divisions: 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, TarrafalIndependence: 5 July 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution: 7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September 1990 (legalized opposition parties)Legal system: NANational holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1975)Political parties and leaders: Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona Rodrigues PIRES, chairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: People's National Assembly: last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule President: last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results - Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of voteExecutive branch: president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia)Leaders: Chief of State: President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13 January 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde GovernmentMember of: ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN (Cape Verde assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council on 1 January 1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 965-6820 consulate general: BostonUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph SEGARS embassy: Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81, Praia mailing address: C. P. 201, Praia telephone: [238] 61-56-16 or 61-56-17 FAX: [238] 61-13-55Flag: a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag consisted of two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is a black five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in the red band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde EconomyOverview: Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a serious, long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 60% of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only 3.5% of GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by remittances from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the new democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $310 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 4% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $800 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.7% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 25% (1988)Budget: revenues $104 million; expenditures $133 million, including capital expenditures of $72 million (1991 est.)Exports: $5.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: fish, bananas, hides and skins partners: Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.)Imports: $120 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, transport equipment partners: Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US (1990 est.)External debt: $156 million (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 4% of GDPElectricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction materials, food and beverage productionAgriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming; bananas are the only export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and scanty rainfall; annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both domestic consumption and small exportsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $586 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde EconomyCurrency: 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavosExchange rates: Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 75.47 (January 1993), 73.10 (1992), 71.41 (1991), 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde CommunicationsPorts: Mindelo, PraiaMerchant marine: 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWTAirports: total: 6 usable: 6 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: interisland microwave radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cape Verde Defense ForcesBranches: People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) (including Army and Navy), Security ServiceManpower availability: males age 15-49 75,431; fit for military service 44,358 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>CAPE VERDE - Passport and visa required. Single-entry tourist visa (mustbe used within 120 days of issue), requires $11.31 fee, 1 application form,1 photo and yellow fever immunization if arriving from infected area.Include SASE for return of passport by mail. For further informationcontact the Embassy of the Republic of Cape Verde, 3415 Mass. Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20007 (202/965-6820) or Consulate General, 535 BoylstonSt., Boston, MA 02116 (617/353-0014).Cape Verde - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: The Republic of Cape Verde consists of several rugged volcanic islands off the west coast of Africa. The climate is dry and warm. Tourist facilities are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of immunization against yellow fever (if arriving from an infected area), is required. For further information concerning entry requirements for Cape Verde, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Cape Verde, 3415 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 965-6820, or the Consulate General of Cape Verde in Boston.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Cape Verde are extremely limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Some petty thievery can be expected. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Cape Verde.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81 in the capital city of Praia. The mailing address is C.P. 201. The telephone numbers are (238) 61-56-16 or 17; the fax number is (238) 61-13-55.No. 93-264This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to provide the U. S. Embassy's fax number and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada GeographyLocation: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean north of the USMap references: Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 9,976,140 km2 land area: 9,220,970 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than USLand boundaries: total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)Coastline: 243,791 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and FranceClimate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in northTerrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeastNatural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gasLand use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 35% other: 57%Irrigated land: 8,400 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to developmentNote: second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada PeoplePopulation: 27,769,993 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.28% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 5.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.98 years male: 74.54 years female: 81.6 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Canadian(s) adjective: CanadianEthnic divisions: British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%Religions: Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28%Languages: English (official), French (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 13.38 million by occupation: services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: CanadaDigraph: CAType: confederation with parliamentary democracyCapital: OttawaAdministrative divisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)Constitution: amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customsLegal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)Political parties and leaders: Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Reform Party, Preston MANNING; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARDSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Commons: last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - Progressive Conservative Party 43%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, Bloc Quebecois 9, independents 3Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim CAMBELL was chosen to replace Brian MULRONEY on 13 June 1993 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada GovernmentMember of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB (non-regional), COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador John DE CHASTELAIN chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 telephone: (202) 682-1740 FAX: (202) 682-7726 consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and SeattleUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Governor James J. BLANCHARD embassy: 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430 telephone: (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470 FAX: (613) 238-5720 consulates general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and VancouverFlag: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada EconomyOverview: As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; foregn investors have become edgy.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $537.1 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 0.9% (1992)National product per capita: $19,600 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1992)Unemployment rate: 11.5% (December 1992)Budget: revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)Exports: $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment partners: US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, ChinaImports: $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts partners: US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South KoreaExternal debt: $247 billion (1987)Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDPElectricity: 109,340,000 kW capacity; 493,000 million kWh produced, 17,900 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural gasAgriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is exported THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada EconomyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin and cocaine entering the US marketEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billionCurrency: 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada CommunicationsRailroads: 146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrifiedHighways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earthInland waterways: 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence SeawayPipelines: crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 kmPorts: Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's (Newfoundland), Toronto, VancouverMerchant marine: 63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 454,582 GRT/646,329 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 2 railcar carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 24 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 9 bulk; note - does not include ships used exclusively in the Great LakesAirports: total: 1,420 useable: 1,142 with permanent-surface runways: 457 with runways over 3,659 m: 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 330Telecommunications: excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems THE WORLD FACTBOOK Canada Defense ForcesBranches: Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,444,767; fit for military service 6,440,927; reach military age (17) annually 191,884 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY92/93)</text>
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<text>CANADA - Proof of U.S. citizenship and photo ID required. Visa notrequired for U.S. tourists entering from the U.S. for a stay up to 180days. However, anyone with a criminal record (including a DWI charge)should contact the Canadian Embassy or nearest consulate before travel.U.S. citizens entering Canada from a third country must have a validpassport. For student or business travel, check with the Canadian Embassy,501 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001 (202/682-1740) ornearest Consulate General: CA (213/687-7432 and 415/495-6021), GA(404/577-6810), IL (312/427-1031), MA (617/262-3760), MI (313/567-2340), MN(612/333-4641), NY (212/768-2400 or 716/852-1247), OH (216/771-0150), TX(214/922-9806) or WA (206/443-1777).Canada - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Canada is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available. In northern and wilderness areas, tourist facilities are less developed and can be vast distances apart.Entry Requirements: Proof of U.S. citizenship and photo identification are required for travel to Canada. Visas are not required for tourists entering from the United States for stays up to 180 days. U.S. citizens entering Canada from a third country must have a valid passport or an official U.S. travel document. For further information, including information on student or business travel, travelers can contact the Embassy of Canada at 501 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001, (202) 682-1740 or the nearest Canadian consulate in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, or Seattle.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. U.S. medical and auto insurance may not be valid in Canada. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental auto or medical insurance with specific Canadian coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline on (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Canada has a higher incidence of criminal activity in urban areas than in the countryside. Violent crimes such as murder, armed robbery, and rape occur infrequently. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to Canadian laws while they are in Canada. Penalties for possession, use, and dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: (a) Canadians consider driving under the influence of alcohol a serious offense. Penalties are heavy, and any prior conviction (no matter how long ago or how minor the infraction) is grounds for exclusion from Canada. A waiver of exclusion may be obtained from Canadian Consulates in the United States, but requires several weeks. (b) Firearms are strictly controlled. In general, handguns are not permitted in Canada. Anyone wishing to take hunting rifles into Canada can contact in advance the nearest Canadian Consulate for detailed information and instructions. In all cases, travelers must declare to Canadian customs authorities any firearms in their possession when entering Canada. If a traveler is denied permission to take the firearm into Canada, there are in many cases facilities near the border crossing where firearms may be stored pending the traveler's return to the U.S. Canadian law requires that officials confiscate guns from those crossing the border who deny having guns in their possession. Confiscated guns are never returned. (c) It is illegal to take automobile radar detectors into the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba or into the Northwest territories. The police will confiscate radar detectors, whether in use or not, and impose fines up to one thousand dollars. (d) The prevailing language in Quebec province is French rather than English as in most of Canada. However, even in Quebec, English is spoken at most hotels and many tourist facilities.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section at the U.S. Embassy or at a U.S. Consulate may obtain updated information on travel and security within Canada.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Canada is located at 100 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario, telephone (613) 238-5335.There are also consulates in:Calgary, Alberta, at 615 Macleod Trail SE, (403) 266-8962;Halifax, Nova Scotia, at Suite 910, Cogswell Tower, Scotia Square, (902) 429-2480;Montreal, Quebec, at 1155 St. Alexander Street, (514) 398-9695;Quebec City, Quebec, at 2 Place Terrasse Dufferin, (418) 692-2095;Toronto, Ontario, at 360 University Avenue, (416) 595-1700; andVancouver, British Columbia, at 1095 West Pender Street, (604) 685-4311.No. 93-129This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992 to note that French is the prevailing language in Quebec and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Equatorial Guinea and NigeriaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 475,440 km2 land area: 469,440 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries: total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 kmCoastline: 402 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 50 nmInternational disputes: demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet convenedClimate: varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in northTerrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in northNatural resources: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 54% other: 13%Irrigated land: 280 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; overgrazing; desertificationNote: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon PeoplePopulation: 12,755,873 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 40.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.66 years male: 54.65 years female: 58.74 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Cameroonian(s) adjective: CameroonianEthnic divisions: Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1%Religions: indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 54% male: 66% female: 43%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% (1983) note: 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon conventional short form: Cameroon former: French CameroonDigraph: CMType: unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990)Capital: YaoundeAdministrative divisions: 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-OuestIndependence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)Constitution: 20 May 1972Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972)Political parties and leaders: Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is government-controlled and was formerly the only party, but opposition parties were legalized in 1990 major opposition parties: National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP) major oppositon parties: Social Democratic Front (SDF) major opposition parties: Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC)Other political or pressure groups: NASuffrage: 20 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held 1 March 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997); results - (180 seats) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6 President: last held 11 October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected with about 40% of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF candidate John FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got 19% of the voteExecutive branch: president, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April 1992)Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Paul PONDI chancery: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-8790 through 8794US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Harriet ISOM embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde mailing address: B. P. 817, Yaounde telephone: [237] 234-014 FAX: [237] 230-753 consulate: DoualaFlag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon EconomyOverview: Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986 precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $1,040 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: 25% (1990 est.)Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $422 million (FY90 est.)Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum products 51%, coffee, beans, cocoa, aluminum products, timber partners: EC (particularly France) about 50%, US, African countriesImports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport equipment partners: EC about 60%, France 41%, Germany 9%, African countries, Japan, US 4%External debt: $6 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDPElectricity: 755,000 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: petroleum production and refining, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, sawmillsAgriculture: the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, root starchesEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $4.75 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon EconomyCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon CommunicationsRailroads: 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gaugeHighways: about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earthInland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importancePorts: DoualaMerchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWTAirports: total: 59 usable: 51 with permanent-surface runways: 11 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 51Telecommunications: good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and microwave radio relay; 26,000 telephones, 2 telephones per 1,000 persons, available only to business and government; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cameroon Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Presidential GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,844,280; fit for military service 1,432,563; reach military age (18) annually 125,453 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $219 million, less than 2% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>CAMEROON - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa before arrival to avoiddifficulty at airport. Multiple-entry tourist visa for stay up to 90 days,requires $65.22 fee, 2 application forms, 2 photos, yellow fever andcholera immunizations, proof of onward/return transportation and bankstatement. If invited by family or friends, visa available for up to 3months, may be extended 1 month. Invitation must be signed by authoritiesin Cameroon. Multiple-entry business visa, valid 12 months, requirescompany letter to guarantee financial and legal responsibility; includeexact dates of travel. Enclose prepaid envelope for return of passport byregistered, certified or express mail. For additional information contactEmbassy of the Republic of Cameroon, 2349 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington,D.C. 20008 (202/265-8790 to 8794).Cameroon - Consular Information SheetDecember 17, 1993Country Description: Cameroon is a developing African country. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Travelers who do not obtain a visa for Cameroon in advance for their departure from the U.S. may encounter difficulties upon arrival. Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be presented. Additional entry information can be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Cameroon, 2349 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 265-8790/94.Areas of Instability: Continuing political tensions and social consequences of Cameroon's severe economic downturn have sparked isolated incidents of violence in several areas of the country. The potential for disorder exists throughout Cameroon.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Cleanliness and sanitation levels in even the best hospitals are low. Not all medicines are available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proven to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Center for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Armed banditry is an increasing problem throughout the country, including tourist areas in Cameroon's far north province and all major cities. Persons traveling at night on rural highways are at extreme risk. In the far north province, travel even in daylight hours entails risk outside the major towns. Travel between Nsimalen airport and downtown Yaounde is dangerous at night. To curb banditry, security forces persons must show their passports, residence cards, driver's license, or vehicle registrations at these checkpoints. There is increasing circulation of counterfeit U.S. and Cameroonian bills in the country. Business travelers have experienced increased credit risk in Cameroon's banking sector.The loss of theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel to the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Photography Restrictions: While photography is not officially forbidden, security officials are sensitive about the photographing of government buildings and military installations, many of which are unmarked. Photography of these subjects may result in seizure of photographic equipment by Cameroon authorities.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Yaounde can obtain updated information on travel and security in Cameroon.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in located in the capital city of Yaounde Rue Nachtigal; the mailing address is B.P. 817, Yaounde, Cameroon. The telephone number is (237) 234-014; the Embassy fax number is (237) 230-753.The U.S. Consulate in Douala has been closed.No. 93-330This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993, to update areas of instability and information on crime, and to advise that the U.S. Consulate in Douala has been closed.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand and VietnamMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 181,040 km2 land area: 176,520 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than OklahomaLand boundaries: total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 kmCoastline: 443 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not definedClimate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to March); little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and northNatural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potentialLand use: arable land: 16% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 76% other: 4%Irrigated land: 920 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle SapNote: buffer between Thailand and Vietnam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia PeoplePopulation: 9,898,900 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 4.41% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 15.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 111.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.06 years male: 47.6 years female: 50.6 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Cambodian(s) adjective: CambodianEthnic divisions: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%Languages: Khmer (official), FrenchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 35% male: 48% female: 22%Labor force: 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 by occupation: agriculture 80% (1988 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: CambodiaDigraph: CBType: transitional government currently administered by the Supreme National Council (SNC), a body set up under United Nations' auspices, in preparation for an internationally supervised election in 1993 and including representatives from each of the country's four political factionsCapital: Phnom PenhAdministrative divisions: 20 provinces (khet, singular and plural); Banteay Meanchey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, TakevIndependence: 9 November 1949 (from France)Constitution: a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993Legal system: NANational holiday: NGC: Independence Day, 17 April (1975) SOC: Liberation Day, 7 January (1979)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) under CHEA SIM; Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) under SAK SUTSAKHANSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on proportional representation within each province is scheduled for 23-27 May 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a constitution and then transform itself into a legislature that will create a new Cambodian GovernmentExecutive branch: a 12 member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC) - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDHLegislative branch: pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's unicameral National Assembly is the only functioning national legislative bodyJudicial branch: Supreme People's Court pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's Supreme People's Court is the only functioning national judicial body THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under UN supervision Head of Government: NGC - vacant, but will be determined following the national election in 1993; SOC - Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)Member of: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international organizationsUS diplomatic representation: US representative: Charles TWINNING mission: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546 telephone: (855) 23-26436 or (855) 23-26438 FAX: (855) 23-26437Flag: SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered temple representing Angkor Wat in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia EconomyOverview: Cambodia remains a desperately poor country whose economic recovery is held hostage to continued political unrest and factional hostilities. The country's immediate economic challenge is an acute financial crisis that is undermining monetary stability and preventing disbursement of foreign development assistance. Cambodia is still recovering from an abrupt shift in 1990 to free-market economic mechanisms and a cutoff in aid from former Soviet bloc countries; these changes have severely impacted on public sector revenues and performance. The country's infrastructure of roads, bridges, and power plants has been severely degraded, now having only 40-50% of prewar capacity. The economy remains essentially rural, with 90% of the population living in the countryside and dependent mainly on subsistence agriculture. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and unreliable.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $280 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 250-300% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $120 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $59 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood partners: Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, IndiaImports: $170 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery partners: Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, IndiaExternal debt: $717 million (1990)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 9 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem miningAgriculture: mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice, rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flourEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8 billionCurrency: 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia EconomyExchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,800 (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia CommunicationsRailroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government ownedHighways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepairInland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 metersPorts: Kampong Saom, Phnom PenhAirports: total: 15 usable: 9 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Cambodia Defense ForcesBranches: SOC: Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF) Communist resistance forces: National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) non-Communist resistance forces: Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI) which is sometimes anglicized as National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,883,679; fit for military service 1,033,168; reach military age (18) annually 74,585 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>CAMBODIA (formerly Kampuchea) - Passport and visa required. Airport visavalid for a 1 month stay is available upon arrival in Cambodia from theMinistry of National Security; requires $20 fee. Visas can also beobtained from a Cambodian embassy or consulate in a country which maintainsdiplomatic relations with Cambodia. There is no Cambodian Embassy in theU.S. at this time.Cambodia - Consular Information SheetNovember 26, 1993Country Description: In September 1993 a democratically elected government took office in Cambodia, following a two-year United Nations peacekeeping program. The country has enormous economic needs and still faces a weakened but still active Khmer Rouge insurgency in several provinces. There has been an increase in crime and banditry in recent months. Entry Requirements: A passport is required. An airport visa valid for a one month stay is available upon arrival in Cambodia from the Ministry of National Security for a fee ($20 U.S.).Areas of Instability: Sporadic military activity and widespread banditry continue to exist. In recent months an upsurge in banditry and incidents of military fighting have made tourist travel dangerous in some areas. Crime, including armed vehicle theft, is a serious problem in areas including the capital city, Phnom Penh. Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are not widely available and do not meet U.S. standards of hygiene and care-giving. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved helpful in some instances. Questions on health matters can be directed to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Because of frequent armed thefts of vehicles, incidents of armed extortion and numerous incidents of petty crimes, such as hotel theft and purse snatching, the United States Embassy in Phnom Penh has advised its personnel to minimize their nighttime movements, especially travel by vehicle. Many organizations in Phnom Penh instruct their staff to observe a self-imposed curfew. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Lifting of the Trade Embargo: The U.S. trade embargo against Cambodia was lifted on January 3, 1992, in conjunction with the implementation of the Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia conflict. This removes all mandatory restrictions on exports, imports, financial transactions (not involving accounts blocked as of January 3, 1992, which remain frozen), telecommunications, and travel occurring after January 1992. The lifting of the embargo permits U.S. travel agents to book travel to Cambodia. Exporters are still required to apply to the Department of Commerce for authorization to export certain high technology products which can be diverted for military use.Adoptions: The former government of Cambodia banned adoption of Cambodian orphans by foreign citizens. The new Cambodian government is in the process of reviewing this policy.Dual Nationality: The Royal Cambodian Government has not yet adopted laws on dual nationality. In practical terms, the United States Embassy is aware of no naturalized Americans of Cambodian birth who have encountered problems relating to taxes, military service, etc. Specific questions on dual nationality can be directed to a Cambodian Embassy or Consulate, or to the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or to the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh.Registration: Americans can register at the U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh and obtain updated information on travel and security within Cambodia.Embassy Location: On September 4, 1993, the U.S. Mission was upgraded to an embassy. The U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh is located at 27 Street 240, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The telephone number is (855) 232-6436 or 232-6438. The consular entrance to the U.S. Embassy is located at 16 Street 228 (between Street 51 and Street 63) The U.S. Embassy is able to offer essential consular services. Non-emergency services are limited. No. 93-317This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued July 16, 1993, to reflect the taking of office of the new democratically-elected Cambodian government, its review of adoption policy, an increased concern for crime, and updated visa information.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi GeographyLocation: Central Africa, between Tanzania and ZaireMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 27,830 km2 land area: 25,650 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplandsTerrain: mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plainsNatural resources: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadiumLand use: arable land: 43% permanent crops: 8% meadows and pastures: 35% forest and woodland: 2% other: 12%Irrigated land: 720 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestationNote: landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi PeoplePopulation: 5,985,308 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.34% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 44.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 21.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 40.75 years male: 38.79 years female: 42.76 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.76 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Burundian(s) adjective: BurundiEthnic divisions: Africans: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% (other Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians) non-Africans: Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000Religions: Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32%, Muslim 1%Languages: Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50% male: 61% female: 40%Labor force: 1.9 million (1983 est.) by occupation: agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services 1.5% note: 52% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Burundi conventional short form: Burundi local long form: Republika y'u Burundi local short form: BurundiDigraph: BYType: republicCapital: BujumburaAdministrative divisions: 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, RuyigiIndependence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)Constitution: 13 March 1992 draft provides for establishment of plural political systemLegal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)Political parties and leaders: only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI, secretary general; note: although Burundi is still officially a one-party state, at least four political parties were formed in 1991 and set the precedent for constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU), Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of Burundi (PSB), Royalist Parliamentary Party (PRP) - the most significant opposition party is FRODEBU, led by Melchior NDADAYE; the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early 1980s, is an ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; the government has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic politics and fomenting violence against the state; PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist charter makes it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new constitution that will require party membership open to all ethnic groupsSuffrage: universal adult at age NAElections: National Assembly: note - The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 February 1991; new elections to the National Assembly are to take place 29 June 1993; presidential elections are to take place 1 June 1993Executive branch: president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi GovernmentLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from 27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to constitutional governmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: President Major Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987) Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 342-2574US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura telephone: [257] (223) 454 FAX: [257] (222) 926Flag: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi EconomyOverview: A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi is trying to diversify its agricultural exports and attract foreign investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized via public auction in September 1991.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.23 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 5% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $205 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $318 million; expenditures $326 million, including capital expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.)Exports: $91.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: coffee 81%, tea, hides, and skins partners: EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%Imports: $246 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods partners: EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%External debt: $1 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: real growth rate 11.0% (1991 est.); accounts for about 5% of GDPElectricity: 55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; public works construction; food processingAgriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming; marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton, tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock - meat, milk, hides and skinsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 millionCurrency: 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi EconomyExchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 235.75 (January 1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51 (1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi CommunicationsHighways: 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved or unimproved earthInland waterways: Lake TanganyikaPorts: Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and ZaireAirports: total: 5 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burundi Defense ForcesBranches: Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,283,308; fit for military service 670,381; reach military age (16) annually 62,700 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>BURUNDI - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa before arrival to avoidlong airport delay. Multi-entry visa valid for 2 months (must be usedwithin 2 months of date of issue) requires $11 fee, 3 application forms, 3photos, yellow fever and cholera immunizations and return/onward ticket(meningitis immunization recommended). Company letter needed for businesstravel. Send U.S. postal money order only and SASE for return of passportby mail. For further information consult Embassy of the Republic ofBurundi, Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007(202/342-2574) or Permanent Mission of Burundi to the U.N. (212/687-1180).Burundi - Consular Information SheetJanuary 4, 1994Country Description: Burundi is a small, inland African nation passing through a period of instability following a coup attempt in October 1993. Facilities for tourism particularly in the interior, are limited.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Only those travelers resident in countries where there is no Burundian embassy are eligible for entry stamps, without a visa, at the airport upon arrival. These entry stamps are not a substitute for a visa which must subsequently be obtained from the immigration service within 24 hours of arrival. Visas cost from $30 to $60, depending on anticipated length of stay. Travelers who have failed to obtain a visa will not be permitted to leave the country. Multiple entry visas valid for three months are available in Burundian embassies abroad for $11. Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be presented. Also, visitors are required to show proof of vaccination against meningococcal meningitis. Additional information may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Burundi, Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007, telephone (202) 342-2574; or the Permanent Mission of Burundi to the United Nations in New York, telephone (212) 687-1180.Areas of Instability: In light of the October 1993 coup attempt, all areas of the country should be considered potentially unstable. Sporadic violence remains a problem, particularly in the interior where large numbers of displaced persons are encamped or in hiding. Burundi periodically has closed its land borders without notice and suspended air travel and telephone service in response to political disturbances.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited in Burundi. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage, including medical evacuation coverage, has proved to be useful. The Centers for Disease Control recommend that travelers to Burundi receive the meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine before traveling to the area. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Street crime in Burundi poses a high risk for visitors. Crime involves muggings, purse-snatching, pickpocketing, burglary, and auto break-ins. Criminals operate individually or in small groups. There have been reports of muggings of persons jogging or walking alone in all sections of Bujumbura, and especially on public roads bordering Lake Tanganyike.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and " Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.In-Country Travel: Burundi has a good network of roads between the major towns and border posts. Travel on other roads is difficult, particularly in the rainy season. Public transportation to border points is often difficult and frequently unavailable.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Burundi.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on the Avenue des Etats-Unis in the capital city of Bujumbura. The mailing address is B.P. 34, 1720 Bujumbura, Burundi. The telephone number is (257) 223-454. No. 94-001This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 10, 1993, to remove the travel warning for Burundi which has been canceled, and to note that sporadic violence continues in the interior of the country.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and ThailandMap references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 678,500 km2 land area: 657,740 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries: total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 kmCoastline: 1,930 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlandsNatural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gasLand use: arable land: 15% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 49% other: 34%Irrigated land: 10,180 km2 (1989)Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); deforestationNote: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma PeoplePopulation: 43,455,953 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.88% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 28.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 65.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 59.5 years male: 57.5 years female: 61.63 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Burmese (singular and plural) adjective: BurmeseEthnic divisions: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5%Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist beliefs 1%, other 2%Languages: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 81% male: 89% female: 72%Labor force: 16.007 million (1992) by occupation: agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1% (FY89 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Union of Burma conventional short form: Burma local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw former: Socialist Republic of the Union of BurmaDigraph: BMType: military regimeCapital: Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tenasserim*Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); National Convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft chapter headings for a new constitutionLegal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB), SEIN WIN (which consists of individuals legitimately elected to parliament, but not recognized by military regime) fled to border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel governmentOther political or pressure groups: Kachin Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National Union (KNU - the only non-drug group); several Shan factions, including the Mong Tai Army (MTA)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: People's Assembly: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79Executive branch: chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order Restoration CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup of 18 September 1988Judicial branch: none; Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 September 1988 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)Member of: AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador U THAUNG chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-9044 through 9046 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. HUDDLE, Jr. embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon mailing address: GPO Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546 telephone: [95] (1) 82055, 82181 FAX: [95] (1) 80409Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma EconomyOverview: Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $660. The nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports. For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little success.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.3% (1992)National product per capita: $660 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1992)Unemployment rate: 9.6% (FY89 est.) in urban areasBudget: revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $11.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $535.1 million (FY92) commodities: teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems partners: China, India, Thailand, SingaporeImports: $907.0 million (FY92) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products partners: Japan, China, SingaporeExternal debt: $4 billion (1992)Industrial production: growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity: 1,100,000 kW capacity; 2,800 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizerAgriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of export revenuesIllicit drugs: world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production has nearly doubled since the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $424 millionCurrency: 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyasExchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), 6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987); unofficial - 105Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma CommunicationsRailroads: 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double trackHighways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vesselsPipelines: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 kmPorts: Rangoon, Moulmein, BasseinMerchant marine: 62 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 940,264 GRT/1,315,156 DWT; includes 3 passenger-cargo, 18 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 2 container, 2 oil tanker, 3 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 23 bulk, 1 combination bulkAirports: total: 83 usable: 78 with permanent-surface runways: 26 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 38Telecommunications: meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government; international service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burma Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 11,004,419; females age 15-49 10,945,899; males fit for military service 5,894,514; females fit for military service 5,847,958; males reach military age (18) annually 435,030; females reach military age (18) annually 420,487 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military serviceDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>MYANMAR (formerly Burma) - Passport and visa required. Single-entry visas,for stay up to 14 days, requires $16 fee for tourist visa and $30 fee forbusiness visa, 2 application forms, 3 photos and itinerary. Tourists visasare issued for package or group tours as well as Foreign IndependentTravelers (FITs). FITs holding tourist visas must change a minimum of$200 (U.S.) upon arrival. Business visa requires company letter andinvitation from a Myanmarian company; extendable after arrival. Overlandtravel into and out of Myanmar is only permitted at certain points (checkwith Embassy). Enclose prepaid envelope for return of passport byregistered/certified mail. Allow 2-3 weeks for processing. Minimum of$100 must be changed for local currency on arrival. For furtherinformation contact Embassy of the Union of Myanmar, 2300 S St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/332-9044-5) or the Permanent Mission of Myanmarto the U.N., 10 East 77th St., New York, NY 10021 (212/535-1311).Myanmar (Burma) - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Burma, renamed Myanmar in 1989, experienced major political unrest in 1988. Conditions are stable under a military government except in remote border areas where longstanding insurgences persist. Entry Requirements: Travel to and within Myanmar is strictly controlled by that country's government. Passport and visas are required. Tourist visas are issued for package/group tours as well as to foreign individual tourists (FITS). Border entry for U.S. citizens is available only at the border post of Tachilek, for tourists who come by land from Thailand. Myanmar visas may be issued at the point of entry to certain individual tourists and group travelers. FITS must exchange a minimum of $200 for dollar denominated foreign exchange certificates upon arrival. For more current information, the traveler may contact the Embassy of the Union of Myanmar, 2300 S Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 332-9044/6, or the Permanent Mission of Myanmar to the U.N., 10 East 77th St., New York, N.Y. 10021, tel. (212) 535-1311.Areas of Instability: Insurgents are active in the highland regions of Myanmar, but the central lowland area is safe.Medical Facilities: Hospital and medical services are available in Rangoon. Elsewhere, medical care is limited. Travelers may wish to take appropriate precautions to avoid exposure to cholera, tuberculosis, plague, leprosy, and typhoid. Malaria is also present outside the Rangoon and Mandalay metropolitan areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control can be reached at (404) 332-4559 for additional useful health information.Information Crime: Security in tourist areas is generally good. Lost or stolen U.S. passports should be reported to local police and the U.S. Embassy. The level of violent crime and crime against property is low. There are occasional reports of pickpocketing. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect stiff jail sentences and fines.Other Information: Roads are poor in Myanmar. Trains are uncomfortable and not always punctual. Myanmar Airways (formerly Burma Airways Corporation) has had a poor safety record in the past. Photographing persons in uniform or any military installation is discouraged by Myanmar authorities. Customs regulations are restrictive and strictly enforced.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon. The telephone number is (95-1) 82055.No. 93-183This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to add information on visas and medical facilities, and on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina GeographyLocation: Western Africa, between Ghana and MaliMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 274,200 km2 land area: 273,800 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than ColoradoLand boundaries: total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with NigerClimate: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summersTerrain: mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeastNatural resources: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silverLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 37% forest and woodland: 26% other: 27%Irrigated land: 160 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina PeoplePopulation: 9,852,529 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.83% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 48.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 18.19 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 119.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.47 years male: 46.66 years female: 48.3 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural) adjective: BurkinabeEthnic divisions: Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, FulaniReligions: indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10%Languages: French (official), tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% of the populationLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 18% male: 28% female: 9%Labor force: 3.3 million residents; 30,000 are wage earners by occupation: agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5% note: 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Burkina Faso conventional short form: Burkina former: Upper VoltaDigraph: UVType: parliamentaryCapital: OuagadougouAdministrative divisions: 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, ZoundweogoIndependence: 5 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: June 1991Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary lawNational holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)Political parties and leaders: Organization for People's Democracy-Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling party, Marc Christian Roch KABORE; National Convention of Progressive Patriots-Social Democratic Party (CNPP-PSD), Pierre TAPSOBA; African Democratic Assembly (RDA), Gerard Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for Democracy and Federation (ADF), Herman YAMEOGOOther political or pressure groups: committees for the defense of the revolution; watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communitiesSuffrage: noneElections: President: last held December 1991 Assembly of People's Deputies: last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (107 total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD 12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7Executive branch: president, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: Assembly of People's Deputies note: the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, which had not been formally constituted as of 1 July 1992Judicial branch: Appeals CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina GovernmentMember of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant) chancery: 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-5577 or 6895US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN embassy: Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou telephone: [226] 30-67- 23 through 25 FAX: [226] 31-23-68Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina EconomyOverview: One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 1.3% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $350 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): -1% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $495 million; expenditures $786 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991)Exports: $304.8 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: cotton, gold, animal products partners: EC 45%, Taiwan 15%, Cote d'Ivoire 15% (1987)Imports: $593 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery, food products, petroleum partners: EC 51%, Africa 25%, US 6% (1987)External debt: $865 million (December 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 23% of GDP (1989)Electricity: 120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold mining and extractionAgriculture: accounts for about 30% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not self-sufficient in food grainsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $113 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina CommunicationsRailroads: 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single trackHighways: 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved (1985)Airports: total: 48 usable: 38 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 8Telecommunications: all services only fair; microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communication stations in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Burkina Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's MilitiaManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,947,935; fit for military service 995,532 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>BURKINA FASO - Passport and visa required. Single-entry visa valid 3months for visit up to 1 month, extendable, requires $20 fee, 2 applicationforms, 2 photos and yellow fever vaccination (cholera immunizationrecommended). Send passport by registered mail and include postage orprepaid envelope for return by mail. Payment accepted in cash or moneyorder only. For further information call Embassy of Burkina Faso, 2340Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/332-5577) or HonoraryConsulate in Decatur, GA (404/378-7278), Los Angeles, CA (213/824-5100) orNew Orleans, LA (504/945-3152).Burkina Faso - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Burkina Faso, previously known as Upper Volta, is a developing West African country which borders the Sahara Desert. The official language is French. Facilities for tourism are not widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Cholera immunization is recommended. Additional information can be obtained from the Embassy of Burkina Faso, 2340 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 332-5577. There are honorary consuls for Burkina Faso in Decatur (Georgia), Los Angeles and New Orleans.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Burkina Faso are limited. Medicine may be in short supply. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Malaria risk exists throughout the year and throughout the country. Malaria prophylaxis is used by most visitors and residents. Local water is not potable. Bottled water is available in urban areas, but is not widely available in rural areas. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Some petty crime occurs. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa," provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Photography Restrictions: A valid photo permit must be obtained from the Ministry of Tourism; the Ministry's list of photo restrictions are expected to be observed. The U.S. Embassy can provide information on specific photography regulations.Currency Information: Credit cards are rarely accepted. Travelers checks can be cashed at local banks.Use of Telephones: Local telephone service is excellent but expensive. International calls cannot always be made from hotels. It is often necessary to make international calls from a Post and Telecommunications office where calls must be paid for in local currency only. Collect calls are not possible.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou can obtain updated information on travel and security in Burkina Faso.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of Ouagadougou on Avenue Raoul Follerau. The mailing address is 01 B.P. 35, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The telephone numbers are (226) 30-67-23/24/25. The fax number is (226) 31-23-68.No. 93-261This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to update the information on crime and medical facilities.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and TurkeyMap references: Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 110,910 km2 land area: 110,550 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than TennesseeLand boundaries: total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro 318 km (all with Serbia), Turkey 240 kmCoastline: 354 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Macedonia question with Greece and MacedoniaClimate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summersTerrain: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southNatural resources: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable landLand use: arable land: 34% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 18% forest and woodland: 35% other: 10%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollutionNote: strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria PeoplePopulation: 8,831,168 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: -0.39% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -4.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 12.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.82 years male: 69.55 years female: 76.26 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.71 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bulgarian(s) adjective: BulgarianEthnic divisions: Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, other 0.6%Religions: Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.5%, Uniate Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5%Languages: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdownLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 93% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 4.3 million by occupation: industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria conventional short form: BulgariaDigraph: BUType: emerging democracyCapital: SofiaAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, VarnaIndependence: 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)Constitution: adopted 12 July 1991Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: 3 March (1878)Political parties and leaders: Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, an alliance of approximately 20 pro-Democratic parties including United Democratic Center, Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, Christian Democratic Union, Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican Party, Civic Initiative Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen other groups; Movement for Rights and Freedoms (ethnic Turkish party) (MRF), Ahmed DOGAN, chairman; Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), Zhan VIDENOV, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendasSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: President: last held January 1992; results - Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote National Assembly: last held 13 October 1991; results - UDF 34%, BSP 33%, MRF 7.5%; seats - (240 total) UDF 110, BSP 106, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister), three deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie)Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); Vice President Blaga Nikolova DIMITROVA (since NA) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria Government Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov BEROV (since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime Ministers) Valentin KARABASHEV, Neycho NEEV, and Evgeniy MATINCHEV (since 30 December 1992)Member of: BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ognyan Raytchev PISHEV chancery: 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 387-7969 FAX: (202) 234-7973US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL embassy: 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia, Unit 25402 mailing address: APO AE 09213-5740 telephone: [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05 FAX: [359] (2) 80-19-77Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria EconomyOverview: Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging industrial plant; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments; investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. Political bickering in Sofia and the collapse of the DIMITROV government in October 1992 have slowed the economic reform process. New Prime Minister BEROV, however, has pledged to continue the reforms initiated by the previous government. He has promised to continue cooperation with the World Bank and IMF, advance negotiations on rescheduling commercial debt, and push ahead with privatization. BEROV's government - whose main parliamentary supporters are the former Communist Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) - nonetheless appears likely to pursue more interventionist tactics in overcoming the country's economic problems.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.1 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -7.7% (1992)National product per capita: $3,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1992)Unemployment rate: 15% (1992)Budget: revenues $8 billion; expenditures $5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; manufactured consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 10.5%; other 12.7% (1991) partners: former CEMA countries 57.7% (USSR 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, Czechoslovakia 0.9%); developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece 2.2%); less developed countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991)Imports: $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and equipment 15.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural products 15.2%; other 5.9% partners: former CEMA countries 51.0% (former USSR 43.2%, Poland 3.7%); developed countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed countries 16.2% (Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%)External debt: $12 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate -21% (1992 est.); accounts for about 37% of GDP (1990)Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,070 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria EconomyIndustries: machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles, building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metalsAgriculture: accounts for 22% of GDP (1990); climate and soil conditions support livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food producerIllicit drugs: transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid: donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89)Currency: 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinkiExchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1 - 24.56 (January 1993),17.18 (January 1992), 16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - floating exchange rate since February 1991Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria CommunicationsRailroads: 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,640 km electrifiedHighways: 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); 3,373 km earth roads (1987)Inland waterways: 470 km (1987)Pipelines: crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1992)Ports: coastal - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; inland - Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the DanubeMerchant marine: 112 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,262,320 GRT/1,887,729 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 oil tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 50 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,717 DWT operating under Liberian registryAirports: total: 380 usable: 380 with permanent-surface runways: 120 with runways over 3659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 20Telecommunications: extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and mirowave radio relay; 2.6 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 countries; phone density is 29 phones per 100 persons (1992); almost two-thirds of the lines are residential; 67% of Sofia households have phones (November 1988); telephone service is available in most villages; broadcast stations - 20 AM, 15 FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a Greek earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bulgaria Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal TroopsManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,178,136; fit for military service 1,819,901; reach military age (19) annually 69,495 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 5.77 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>BULGARIA - Passport required. Tourist visa not required for stay up to 30days. AIDS test may be required for those staying more than 1 month; U.S.test not accepted. For business visas and other information contactEmbassy of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1621 22nd St., N.W., Washington, D.C.20008 (202/387-7969).Bulgaria - Consular Information SheetJanuary 19, 1994Country Description: Bulgaria is a moderately developed European nation undergoing profound political and economic changes. Tourist facilities are widely available, but conditions vary considerably and some facilities are not up to Western standards. Goods and services taken for granted in other European countries are still not available in many areas of Bulgaria.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for tourist or business visits of less than 30 days. An AIDS test may be required for those staying more than one month; U.S. tests are not accepted. All visitors to Bulgaria must register with the police, a hotel or a guest house within 48 hours of arrival. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria at 1621 22nd Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 387-7969; Consular Section is (202) 483-5885.Medical Facilities: Although Bulgarian physicians are trained to a very high standard, hospitals and clinics are generally not equipped and maintained at U.S. or West European levels. Basic medical supplies are widely available, but specialized treatments may not be. Visitors must pay cash for medical and health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: There has been a recent rise in street crime, much of which is directed against foreigners. Pickpocketing and purse snatching are frequent occurrences as is theft from automobiles, where thieves smash windows to remove valuables left in sight. There have been a number of incidents in which tourists have accepted offers of "help from friendly people" met by chance at the airport, bus stations or train stations and have been drugged or assaulted and robbed. Taxi drivers at Sofia Airport are notoriously dishonest and refuse to run their meters. Travelers who insist upon a pre-agreed fare can avoid the more outrageous overcharging. Automobile theft is also a frequent problem, with four-wheel drive vehicles and late model European sedans the most popular targets. Very few vehicles are recovered.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. It provides information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Currency Regulations: Bulgaria is largely a cash economy. Most shops, hotels and restaurants still do not accept travelers checks or credit cards. Visitors can exchange money at change bureaus. People on the street who offer high rates of exchange are confidence tricksters intent on swindling the unwary travelers.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Persons convicted of possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are subject to imprisonment and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Bulgaria.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria, is located at 1 Suborna (formerly 1 A. Stamboliski Boulevard); telephone (359-2) 88-48-01 to -05. This is also the after hours number for emergencies.The Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy is located at 1 Kapitan Andreev Street in Sofia; telephone (359-2) 65-94-59.No. 94-007This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to provide updated information on entry requirements, currency regulations and crime.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei GeographyLocation: Southeast Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely surrounded by MalaysiaMap references: Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 5,770 km2 land area: 5,270 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than DelawareLand boundaries: total 381 km, Malysia 381 kmCoastline: 161 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly claimed the islandClimate: tropical; hot, humid, rainyTerrain: flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in westNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, timberLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 79% other: 18%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rareNote: close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of Malaysia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei PeoplePopulation: 276,984 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.77% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 25.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.94 years male: 69.27 years female: 72.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bruneian(s) adjective: BruneianEthnic divisions: Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%Religions: Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and other 15% (1981)Languages: Malay (official), English, ChineseLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 77% male: 85% female: 69%Labor force: 89,000 (includes members of the Army) by occupation: government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) note: 33% of labor force is foreign (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam conventional short form: BruneiDigraph: BXType: constitutional sultanateCapital: Bandar Seri BegawanAdministrative divisions: 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, TutongIndependence: 1 January 1984 (from UK)Constitution: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)Legal system: based on Islamic lawNational holiday: 23 February (1984)Political parties and leaders: Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), leader NASuffrage: noneElections: Legislative Council: last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the sultan and no elections are plannedExecutive branch: sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)Member of: APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud chancery: 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 342-0159US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Donald Burnham ENSENAT embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei Government mailing address: American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440 telephone: [673] (2) 229-670 FAX: [673] (2) 225-293Flag: yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei EconomyOverview: The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and housing.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 1% (1990 est.)National product per capita: $8,800 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1989)Unemployment rate: 3.7% (1989)Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.)Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products partners: Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990)Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals partners: Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990)External debt: $0Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDPElectricity: 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, constructionAgriculture: imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 millionCurrency: 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollarFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei CommunicationsRailroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private lineHighways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under construction, 720 km gravel or unimprovedInland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 metersPipelines: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 kmPorts: Kuala Belait, MuaraMerchant marine: 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 DWTAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runway over 3,659 m: 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runway 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brunei Defense ForcesBranches: Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 77,407; fit for military service 45,112; reach military age (18) annually 2,676 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990)</text>
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<text>BRUNEI - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist/business stay upto 90 days. Yellow fever vaccination needed if arriving from infectedarea. For more information, contact Embassy of the State of BruneiDarussalam, Suite 300, 2600 Virginia Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037(202/342-0159) or Brunei Permanent Mission to the U.N., 866 United NationsPlaza, Rm. 248, New York, NY 10017 (212/838-1600).Brunei - Consular Information SheetJuly 9, 1993Country Description: Brunei is a small Islamic Sultanate on the north coast of the island of Borneo. The capital, Bandar Seri Begawan, is the only major city. Tourist facilities are good, and generally available.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. Visas must be obtained in advance. A yellow fever vaccination is needed if arriving from an infected area. For more current information the traveler may contact the Embassy of the State of Brunei Darussalam, Suite 300, 2600 Virginia Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 342-0159.Medical Facilities: Hospital and medical services in Brunei are available, with good facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control can be reached at (404) 332-4559 for additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The crime rate in Brunei is very low, and violent crime is rare. Lost or stolen passports should be reported to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. The trafficking in and the illegal importation of controlled drugs are very serious offenses in Brunei and the penalty for such offenses is death. Persons carrying amounts above specified minimum quantities (15 grams of heroin, etc.) are subject to the maximum penalty, which, however, has not been carried out in recent years.Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within the area.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on the 3rd floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, in the capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan. The mailing address is American Embassy, Box B, APO AP 96440; telephone (673-2) 229-670.No. 93-169This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated November 13, 1992 to update information on drug penalties, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_31269.xml
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<text>Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 150 km2 land area: 150 km2 comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes the island of AnegadaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 80 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade windsTerrain: coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hillyNatural resources: negligibleLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 33% forest and woodland: 7% other: 33%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to OctoberNote: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands PeoplePopulation: 12,707 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.22% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 20.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 19.68 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.62 years male: 70.77 years female: 74.6 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.28 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: British Virgin Islander(s) adjective: British Virgin IslanderEthnic divisions: black 90%, white, AsianReligions: Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)Languages: English (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98%Labor force: 4,911 (1980) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: British Virgin IslandsAbbreviation: BVIDigraph: VIType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: Road TownAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 1 June 1977Legal system: English lawNational holiday: Territory Day, 1 JulyPolitical parties and leaders: United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEYSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislative Council: last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Peter Alfred PENFOLD (since NA 1991) Head of Government: Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of UK)Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful) THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands EconomyOverview: The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 million in 1987. The economy slowed in 1991 because of the poor performances of the tourist sector and tight commercial bank credit. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $133 million (1991)National product real growth rate: 2% (1991)National product per capita: $10,600 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1992)Budget: revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital expenditures of $38 million (1991)Exports: $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals partners: Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, USImports: $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery partners: Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, USExternal debt: $4.5 million (1985)Industrial production: growth rate 4.0% (1985)Electricity: 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore financial centerAgriculture: livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetablesEconomic aid: NACurrency: US currency is usedExchange rates: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands CommunicationsHighways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)Ports: Road TownAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Virgin Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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card_31162.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory GeographyLocation: in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway between Africa and IndonesiaMap references: Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 60 km2 land area: 60 km2 comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes the island of Diego GarciaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 698 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by MauritiusClimate: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade windsTerrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation)Natural resources: coconuts, fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: archipelago of 2,300 islandsNote: Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants note: there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military facilities THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory GovernmentNames: conventional long form: British Indian Ocean Territory conventional short form: noneAbbreviation: BIOTDigraph: IOType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: noneIndependence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS (since NA); Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS (since NA 1991); note - both reside in the UKDiplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of UK)Flag: white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory EconomyOverview: All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands.Electricity: provided by the US military THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory CommunicationsHighways: short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego GarciaPorts: Diego GarciaAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 on Diego Garcia with runways 2,439-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,229-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK British Indian Ocean Territory Defense Forces</text>
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card_30931.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil GeographyLocation: Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic OceanMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 8,511,965 km2 land area: 8,456,510 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than the US note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao PauloLand boundaries: total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 kmCoastline: 7,491 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute - Arrio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the UruguayClimate: mostly tropical, but temperate in southTerrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal beltNatural resources: iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, petroleum, timberLand use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 67% other: 6%Irrigated land: 27,000 km2 (1989 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil GeographyEnvironment: recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large citiesNote: largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil PeoplePopulation: 156,664,223 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 21.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 61.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.7 years male: 58.28 years female: 67.33 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.49 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: BrazilianEthnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white 55%, mixed 38%, other 1%Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 90%Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, FrenchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 81% male: 82% female: 80%Labor force: 57 million (1989 est.) by occupation: services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil conventional short form: Brazil local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil local short form: BrasilDigraph: BRType: federal republicCapital: BrasiliaAdministrative divisions: 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, TocantinsIndependence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)Constitution: 5 October 1988Legal system: based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)Political parties and leaders: National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Roberto ROLLEMBERG, president; Liberal Front Party (PFL), Jose Mucio MONTEIRO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz GONZAGA de Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Siqueira CAMPOS, presidentOther political or pressure groups: left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are critical of government's social and economic policiesSuffrage: voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of ageElections: Chamber of Deputies: last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats - (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 Federal Senate: last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil Government President: last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Federal TribunalLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 745-2700 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New York consulates: Dallas, Houston, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard MELTON embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal mailing address: APO AA 34030 telephone: [55] (61) 321-7272 FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136 consulates general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo consulates: Porto Alegre, RecifeFlag: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil EconomyOverview: The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990, launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government also obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and reached agreements with commercial bankers on the repayment of interest arrears and on the reduction of debt and debt service payments. Galloping inflation - the rate doubled in 1992 - continues to undermine economic stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed the presidency following President COLLOR'S resignation in December 1992, has promised to support the basic premises of COLLOR'S reform program but has yet to define clearly his economic policies. Brazil's natural resources remain a major, long-term economic strength.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $369 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: -0.2% (1992)National product per capita: $2,350 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,174% (1992)Unemployment rate: 5.9% (1992)Budget: revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990)Exports: $35.0 billion (1992) commodities: iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle parts partners: EC 32.3%, US 20.3%, Latin America 11.6%, Japan 9% (1991)Imports: $20.0 billion (1992) commodities: crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal partners: Middle East 12.4%, US 23.5%, EC 21.8%, Latin America 18.8%, Japan 6% (1991)External debt: $123.3 billion (December 1992)Industrial production: growth rate -3.8% (1992); accounts for 39% of GDPElectricity: 63,765,000 kW capacity; 242,184 million kWh produced, 1,531 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil EconomyAgriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheatIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and EuropeEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billionCurrency: 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavosExchange rates: cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 13,827.06 (January 1993), 4,506.45 (1992), 406.61 (1991), 68.300 (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil CommunicationsRailroads: 28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km electrifiedHighways: 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earthInland waterways: 50,000 km navigablePipelines: crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 kmPorts: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, SantosMerchant marine: 232 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,335,234 GRT/8,986,734 DWT; includes 5 passenger-cargo, 42 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 11 roll-on/roll-off, 58 oil tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, 65 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 11 vehicle carrier; in addition, 1 naval tanker is sometimes used commerciallyAirports: total: 3,613 usable: 3,031 with permanent-surface runways: 431 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 584Telecommunications: good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones; broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 domestic satellite earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Brazil Defense ForcesBranches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, Military Police (paramilitary)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 42,623,934; fit for military service 28,721,849; reach military age (18) annually 1,655,918 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990)</text>
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<text>BRAZIL - Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained in advance.Multiple-entry visa valid up to 90 days (extendable), requires 1application form, 1 photo, proof of onward/return transportation, andyellow fever vaccination if arriving from infected area. No charge if youapply in person; $10 service fee if you apply by mail. Provide SASE forreturn of passport by mail. For travel with children or business visacontact Brazilian Embassy (Consular Section), 3009 Whitehaven St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/745-2828) or nearest Consulate: CA(213/651-2664), FL (305/285-6200), IL (312/464-0244), LA (504/588-9187) orNY (212/757-3080).Brazil - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Brazil has a developing economy. Facilities for tourism are good in the major cities, but vary in quality in remote areas.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Visas must be obtained in advance. Minors (under 18) traveling alone, with one parent or with a third party must present written authorization by the absent parent(s) or legal guardian, specifically granting permission to travel alone, with one parent or with a third party. This authorization must be notarized, authenticated by the Brazilian Embassy or Consulate, and translated into Portuguese. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Brazil, travelers can contact the Brazilian Embassy at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 745-2700 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, Miami, New York, Chicago or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Medical care varies in quality, particularly in remote areas. Cholera has been reported in the Amazon Basin region and northeastern Brazil. Some cholera outbreaks have also been reported in major cities. However, visitors who follow proper precautions about food and drink are not usually at risk. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has been found to be useful. For additional health information, contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: The threat of crime in Brazilian cities varies, but the areas surrounding discotheques, bars, nightclubs and other similar establishments are often the sites of criminal incidents, especially at dusk and during the evening hours.Because of the high volume of tourists, crime is particularly acute in Rio de Janeiro. As a result, Rio state authorities established the Rio tourist police (tel: 511-5112) to patrol various areas for the protection of tourists. The areas of greatest concern are the popular beaches and nearby neighborhoods where young street criminals target tourists for armed robbery or theft. For security reasons, U.S. government personnel visiting or assigned to Rio are not housed at hotels in Rio's Copacabana and Leme neighborhoods.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State publication, "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Adoptions: The adoption process in Brazil is often lengthy and costly. It is not unusual to encounter serious unforeseen problems, particularly in the northeastern states of Ceara, Paraiba, and Pernambuco. Updated information on Brazilian adoption proceedings is available from the Consular Section of the U.S. consulate having jurisdiction over the locality where the adoption will take place. Information on U.S. immigrant visa requirements is available from the consular section of the U.S. Consulate General in Rio de Janeiro, where all immigrant visa cases for Brazil are processed. Additional information is available by writing the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3712.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Brazil for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or consulates may obtain updated information on travel and security within Brazil.The U.S. Embassy is located in Brasilia at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, telephone (55-61) 321-7272.There are consulates in:Rio de Janeiro at Avenida Presidente Wilson 147, telephone (55-21) 292-7117;Sao Paulo at Rua Padre Joao Manoel 933, telephone (55-11) 881-6511;Porto Alegre at Rua Coronel Genuino 421 (9th flr.), telephone (55-51) 226-4288; and atRecife at Rua Goncalves Maia 163, telephone (55-81) 221-1412.There are also consular agencies in:Belem at Avenida Oswaldo Cruz 165, telephone (55-91) 223-0800/0413;Manaus at Rua Recife 1010, Adrianopolis, telephone (55-92) 234-4546;Salvador de Bahia at Avenida Antonio Carlos Magalhaes S/N Edificio Cidadella Center, Suite 410, Candeal, telephone (55-71) 358-9195; andin Fortaleza at the Instituto Brasil-Estados Unidos (IBEU), Rua Nogueira Acioly, 891, Aldeota, telephone (55-85) 252-1539.No. 93-126This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to provide updated information concerning crime, adoptions in Brazil and reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_30531.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Norway) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island GeographyLocation: in the south Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)Map references: Antarctic RegionArea: total area: 58 km2 land area: 58 km2 comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 29.6 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 4 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: antarcticTerrain: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessibleNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (all ice)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: covered by glacial iceNote: located in the South Atlantic Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bouvet IslandDigraph: BVType: territory of NorwayCapital: none; administered from Oslo, NorwayIndependence: none (territory of Norway) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage onlyTelecommunications: automatic meteorological station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bouvet Island Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Norway</text>
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card_30451.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, north of South AfricaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 600,370 km2 land area: 585,370 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries: total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; disputed island with Namibia in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; recent dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Sidudu Island in Linyanti RiverClimate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summersTerrain: predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwestNatural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silverLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 75% forest and woodland: 2% other: 21%Irrigated land: 20 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: overgrazing, desertificationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana PeoplePopulation: 1,325,920 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.53% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 33.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.54 years male: 59.52 years female: 65.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.25 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)Ethnic divisions: Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1%Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%Languages: English (official), SetswanaLiteracy: age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990) total population: 72% male: 67% female: 74%Labor force: 400,000 by occupation: 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in various mines in South Africa (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Botswana conventional short form: Botswana former: BechuanalandDigraph: BCType: parliamentary republicCapital: GaboroneAdministrative divisions: 10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4 town councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-PhikweIndependence: 30 September 1966 (from UK)Constitution: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 30 September (1966)Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHOSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 President: last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the National AssemblyExecutive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs and a lower house or National AssemblyJudicial branch: High Court, Court of AppealLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Sir Ketunile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992 )Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE chancery: Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana Government telephone: (202) 244-4990 or 4991US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David PASSAGE embassy: address NA, Gaborone mailing address: P. O. Box 90, Gaborone telephone: [267] 353-982 FAX: [267] 356-947Flag: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana EconomyOverview: The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other sector has experienced such growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond production was down slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and manufacturing helped boost the economyNational product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate: 5.8% (FY92 est.)National product per capita: $2,450 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.5% (December 1992)Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652 million (FY94)Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b. 1991) commodities: diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 8%, meat 4% partners: Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products partners: Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, USExternal debt: $344 million (December 1991)Industrial production: growth rate 6.9% (1991); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including miningElectricity: 220,000 kW capacity; 1,123 million kWh produced, 846 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processingAgriculture: accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of food needsEconomic aid: US aid, $13 million (1992); US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $29 million; in 1992: Norway (largest donor) $16 million, Sweden $15.5 million, Germany $3.6 million, EC/Lome-IV $3-6 million in grants, $28.7 million in long-term projectsCurrency: 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana EconomyExchange rates: pula (P) per US$1 - 2.31 (February 1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana CommunicationsRailroads: 712 km 1.067-meter gaugeHighways: 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earthAirports: total: 100 usable: 87 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 29Telecommunications: the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Botswana Defense ForcesBranches: Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 282,885; fit for military service 148,895; reach military age (18) annually 14,868 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94)</text>
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<text>BOTSWANA - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 90 days.For further information contact Embassy of the Republic of Botswana, Suite7M, 3400 International Drive, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/244-4990/1)or nearest Honorary Consulate: Los Angeles (213/626-8484), San Francisco(415/346-4435) or Houston (713/622-1900).Botswana - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Botswana is a developing southern African nation. Facilities for tourism are available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. No visa is necessary for stays of less than 90 days. Further information can be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Botswana, Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 244-4990/1. There are also honorary consuls in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Houston.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Botswana are limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health care services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers For Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Some petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching is common in the city of Gaborone. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced. Botswana's Drug and Related Substances Act mandates harsh punishments for unlawful dealing and possession of cannabis (known locally as motokwane or dagga). The Act specifies that: (a) anyone found to be unlawfully dealing in the possession of dagga in an amount exceeding 60 grams shall, on conviction, be liable to a mandatory punishment of five to ten years imprisonment, and to a fine of not less than 7,000 pula (or $3500) or in default thereof, to an additional term of imprisonment of one to two years; and (b) if the dagga is less than 60 grams, the offenders shall be liable to mandatory imprisonment of one to five years and to a fine of 1,500-5,000 pula ($750-$2500).Automobile Travel: Travel by automobile outside of large towns may be dangerous. Although major roads are generally in good condition, the combination of long, tedious stretches of two-lane highway, high speed limits, and the occasional presence of large animals on the roads makes fatal accidents a frequent occurrence. Driving at night on rural highways is particularly hazardous and strongly discouraged.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Botswana.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the capital city of Gaborone on Embassy Drive, Government Enclave. The mailing address is P.O. Box 90, Gaborone, Botswana. The telephone number is (267) 353-982; the fax number is (267) 356-947, and the after-hours emergency telephone number is (267) 357-111.No. 93-260This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add information on travel by automobile in Gaborone.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina HeaderNote: Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife which began in March 1992 after the Bosnian Government held a referendum on independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb held areas to a "greater Serbia". Since the onset of the conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war population of 4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and the Bosnian Croats have asserted control of more than three-quarters of the territory formerly under the control of the Bosnian Government. The UN and the EC are continuing to try to mediate a plan for peace. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and MontenegroMap references: Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 51,233 km2 land area: 51,233 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than TennesseeLand boundaries: total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)Coastline: 20 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m depth exclusive economic zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority being forced from many areasClimate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coastTerrain: mountains and valleysNatural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, lead, zincLand use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 36% other: 17%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina PeoplePopulation: 4,618,804 (July 1993 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansingPopulation growth rate: 0.72% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.8 years male: 72.11 years female: 77.67 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, HerzegovinianEthnic divisions: Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%Languages: Serbo-Croatian 99%Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 1,026,254 by occupation: agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina local short form: Bosna i HercegovinaDigraph: BKType: emerging democracyCapital: SarajevoAdministrative divisions: 109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice note: currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediatorsIndependence: NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)Constitution: NALegal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, presidentOther political or pressure groups: NASuffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina GovernmentElections: Chamber of Municipalities: last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 Chamber of Citizens: last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1Executive branch: collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo)Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December 1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992), Fikret ABDIC Head of Government: Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA)Member of: CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina but has not yet established an embassy in SerajevoFlag: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina EconomyOverview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available, although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: -37% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $3,200 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% per month (1991)Unemployment rate: 28% (February 1992 est.)Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $2,054 million (1990) commodities: manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%, fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republicsImports: $1,891 million (1990) commodities: fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals 5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republicsExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92)Electricity: 3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina EconomyAgriculture: accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productiveIllicit drugs: NAEconomic aid: $NACurrency: Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all other areasExchange rates: NAFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina CommunicationsRailroads: NA kmHighways: 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth; note - highways now disruptedInland waterways: NA kmPipelines: crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disruptedPorts: coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava RiverAirports: total: 27 useable: 22 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3659: 0 with runways 2440-3659 m: 4 with runways 1220-2439 m: 5Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense ForcesBranches: ArmyManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA - Passport required. At the time of publication,Bosnia-Herzegovina entry permission is being granted at the border on acase by-case basis.Bosnia & Herzegovina - Travel WarningApril 29, 1993U. S. citizens are warned not to travel to Bosnia-Herzegovina for any reason, because of the ongoing war. Additional information can be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet on Bosnia-Herzegovina.No. 93-016This repeats the warning for Bosnia-Herzegovina dated October 7, 1992, with no change.Bosnia & Herzegovina - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Warning: The Department of State has issued a travel warning for Bosnia-Herzegovina. U.S. citizens are warned not to travel to Bosnia-Herzegovina for any reason, because of the ongoing war.Country Description: Bosnia-Herzegovina is a nation which was formerly one of the Yugoslav republics and is now involved in a civil war. This state of war, resulting in deaths, destruction, food shortages and travel disruptions affecting roads, airports and railways, makes travel to all parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina extremely hazardous. Travel to Eastern Bosnia, and the capital city of Sarajevo is particularly dangerous.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Permission to enter Bosnia-Herzegovina is currently granted at the border on a case-by-case basis. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate.Medical Facilities: Health facilities are minimal or non-existent; most medicines are unobtainable. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: General lawlessness and deteriorating economic conditions have brought an increase in crime. Adequate police response in the event of an emergency is doubtful. Anti-American sentiments run high in many parts of the country, particularly in Serbian dominated areas. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. They provide useful information on travel to the region and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Currency Information: It is impossible to use credit cards or to cash traveler's checks.Other Information: Roadblocks manned by local militias are numerous. These militia groups frequently confiscate relief goods and trucks, and may otherwise behave unprofessionally. U.S. citizens are reminded that they are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. The popular religious shrine at Medjugorje is located within Bosnia-Herzegovina's borders. Consular services are not available to U.S. citizens traveling in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Registration: U.S. citizens visiting or remaining in Bosnia-Herzegovina, despite the warning, who register at either the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade or in Zagreb can obtain updated information on travel and security within Bosnia-Herzegovina. Embassy assistance is limited, however, because of conflict in the area, lack of communications and reduced Embassy staffing.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The United States Information Service (USIS) Center formerly located in Sarajevo is closed. The U.S. Embassy in Belgrade, Serbia is located at Kneza Milosa 50, telephone (381-11) 645-655. The U.S. Embassy in Zagreb, Croatia is located at Andrije Hebranga 2, telephone (385-41) 444-800.No. 93-066This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to note the unavailability of consular services within Bosnia-Herzegovina and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia GeographyLocation: Central South America, between Brazil and ChileMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,098,580 km2 land area: 1,084,390 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of MontanaLand boundaries: total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rightsClimate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiaridTerrain: rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon basinNatural resources: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, lead, gold, timberLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 52% other: 20%Irrigated land: 1,650 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Peru THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia PeoplePopulation: 7,544,099 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.31% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 32.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 76.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.77 years male: 60.34 years female: 65.33 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bolivian(s) adjective: BolivianEthnic divisions: Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15%Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 78% male: 85% female: 71%Labor force: 1.7 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, mining 4%, other 10% (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia conventional short form: Bolivia local long form: Republica de Bolivia local short form: BoliviaDigraph: BLType: republicCapital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)Administrative divisions: 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, TarijaIndependence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain)Constitution: 2 February 1967Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)Political parties and leaders: Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P), Walter DELGADILLO and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), Humberto RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE ReichSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (married) 21 years of age; universal and compulsory (single)Elections: Chamber of Deputies: last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, IU 10, CONDEPA 9, PDC 3 Chamber of Senators: last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2, PDC 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia Government President: last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support, PAZ Zamora won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated on 6 August 1989Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO Sanjines (since 6 August 1989)Member of: AG, ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jorge CRESPO chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-4410 through 4412 consulates general: Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS embassy: Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO AA 34032 telephone: [591] (2) 350251 or 350120 FAX: [591] (2) 359875Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia EconomyOverview: With its long history of semifeudalistic social controls, dependence on volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation, Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin American countries. Since August 1989, President PAZ Zamora, despite his Marxist origins, has maintained a moderate policy of repressing domestic terrorism, containing inflation, and achieving annual GDP growth of 3 to 4%. For many farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 3.8% (1992)National product per capita: $670 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.5% (December 1992)Unemployment rate: 5% (1992)Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.57 billion, including capital expenditures of $627 million (1993 est.)Exports: $609 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: metals 46%, hydrocarbons 21%, other 33% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, timber) partners: US 15%, ArgentinaImports: 1.185 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods partners: US 22%External debt: $3.7 billion (December 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1992); accounts for almost 32% of GDPElectricity: 865,000 kW capacity; 1,834 million kWh produced, 250 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% of its revenuesAgriculture: accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated 47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program unable to prevent production from rising to 82,000 metric tons in 1992 from 74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other international drug marketsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia EconomyCurrency: 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavosExchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.9437 (August 1992), 3.85 (1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727 (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia CommunicationsRailroads: 3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single trackHighways: 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and unimproved earthInland waterways: 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterwaysPipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 kmPorts: none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo in PeruMerchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,051 GRT/22,155 DWTAirports: total: 1,225 usable: 1,043 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 161Telecommunications: microwave radio relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bolivia Defense ForcesBranches: Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy includes Marines (Fuerza Navala), Air Force (Fuerza Aereo de Bolivia), National Police Force (Boliviano Policia Nacional)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,786,137; fit for military service 1,162,160; reach military age (19) annually 78,125 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est.)</text>
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<text>BOLIVIA - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 30days. Business visa requires $50 fee and company letter explaining purposeof trip. Send SASE for return of passport by mail. AIDS test required forresident visa. U.S. test sometimes accepted. For more information contactEmbassy of Bolivia (Consular Section), 3014 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington,D.C. 20008 (202/232-4828 or 483-4410) or nearest Consulate General: SanFrancisco (415/495-5173), Miami (305/358-3450), New York (212/687-0530) orHouston (713/780-8001). (Check special requirements for pets.)Bolivia - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Bolivia is a developing nation with a slowly growing economy. Facilities for tourism are adequate, but vary in quality.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a one-month stay. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Bolivia, travelers can contact the Bolivian Embassy at 3014 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 483-4410 or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, New York, or Houston.Medical Facilities: Medical care in large cities is adequate but of varying quality. Doctors and hospitals usually expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not valid in Bolivia. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful.Cholera is present in Bolivia. Visitors who follow proper precautions about food and drink are not usually at risk. For additional health information and information on high altitude travel, travelers may contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Street crime, such as pickpocketing and theft from parked vehicles, is common. Violent crimes or crimes involving weapons are rare, especially in La Paz, although there are indications of an increased incidence of such crimes in Santa Cruz. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State publication, "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Areas of Instability: Because of anti-narcotics activities in the Chapare region between Santa Cruz and Cochabamba, the potential for security risks exists in this area. Travelers to this area may consult with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy prior to travel.Terrorist Activities: There have been isolated terrorist incidents against American officials, installations, and resident missionaries over the past three years. There have been two incidents in 1993, one involving a low level bombing of a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) facility in La Paz and another against a Mormon Church in El Alto.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Bolivia for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Other Information: La Paz and other cities have been the scene of frequent demonstrations by various local groups. Although there has been no violence specifically directed at foreigners during these demonstrations, there are occasional confrontations between police and demonstrators. Increased demonstrations are expected prior to the Presidential elections of June 6, 1993.Embassy Location/Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in La Paz, located one block from the Embassy on the second floor of the Tobia building on Calle Potosi near the corner with Calle Colon, telephone (591-2) 356-685, can obtain updated information on travel and security within Bolivia.The U.S. Embassy is located at Banco Popular del Peru Bldg., corner of Calle Mercado and Colon, telephone: (591-2) 350-251.There are also Consular Agencies in:Santa Cruz in the Edificio Oriente on Calle Bolivian, corner of Chuquisaca, Room 313, telephone: (591-033) 330-725 or 325-544; and inCochabamba at Avenida Libertador Bolivar 1724 (Cala Cala), telephone: (591-042) 43-216.The Consular Agencies are open mornings Monday through Friday.No. 93-125This replaces the Consular Information Sheet of October 27, 1992 to provide updated information on crime, terrorist activities and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan GeographyLocation: South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and IndiaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 47,000 km2 land area: 47,000 km2 comparative area: slightly more than half the size of IndianaLand boundaries: total 1,075 km, China 470 km, India 605 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in HimalayasTerrain: mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savannaNatural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potentialLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 70% other: 23%Irrigated land: 340 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country name which translates as Land of the Thunder DragonNote: landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan PeoplePopulation: 700,000 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.33% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 39.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 16.26 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 123.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 50.17 years male: 50.74 years female: 49.58 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 5.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural) adjective: BhutaneseEthnic divisions: Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15%Religions: Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%Languages: Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects; Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialectsLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% note: massive lack of skilled labor THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan conventional short form: BhutanDigraph: BTType: monarchy; special treaty relationship with IndiaCapital: ThimphuAdministrative divisions: 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi PhodrangIndependence: 8 August 1949 (from India)Constitution: no written constitution or bill of rightsLegal system: based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary king)Political parties and leaders: no legal partiesOther political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaignSuffrage: each family has one vote in village-level electionsElections: no national electionsExecutive branch: monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog)Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu)Judicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)Member of: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: no formal diplomatic relations; the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York has consular jurisdiction in the USUS diplomatic representation: no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India)Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan EconomyOverview: The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important natural resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to 3,000/year to minimize foreign influence.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $320 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 3.1% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $200 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (FY91 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $74 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) commodities: cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India) partners: India 90%Imports: $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) commodities: fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics partners: India 83%External debt: $120 million (June 91)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 18% of GDP; primarily cottage industry and home based handicraftsElectricity: 336,000 kW capacity; 1,542.2 million kWh produced, 2,203 kWh per capita (25.8% is exported to India, leaving only 1,633 kWh per capita) (1990-91)Industries: cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbideAgriculture: accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, eggsEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 millionCurrency: 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan EconomyExchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupeeFiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan CommunicationsHighways: 2,165 km total; 1,703 km surfacedAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use; international telephone and telegraph service is by land line through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bhutan Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, MilitiaManpower availability: males age 15-49 415,315; fit for military service 222,027; reach military age (18) annually 17,344 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>BHUTAN - Passport and visa required. Visa requires $20 fee, 1 applicationand 2 photos. Tourist visas arranged by Tourism Department and issued atentry checkpoints in Bhutan. Apply 2 months in advance. Yellow fevervaccination required if traveling from an infected area. For furtherinformation call the Consulate of the Kingdom of Bhutan in New York(212/826-1919).Bhutan - Consular Information SheetAugust 27, 1993Country Description: Bhutan is a small land-locked Himalayan nation with a monarchal government. It is a protectorate of India. Facilities for tourism are limited.Entry Requirements: Tourists are admitted only in groups by prearrangement with Bhutan's Ministry of Tourism. Entry must be via India or Bangladesh; the border with China is closed. A passport and visa are required. For entry information, the traveler can contact the Bhutan Travel Service, 120 East 56 Street, New York, N.Y., 10022, telephone (212) 838-6382, or the Consulate of the Kingdom of Bhutan in New York, telephone (212) 826-1919.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Bhutan are limited. Some medicine is in short supply. Doctors and clinics often require immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage, including medical evacuation, has proved helpful. Information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: There is relatively little crime in Bhutan. However, some pickpocketing and purse snatching occurs. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strictly enforced in Bhutan. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, at one of the U.S. Consulates in India, or the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka, can obtain updated information on travel and security in Bhutan.Embassy Location: There is no U.S. Embassy or Consulate in Bhutan. Informal contact between Bhutan and the United States is maintained through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi. For assistance, U.S. citizens can contact the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, located on Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, 110021, or a U.S. Consulate in Bombay, Calcutta or Madras. The U.S. Embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh, located at the Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara, can also provide assistance in certain instances. The embassy telephone number in New Delhi is (91-11) 687-2028. In Dhaka the embassy telephone number is (880-2) 884700.No. 93-231This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda GeographyLocation: in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1,050 km east of North CarolinaMap references: North AmericaArea: total area: 50 km2 land area: 50 km2 comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 103 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winterTerrain: low hills separated by fertile depressionsNatural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourismLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 20% other: 80%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 small coral islandsNote: some reclaimed land leased by US Government THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda PeoplePopulation: 60,686 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.78% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.03 years male: 73.36 years female: 76.97 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bermudian(s) adjective: BermudianEthnic divisions: black 61%, white and other 39%Religions: Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28%Languages: EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 99%Labor force: 32,000 by occupation: clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical 13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% (1984) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: BermudaDigraph: BDType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: HamiltonAdministrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, WarwickIndependence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 8 June 1968Legal system: English lawNational holiday: Bermuda Day, 22 MayPolitical parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELLOther political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), Ottiwell SIMMONSSuffrage: 21 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other 1Executive branch: British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord David WADDINGTON (since NA) Head of Government: Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982)Member of: CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOCDiplomatic representation in US: as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are represented by the UKUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES consulate general: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda Government mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002 telephone: (809) 295-1342 FAX: (809) 295-1592Flag: red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda EconomyOverview: Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are imported.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: -1.5% (1991)National product per capita: $22,000 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1991)Unemployment rate: 6% (1991)Budget: revenues $327.5 million; expenditures $308.9 million, including capital expenditures of $35.4 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $50 million (f.o.b., FY89) commodities: semitropical produce, light manufactures, re-exports of pharmaceuticals partners: US 55%, UK 32%, Canada 11%, other 2%Imports: 527.2 million (f.o.b., FY89) commodities: fuel, foodstuffs, machinery partners: US 60%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7%, Canada 5%, Japan 5%, other 15%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,370 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, ship repairingAgriculture: accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy productsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 millionCurrency: 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda CommunicationsHighways: 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads)Ports: Freeport, Hamilton, Saint GeorgeMerchant marine: 72 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,451.099 GRT/5,937,636 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 21 oil tanker, 13 liquefied gas, 16 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bermuda Defense ForcesBranches: Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve ConstabularyNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text>BERMUDA - Proof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID and onward/return ticketrequired for tourist stay up to 21 days. Departure tax of $10 is paid atairport. For further information consult British Embassy (202/986-0205).Bermuda - Consular Information SheetSeptember 28, 1993Country Description: Bermuda is a highly developed British crown colony with a stable democracy and a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: Proof of U.S. citizenship, a photo ID and an onward/return ticket are required for tourist stays of up to 21 days. For further information concerning entry requirements for Bermuda, travelers may contact the Embassy of the United Kingdom at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 462-1340, or the nearest British consulate in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York or San Francisco.Medical Facilities: Medical care is available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid out of the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Bermuda has a low crime rate. However, during the tourist season, pickpocketing, theft of unattended baggage, and theft from vehicles can occur. Popular tourist attractions such as museums, monuments, restaurants, hotels, and transportation systems are often areas where criminals operate. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A lost or stolen birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. U.S. citizens who are taking medication for a particular illness must inform the Bermuda customs officials at the point of entry. Medicines must be in labeled containers. Travelers may wish to carry a copy of the written prescription and also a letter from the physician or pharmacist confirming the reason the medicine has been prescribed.Consulate Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Consulate General, located at Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton; telephone (809) 295-1342, where they may also obtain updated information on travel and security in Bermuda.No. 93-254This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1993 to add information on entering Bermuda with prescription medicines.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin GeographyLocation: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Nigeria and TogoMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 112,620 km2 land area: 110,620 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than PennsylvaniaLand boundaries: total 1,989 km, Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 kmCoastline: 121 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in northTerrain: mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountainsNatural resources: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timberLand use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 35% other: 45%Irrigated land: 60 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation; desertificationNote: recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no natural harbors THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin PeoplePopulation: 5,166,735 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.33% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 48.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 14.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 51.31 years male: 49.51 years female: 53.16 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Beninese (singular and plural) adjective: BenineseEthnic divisions: African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15%Languages: French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 23% male: 32% female: 16%Labor force: 1.9 million (1987) by occupation: agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less than 2% note: 49% of population of working age (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Benin conventional short form: Benin local long form: Republique Populaire du Benin local short form: Benin former: DahomeyDigraph: BNType: republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991Capital: Porto-NovoAdministrative divisions: 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, ZouIndependence: 1 August 1960 (from France)Constitution: 2 December 1990Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 1 August (1990)Political parties and leaders: Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger AHOYO; Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; Alliance of the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress (UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National Rally for Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement for Democracy and Development (MNDD), leader NA; Movement for Solidarity, Union, and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; Union for Democracy and National Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and National Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal Democrats for National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the Alliance for Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Bloc for Social Democracy (BSD), Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), Akindes ADEKPEDJOU; Democratic Union for Social Renewal (UDRS), Bio Gado Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), Robert TAGNON; Party for Progress and Democracy, Theophile NATA; numerous other small partiesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7, MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin Government President: last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu KEREKOU 32%Executive branch: president, cabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991)Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU chancery: 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-6656US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Ruth A. DAVIS embassy: Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou mailing address: B. P. 2012, Cotonou telephone: [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92 FAX: [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green band on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin EconomyOverview: Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's major exports of agricultural products and crude oil.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991)National product real growth rate: 3% (1991)National product per capita: $410 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (1990)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.)Exports: $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa partners: FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4%Imports: $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods, capital goods, light consumer goods partners: France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4%External debt: $1 billion (December 1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity: 30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, petroleumAgriculture: accounts for 35% of GDP; small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; production is dominated by food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, rice; cash crops include cotton, palm oil, peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up with consumptionEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 millionCurrency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin EconomyFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin CommunicationsRailroads: 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single trackHighways: 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earthInland waterways: navigable along small sections, important only locallyPorts: CotonouAirports: total: 7 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,439-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay microwave; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Benin Defense ForcesBranches: Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,075,053; females age 15-49 1,170,693; males fit for military service 550,645; females fit for military service 591,506; males reach military age (18) annually 56,872; females reach military age (18) annually 55,141 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military serviceDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.)</text>
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<text>BENIN - Passport and visa required. Entry/transit visa for stay up to 90days, requires $20 fee (no personal checks), 2 application forms, 2 photos,vaccination certificates for yellow fever and cholera, proof ofreturn/onward transportation (guarantee from travel agency or photocopy ofround trip ticket) and letter of guarantee from employer. Send prepaidenvelope for return of passport by certified or express mail. Apply atEmbassy of the Republic of Benin, 2737 Cathedral Ave., N.W., Washington,D.C. 20008 (202/232-6656).Benin - Consular Information SheetOctober 18, 1993Country Description: Benin is a developing West African country. Its capital city is Porto Novo; however the adjoining city of Cotonou is the main port and site of most government and tourist activity. Tourist facilities in Cotonou are available, but are not fully developed elsewhere.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens are required to have a passport and a visa in order to enter the country. Visa applications and further information on entry requirements may be obtained from the Embassy of the Republic of Benin, 2737 Cathedral Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 232-6656.Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Benin are limited. Not all medicines are available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplementary medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Questions on health matters may be referred to the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Crime rates are rising, particularly in the city of Cotonou. Armed criminals have used force in some cases. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Strict laws regarding possession or transportation of drugs are enforced. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security in Benin.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in the city of Cotonou at Rue Caporal Anani Bernard. The mailing address is B.P. 2012, Cotonou, Benin. Telephone numbers are (229) 30-06-50, 30-05-13, and 30-17-92; fax numbers are (229) 30-14-39 and 30-19-74.No. 93-259This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 24, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize GeographyLocation: Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Guatemala and MexicoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 22,960 km2 land area: 22,800 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MassachusettsLand boundaries: total 516 km, Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 kmCoastline: 386 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south note: from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial sea is 3 miles; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for the negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with GuatemalaInternational disputes: border with Guatemala in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have begunClimate: tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February)Terrain: flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in southNatural resources: arable land potential, timber, fishLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 44% other: 52%Irrigated land: 20 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding (especially in south); deforestationNote: national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize PeoplePopulation: 203,957 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.42% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.85 years male: 65.91 years female: 69.88 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.53 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Belizean(s) adjective: BelizeanEthnic divisions: Mestizo 44%, Creole 30%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 7%, other 8%Religions: Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other 2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980)Languages: English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib)Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 91% male: 91% female: 91%Labor force: 51,500 by occupation: agriculture 30%, services 16%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, manufacturing 10.3% note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Belize former: British HondurasDigraph: BHType: parliamentary democracyCapital: BelmopanAdministrative divisions: 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, ToledoIndependence: 21 September 1981 (from UK)Constitution: 21 September 1981Legal system: English lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 21 SeptemberPolitical parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; National Alliance for Belizean Rights, leader NAOther political or pressure groups: Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR), Assad SHOMAN; United Workers Front, leader NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Assembly: last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count PUP 16, UDP 12Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dame Minita Elmira GORDON (since 21 September 1981) Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador James V. HYDE THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize Government chancery: 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 332-9636US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA embassy: Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City mailing address: P. O. Box 286, Belize City telephone: [501] (2) 77161 through 77163 FAX: [501] (2) 30802Flag: blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize EconomyOverview: The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification program.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $373 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate: 10% (1990)National product per capita: $1,635 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.5% (1991)Unemployment rate: 12% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.)Exports: $95.6 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: sugar, citrus, clothing, bananas, fish products, molasses partners: US 49%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991)Imports: $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals partners: US 60%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991)External debt: $143.7 million (1991)Industrial production: growth rate 3.7% (1990); accounts for 12% of GDPElectricity: 34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 393 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages, tourismAgriculture: accounts for 22% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foodsIllicit drugs: an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaineEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 millionCurrency: 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize EconomyFiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize CommunicationsHighways: 2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and 310 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigablePorts: Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol, Punta Gorda, Big CreekMerchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,768 GRT/12,721 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-offAirports: total: 42 usable: 32 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,229-2,439 mr: 2Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belize Defense ForcesBranches: British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force, and Volunteer Guard), Belize National PoliceManpower availability: males age 15-49 47,135; fit for military service 28,070; reach military age (18) annually 2,066 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.4 million, 2% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>BELIZE - Passport, return/onward ticket and sufficient funds required.Visa not required for stay up to 30 days. If visit exceeds 1 month, a staypermit must be obtained from the Immigration Authorities in Belize. AIDStest required for those staying more than 3 months; U.S. test accepted ifwithin 3 months of visit. For longer stays and other information contactEmbassy of Belize, 2535 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/332-9636) or the Belize Mission in New York at (212/599-0233).Belize - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Belize is a developing country. Its tourism facilities vary in quality.Entry Requirements: A passport, a return/onward ticket, and sufficient funds are required for travel to Belize. U. S. citizens who stay less than three months do not need visas. However, for visits exceeding one month, travelers must obtain permits from immigration authorities in Belize. For further information, travelers may contact the Embassy of Belize at 2535 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 332-9636, the Belize Consulate in Miami, or the Belize Mission to the U.N. in New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, the traveler can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty crime, including pickpocketing and muggings, occurs. Visitors who walk alone on city streets, especially at night, or travel alone to a remote tourist site, are particularly at risk. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad." This publication, as well as others, such as "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America," are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Belize for possession and trafficking in drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Belize City may obtain updated information on travel and security within Belize.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Belize is located at the intersection of Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street in Belize City, telephone (501-2) 77-161.No. 93-123This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated December 15, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium GeographyLocation: Western Europe, bordering on the North Sea, between France and the NetherlandsMap references: Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 30,510 km2 land area: 30,230 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 1,385 km, France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, Netherlands 450 kmCoastline: 64 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: equidistant line with neighbors exclusive fishing zone: equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast) territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudyTerrain: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeastNatural resources: coal, natural gasLand use: arable land: 24% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 21% other: 34%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: air and water pollutionNote: crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels which is the seat of the EC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium PeoplePopulation: 10,040,939 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.23% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.94 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.72 years male: 73.41 years female: 80.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Belgian(s) adjective: BelgianEthnic divisions: Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12%Religions: Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%Languages: Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% divided along ethnic linesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 4.126 million by occupation: services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium conventional short form: Belgium local long form: Royaume de Belgique local short form: BelgiqueDigraph: BEType: constitutional monarchyCapital: BrusselsAdministrative divisions: 9 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Flemish: provincien, singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-VlaanderenIndependence: 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands)Constitution: 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the Belgian stateLegal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831)Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman VAN ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social Christian (PSC) , Melchior WATHELET, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy SPITAELS; Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis VAN GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel VAN DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently (AGALEV; Flemish Green party), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO; Francophone Green party), NA; other minor partiesOther political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear Weapons and Pax ChristiSuffrage: 18 years of age, universal and compulsoryElections: Senate: last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (184 total; of which 106 are directly elected) CVP 20, SP 14, PVV (now VLD) 13, VU 5, AGALEV 5, VB 5, ROSSEN 1, PS 18, PRL 9, PSC 9, ECOLO 6, FDF 1 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium Government Chamber of Representatives: last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - CVP 16.7%, PS 13.6%, SP 12.0%, PVV (now VLD) 11.9%, PRL 8.2%, PSC 7.8%, VB 6.6%, VU 5.9%, ECOLO 5.1%, AGALEV 4.9%, FDF 2.6%, ROSSEM 3.2%, FN 1.5%; seats - (212 total) CVP 39, PS 35, SP 28, PVV (now VLD) 26, PRL 20, PSC 18, FB 12, VU 10, ECOLO 10, AGALEV 7, FDF 3, ROSSEM 3, FN 1Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish - Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des Representants)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de Cassation)Leaders: Chief of State: King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934) Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992)Member of: AG (observer), ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australian Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Juan CASSIERS chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 333-6900 FAX: (202) 333-3079 consulates general: Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Bruce S. GELB embassy: 27 Boulevard du Regent, Brussels mailing address: B-1000 Brussels, PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09724 telephone: [32] (2) 513-3830 FAX: [32] (2) 511-2725Flag: three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the design was based on the flag of France THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium EconomyOverview: This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC countries. The economy grew at a strong 4% pace during the period 1988-90, but economic growth slowed to a 1% pace in 1991-92. The economy is expected to turn in another sluggish 1% performance in 1993. Belgium's public debt remains high at 120% of GDP and the government is trying to control its expenditures to bring the figure more into line with other industrialized countries.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $177.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 0.8% (1992)National product per capita: $17,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 9.8% (end 1992)Budget: revenues $97.8 billion; expenditures $109.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)Exports: $118 billion (f.o.b., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union commodities: iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum products partners: EC 75.5%, US 3.7%, former Communist countries 1.4% (1991)Imports: $121 billion (c.i.f., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union commodities: fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs partners: EC 73%, US 4.8%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist countries 1.8% (1991)External debt: $31.3 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.)Electricity: 17,500,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 6,790 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coalAgriculture: accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal, pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; net importer of farm productsIllicit drugs: source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; increasingly important gateway country for cocaine entering the European market THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium EconomyEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billionCurrency: 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimesExchange rates: Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium CommunicationsRailroads: Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,568 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 2,207 km electrifiedHighways: 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000 km unpaved rural roadsInland waterways: 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use)Pipelines: petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 kmPorts: Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, ZeebruggeMerchant marine: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 96,949 GRT/133,658 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 5 oil tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulkAirports: total: 42 usable: 42 with permanent-surface runways: 24 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite earth stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone system THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belgium Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National GendarmerieManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,556,189; fit for military service 2,133,051; reach military age (19) annually 63,532 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)</text>
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<text>BELGIUM - Passport required. Visa not required for business/tourist stayup to 90 days. Temporary residence permit required for longer stays. Forresidence authorization, consult Embassy of Belgium, 3330 Garfield St.,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/333-6900) or nearest Consulate General:Los Angeles (213/857-1244), Atlanta (404/659-2150), Chicago (312/263-6624)or New York (212/586-5110).Belgium - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Belgium is a highly developed and stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required of American citizens for business or tourist stays up to 90 days. For further information concerning entry requirements for Belgium, travelers can contact the Embassy of Belgium at 3330 Garfield Street N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, tel (202) 333-6900, or the nearest Consulate General in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Information: Medical facilities are widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Center for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Belgium has a relatively low crime rate in most regions. However, U.S. citizens visiting major cities can become targets for pickpockets and purse snatchers. Areas around train stations in both Brussels and Antwerp and the Rogier and De Brouker metro stations in Brussels have a higher instance of crime than do other areas within these cities.The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. In Belgium, the penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security in Belgium.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Brussels is located at 27 Boulevard du Regent, telephone (32-2) 513-3830.No. 93-065This replaces the Consular Information Sheet issued October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus GeographyLocation: Eastern Europe, between Poland and RussiaMap references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 207,600 km2 land area: 207,600 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than KansasLand boundaries: total 3,098 km, Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritimeTerrain: generally flat and contains much marshlandNatural resources: forest land, peat depositsLand use: arable land: 29% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 0% other: 56%Irrigated land: 1,490 km2 (1990)Environment: southern part of Belarus highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl'Note: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus PeoplePopulation: 10,370,269 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.34% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.28 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.73 years male: 66.04 years female: 75.66 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Belarusian(s) adjective: BelarusianEthnic divisions: Belarusian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Polish 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, other 1.9%Religions: Eastern Orthodox NA%, other NA%Languages: Byelorussian, Russian, otherLiteracy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 5.418 million by occupation: industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Belarus conventional short form: Belarus local long form: Respublika Belarus local short form: none former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: BOType: republicCapital: MinskAdministrative divisions: 6 oblasts (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and one municipality* (harady, singular - horad); Brestskaya, Homyel'skaya, Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya, Mahilyowskaya, Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya note: each voblasts' has the same name as its administrative centerIndependence: 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted NA April 1978Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: 24 August (1991)Political parties and leaders: Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), Zenon PAZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic Party of Belarus (UDPB), Aleksandr DOBROVOLSKIY, chairman; Social Democratic Party of Belarus (SDBP), Mikhail TKACHEV, chairman; Belarus Workers Union, Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman; Belarus Peasants Party; Party of People's Unity, Gennadiy KARPENKO; Communist Party of BelarusSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Supreme Soviet: last held 4 April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communists 87%; seats - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats are for public bodies; the Communist Party obtained an overwhelming majorityExecutive branch: chairman of the Supreme Soviet, chairman of the Council of Ministers; note - Belarus has approved a directly elected presidency but so far no elections have been scheduledLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since 18 September 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since NA 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus GovernmentMember of: CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Designate Sergey Nikolayevich MARTYNOV chancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 619, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 638-2954US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David H. SWARTZ embassy: Starovilenskaya #46, Minsk mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: 7-0172-34-65-37Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and white THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus EconomyOverview: In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet republics, having produced 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor force in the old USSR. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies important producer and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to the other states. Belarus had a significant share of the machine-building capacity of the former USSR. It is especially noted for production of tractors, large trucks, machine tools, and automation equipment. The soil in Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by emphasizing favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), Belarus has become a net exporter to the other former republics of meat, milk, eggs, flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and gas and receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil pipeline and the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit Belarus en route to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, plastics, synthetic fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and fertilizer (20% of former Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited to potash and peat deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for the former Soviet Union) is used in domestic heating, as boiler fuel for electric power stations, and in the production of chemicals. The potash supports fertilizer production. In 1992 GDP fell an estimated 13%, largely because the country is highly dependent on the ailing Russian economy for raw materials and parts.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -13% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 30% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 0.5% of officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $1.1 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs partners: NAImports: $751 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: machinery, chemicals, textiles partners: NAExternal debt: $2.6 billion (end of 1991)Industrial production: growth rate -9.6%; accounts for about 50% of GDP (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus EconomyElectricity: 8,025,000 kW capacity; 37,600 million kWh produced, 3,626 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total output of former Soviet Union): tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools (11%); off-highway dump trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity (100%); wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight- wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%); chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goodsAgriculture: accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total agricultural output of former Soviet Union; employs 20% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the following (in percent of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour, potatoesIllicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: NACurrency: 1 rubel (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles note: the rubel circulates with the Russian ruble; certain purchase are made only with rubels; government has established a different, and varying, exchange rate for trade between Belarus and RussiaExchange rates: NAFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus CommunicationsRailroads: 5,570 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 98,200 km total; 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth (1990)Inland waterways: NA kmPipelines: crude oil 1,470 km, refined products 1,100 km, natural gas 1,980 km (1992)Ports: none; landlockedMerchant marine: claims 5% of former Soviet fleetAirports: total: 124 useable: 55 with permanent-surface runways: 31 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 20Telecommunications: construction of NMT-450 analog cellular network proceeding in Minsk, in addition to installation of some 300 km of fiber optic cable in the city network; telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately 17 per 100 persons; as of 1 December 1991, 721,000 applications from households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway switch; Belarus has not constructed ground stations for international telecommunications via satellite to date THE WORLD FACTBOOK Belarus Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,491,039; fit for military service 1,964,577; reach military age (18) annually 71,875 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>BELARUS - Passport and visa required. Visa requires 1 application form and1 photo. The visa processing fee is $30 for 7 working days, $60 for nextday, and $100 for same day processing. (No charge for officialtravelers.) Transit visa is required when travelling through Belarus($20). For additional information contact Embassy of Belarus, 1619 NewHampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/986-1604).Belarus - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Belarus is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. It is a newly independent nation still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries. Street demonstrations and other disturbances related to outstanding disputes may occur without warning. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Visas are issued by the Belarus Embassy located at 1619 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D.C. 20009, Tel. (202) 986-1604. Travelers who do not have a visa cannot register at hotels and may be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. Belarusian visas may also be obtained upon arrival at Minsk Airport and on trains entering Belarus at Brest and Grodno on the Polish/Belarusian border. Airport and border visas will not be issued without documentation describing the purpose of travel to Belarus (such as invitations from Belarus companies or private citizens).Medical Facilities: Medical care in Belarus is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Belarus has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has increased, especially at night and in or near hotels frequented by foreigners. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Belarus is a cash only economy. Traveler's checks and credit cards are rarely accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: According to a U.S. Department of Energy analysis, levels of background radiation and radiation found in food items affected by the fallout from the 1986 Chernobyl Accident have decreased significantly with time. Radiation is no longer of any known medical significance to travelers. Tap-water samples submitted in the months following the accident showed no detectable radiation.Registration: U.S citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Belarus.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Minsk, Belarus, is located at 46 Starovilenskaya Ulitsa; telephone (7-0172) 34-65-37 or 31-50-00. Fax no. 34-78-53.No. 93-064This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to note that Belarusian visas are now available at Minsk airport and at specific border train crossings, to provide the new telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Minsk, and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_28010.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India HeaderAffiliation: (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Madagascar and MozambiqueMap references: AfricaArea: total area: NA km2 land area: NA km2 comparative area: NALand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 35.2 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: claimed by MadagascarClimate: tropicalTerrain: a volcanic rock 2.4 meters highNatural resources: noneLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (all rock)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclonesNote: navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India PeoplePopulation: uninhabited THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bassas da IndiaDigraph: BSType: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in ReunionCapital: none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence: none (possession of France) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bassas da India Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France</text>
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card_27793.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados GeographyLocation: in the extreme eastern Caribbean Sea, about 375 km northeast of VenezuelaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 430 km2 land area: 430 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 97 kmMaritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; rainy season (June to October)Terrain: relatively flat; rises gently to central highland regionNatural resources: petroleum, fishing, natural gasLand use: arable land: 77% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 9% forest and woodland: 0% other: 14%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to hurricanes (especially June to October)Note: easternmost Caribbean island THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados PeoplePopulation: 255,338 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.18% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -5.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 21.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.49 years male: 70.75 years female: 76.46 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.77 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Barbadian(s) adjective: BarbadianEthnic divisions: African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4%Religions: Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%), Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980)Languages: EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99%Labor force: 120,900 (1991) by occupation: services and government 37%, commerce 22%, manufacturing and construction 22%, transportation, storage, communications, and financial institutions 9%, agriculture 8%, utilities 2% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: BarbadosDigraph: BBType: parliamentary democracyCapital: BridgetownAdministrative divisions: 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas note: the new city of Bridgetown may be given parish statusIndependence: 30 November 1966 (from UK)Constitution: 30 November 1966Legal system: English common law; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday: Independence Day, 30 November (1966)Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNESOther political or pressure groups: Barbados Workers Union, Leroy TROTMAN; People's Progressive Movement, Eric SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George BELLE; Clement Payne Labor Union, David COMMISSIONGSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP 49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme Court of JudicatureLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados Government chancery: 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-9200 through 9202 consulate general: New York consulate: Los AngelesUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES embassy: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown mailing address: P. O. Box 302, Box B, FPO AA 34054 telephone: (809) 436-4950 through 4957 FAX: (809) 429-5246Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados EconomyOverview: A per capita income of $7,000 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean. Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an austere economic reform program.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion ( 1991)National product real growth rate: -4% (1991)National product per capita: $7,000 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.1% (1991)Unemployment rate: 23% (1992)Budget: revenues $547 million; expenditures $620 million (FY92-93), including capital expenditures of $60 millionExports: $205.8 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, machinery and transport equipment partners: CARICOM 31%, US 16%, UK 13%Imports: $697 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil, construction materials, chemicals partners: US 34%, CARICOM 16%, UK 11%, Canada 6%External debt: $750 million (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -1.3% (1991); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity: 152,100 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 2,118 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export, petroleumAgriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops - vegetables, cotton; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 millionCurrency: 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados CommunicationsHighways: 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earthPorts: BridgetownMerchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,710 GRT79,263 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 2 oil tankerAirports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Barbados Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Barbados Defense Force, including the Ground Forces and Coast Guard, Royal Barbados Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 70,254; fit for military service 49,096 (1993 est.); no conscriptionDefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989)</text>
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<text>BARBADOS - U.S. tourists traveling directly from the U.S. to Barbados mayenter for up to 3 months stay with proof of U.S. citizenship (original orcertified copy of birth certificate), photo ID and onward/return ticket.Passport required for longer visits and other types of travel. Businessvisas $25, single-entry and $30 multiple-entry (may require work permit).Departure tax of $25 is paid at airport. Check information with Embassy ofBarbados, 2144 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/939-9200) orConsulate General in New York (212/867-8435).Barbados - Consular Information SheetSeptember 28, 1993Country Description: Barbados has a moderately developed economy. Facilities for tourism are widely available.Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens may enter Barbados for up to three months without a passport, but must carry an original document proving U.S. citizenship, photo identification, and an onward/return ticket. A passport is required for longer visits and other types of travel. For further information concerning entry requirements for Barbados, travelers may contact the Embassy of Barbados at 2144 Wyoming Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel: (202) 939-9200 or the Consulate General in New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is generally good but may be limited in outlying areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. In some cases, supplementary medical insurance specifically for use overseas may be useful. For additional health information, contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Street crime, sometimes involving assault, occurs. Valuables left unattended on the beach are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A lost or stolen U.S. birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and heavy fines.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Barbados. The U.S. Embassy is located in Bridgetown in the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building on Broad Street; telephone (809) 436-4950. The Consular Section is located in the American Life Insurance Company (ALICO) Building, Cheapside; telephone (809) 431-0225. This Embassy is also responsible for U.S. interests in Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the islands of the French West Indies including Martinique, Guadalupe and French St. Martin. U.S. citizens may call the U.S. Embassy to obtain updated information on travel and security in Barbados.No. 93-253This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated May 27, 1992 to include the French West Indies in the U.S. Embassy's area of responsibility.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh GeographyLocation: South Asia, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, almost completely surrounded by IndiaMap references: Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 144,000 km2 land area: 133,910 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than WisconsinLand boundaries: total 4,246 km, Burma 193 km, India 4,053 kmCoastline: 580 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: up to outer limits of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water-sharing problems with upstream riparian India over the GangesClimate: tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeastNatural resources: natural gas, arable land, timberLand use: arable land: 67% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 16% other: 11%Irrigated land: 27,380 km2 (1989)Environment: vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh PeoplePopulation: 122,254,849 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.35% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 35.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 11.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 109.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.7 years male: 55 years female: 54.38 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.55 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bangladeshi(s) adjective: BangladeshEthnic divisions: Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, tribals less than 1 millionReligions: Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, otherLanguages: Bangla (official), EnglishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 35% male: 47% female: 22%Labor force: 35.1 million by occupation: agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86) note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh GovernmentNames: conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh conventional short form: Bangladesh former: East PakistanDigraph: BGType: republicCapital: DhakaAdministrative divisions: 64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram, Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur, Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar, Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur, Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, ThakurgaonIndependence: 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan)Constitution: 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 26 March (1971)Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAur Rahman; Awami League (AL), Sheikh Hasina WAJED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (in jail); Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (JSD), Serajul ALAM KHAN; Ganotantri Party, leader NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National Democratic Party (NDP), leader NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR AhmedSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National Parliament: last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, BCP 5, National Awami Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, JSD 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami Oikya Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 President: last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results - Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary voteExecutive branch: president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) Head of Government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAur Rahman (since 20 March 1991)Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WCL, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Abul AHSAN chancery: 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: (202) 342-8372 through 8376 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William B. MILAM embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212 telephone: [880] (2) 884700-22 FAX: [880] (2) 883648Flag: green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is the traditional color of Islam THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh EconomyOverview: Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest, most densely populated, and least developed nations. Its economy is overwhelmingly agricultural. Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, government interference with the economy, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, a low level of industrialization, failure to fully exploit energy resources (natural gas), and inefficient and inadequate power supplies. An excellent rice crop and expansion of the export garment industry helped growth in FY91/92. Policy reforms intended to reduce government regulation of private industry and promote public-sector efficiency have been announced but are being implemented only slowly.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $23.8 billion (FY92)National product real growth rate: 3.8% (FY92)National product per capita: $200 (FY92)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.09% (FY92)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92)Exports: $2.0 billion (FY92) commodities: garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp partners: US 28%, Western Europe 39% (FY91)Imports: $3.4 billion (FY91/92) commodities: capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles partners: Japan 10.0%, Western Europe 17%, US 5.0% (FY91)External debt: $11.8 billion (FY92 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 4.0% (FY92 est.); accounts for less than 10% of GDPElectricity: 2,400,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizerAgriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP, 60% of employment, and one-fifth of exports; imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils, cotton; fish catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986Illicit drugs: transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countriesEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 billionCurrency: 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh EconomyExchange rates: taka (Tk) per US$1 - 39.000 (January 1993), 38.951 (1992), 36.596 (1991), 34.569 (1990), 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh CommunicationsRailroads: 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad gaugeHighways: 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpavedInland waterways: 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo routes)Pipelines: natural gas 1,220 kmPorts: Chittagong, ChalnaMerchant marine: 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 314,228 GRT/461,607 DWT; includes 34 cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulkAirports: total: 16 usable: 12 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 6Telecommunications: adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bangladesh Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force paramilitary forces: Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Defense Parties, National Cadet CorpsManpower availability: males age 15-49 30,909,597; fit for military service 18,348,702 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $355 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92/93)</text>
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<text>BANGLADESH - Passport, visa, and onward/return ticket required.Tourist/business visa requires 2 application forms, 2 photos. Businessvisa also requires company letter. For longer stays and more informationconsult Embassy of the PeopleΓÇÖs Republic of Bangladesh, 2201 WisconsinAve., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007 (202/342-8373).</text>
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<name>Bangladesh</name>
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card_27368.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island GeographyLocation: in the North Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator, 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and AustraliaMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 1.4 km2 land area: 1.4 km2 comparative area: about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 4.8 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sunTerrain: low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reefNatural resources: guano (deposits worked until 1891)Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island PeoplePopulation: uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and cemetery ruinsare located near the middle of the west coast THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Baker IslandDigraph: FQType: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge systemCapital: none; administered from Washington, DC THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the west coastAirports: 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 mNote: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast THE WORLD FACTBOOK Baker Island Defense Forces defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard</text>
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<name>Baker Island</name>
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card_26904.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain GeographyLocation: Middle East, in the central Persian Gulf, between Saudi Arabia and QatarMap references: Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 620 km2 land area: 620 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 161 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary with QatarClimate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summersTerrain: mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpmentNatural resources: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fishLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 0% other: 90%Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of desalination facilities); dust storms; desertificationNote: close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain PeoplePopulation: 568,471 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.01% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 26.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 3.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 7.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 20.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.12 years male: 70.72 years female: 75.63 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: BahrainiEthnic divisions: Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6%Religions: Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%Languages: Arabic, English, Farsi, UrduLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 77% male: 82% female: 69%Labor force: 140,000 by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) note: 42% of labor force is Bahraini THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain GovernmentNames: conventional long form: State of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn local short form: Al BahraynDigraph: BAType: traditional monarchyCapital: ManamaAdministrative divisions: 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa'wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, SitrahIndependence: 15 August 1971 (from UK)Constitution: 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 16 DecemberPolitical parties and leaders: political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are activeSuffrage: noneElections: noneExecutive branch: amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established 16 December 1992Judicial branch: High Civil Appeals CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Amir 'ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD bin 'Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) Head of Government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970)Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain Government telephone: (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742 consulate general: New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER embassy: Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli Sports Club), Zinj District, Manama mailing address: P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE 09834-6210 telephone: [973] 273-300 FAX: (973) 272-594Flag: red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain EconomyOverview: Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, during the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Bahrain with its highly developed communication and transport facilities is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $7,800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 8%-10% (1989)Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7% partners: Japan 13%, UAE 12%, India 10%, Pakistan 8%Imports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% partners: Saudi Arabia 41%, US 14%, UK 7%, Japan 5%External debt: $1.8 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDPElectricity: 1,600,000 kW capacity; 4,700 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita (1992 est.)Industries: petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship repairingAgriculture: including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in 1987Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billionCurrency: 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 filsExchange rates: Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain CommunicationsHighways: 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracksPipelines: crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 kmPorts: Mina' Salman, Manama, SitrahMerchant marine: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,331 GRT/249,490 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulkAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1Telecommunications: modern system; good domestic services; 98,000 telephones (1 for every 6 persons); excellent international connections; tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV THE WORLD FACTBOOK Bahrain Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 194,770; fit for military service 107,696; reach military age (15) annually 5,043 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $245 million, 6% of GDP (1990)</text>
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<text>BAHRAIN - Passport and visa required. No tourist visas issued at thistime. Transit visa available upon arrival for stay up to 72 hours, musthave return/onward ticket. Business, work, or resident visas valid for 3months, single-entry, require 1 application form, 1 photo, letter fromcompany or No Objection Certificate (NOC) from Immigration Dept. in Bahrainand $30 fee ($20 for bearer of NOC). Yellow fever vaccination needed ifarriving from infected area. Send SASE for return of passport by mail.For departure tax and other information, contact Embassy of the State ofBahrain, 3502 International Drive, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/342-0741); or the Permanent Mission to the U.N., 2 United NationsPlaza, East 44th Street, New York, NY 10017 (212/223-6200).Bahrain - Consular Information SheetAugust 31, 1993Country Description: Bahrain is an emirate, governed by the Al-Khalifa family in consultation with a Council of Ministers. Islamic ideals and beliefs provide the conservative foundation of the country's customs, laws and practices. Bahrain is a modern, developed country, and tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required. For further information on entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of the State of Bahrain, 3502 International Drive, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 342-0741/2; or the Bahrain Permanent Mission to the U.N., 2 United Nations Plaza, East 44th St., New York, N.Y. 10017, telephone (212) 223-6200.Medical Facilities: Basic modern medical care and medicines are available in several hospitals and health centers in Bahrain. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers' hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone (404) 332-4559, has additional health information.Information on Crime: Crime is generally not a problem for travelers in Bahrain. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East or North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict in Bahrain and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Bahrain.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located in Manama, at Bldg. 979, Road No. 3119, Zinj District (next to Al Ahli Sports Club), P.O. Box 26431. The telephone number is (973) 273-300. The workweek in Bahrain is Saturday through Wednesday.No. 93-212This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated January 8, 1993 to include information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_26647.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas GeographyLocation: in the western North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida and northwest of CubaMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 13,940 km2 land area: 10,070 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than ConnecticutLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 3,542 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf StreamTerrain: long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hillsNatural resources: salt, aragonite, timberLand use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 32% other: 67%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood damageNote: strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas PeoplePopulation: 268,726 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.62% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 18.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 2.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 31.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.02 years male: 68.19 years female: 75.96 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Bahamian(s) adjective: BahamianEthnic divisions: black 85%, white 15%Religions: Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2%Languages: English, Creole, among Haitian immigrantsLiteracy: age 15 and over but definition of literacy not available (1963) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 89%Labor force: 127,400 by occupation: government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services 10%, agriculture 5% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas GovernmentNames: conventional long form: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas conventional short form: The BahamasDigraph: BFType: commonwealthCapital: NassauAdministrative divisions: 21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, Bimini, Cat Island, Exuma, Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, Green Turtle Cay, Harbour Island, High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long Island, Marsh Harbour, Mayaguana, New Providence, Nichollstown and Berry Islands, Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy Point, San Salvador and Rum CayIndependence: 10 July 1973 (from UK)Constitution: 10 July 1973Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: National Day, 10 July (1973)Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM; Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNPS), Lionel CAREY, chairman; People's Democratic Force (PDF), Fred MITCHELLOther political or pressure groups: Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party headed by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington MILLERSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 19 August 1992 (next to be held by August 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) FNM 32, PLP 17Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an appointed upper house or Senate and a directly elected lower house or House of AssemblyJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992)Member of: ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas GovernmentDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Timothy Baswell DONALDSON chancery: 2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 319-2660 consulates general: Miami and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Chic HECHT embassy: Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau mailing address: P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau telephone: (809) 322-1181 or 328-2206 FAX: (809) 328-7838Flag: three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas EconomyOverview: The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income, developing nation whose economy is based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or 40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, per capita GDP is one of the highest in the region.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 3% (1991)National product per capita: $10,200 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.2% (1991)Unemployment rate: 16% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital expenditures of $100 million (1992 est.)Exports: $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish partners: US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4%Imports: $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels, crude oil partners: US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11%External debt: $1.2 billion (December 1990)Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity: 424,000 kW capacity; 929 million kWh produced, 3,599 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipeAgriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; principal products-citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of foodIllicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaineEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 millionCurrency: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 centsExchange rates: Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1-1.00 (fixed rate)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas CommunicationsHighways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravelPorts: Freeport, NassauMerchant marine: 853 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,136,078 GRT/33,119,750 DWT; includes 53 passenger, 18 short-sea passenger, 159 cargo, 40 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 48 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 181 oil tanker, 14 liquefied gas, 22 combination ore/oil, 43 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 159 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 102 refrigerated cargo; note-a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 60 usable: 55 with permanent-surface runways: 31 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26Telecommunications: highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast stations-3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK The Bahamas Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 68,020; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion-$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990)</text>
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<text>BAHAMAS - Proof of U.S. citizenship, photo ID and onward/return ticketrequired for stay up to 8 months. Passport and residence/work permitneeded for residence and business. Permit required for firearms and toimport pets. Departure tax of $15 must be paid at airport. For furtherinformation call Embassy of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, 2220Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/319-2660) or nearestConsulate: Miami (305/373-6295) or New York (212/421-6420).Bahamas - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: The Bahamas has a moderately developed economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: Visas are not required for U.S. citizens for stays up to eight months; however, U.S. citizens must carry proof of U.S. citizenship, photo identification, and an onward/return ticket. Voter registration cards are not accepted as proof of citizenship. For further information concerning entry requirements, U.S. citizens may contact the Embassy of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, 2220 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 319-2660, or the nearest consulate in Miami or New York.Medical Facilities: Medical care is generally good, but may be limited in remote areas. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance which specifically grants overseas coverage has proved helpful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs. Valuables left unattended on the beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A lost or stolen U.S. birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Criminal penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in the Bahamas, located in the Mosmar Building on Queen Street in Nassau; telephones (809) 322-1181 and 328-2206. This Embassy is also responsible for U.S. interests in the Turks and Caicos. U.S. citizens may obtain from the U.S. Embassy updated information on travel and security in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos.No. 93-121This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, between Armenia and Turkmenistan, bordering the Caspian SeaMap references: Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 86,600 km2 land area: 86,100 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Maine note: includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991Land boundaries: total 2,013 km, Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked) note: Azerbaijan does border the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.)Maritime claims: NA note: Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone provided for in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet Union and IranInternational disputes: violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan; some Azerbaijanis desire absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of Iran; minor irredentist disputes along Georgia borderClimate: dry, semiarid steppe; subject to droughtTerrain: large, flat Kura-Aras Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on Aspheson Peninsula that juts into Caspian SeaNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, aluminaLand use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 0% other: 57%Irrigated land: 14,010 km2 (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan GeographyEnvironment: local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait, and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world" because of severe air and water pollutionNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan PeoplePopulation: 7,573,435 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.5% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.6 years male: 66.77 years female: 74.63 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.76 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Azerbaijani(s) adjective: AzerbaijaniEthnic divisions: Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%, note - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the ethnic violence since 1989 censusReligions: Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8%Languages: Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6%Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 2.789 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, other 42% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan conventional short form: Azerbaijan local long form: Azarbaijchan Respublikasy local short form: none former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph: AJType: republicCapital: Baku (Baky)Administrative divisions: 1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika); Nakhichevan (administrative center at Nakhichevan) note: all rayons except for the exclave of Nakhichevan are under direct republic jurisdiction; 1 autonomous oblast, Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991) has declared itself Nagorno-Karabakh RepublicIndependence: 30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted NA April 1978; writing a new constitution mid-1993Legal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: New Azerbaijan Party, ALIYEV; Musavat Party (Azerbaijan Popular Front - APF), Isa GAMBAROV; National Independence Party (main opposition party), Etibar MAMEDOV; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Zardusht Ali ZADE; Party of Revolutionary Revival (successor to the Communist Party), Sayad Afes OGLV, general secretary; Party of Independent Azerbaijan, SOVLEYMANOVOther political or pressure groups: self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh RepublicSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Abdulfaz Ali ELCHIBEY, won 60% of vote National Council: last held 30 September and 14 October 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next expected to be held late 1993 for the National Council); seats for Supreme Soviet - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - on 19 May 1992 the Supreme Soviet was disbanded in favor of a Popular Front-dominated National Council; seats - (50 total) 25 Popular Front, 25 opposition elementsExecutive branch: president, council of ministersLegislative branch: National Parliament (National Assembly or Milli Mejlis) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Ebulfez ELCHIBEY (since 7 June 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Penah HUSEYNOV (since 29 April 1993; resigned 7 June 1993; likely replacement - E'tibar MAMEDOV); National Parliament Chairman Isa GAMBAROV (since 19 May 1992; resigned 13 June 1993; likely replacement Geydar ALIYEV)Member of: BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDB, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hafiz PASHAYEV chancery: 1615 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: NAUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard MILES embassy: Hotel Intourist, Baku mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: 7-8922-91-79-56Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan EconomyOverview: Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia, the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil, and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest, marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan accounted for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former Soviet Union. Azerbaijan shares all the formidable problems of the ex-Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but its considerable energy resources brighten its propects somewhat. Old economic ties and structures have yet to be replaced. A particularly galling constraint on economic revival is the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, said to consume 25% of Azerbaijan's economic resources.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -25% (1992)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 20% per month (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 0.2% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workersBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)Exports: $821 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991) partners: mostly CIS and European countriesImports: $300 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991) partners: European countriesExternal debt: $1.3 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -27% (1992)Electricity: 6,025,000 kW capacity; 22,300 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textilesAgriculture: cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan EconomyIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: wheat from TurkeyCurrency: 1 manat (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles; ruble still usedExchange rates: NAFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan CommunicationsRailroads: 2,090 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earthPipelines: crude oil 1,130 km, petroleum products 630 km, natural gas 1,240 kmPorts: inland - Baku (Baky)Airports: total: 65 useable: 33 with permanent-surface runways: 26 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 23Telecommunications: domestic telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate; 644,000 domestic telephone lines (density - 9 lines per 100 persons (1991)), 202,000 persons waiting for telephone installations (January 1991); connections to other former USSR republics by cable and microwave and to other countries via the Moscow international gateway switch; INTELSAT earth station installed in late 1992 in Baku with Turkish financial assistance with access to 200 countries through Turkey; domestic and Russian TV programs are received locally and Turkish and Iranian TV is received from an INTELSAT satellite through a receive-only earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Azerbaijan Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Force, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,842,917; fit for military service 1,497,640; reach military age (18) annually 66,928 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 2,848 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>AZERBAIJAN - Passport and visa required. Visa (no charge) requires 1application form, 1 photo, and a letter of invitation. For additionalinformation contact the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Azerbaijan, 92715th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20005 (202/842-0001).Azerbaijan - Consular Information SheetDecember 15, 1993Country Description: Azerbaijan is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. Public disturbances may occur without warning. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and hotel space in Baku is limited. Goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Travelers without a visa cannot register at hotels and are subject to inconsistent and expensive treatment at the hands of local visa issuance authorities. U.S. citizens can contact the Azerbaijan Embassy, 927 15th St., NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20005, telephone (202) 842-0001, for current information on visa requirements.Areas of Instability: Armed conflict is taking place in and around the Armenian-populated area of Nagorno-Karabakh located inside of Azerbaijan and along the border areas of Armenia and Iran. While an informal cease-fire has been called, sporadic fighting continues. Travelers are frequently stopped at roadblocks while vehicles and travel documents are inspected.Medical Facilities: Medical care in Azerbaijan is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English-speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and vaccines against communicable diseases. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems are at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Some recent health problems include cases of cholera in Baku and cases of anthrax in Nakhichevan. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, tel. (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Azerbaijan has a low rate of violent crime, but there has been a recent increase in street crime especially at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402.Currency Regulations: Azerbaijan is a cash only economy. Traveler's checks and credit cards are not accepted. While the local currency is the manat, the Russian ruble is in circulation and prices are often confusingly quoted in manats and rubles. U.S. dollars are required in most hotels and preferred in many restaurants.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Azerbaijan.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan, is located at Prospect Azadling 83. If calling from outside Azerbaijan the telephone numbers are (7-8922) 96-36-21 or 96-00-19. If calling from within the country, the telephone numbers are 96-36-21 or 96-00-19. The fax number is (7-8922) 98-37-55.No. 93-327This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Azerbaijan dated July 14, 1993 to provide new information on obtaining visas, on the current health situation, on new currency practices, and on new telephone numbers for the U.S. Embassy in Baku.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria GeographyLocation: Central Europe, between Germany and HungaryMap references: Africa, Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 83,850 km2 land area: 82,730 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than MaineLand boundaries: total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland 164 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showersTerrain: in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently slopingNatural resources: iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropowerLand use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 24% forest and woodland: 39% other: 19%Irrigated land: 40 km2 (1989)Environment: population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhereNote: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria PeoplePopulation: 7,915,145 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.55% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 11.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 10.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.4 years male: 73.18 years female: 79.8 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Austrian(s) adjective: AustrianEthnic divisions: German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1%Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9%Languages: GermanLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1974) total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: 3.47 million (1989) by occupation: services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and forestry 8.1% note: an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor force (1988) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Austria conventional short form: Austria local long form: Republik Oesterreich local short form: OesterreichDigraph: AUType: federal republicCapital: ViennaAdministrative divisions: 9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten, Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, WienIndependence: 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)Constitution: 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945)Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: National Day, 26 October (1955)Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER, chairmanOther political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic ActionSuffrage: 19 years of age, universal; compulsory for presidential electionsElections: President: last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of second ballot - Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% National Council: last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%, OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total) SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10Executive branch: president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council (Nationalrat) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional casesLeaders: Chief of State: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992) Head of Government: Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard BUSEK (since 2 July 1991)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Friedrich HOESS chancery: 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035 telephone: (202) 895-6700 FAX: (202) 895-6750 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON chancery: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, Unit 27937, Vienna mailing address: APO AE 09222 telephone: [43] (1) 31-339 FAX: [43] (1) 310-0682 consulate general: SalzburgFlag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria EconomyOverview: Austria boasts a prosperous and stable socialist market economy with a sizable proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. Thanks to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor force, and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies specialized niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and produces almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force in agriculture. Increased export sales resulting from German unification, continued to boost Austria's economy through 1991. However, Germany's economic difficulties in 1992 slowed Austria's GDP growth to 2% from the 3% of 1991. Austria's economy, moreover, is not expected to grow by more than 1% in 1993, and inflation is forecast to remain about 4%. Unemployment will likely remain at current levels at least until 1994. Living standards in Austria are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budgetary capabilities. The continued opening of Eastern European markets, however, will increase demand for Austrian exports. Austria, a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), in 1992 ratified the European Economic Area Treaty, which will extend European Community rules on the free movement of people, goods, capital and services to the EFTA countries, and Austrians plan to hold a national referendum within the next two years to vote on EC membership.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $141.3 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 1.8% (1992)National product per capita: $18,000 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 6.4% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $47.8 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports: $43.5 billion (1992 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, chemicals partners: EC 65.8% (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan 1.7%, US 2.8% (1991)Imports: $50.7 billion (1992 est.) commodities: petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals partners: EC 67.8% (Germany 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, Japan 4.8%, US 3.9% (1991)External debt: $11.8 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 2.0% (1991)Electricity: 17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,300 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria EconomyIndustries: foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp, tourism, mining, motor vehiclesAgriculture: accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals - grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry; 80-90% self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billionCurrency: 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 groschenExchange rates: Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.363 (January 1993), 10.989 (1992), 11.676 (1991), 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria CommunicationsRailroads: 5,749 km total; 5,652 km government owned and 97 km privately owned (0.760-, 1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,394 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which 3,154 km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 339 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge of which 84 km is electrifiedHighways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth)Inland waterways: 446 kmPipelines: crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 kmPorts: Vienna, Linz (Danube river ports)Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,159 GRT/256,765 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulkAirports: total: 55 usable: 55 with permanent-surface runways: 20 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems THE WORLD FACTBOOK Austria Defense ForcesBranches: Army (including Flying Division)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,016,464; fit for military service 1,694,140; reach military age (19) annually 50,259 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 0.9% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>AUSTRIA - Passport required. Visa not required for stay up to 3 months.For longer stays check with Embassy of Austria, 3524 International Court,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/895-6767) or nearest Consulate General:Los Angeles (310/444-9310), Chicago (312/222-1515) or New York(212/737-6400).Austria - Consular Information SheetFebruary 9, 1994Country Description: Austria is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. A visa is not required for business or tourist stays up to three months. For information concerning longer stays or other entry regulations, travelers can contact the Embassy of Austria at 3524 International Court, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 895-6750, or the nearest Austrian Consulate General in Chicago, Los Angeles, or New York.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Austria has a low crime rate, and violent crime is rare. However, crimes involving theft of personal property have increased in recent years. Travelers can become targets of pickpockets and purse snatchers who operate where tourists tend to gather, favorite spots being Vienna's two largest train stations. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble-free trip. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: Certain Austrian Airways flights between Austria and various Middle Eastern points (usually Damascus or Amman) make en route stops in Beirut. (The State Department warns U.S. citizens to avoid all travel to or through Lebanon and that U.S. passports are not valid for such travel without special validation.)Registration: U.S. citizens who register in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consular Agency can obtain updated information on travel and security in Austria.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Vienna is located at Boltzmanngasse 16 in the 9th District. The Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy is located on the 4th floor of Gartenbaupromenade 2 in the 1st District. The telephone number for both the Embassy and the Consular Section is (43-1) 31-339, and the fax number is (43-1) 513-4351. There is also a Consular Agency in Salzburg at Herbert Von Karajan Platz 1, telephone (43-662) 84-87-76. Office hours for the Consular Agency are Monday, Wednesday, and Friday from 9:00 am to 12:00 noon. U.S. citizens in Salzburg who require emergency assistance after hours should contact the U.S. Embassy in Vienna.No. 94-010This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993, to announce the opening of a Consular Agency in Salzburg.</text>
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card_26002.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia GeographyLocation: Oceania, between Indonesia and New ZealandMap references: Southeast Asia, Oceania, Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 7,686,850 km2 land area: 7,617,930 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than the US note: includes Macquarie IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 25,760 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in northTerrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeastNatural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleumLand use: arable land: 6% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 58% forest and woodland: 14% other: 22%Irrigated land: 18,800 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs along west coast in summer; desertificationNote: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia PeoplePopulation: 17,827,204 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.41% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 7.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 7.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.36 years male: 74.24 years female: 80.63 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Australian(s) adjective: AustralianEthnic divisions: Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1%Religions: Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%Languages: English, native languagesLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 8.63 million (September 1991) by occupation: finance and services 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% (1987) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia conventional short form: AustraliaDigraph: ASType: federal parliamentary stateCapital: CanberraAdministrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western AustraliaDependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk IslandIndependence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday: Australia Day, 26 JanuaryPolitical parties and leaders: government: Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING opposition: Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian Democratic Party, John COULTEROther political or pressure groups: Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter group)Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections: House of Representatives: last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (147 total) Labor 80, Liberal-National 65, independent 2 Senate: last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) Liberal-National 36, Labor 30, Australian Democrats 7, Greens 2, independents 1Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: High Court THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia GovernmentLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989) Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991)Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. COOK chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 797-3000 consulates general: Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 mailing address: APO AP 96549 telephone: [61] (6) 270-5000 FAX: [61] (6) 270-5970 consulates general: Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney consulate: BrisbaneFlag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia EconomyOverview: Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in international markets continues to be severe.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $293.5 billion (1992)National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1992)National product per capita: $16,700 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.8% (September 1992)Unemployment rate: 11.3% (December 1992)Budget: revenues $68.5 billion; expenditures $78.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY93)Exports: $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91) commodities: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment partners: Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong KongImports: $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, crude oil and petroleum products partners: US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990)External debt: $130.4 billion (June 1991)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 32% of GDPElectricity: 40,000,000 kW capacity; 150,000 million kWh produced, 8,475 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steelAgriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, poultryIllicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrateEconomic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billionCurrency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia EconomyExchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia CommunicationsRailroads: 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified; government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned track) (1985)Highways: 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craftPipelines: crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 kmPorts: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, TownsvilleMerchant marine: 82 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,271 GRT/3,534,926 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 7 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle carrier, 17 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 30 bulk, 2 combination bulkAirports: total: 481 usable: 439 with permanent-surface runways: 243 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 268Telecommunications: good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Australia Defense ForcesBranches: Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,830,068; fit for military service 4,198,622; reach military age (17) annually 135,591 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92/93)</text>
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<text>AUSTRALIA - Passport, visa and onward/return transportation required.Transit visa not necessary for up to 8-hour stay at airport. Visitor visavalid 1 year for multiple entries up to 3 months, no charge, requires 1application and 1 photo. Applications for a stay of longer than 3 monthsor with a validity longer than 1 year, require fee of $25 (U.S.). Needcompany letter for business visa. Departure tax, $20 (Australian), paid atairport. Minors not accompanied by parent require notarized copy of thechild's birth certificate and notarized written parental consent from bothparents. AIDS test required for permanent resident visa applicants age 15and over; U.S. test accepted. Send prepaid envelope for return of passportby mail. Allow 3 weeks for processing. For further information contactthe Embassy of Australia, 1601 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036(1-800-242-2878, 202/797-3145) or the nearest Consulate General: CA(213/469-4300 or 415-362-6160), HI (808/524-5050), NY (212/245-4000) or TX(713/629-9131).Australia - Consular Information SheetNovember 19, 1993Country Description: Australia is a highly developed stable democracy with a federal-state system. Tourist facilities are widely available. Entry Requirements: Passport, visa, and onward/return transportation are required. Transit visas are not required for a stay of up to eight hours at the airport. For further information concerning longer stays or any other Australian regulations, travelers may contact the Embassy of Australia at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 797-3000 or Australian Consulates General in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Honolulu, Chicago, New York, or Houston.Medical Facilities: Good medical care is widely available. Doctors and hospitals may expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. Information on health matters can also be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at tel. (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Australia's crime rate is low. However, foreign visitors from the U.S. or elsewhere are targets for pick-pockets, purse snatchers and petty thieves. Automobile burglaries and theft of personal belongings also occur. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402. Drug Penalties: Travelers are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy or a consulate may obtain updated information on travel and security within the country.Embassy and Consulate Locations: The U.S. Embassy in Canberra is located at Moonah Place, Canberra, ACT 2600; the telephone number is (61-6) 270-5000. The U.S. Consulate General in Sydney is located on Level 59, MLC Center, 19-29 Martin Place, Sydney, NSW 2000; the telephone number is (61-2) 373-9200. The U.S. Consulate General in Melbourne is located at 553 St. Kilda Road, P.O. Box 6722, Melbourne, VIC 3004; the telephone number is (61-3) 526-5900. The U.S. Consulate General in Perth is located on the 13th Floor, 16 St. Georges Terrace, Perth, WA 6000, telephone (61-9) 231-9400. The U.S. Consulate in Brisbane is at 383 Wickham Terrace, 4th Floor, Brisbane, QLD 4000, telephone (61-7) 405-5555.There is also a U.S. Consular Agent in Adelaide at Level 24, State Bank Centre, 91 King William Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000. The telephone number is (61-8) 233-5819.No. 93-315This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated July 9, 1993, to include the new address of the U.S. Consulate General in Sydney.</text>
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card_25627.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Atlantic Ocean GeographyLocation: body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Europe/AfricaMap references: Africa, Antarctic Region, Arctic Region, Central America and the Caribbean, Europe, North America, South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 82.217 million km2 comparative area: slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean or Arctic Ocean) note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodiesCoastline: 111,866 kmInternational disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)Climate: tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to NovemberTerrain: surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico TrenchNatural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stonesEnvironment: endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern AtlanticNote: ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK Atlantic Ocean GovernmentDigraph: ZH THE WORLD FACTBOOK Atlantic Ocean EconomyOverview: Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and natural gas production (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea). THE WORLD FACTBOOK Atlantic Ocean CommunicationsPorts: Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm (Sweden)Telecommunications: numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite networkNote: Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways</text>
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card_25479.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands GeographyLocation: in the Indian Ocean, 320 km off the northwest coast of Australia, between Australia and IndonesiaMap references: Oceania, Southeast AsiaArea: total area: 5 km2 land area: 5 km2 comparative area: about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 74.1 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropicalTerrain: low with sand and coralNatural resources: fishLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (all grass and sand)Irrigated land: 0 km2Environment: surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are only seasonal caretakers THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier IslandsDigraph: ATType: territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry for Arts, Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and TerritoriesCapital: none; administered from Canberra, AustraliaAdministrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)Independence: none (territory of Australia)Legal system: relevant laws of the Northern Territory of AustraliaDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of Australia)US diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands EconomyOverview: no economic activity THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force</text>
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card_25106.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba HeaderAffiliation: (part of the Dutch realm) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba GeographyLocation: in the southern Caribbean Sea, 28 km north of Venezuela and 125 km east of ColombiaMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 193 km2 land area: 193 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 68.5 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: flat with a few hills; scant vegetationNatural resources: negligible; white sandy beachesLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba PeoplePopulation: 65,117 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.66% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 15.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -2.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.3 years male: 72.65 years female: 80.13 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Aruban(s) adjective: ArubanEthnic divisions: mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80%Religions: Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, JewishLanguages: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), SpanishLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA by occupation: most employment is in the tourist industry (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: ArubaDigraph: AAType: part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands AntillesCapital: OranjestadAdministrative divisions: none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm; in 1990, Aruba requested and received from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give independence to the island in 1996)Constitution: 1 January 1986Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influenceNational holiday: Flag Day, 18 MarchPolitical parties and leaders: Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OLA), Glenbert CROES note: governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADNSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Legislature: last held 8 January 1993 (next to be held by NA January 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 9, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPA 1, OLA 1, other 1Executive branch: Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral legislature (Staten)Judicial branch: Joint High Court of JusticeLeaders: Chief of State: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since NA) Head of Government: Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989)Member of: ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate)Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)Flag: blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba EconomyOverview: Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 6% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $14,000 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.6% (1991)Unemployment rate: 3% (1991 est.)Budget: revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital expenditures of $42 million (1988)Exports: $902.4 million, including oil re-exports (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: mostly petroleum products partners: US 64%, ECImports: $1,311.3 million, including oil for processing and re-export (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: food, consumer goods, manufactures, petroleum products partners: US 8%, ECExternal debt: $81 million (1987)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 14,610 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refiningAgriculture: poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishingIllicit drugs: drug money laundering centerEconomic aid: Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220 millionCurrency: 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 centsExchange rates: Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba CommunicationsHighways: NA km all-weather highwaysPorts: Oranjestad, Sint NicolaasAirports: total: 2 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 note: government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flightsTelecommunications: generally adequate; extensive interisland microwave radio relay links; 72,168 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten THE WORLD FACTBOOK Aruba Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands THE WORLD FACTBOOK Ashmore and Cartier Islands HeaderAffiliation: (territory of Australia)</text>
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<text>ARUBA - Passport or proof of U.S. citizenship required. Visa not requiredfor stay up to 14 days, extendable to 90 days after arrival. Proof ofonward/return ticket or sufficient funds for stay may be required.Departure tax $9.50. For further information consult Embassy of theNetherlands (202/244-5300), or nearest Consulate General: CA(212/380-3440), IL ( 314/856-1429), NY (212/246-1429) or TX (713/622-8000).</text>
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<name>Aruba</name>
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card_24885.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, between Turkey and AzerbaijanMap references: Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 29,800 km2 land area: 28,400 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 1,254 km, Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey have greatly subsidedClimate: continental, hot, and subject to droughtTerrain: high Armenian Plateau with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valleyNatural resources: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, aluminaLand use: arable land: 29% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 0% other: 56%Irrigated land: 3,050 km2 (1990)Environment: pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan; energy blockade has led to deforestation as citizens scavenge for firewood, use of Lake Sevan water for hydropower has lowered lake level, threatened fish populationNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia PeoplePopulation: 3,481,207 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.23% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 25.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 28.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.77 years male: 68.36 years female: 75.36 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Armenian(s) adjective: ArmenianEthnic divisions: Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other 2%Religions: Armenian Orthodox 94%Languages: Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%Labor force: 1.63 million by occupation: industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Armenia conventional short form: Armenia local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun local short form: Hayastan former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian RepublicDigraph: AMType: republicCapital: YerevanAdministrative divisions: none (all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction)Independence: 23 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution: adopted NA April 1978; post-Soviet constitution not yet adoptedLegal system: based on civil law systemNational holiday: NAPolitical parties and leaders: Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National Democratic Union; National Self-Determination Association; Armenian Democratic Liberal Organization, Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party (Armenian Revolutionary Federation, ARF), Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; Chairman of Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN; Christian Democratic Union; Constitutional Rights Union; Republican PartySuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: President: last held 16 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists about 7%; note - Levon TER-PETROSYAN was elected Chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet 4 August 1990 Supreme Soviet: last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (240 total) non-aligned 149, Armenian National Movement 52, Armenian Democratic Liberal Organization 14, Dashnatktsutyan 12, National Democratic Union 9, Christian Democratic Union 1, Constitutional Rights Union 1, National Self-Determination Association 1, Republican Party 1Executive branch: president, council of ministers, prime ministerLegislative branch: unicameral Supreme SovietJudicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Hrant BAGRATYAN (since NA February 1993); Supreme Soviet Chairman Babken ARARKTSYAN (since NA 1990)Member of: BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rouben SHUGARIAN chancery: 122 C Street NW, Suite 360, Washington, DC 20001 telephone: (202) 628-5766US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Designate Harry GILMORE embassy: 18 Gen Bagramian, Yerevan mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: (7) (885) 215-1122, 215-1144 FAX: (7) (885) 215-1122Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and gold THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia EconomyOverview: Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile, machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleaguered Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of transformation. The dramatic drop in output in 1992 is attributable largely to the cumulative impact of the blockade; of particular importance was the shutting off in the summer of 1992 of rail and road links to Russia through Georgia due to civil strife in the latter republic.National product: GDP $NANational product real growth rate: -34% (1992)National product per capita: $NAInflation rate (consumer prices): 20% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate: 2% of officially registered unemployed but large numbers of underemployedBudget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $30 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, light industrial products, processed food items (1991) partners: NAImports: $300 million from outside the successor statees of the former USSR (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991) partners: NAExternal debt: $650 million (December 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -50% (1992 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia EconomyElectricity: 2,875,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 2,585 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting machine tools (5.5%), forging-pressing machines (1.9%), electric motors (9%), tires (1.5%), knitted wear (4.4%), hosiery (3.0%), shoes (2.2%), silk fabric (0.8%), washing machines (2.0%), chemicals, trucks, watches, instruments, and microelectronics (1990)Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP; only 29% of land area is arable; employs 18% of labor force; citrus, cotton, and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other liqueursIllicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid: wheat from US, TurkeyCurrency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia CommunicationsRailroads: 840 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways: 11,300 km total; 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth (1990)Inland waterways: NA kmPipelines: natural gas 900 km (1991)Ports: none; landlockedAirports: total: 12 useable: 10 with permanent-surface runways: 6 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3Telecommunications: progress on installation of fiber optic cable and construction of facilities for mobile cellular phone service remains in the negotiation phase for joint venture agreement; Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about 110,000 are in Yerevan; average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; international connections to other former republics of the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway switch; broadcast stations - 100% of population receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; satellite earth station - INTELSAT THE WORLD FACTBOOK Armenia Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Air Force, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)Manpower availability: males age 15-49 848,223; fit for military service 681,058; reach military age (18) annually 28,101 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 250 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>ARMENIA - Passport and visa required. For additional information contactthe Consular Section of the Embassy of Armenia, 122 C Street, N.W., Suite360, Washington, D.C. 20001 (202/393-5983).Armenia - Consular Information SheetSeptember 23, 1993Country Description: Armenia is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change. Street demonstrations and other disturbances may occur without warning. In addition, a natural gas and transportation blockade is causing severe food and medical shortages, frequent interruptions in electrical power, and shortages of transportation fuel. Internal travel, especially by air, may be disrupted by fuel shortages and other problems. Tourist facilities are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: A passport and a visa are required. Without a visa, travelers cannot register at hotels and may be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. U.S. citizens can contact the Armenian Embassy at 122 C Street, Suite 360, Washington, D.C. 20001, tel. (202) 393-5983 for current information on visa requirements.Areas of Instability: Armed conflict is taking place in and around the Armenian-populated area of Nagorno-Karabakh located in Azerbaijan and along the Armenian-Azerbaijani border. Fighting continues on a daily basis, and front lines change frequently. The U.S. government has prohibited all U.S. officials from traveling overland between Georgia and Armenia due to the activity of bandits.Medical Information: Medical care in Armenia is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of English speaking physicians in the area. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate medical facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers' hotline, tel: (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Armenia has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has increased especially at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia". Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Armenia is a cash only economy. Traveler's checks and credit cards are not accepted.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: Americans who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within Armenia.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Yerevan, Armenia, is located at 18 General Bagramian Street, Telephone (7-8852) 15-11-44.No. 93-248This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated April 29, 1993 to add information on banditry along the border with Georgia and to note that U. S. government employees are restricted from traveling overland between Armenia and Georgia.</text>
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card_24636.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina GeographyLocation: Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Chile and UruguayMap references: South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 2,766,890 km2 land area: 2,736,690 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three-tenths the size of the USLand boundaries: total 9,665 km, Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 kmCoastline: 4,989 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: not specified territorial sea: 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nmInternational disputes: short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British-administered South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in AntarcticaClimate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwestTerrain: rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western borderNatural resources: fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uraniumLand use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 52% forest and woodland: 22% other: 13%Irrigated land: 17,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina GeographyNote: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina PeoplePopulation: 33,533,256 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.13% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 19.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.64 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.19 years male: 67.91 years female: 74.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.72 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Argentine(s) adjective: ArgentineEthnic divisions: white 85%, mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15%Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 6%Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, FrenchLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 95% male: 96% female: 95%Labor force: 10.9 million by occupation: agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Argentine Republic conventional short form: Argentina local long form: Republica Argentina local short form: ArgentinaDigraph: ARType: republicCapital: Buenos AiresAdministrative divisions: 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Distrito Federal*, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego (Territorio Nacional de la Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur), Tucuman note: the national territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does not recognize claims to AntarcticaIndependence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain)Constitution: 1 May 1853Legal system: mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)Political parties and leaders: Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately left-of-center party; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist party; Dignity and Independence Political Party (MODIN), Aldo RICO, right-wing party; several provincial partiesOther political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated labor movement; General Confederation of Labor (CGT; Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); business organizations; students; the Roman Catholic Church; the Armed ForcesSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Chamber of Deputies: last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats; seats (254 total) - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 (1993) President: last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul MENEM was elected THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina Government Senate: last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the national senate in May 1992; seats (46 total) - JP 27, UCR 14, others 5Executive branch: president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position vacant)Member of: AG (observer), Australian Group, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, AfDB, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, MINURSO, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 939-6400 through 6403 consulates general: Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulates: Baltimore, Chicago, and Los AngelesUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador James CHEEK (since 28 May 1993) embassy: 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires mailing address: APO AA 34034 telephone: [54] (1) 774-7611 or 8811, 9911 FAX: [54] (1) 775-4205Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina EconomyOverview: Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the economy in the late 1980s was plagued with huge external debts and recurring bouts of hyperinflation. Elected in 1989, in the depths of recession, President MENEM has implemented a comprehensive economic restructuring program that shows signs of putting Argentina on a path of stable, sustainable growth. Argentina's currency has traded at par with the US dollar since April 1991, and inflation has fallen to its lowest level in 20 years. Argentines have responded to the relative price stability by repatriating flight capital and investing in domestic industry. Much remains to be done in the 1990s in dismantling the old statist barriers to growth and in solidifying the recent economic gains.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $112 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 7% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $3,400 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17.7% (1992)Unemployment rate: 6.9% (1992)Budget: revenues $33.1 billion; expenditures $35.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992)Exports: $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool partners: US 12%, Brazil, Italy, Japan, NetherlandsImports: $14.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants, agricultural products partners: US 22%, Brazil, Germany, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, NetherlandsExternal debt: $54 billion (June 1992)Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1992 est.); accounts for 26% of GDPElectricity: 17,911,000 kW capacity; 51,305 million kWh produced, 1,559 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steelAgriculture: accounts for 8% of GDP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beetsIllicit drugs: increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and Europe THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina EconomyEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $718 millionCurrency: 1 peso = 100 centavosExchange rates: pesos per US$1 - 0.99000 (January1993), 0.99064 (1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990), 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina CommunicationsRailroads: 34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gaugeHighways: 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earthInland waterways: 11,000 km navigablePipelines: crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 kmPorts: Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia, La Plata, Rosario, Santa FeMerchant marine: 60 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,695,420 GRT/1,073,904 DWT; includes 30 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 railcar carrier, 14 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-offAirports: total: 1,700 usable: 1,451 with permanet-surface runways: 137 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 326Telecommunications: extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones); microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite network has 40 earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Argentina Defense ForcesBranches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only), National Aeronautical Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 8,267,316; fit for military service 6,702,303; reach military age (20) annually 284,641 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>ARGENTINA - Passport required. Visa not required for tourist stay up to 3months. Business visa requires company letter detailing purpose of tripand length of stay. For more information contact Argentine Embassy, 1600New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/939-6400) or thenearest Consulate: CA (213/739-5959 and 415/982-3050), FL (305/373-1889),IL (312/263-7435), LA (504/523-2823), NY (212/603-0415), PR (809/754-6500)or TX (713/871-8935) .Argentina - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Argentina is a medium income nation with a developing economy. The quality of facilities for tourism varies according to price and area.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a three-month tourist stay. For current information concerning entry and customs requirements for Argentina, travelers can contact the Argentine Embassy at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C., tel: (202) 939-6400, or the nearest consulate in Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, Chicago, New York, Houston, or San Juan.Medical Facilities: Medical care is good but varies in quality outside major cities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Street crime such as pickpocketing, car break-ins, theft and muggings are common, particularly at the international airport and tourist areas in downtown Buenos Aires.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the U.S. Embassy. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad." It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available from the same address is the Department of State's publication "Tips for Travelers to Central and South America."Adoptions: Argentine adoptions often involve complications and delays. Updated information on Argentine adoption proceedings and U.S. immigrant visa requirements is available from the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. Additional information is available by writing the Office of Citizens Consular Services, CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, or by telephoning (202) 647-3712.Dual Nationality: U.S. citizens who are also considered to be citizens of Argentina are subject to compulsory military service while in Argentina. Those who may be affected can inquire at an Argentine embassy or consulate to determine their status. In some instances, dual nationality may hamper U.S. government efforts to provide protection abroad.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties in Argentina for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: Americans who register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires at 4300 Colombia, 1425, telephone (54-1) 774-7611, can obtain updated information on travel and security within Argentina.No. 93-120This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information concerning adoptions in Argentina and reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_24541.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Arctic Ocean GeographyLocation: body of water mostly north of the Arctic CircleMap references: Arctic Region, Asia, North America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 14.056 million km2 comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean) note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodiesCoastline: 45,389 kmInternational disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and RussiaClimate: polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snowTerrain: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the Fram BasinNatural resources: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)Environment: endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damageNote: major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, floating research stations operated by the US and Russia THE WORLD FACTBOOK Arctic Ocean GovernmentDigraph: XQ THE WORLD FACTBOOK Arctic Ocean EconomyOverview: Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Arctic Ocean CommunicationsPorts: Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)Telecommunications: no submarine cablesNote: sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways</text>
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card_24146.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 420 km east-southeast of Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 440 km2 land area: 440 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes RedondaLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 153 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areasNatural resources: negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourismLand use: arable land: 18% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 16% other: 59%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural harbors THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda PeoplePopulation: 64,406 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.51% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 17.51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -6.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.83 years male: 70.81 years female: 74.95 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) adjective: Antiguan, BarbudanEthnic divisions: black African, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, SyrianReligions: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman CatholicLanguages: English (official), local dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1960) total population: 89% male: 90% female: 88%Labor force: 30,000 by occupation: commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Antigua and BarbudaDigraph: ACType: parliamentary democracyCapital: Saint John'sAdministrative divisions: 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint PhilipIndependence: 1 November 1981 (from UK)Constitution: 1 November 1981Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 1 November (1981)Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCEROther political or pressure groups: United Progressive Party (UPP), headed by Baldwin SPENCER, a coalition of three opposition political parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP); the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM); and the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM); Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed by Noel THOMASSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Representatives: last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of RepresentativesJudicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor since 1976) Head of Government: Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime Minister Lester BIRD (since NA)Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda Government chancery: Suite 2H, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, 5225 consulate: MiamiUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission: the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant J. SALTER embassy: Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's mailing address: FPO AA 34054-0001 telephone: (809) 462-3505 or 3506 FAX: (809) 462-3516Flag: red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white with a yellow rising sun in the black band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda EconomyOverview: The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors - particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it has been hurt in 1991-92 by a downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US recession.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $424 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.4% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $6,600 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 5% (1988 est.)Budget: revenues $105 million; expenditures $161 million, including capital expenditures of $56 million (1992)Exports: $32 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, machinery and transport equipment 17% partners: OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%Imports: $317.5 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, oil partners: US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50%External debt: $250 million (1990 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 5% of GDPElectricity: 52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household appliances)Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid: US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda CommunicationsRailroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost exclusively for handling sugarcaneHighways: 240 kmPorts: Saint John'sMerchant marine: 149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 529,202 GRT/778,506 DWT; includes 96 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 21 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 2 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 2 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registryAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antigua and Barbuda Defense ForcesBranches: Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police Force (including the Coast Guard)Manpower availability: NADefense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY90/91)</text>
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<text>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA - Proof of U.S. citizenship required, return/onwardticket and/or proof of funds needed for tourist stay up to 6 months. AIDStest required for immigrant, student and work visas. U.S. test accepted.Check Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda, Suite 4M, 3400 International Drive,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/362-5122/5166/5211) for furtherinformation.Antigua & Barbuda - Consular Information SheetMay 27, 1993Country Description: Antigua and Barbuda is a developing island nation. Tourism facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: For tourist stays of up to six months, U.S. citizens need proof of U.S. citizenship as well as a return/onward ticket and/or proof of sufficient funds. For further information concerning entry requirements, travelers can contact the Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda, Suite 4M, 3400 International Dr., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 362-5122.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance which specifically grants overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Petty street crime occurs but is unusual. Valuables left unattended on beaches are subject to theft.The loss or theft of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. A lost or stolen birth certificate and/or driver's license generally cannot be replaced outside of the United States. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" which provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Both this pamphlet and "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location/Registration: U.S. citizens may register with the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Antigua and Barbuda located on Queen Elizabeth Highway in St. John's, telephone (809) 462-3505. This Embassy is also responsible for U.S. interests in Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, and St. Kitts and Nevis. U.S. citizens may obtain from the U.S. Embassy updated information on travel and security in Antigua and Barbuda and the other islands for which the Embassy is responsible.No. 93-119This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 27, 1992 to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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card_23952.xml
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica GeographyLocation: continent mostly south of the Antarctic CircleMap references: Antarctic RegionArea: total area: 14 million km2 (est.) land area: 14 million km2 (est.) comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US note: second-smallest continent (after Australia)Land boundaries: none, but see entry on International disputesCoastline: 17,968 kmMaritime claims: none, but see entry on International DisputesInternational disputes: Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the territorial claims of other nations and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west, where, because of floating ice, Antarctica is unapproachable from the seaClimate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezingTerrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continentNatural resources: none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, uncommercial quantitiesLand use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%)Irrigated land: 0 km2 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica GeographyEnvironment: mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica; active volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weakNote: the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica PeoplePopulation: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonally staffed research stations Summer (January) population: over 4,115 total; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, Norway 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, Uruguay NA, US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989-90) Winter (July) population: over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR 313 (1989-90) Year-round stations: 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, former USSR 6 (1990-91) Summer only stations: over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the former USSR has placed the status and future of its Antarctic facilities in doubt; stations may be subject to closings at any time because of ongoing economic difficulties THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: AntarcticaDigraph: AYType: Antarctic Treaty Summary: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 17th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Venice in November 1992. Currently, there are 41 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 15 acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992). Article 1: area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose Article 2: freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue Article 3: free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international agencies Article 4: does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force Article 5: prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes Article 6: includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south Article 7: treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given Article 8: allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states Article 9: frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica Government Article 10: treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty Article 11: disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ Article 12, 13, 14: deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations Other agreements: more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; four parties have ratified Protocol as of June 1993Legal system: US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by regulation of statute: The taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected or scientific areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, Transportation, and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC 20550. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica EconomyOverview: No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad. THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica CommunicationsPorts: none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stationsAirports: 42 landing facilities at different locations operated by 15 national governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of these locations; runways at 10 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by ski-equipped planes--11 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 3 runways/skiways less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; airports do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from governments required for landing THE WORLD FACTBOOK Antarctica Defense ForcesNote: the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla HeaderAffiliation: (dependent territory of the UK) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla GeographyLocation: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 270 km east of Puerto RicoMap references: Central America and the CaribbeanArea: total area: 91 km2 land area: 91 km2 comparative area: about half the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 61 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade windsTerrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestoneNatural resources: negligible; salt, fish, lobsterLand use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt ponds)Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla PeoplePopulation: 7,006 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 0.64% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 24.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -9.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.89 years male: 71.1 years female: 76.7 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.09 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Anguillan(s) adjective: AnguillanEthnic divisions: black AfricanReligions: Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12%Languages: English (official)Literacy: age 12 and over can read and write (1984) total population: 95% male: 95% female: 95%Labor force: 2,780 (1984) by occupation: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla GovernmentNames: conventional long form: none conventional short form: AnguillaDigraph: AVType: dependent territory of the UKCapital: The ValleyAdministrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution: 1 April 1982Legal system: based on English common lawNational holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 MayPolitical parties and leaders: Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKSSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: House of Assembly: last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP 1, independent 1Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Alan W. SHARE (since August 1992) Head of Government: Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from February 1977 to May 1980)Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDBDiplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990 THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla EconomyOverview: Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $47.4 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 6.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $6,800 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.6% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: 5% (1988 est.)Budget: revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.)Exports: $1.4 million (f.o.b., 1987) commodities: lobster and salt partners: NAImports: $10.3 million (f.o.b., 1987) commodities: NA partners: NAExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 862 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism, boat building, saltAgriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry, fishing (including lobster)Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 millionCurrency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla CommunicationsHighways: 60 km surfacedPorts: Road Bay, Blowing PointAirports: total: 3 usable: 2 with permanent-surface runways: 1 (1,000 m at Wallblake Airport) with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0Telecommunications: modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 1 FM, no TV; radio relay microwave link to island of Saint Martin THE WORLD FACTBOOK Anguilla Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola GeographyLocation: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Namibia and ZaireMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 1,246,700 km2 land area: 1,246,700 km2 comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 kmCoastline: 1,600 kmMaritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 20 nmInternational disputes: civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; a ceasefire held from 31 May 1991 until October 1992, when the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola refused to accept its defeat in internationally monitored elections; fighting has since resumed across the countrysideClimate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateauNatural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uraniumLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 43% other: 32%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertificationNote: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola PeoplePopulation: 9,545,235 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.67% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 45.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 18.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 148.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.26 years male: 43.26 years female: 47.35 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Angolan(s) adjective: AngolanEthnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22%Religions: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.)Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 42% male: 56% female: 28%Labor force: 2.783 million economically active by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Angola conventional short form: Angola local long form: Republic de Angola local short form: Angola former: People's Republic of AngolaDigraph: AOType: transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential systemCapital: LuandaAdministrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, ZaireIndependence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free marketsNational holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose EDUARDO DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since 1975; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, remains a legal party despite its returned to armed resistance to the government; five minor parties have small numbers of seats in the National AssemblyOther political or pressure groups: Cabindan State Liberation Front (FLEC), NZZIA Tiago, leader note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda ProvinceSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: first nationwide, multiparty elections were held in late September 1992 with disputed results; further elections are being discussedExecutive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional)Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacrao)Leaders: Chief of State: President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) Head of Government: Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 December 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola GovernmentMember of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: none representation: Jose PATRICIO, Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States address: Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States, 1899 L Street, NW, 5th floor, Washington, DC 20038 telephone: (202) 785-1156 FAX: (202) 785-1258US diplomatic representation: director: Edmund DE JARNETTE liaison office: Rua Major Kanhangolo, Nes 132/138, Luanda mailing address: CP6484, Luanda, Angola (mail international); USLO Luanda, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch) telephone: [244] (2) 34-54-81 FAX: [244] (2) 39-05-15 note: the US maintains a liaison office in Luanda accredited to the Joint Political Military Commission that oversees implementation of the Angola Peace Accords; this office does not perform any commercial or consular services; the US does not maintain diplomatic relations with the Government of the Republic of AngolaFlag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola EconomyOverview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Bitter internal fighting continues to severely affect the nonoil economy, and food needs to be imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and imbalances throughout the economy.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.1 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate: 1.7% (1991 est.)National product per capita: $950 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,000% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1991 est.)Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton partners: US, France, Germany, Netherlands, BrazilImports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military deliveries partners: Portugal, Brazil, US, France, SpainExternal debt: $8 billion (1991)Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum outputElectricity: 510,000 kW capacity; 800 million kWh produced, 84 kWh per capita (1991)Industries: petroleum; mining diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold;, fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco; sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal productsAgriculture: cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar cane, manioc, tobacco; food crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food importsEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), $750 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola EconomyCurrency: 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 kweiExchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1 -4,000 (black market rate was 17,000 on 30 April 1993)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola CommunicationsRailroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil warHighways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earthInland waterways: 1,295 km navigablePipelines: crude oil 179 kmPorts: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, CabindaMerchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 oil tankerAirports: total: 302 usable: 173 with permanent-surface runways: 32 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 57Telecommunications: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations THE WORLD FACTBOOK Angola Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier GuardManpower availability: males age 15-49 2,204,155; fit for military service 1,109,292; reach military age (18) annually 94,919 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP</text>
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<text>ANGOLA - Passport and visa required. Tourist/business visas require anapplication form, letter stating purpose of travel, and two color photos.Applications by mail require prepaid return envelope. Yellow fever andcholera immunizations required. For additional information contactEmbassy of Angola, 1899 L Street, N.W., 6th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20036(202/785-1156) or the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Angola to theU.N., 125 East 73rd Street, New York, NY 10021 (212/861-5656).Angola - Travel WarningFebruary 15, 1994U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Angola because of continued civil war. Travel within Angola is extremely unsafe because of the presence of armed troops, roadside bandits and unexploded land mines. U.S. government personnel in Luanda are prohibited from surface travel outside the capital. Additional information may be found in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet on Angola.No. 94-006This replaces the Travel Warning dated October 18, 1993, to advise of continued extremely unsafe travel within Angola.Angola - Consular Information SheetFebruary 18, 1994Warning: U.S. citizens are warned against travel to Angola because of the continued civil war. Travel within Angola is extremely unsafe because of the presence of armed troops, roadside bandits and unexploded land mines. U.S. Government personnel in Luanda are prohibited from surface travel outside the capital.Country Description: Angola is a developing African country which has experienced war and civil strife since independence from Portugal in 1975. On May 19, 1993, the U.S. recognized the Government of the Republic of Angola, and a U.S. Embassy was established in Luanda on June 22, 1993. Facilities for tourism are virtually non-existent.Entry Requirements: Visas are required. Persons arriving without visas are subject to possible arrest or deportation. For information on entry requirements, the traveler may contact the Angolan Embassy at 1899 L Street, N.W., Suite 500, Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 785-1156.Areas of Instability: Travel throughout Angola is considered unsafe because of the presence of undisciplined, armed troops and landmines, as well as the possibility of sudden outbreaks of localized combat or a direct attack by armed soldiers or civilians. Travel in many parts of the capital city is relatively safe by day, but is considered unsafe at night because of the increased incidence of armed robberies and carjackings. The presence of police checkpoints after dark, often manned by armed, poorly trained personnel, contributes to unsafe nighttime travel. Police at checkpoints actively solicit bribes and have used deadly force against vehicles for not stopping as requested.Medical Facilities: Adequate medical facilities are virtually non-existent throughout Angola, and most medicine is not available. Travelers are advised to purchase medical evacuation insurance. Cerebal and chloroquine-resistant malaria are endemic. Information on health matters may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline, telephone (404) 332-4559.Information on Crime: Violent crime exists throughout the country. Armed robbery occurs in Luanda, day and night. Travel outside Luanda is not safe. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa" provide useful information on protecting personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. Both are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Shortages: There are severe shortages of lodging, transportation, food, water and utilities in Luanda and other cities in the country. Shortages result in a lack of sanitary conditions in many areas, including Luanda.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy's Consular Section, which can now extend full consular services, may obtain updated information on travel and security in Angola.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy is located on Rua Houari Boumedienne in the Miramar area of Luanda, P.O. Box 6468, telephone (244-2) 34-54-81 (24-hour number); fax (244-2) 34-78-84. The Consular Section is located at Casa Inglesa, First Floor, Rua Major Kanyangunla No. 132/136, Luanda, telephone (244-2) 39-69-27; fax (244-2) 39-05-15. No. 94-x15This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 18, 1993, to inform of the current situation in Angola, to provide correct addresses and telephone information for the U.S. Embassy and the Consular Section, and to advise that the Consular Section now provides the full range of consular services.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra GeographyLocation: Western Europe, between France and SpainMap references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 450 km2 land area: 450 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries: total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: noneClimate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summersTerrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleysNatural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, leadLand use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 22% other: 20%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: deforestation, overgrazingNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra PeoplePopulation: 61,962 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.27% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.99 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 25.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.22 years male: 75.35 years female: 81.34 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Andorran(s) adjective: AndorranEthnic divisions: Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3%Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant)Languages: Catalan (official), French, CastilianLiteracy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%Labor force: NA THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Principality of Andorra conventional short form: Andorra local long form: Principat d'Andorra local short form: AndorraDigraph: ANType: parliamentary coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called veguers; to be changed to a parliamentary form of governmentCapital: Andorra la VellaAdministrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de LoriaIndependence: 1278Constitution: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14 March 1993; to take effect within 15 daysLegal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 SeptemberPolitical parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic PartySuffrage: 18 years of age, universalElections: General Council of the Valleys: last held 12 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NAExecutive branch: two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, Executive CouncilLegislative branch: unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls)Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for civil cases, the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain) for civil cases, Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) for criminal cases THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra GovernmentLeaders: Chiefs of State: French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (since NA); Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata Head of Government: Executive Council President Oscar RIBAS Reig (since 10 Decmber 1989)Member of: INTERPOL, IOCDiplomatic representation in US: Andorra has no mission in the USUS diplomatic representation: Andorra is included within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the US Consul General visits Andorra periodicallyFlag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not have a national coat of arms in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra EconomyOverview: The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also contributes significantly to the economy. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Although it is a member of the EC customs union, it is unclear what effect the European Single Market will have on the advantages Andorra obtains from its duty-free status.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $760 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: NA% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $14,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%Unemployment rate: 0%Budget: revenues $119.4 million; expenditures $190 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)Exports: $23 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: electricity, tobacco products, furniture partners: France, SpainImports: $888.7 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: consumer goods, food partners: France, SpainExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,570 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, bankingAgriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetablesEconomic aid: noneCurrency: the French and Spanish currencies are usedExchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra CommunicationsHighways: 96 kmTelecommunications: international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones THE WORLD FACTBOOK Andorra Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain</text>
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<text>Andorra - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Andorra is a highly developed stable democracy with a modern economy. Tourist facilities are widely available.Entry Requirements: A passport is required. Visas are not required for a tourist or business stay of up to three months. For further information, travelers can contact either the Embassy of Spain or the Embassy of France or the nearest French or Spanish consulate in Boston, Chicago, Detroit (France only), Honolulu (France only), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, or San Juan. The Spanish Embassy is located at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20009, tel (202) 265-0190. The French Embassy is at 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20007, tel (202) 944-6000.Medical Facilities: Medical care is available. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Information on specific health matters is available through the Centers for Disease Control's hotline for international travelers at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Andorra has a low crime rate. However, during the summer tourist season, pickpocketing, theft of unattended baggage, and theft from vehicles can occur. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens can refer to the Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" for ways to promote a more trouble free journey. The pamphlet is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Consulate General in Barcelona, Spain, can obtain updated information on travel and security within Andorra.Embassy Location: Andorra is a co-principality administered jointly by France and Spain and has no U.S. embassy or consulate. For assistance, U.S. citizens can contact the U.S. Consulate General in Barcelona, Spain, at Paseo Reina Elisenda 23-25, telephone (34-3) 280-2227.No. 93-060This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa HeaderAffiliation: (territory of the US) THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa GeographyLocation: in the South Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and New ZealandMap references: OceaniaArea: total area: 199 km2 land area: 199 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC note: includes Rose Island and Swains IslandLand boundaries: 0 kmCoastline: 116 kmMaritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m or depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)Natural resources: pumice, pumiciteLand use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 75% other: 10%Irrigated land: NA km2Environment: typhoons common from December to MarchNote: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa PeoplePopulation: 53,139 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 3.9% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73 years male: 71 years female: 75 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: American Samoan(s) adjective: American SamoanEthnic divisions: Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5%Religions: Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant denominations and other 30%Languages: Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English; most people are bilingualLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97%Labor force: 14,400 (1990) by occupation: government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990) THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Territory of American Samoa conventional short form: American SamoaAbbreviation: ASDigraph: AQType: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International AffairsCapital: Pago PagoAdministrative divisions: none (territory of the US)Independence: none (territory of the US)Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967Legal system: NANational holiday: Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900)Political parties and leaders: NASuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: Governor: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - A. P. LUTALI was elected (percent of vote NA) House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swains Island) Senate: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - senators elected by village chiefs from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 total) number of seats by party NA US House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Eni R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as delegateExecutive branch: popularly elected governor and lieutenant governorLegislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate (appointed by county village chiefs) and a lower house or House of Representatives (elected)Judicial branch: High CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) Head of Government: Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993); Lieutenant Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1993) THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa GovernmentMember of: ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPCDiplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US)Flag: blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa EconomyOverview: Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa does 80-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two largest employers. Other economic activities include a slowly developing tourist industry. Transfers from the US government add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $128 million (1991)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $2,600 (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1990)Unemployment rate: 12% (1991)Budget: revenues $97,000,000 (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and $54,000,000 in grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91)Exports: $306 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: canned tuna 93% partners: US 99.6%Imports: $360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery and parts 6% partners: US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7%External debt: $NAIndustrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 42,000 kW capacity; 100 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990)Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing vessels), meat canning, handicraftsAgriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, papayas, dairy farmingEconomic aid: $21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 in construction funds for capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991)Currency: US currency is usedFiscal year: 1 October - 30 September THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa CommunicationsRailroads: noneHighways: 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpavedPorts: Pago Pago, Ta'u, Ofu, Auasi, Aanu'u (new construction), FaleosaoAirports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m : 1 (international airport at Tafuna) with runways 1,200 to 2,439 m: 0 note: small airstrips on Fituita and OfuTelecommunications: 8,399 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; good telex, telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 COMSAT earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK American Samoa Defense ForcesNote: defense is the responsibility of the US</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria GeographyLocation: Northern Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and TunisiaMap references: Africa, EuropeArea: total area: 2,381,740 km2 land area: 2,381,740 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of TexasLand boundaries: total 6,343 km, Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 kmCoastline: 998 kmMaritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Libya claims part of southeastern Algeria; land boundary disputes with Tunisia under discussionClimate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summerTerrain: mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plainNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zincLand use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 13% forest and woodland: 2% other: 82%Irrigated land: 3,360 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertificationNote: second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria PeoplePopulation: 27,256,252 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.34% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 30.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.35 years male: 66.32 years female: 68.41 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Algerian(s) adjective: AlgerianEthnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%Religions: Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%Languages: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialectsLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 57% male: 70% female: 46%Labor force: 6.2 million (1992 est.) by occupation: government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and public works 16.2%, industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, transportation and communication 5.2% (1989) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria conventional short form: Algeria local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah local short form: Al Jaza'irDigraph: AGType: republicCapital: AlgiersAdministrative divisions: 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, TlemcenIndependence: 5 July 1962 (from France)Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989Legal system: socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)Political parties and leaders: Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader HACHANI (all under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR; National Liberation Front (FLN), Abdelhamid MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait AHMED, Secretary General note: the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and, as of 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existedSuffrage: 18 years of age; universalElections: National People's Assembly: first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating President of the High State Committee: next election to be held December 1993Executive branch: President of the High State Committee, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria GovernmentJudicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders: Chief of State: High State Committee President Ali KAFI (since 2 July 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Belaid ABDESSELAM (since 8 July 1992)Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed ZARHOUNI chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 265-2800US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers mailing address: B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers telephone: [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186 FAX: [213] (2) 603979 consulate: OranFlag: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria EconomyOverview: The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy, hydrocarbons accounting for nearly all export receipts, about 30% of government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since full independence in 1988. The current government has put reform, including privatization of some public sector companies and an overhaul of the banking and financial system, on hold, but has continued efforts to admit private enterprise to the hydrocarbon industry.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $42 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: 2.8% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $1,570 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 35% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $14.4 billion; expenditures $14.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992 est.)Exports: $11.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum and natural gas 97% partners: Italy, France, US, Germany, SpainImports: $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer goods 11.8% (1990) partners: France, Italy, Germany, US, SpainExternal debt: $26 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate NA%Electricity: 6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,834 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processingAgriculture: accounts for 10.8% of GDP (1991) and employs 22% of labor force; products- wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, cattle; net importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugarEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), -$375 millionCurrency: 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria EconomyExchange rates: Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 22.787 (January 1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria CommunicationsRailroads: 4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double trackHighways: 90,031 km total; 58,868 km concrete or bituminous, 31,163 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth (1990)Pipelines: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 kmPorts: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, Mostaganem, Oran, SkikdaMerchant marine: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tankerAirports: total: 141 usable: 124 with permanent-surface runways: 53 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 65Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV; 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 12 domestic; 20 additional satellite earth stations are planned THE WORLD FACTBOOK Algeria Defense ForcesBranches: National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air DefenseManpower availability: males age 15-49 6,610,342; fit for military service 4,063,261; reach military age (19) annually 291,685 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.36 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1993 est.)</text>
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<text>ALGERIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa before arrival. Visavalid up to 90 days, requires 2 application forms, 2 photos, proof ofonward/return transportation, sufficient funds and $22 fee (money order orcertified check). Company letter (+ 1 copy) required for business visa.Visa not granted to passports showing Israeli visas. Enclose prepaidself-addressed envelope for return of passport by registered, certified orexpress mail. For currency regulations and other information contact theConsular Section of the Embassy of the Democratic and Popular Republic ofAlgeria, 2137 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-2800).Algeria - Travel WarningDecember 9, 1993The United States Department of State warns U.S. citizens to avoid travel to Algeria, and suggests that American citizens already in Algeria depart the country unless they have compelling reasons to stay. The U.S. Embassy in Algiers has begun to reduce the number of U.S. government personnel in Algeria. Recent murders of foreigners, following an ultimatum by terrorists for foreigners to leave Algeria or be killed, indicate that foreigners in Algeria have been actively targeted for politically-motivated violence. U.S. citizens in Algeria should contact the U.S. Embassy in Algiers, where detailed security information is available. Further information can be obtained in the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for Algeria.No. 93-045This replaces the Travel Warning issued October 28, 1993, to add information on the reduction in personnel at the U.S. Embassy in Algiers.Algeria - Consular Information SheetDecember 9, 1993Warning: The United States Department of State warns U.S. citizens to avoid travel to Algeria, and suggests that American citizens already in Algeria depart the country unless they have compelling reasons to stay. The U.S. Embassy in Algiers has begun to reduce the number of U.S. Government personnel in Algeria. Recent murders of foreigners, following an ultimatum by terrorists for foreigners to leave Algeria or be killed, indicate that foreigners in Algeria have been actively targeted for politically-motivated violence. U.S. citizens in Algeria should contact the U.S. Embassy in Algiers, where detailed security information is available.Country Description: Algeria is a republic with a developing economy. Tourist facilities are widely available, but sometimes limited in quality. The workweek in Algeria is Saturday through Wednesday.Entry Requirements: Passports and visas are required for U.S. citizens traveling to Algeria. Algeria does not give visas to persons whose passports indicate travel to Israel or South Africa. For more information concerning entry requirements, travelers may contact the Embassy of the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria at 2137 Wyoming Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 265-2800.Areas of Instability: Political, social, and economic problems have created a climate of violent unrest in Algeria. Recently, violence targeting foreigners has occurred. A state of emergency has been in effect since early 1992. Sporadic bombings, shootings, and other violence occur almost daily. Assassinations of Algerian military and government officials occur frequently.Areas of particular concern are the province of Blida, southwest of Algiers, and the mountain resort area of Chrea. Americans should stay on main roads and avoid travel at night in Blida, and avoid all travel to Chrea to reduce the risk of violent attacks.The government of Algeria has imposed a rigorously-enforced late-night curfew in the central region around Algiers. Roadblocks are located at many major intersections. Security personnel at roadblocks and intersections expect full cooperation with their instructions.Numerous incidents of banditry and assault involving foreigners have been reported in the far southern region of Algeria near the border with Niger. Bandits have robbed, assaulted, kidnapped, and killed travelers in Algeria south of Tamanrasset.Terrorist Activities: A number of foreigners have been kidnapped and murdered since September 20th, 1993. Terrorists have threatened to kill foreigners who do not leave Algeria. In response to this terrorism, the U.S. Embassy in Algiers has begun reducing the number of U.S. government personnel in Algeria, and suggests that U.S. citizens already in Algeria depart the country unless they have compelling reasons to stay. U.S. citizens who choose to remain in Algeria should register with the U.S. Embassy in Algiers, where detailed security information is available.Medical Facilities: Hospitals and clinics in Algeria are available, but limited in quality. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. The international travelers hotline at the Centers for Disease Control, telephone [404] 332-4559, has additional useful health information.Information on Crime: The crime rate in Algeria is moderately high, and is increasing. Very serious crimes have been reported in which armed men posing as police have entered homes of foreigners, held the occupants at gunpoint, and robbed them. Armed carjacking is also a serious problem. Petty theft and home burglary occur frequently. Theft of contents and parts from parked cars, pickpocketing and other theft on trains and buses, theft of anything left in a hotel room, and purse snatching are common. Most residences of foreigners are protected by alarms, grills, watchdogs, and/or guards. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported to local police and the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Currency Regulations: Travelers checks and credit cards are acceptable in only a few establishments in urban areas. Currently, the government of Algeria requires all foreigners entering the country to exchange $200 into local currency. Documentary proof of legal exchange of currency is needed when departing Algeria.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use, or dealing in illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Algeria is located at 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, B.P. 549 (Alger-Gare) 16000, in the capital city of Algiers. The telephone number is [213] (2) 601-425/255/186. The former U.S. Consulate in Oran is closed.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy may be enrolled in the Embassy's emergency alert network, and can obtain updated information on travel and security within Algeria.No. 93-324This replaces the consular information sheet dated October 28, 1993, to add information concerning the reduction in personnel at the U.S. Embassy in Algiers.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania GeographyLocation: Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula between Serbia and Montenegro and GreeceMap references: Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 28,750 km2 land area: 27,400 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than MarylandLand boundaries: total 720 km, Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro)Coastline: 362 kmMaritime claims: continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes: Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with GreeceClimate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetterTerrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coastNatural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickelLand use: arable land: 21% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 15% forest and woodland: 38% other: 22%Irrigated land: 4,230 km2 (1989)Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coastNote: strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania PeoplePopulation: 3,333,839 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 1.21% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 23.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 5.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 31.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73 years male: 70.01 years female: 76.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Albanian(s) adjective: AlbanianEthnic divisions: Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)Religions: Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practiceLanguages: Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), GreekLiteracy: age 9 and over can read and write (1955) total population: 72% male: 80% female: 63%Labor force: 1.5 million (1987) by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Republic of Albania conventional short form: Albania local long form: Republika e Shqiperise local short form: Shqiperia former: People's Socialist Republic of AlbaniaDigraph: ALType: nascent democracyCapital: TiraneAdministrative divisions: 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, VloreIndependence: 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)Constitution: an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; a new constitution was to be drafted for adoption in 1992, but is still in processLegal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November (1944)Political parties and leaders: there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian Socialist Party (ASP; formerly the Albania Workers Party), Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP), Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia (Greek minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; Democratic Alliance Party (DAP), Spartak NGJELA, chairmanSuffrage: 18 years of age, universal and compulsoryElections: People's Assembly: last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP 1, UHP 2Executive branch: president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime ministers of the Council of MinistersLegislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor)Judicial branch: Supreme CourtLeaders: Chief of State: President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania Government Head of Government: Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since 10 April 1992)Member of: BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roland BIMO chancery: 1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC telephone: (202) 223-4942 FAX: (202) 223-4950US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William E. RYERSON embassy: Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624 telephone: 355-42-32875, 33520 FAX: 355-42-32222Flag: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania EconomyOverview: The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy operated on the principle of central planning and state ownership of the means of production. Fitful economic reforms begun during 1991, including the liberalization of prices and trade, the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform, were crippled by widespread civil disorder. Following its overwhelming victory in the 22 March 1992 elections, the new Democratic government announced a program of shock therapy to stabilize the economy and establish a market economy. In an effort to expand international ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic relations with the major republics of the former Soviet Union and the US and has joined the IMF and the World Bank. The Albanians have also passed legislation allowing foreign investment, but not foreign ownership of real estate. Albania possesses considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, was largely self-sufficient in food; however, the breakup of cooperative farms in 1991 and general economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign aid to maintain adequate supplies. In 1992 the government tightened budgetary contols leading to another drop in domestic output. The agricultural sector is steadily gaining from the privatization process. Low domestic output is supplemented by remittances from the 200,000 Albanians working abroad.National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.5 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate: -10% (1992 est.)National product per capita: $760 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 210% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate: 40% (1992 est.)Budget: revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)Exports: $45 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco partners: Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, HungaryImports: $120 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery, consumer goods, grains partners: Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, GreeceExternal debt: $500 million (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate -55% (1991 est.)Electricity: 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,520 kWh per capita (1992) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania EconomyIndustries: food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropowerAgriculture: arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of temperate-zone crops and livestockIllicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan routeEconomic aid: recipient - $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in loans/guarantees/creditsCurrency: 1 lek (L) = 100 qintarsExchange rates: leke (L) per US$1 - 97 (January 1993), 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991)Fiscal year: calendar year THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania CommunicationsRailroads: 543 km total; 509 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km narrow gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and Montenegro) and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986Highways: 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart roads (1990)Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1990)Pipelines: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991)Ports: Durres, Sarande, VloreMerchant marine: 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887 DWTAirports: total: 12 usable: 10 with permanent-surface runways: 3 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4Telecommunications: inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Albania Defense ForcesBranches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry TroopsManpower availability: males age 15-49 896,613; fit for military service 739,359; reach military age (19) annually 32,740 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: 215 million leke, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results</text>
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<text>ALBANIA - Passport required. For further information contact the Embassyof the Republic of Albania at 1150 18th Street N.W., Washington, D.C.20036 (202/223-4942).Albania - Consular Information SheetApril 29, 1993Country Description: Albania is undergoing profound political and economic change. However, tensions have subsided and public order has been restored. Facilities for tourism are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other European countries are not yet available.Entry Requirements: The Albanian government no longer requires visas of U.S. citizens. A passport is required. A 10 dollar airport fee must be paid to Albanian customs officials upon departure. Americans planning to travel to Albania can contact for specific entry/exit requirements the Embassy of the Republic of Albania at 1511 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, Tel: (202) 223-4942, or an Albanian mission abroad (for example, the Albanian mission to France in Paris or the Albanian Embassy in Rome, Italy).Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Medicine is in short supply. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Crime Information: Crime against tourists (robbery, mugging, and pickpocketing) is a problem, especially on city streets after dark. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The Department of State's pamphlets "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe" are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. They provide useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.Currency Regulations: Credit cards and travelers checks are rarely accepted in Albania. In addition, hotel accommodations are very limited, and even confirmed reservations are sometimes not honored.Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling. Penalties for possession, use and dealing of illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines.Other Information: On March 19, 1992, the Albanian Government suspended the adoption process until further notice. The Albanian Government intends to draft new legislation governing the international adoption process.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within Albania.Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tirana, Albania is located at Rruga Labinoti 103; telephone (355-42) 32875. Although the U.S. Embassy in Tirana is open, routine consular assistance to U.S. citizens in Albania is limited by the difficult environment and a small staff.No. 93-059This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated October 7, 1992, to note that economic and political tensions have subsided and to add information on reporting the loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport.</text>
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<text> THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan GeographyLocation: South Asia, between Iran and PakistanMap references: Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area: 647,500 km2 land area: 647,500 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries: total 5,529 km, China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 kmCoastline: 0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims: none; landlockedInternational disputes: periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Iran supports clients in country, private Pakistani and Saudi sources may also be active; power struggles among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging warlords, traditional tribal disputes continue; support to Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil war; border dispute with Pakistan (Durand Line)Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summersTerrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwestNatural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stonesLand use: arable land: 12% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 46% forest and woodland: 3% other: 39%Irrigated land: 26,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution, floodingNote: landlocked THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan PeoplePopulation: 16,494,145 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate: 2.45% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 43.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate: 19.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 158.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44.41 years male: 45.09 years female: 43.71 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality: noun: Afghan(s) adjective: AfghanEthnic divisions: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others)Religions: Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%Languages: Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualismLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 29% male: 44% female: 14%Labor force: 4.98 million by occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7% (1980 est.) THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan GovernmentNames: conventional long form: Islamic State of Afghanistan conventional short form: Afghanistan former: Republic of AfghanistanDigraph: AFType: transitional governmentCapital: KabulAdministrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol note: there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan)Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK)Constitution: the old Communist-era constitution has been suspended; a new Islamic constitution has yet to be ratifiedLegal system: a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari'a)National holiday: Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 AugustPolitical parties and leaders: current political organizations include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin RABBANI, Ahmad Shah MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis KHALIS faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), Abdul Ali MAZARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif MOHSENI; a new northern organization consisting of resistance and former regional figures is Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Rashid DOSTUM note: the former ruling Watan Party has been disbandedOther political or pressure groups: the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal eldersSuffrage: undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50Elections: President: last held NA December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - Burhanuddin RABBANI was elected to a two-year term by a national shura THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan GovernmentExecutive branch: president, prime minister; Afghan leaders are still in the process of choosing a cabinet (May 1993)Legislative branch: a unicameral parliament consisting of 205 members was chosen by the shura in January 1993; non-functioning as of June 1993Judicial branch: an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new court system has not yet been organizedLeaders: Chief of State: President Burhanuddin RABBANI (since 2 January 1993); First Vice President Mohammad NABI Mohammadi (since NA); First Vice President Mohammad SHAH Fazli (since NA) Head of Government: Prime Minister-designate Gulbaddin HIKMATYAR (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Sulayman GAILANI (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Din MOHAMMAD (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad SHAH Ahmadzai (since NA)Member of: AsDB (has previously been a member of), CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-3770 or 3771US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: 62230 through 62235 or 62436 note: US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989Flag: a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan EconomyOverview: Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political and military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 million. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of trade and transport.National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1989 est.)National product real growth rate: NA%National product per capita: $200 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices): over 90% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate: NA%Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports: $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) commodities: natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides, and pelts partners: former USSR, PakistanImports: $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) commodities: food and petroleum products partners: former USSR, PakistanExternal debt: $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDPElectricity: 480,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1992)Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copperAgriculture: largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, muttonIllicit drugs: an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major source of hashishEconomic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan EconomyCurrency: 1 afghani (AF) = 100 pulsExchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 1,019 (March 1993), 900 (November 1991), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90), 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official exchange ratesFiscal year: 21 March - 20 March THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan CommunicationsRailroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu DaryaHighways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracksInland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to about 500 metric tonsPipelines: petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 kmPorts: Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports)Airports: total: 41 usable: 36 with permanent-surface runways: 9 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 16Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station THE WORLD FACTBOOK Afghanistan Defense ForcesBranches: the military still does not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and tribal militias remain intactManpower availability: males age 15-49 4,094,481; fit for military service 2,196,136; reach military age (22) annually 153,333 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures: the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget</text>
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<text>AFGHANISTAN - Passport and visa required. No tourist or business visas arebeing issued at this time. For further information contact Embassy of theRepublic of Afghanistan, 2341 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008(202/234-3770/1).Afghanistan - Travel WarningJanuary 12, 1994The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against travel to Afghanistan. Fighting continues between opposing factions in the civil war and indiscriminate rocket attacks, aerial bombardments, and other violence can occur without warning. Land mines are prevalent throughout the countryside. Westerners are vulnerable to politically and criminally-motivated attacks, including robbery, kidnapping and hostage-taking. All U.S. personnel at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul were evacuated on January 31, 1989, and no other diplomatic mission represents U.S. interests or provides consular services.No. 94-002This replaces the Department of State Travel Warning of February 12, 1993, to add information on dangers due to fighting between opposing factions in the civil war.Afghanistan - Consular Information SheetJanuary 19, 1994Warning: The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against travel to Afghanistan. Fighting continues between opposing factions in the civil war and indiscriminate rocket attacks, aerial bombardments, and other violence can occur without warning. Land mines are prevalent throughout the countryside. Westerners are vulnerable to politically and criminally-motivated attacks, including robbery, kidnapping and hostage-taking. All U.S. personnel at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul were evacuated on January 31, 1989, and no other diplomatic mission represents U.S. interests or provides consular services.Country Description: Afghanistan is a developing, Islamic country trying to emerge from a long period of civil war. Tourism facilities are minimal.Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. For further information, the traveler can contact the Embassy of the Republic of Afghanistan, 2341 Wyoming Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 234-3770/1.Medical Facilities: Medical care is limited. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For further information, the traveler can contact the centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559.Areas of Instability: Significant military encounters, including artillery shelling, occur sporadically and unpredictably in Kabul and elsewhere in Afghanistan.Information on Crime: Politically and criminally-motivated attacks and violence, including robbery, kidnapping and hostage-taking are widespread. Petty crime also exists. The loss or theft of a U.S. passport abroad should be reported immediately to local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlets, "A Safe Trip Abroad" and "Tips for Travelers to South Asia." They are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws and legal practices of the country in which they travel. Penalties for possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict in Afghanistan and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines.Registration: U.S. citizens who register at U.S. Embassies in Pakistan, India, Tajikistan, or Uzbekistan can obtain updated information on security in Afghanistan.Embassy Location: Because no third country represents United States interest in Afghanistan, the United States Government is unable to accord normal consular protective services to U.S..citizens in Afghanistan. The nearest U.S. embassies and consulates are in Pakistan and Tajikistan. The telephone number for the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan is (92-51)826-161 through 826-179. In Peshawar, Pakistan, the U.S. Consulate telephone is (92-521) 279-801/2/3.The telephone number for the U.S. Embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan is (7-3712) 771-407.In Dushanbe, Tajikistan, the phone number of the U.S. Embassy is (7-3772)21-0356/0360/0457.The telephone number of the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, India is (91-11) 600-651.No. 94-005This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated August 31, 1993 to add information on dangers due to fighting between opposing factions in the civil war, and to include information on contacting the U.S. Embassies in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.</text>
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